RC 11 CITY IS A PROGRESS

TOP-DOWN

CITIES AS A PROGRESS OF CONFLICTS BETWEEN

BOTTOM-UP

CITIES CAN BE

Cities As/ A System

Cybernetics And Traditional Planning

The advent of cybernetics and the progression of information technology in the previous century have led to a growing perception that conventional urban planning methods are becoming increasingly inadequate.Hall describes the impact of cybernetic thinking on urban planning, a development that he terms ‘cybernated planning’ (Hall, 1992, p. 6). This emerged out of traditional, formalist ideas of planning as production of plans for the future desired state of the area and ‘towards the new idea of planning as a continuous series of controls over the development of the area, aided by devices which seek to model or simulate the process of the development so that this control can be applied’ (Hall, 1992, p. 5). Moreover, the impact of cybernetics on urban planning can also be seen in the conceptualization of the city as a system, as demonstrated by models such as the "plug-in city" and Crompton's "Computer City Project" from 1964. It is also interesting to note that an early use of the term ‘smart city’ by Hall in later literature as:

4

Designed, constructed and maintained, making use of advanced, integrated materials, sensors, electronics, and networks which are interfaced with computerized systems com[1]prised of databases, tracking, and decision-making algorithms … At the most superficial level is the fundamental component and its associated "feedback" or self-monitoring mechanism(s).

It is evidenced that Cybernetics, as well as the concept of smart cities, had a significant impact on urban planning approaches and introduced a technologically informed system thinking to address what was perceived as 'wicked' problems of urban complexity.

5

Cities As/ A Wicked Problem

The discourse on smart cities with the application of cybernetics is anchored in the idea that cities inherently pose challenges that require systematic solutions to mitigate. Proponents of this view frame the complexities of urban life as a problem that can be addressed by implementing technology-based solutions. Empirical studies by several authors have illustrated that the inadequacy of contemporary city systems is rooted in outdated urban planning practices, which are perceived to have been unable to effectively handle the intricate components of cities, particularly the technological ones (Firmino, Aurigi & Camargo, 2006; Cowley & Caprotti, 2019; Van Hulst, 2012; Graham, 1997). The discourse surrounding smart cities often depicts urbanization as a crisis. It presents the city as a patient needing treatment, with the urban character being the primary focus of the problem.

6

Wicked problems are complex, multi-faceted, and difficult to define, solve, or measure. In the 1960s, Horst Rittel and Melvin Webber(1973) introduced the concept of "wicked problems" to challenge the cybernetic approach to urban planning and governance. They argued that the problems faced in cities, such as inequality, civil unrest, and urban renewal, could not be addressed with a simple, scientific approach because they are shaped by diverse values and constantly changing contexts. Furthermore, solutions to these problems have unexpected consequences, making it difficult to test them accurately. As a result, Webber and Rittel (1973) posited that urban planning challenges are inherently political. Various challenges that smart cities aim to resolve, such as climate change or mudslides, are considered wicked problems due to their complexity and the challenges they pose to finding solutions.

7

COMPLEXCITY

Cities As/ Challenges Of Complexity

In her seminal work from 1961, Jane Jacobs offered a comprehensive planning practices, characterizing it as a "pseudoscience" with a problematic replicating failed empirical approaches and disregarding successful p. 183) She made an appeal to urban planners and city policymakers and interrelated nature of the issues facing cities. Jacobs believed in comprehending and utilizing the inherent order of cities, incorporating findings from new sciences and pragmatic methods.

The background to Jane Jacobs' book is the proposed construction Village, where she lived, by New York city planner Robert Moses in the modernist urban planning ideology, which viewed cities as diseased this through large-scale infrastructural solutions, often resulting features. In contrast, Jacobs argued for the importance of social

Lower Manhattan Expressway Robert Moses image fromhttps://www.theguardian.com/ cities/2016/apr/28/story-cities-32-newyork-jane-jacobs-robert-moses

10

comprehensive critique of modern urban problematic preoccupation for ones. (Jacobs, 1993 [1961], policymakers to comprehend the complex believed that the solution lies incorporating the most insightful construction of a highway in Greenwich in 1955. Moses subscribed to diseased and sought to address resulting in the destruction of city social capital, which is linked

to the physical form of the city, such as its streets, sidewalks, parks, and mix of uses. She developed a thesis valuing small-scale city neighborhoods and their unique elements and character, and drew evidence from her own neighborhood to show its transferability to other urban contexts. A central focus of her study was the role of everyday street life in urban areas, referred to as "sidewalk ballet."

under the seeming disorder of the old city, wherever the old city is working successfully, is a marvelous order for maintaining the safety of the streets and the freedom of the city. It is a complex order. Its essence is intricacy of sidewalk use, bringing with it a constant succession of eyes … The ballet of the good city sidewalk never repeats itself from place to place, and in any one place is always replete with improvisations. (Jacobs, 1993 [1961], p. 50)

11

Jane Jacobs introduced a novel perspective on urban planning by emphasizing the importance of the chaotic, small-scale, and social characteristics of a place, as well as diversity. This approach, at the time considered revolutionary, remains relevant today. Moses, a proponent of modernist urban planning, believed that the solution to the problems of cities was through the introduction of topdown, infrastructure-led regeneration. This perspective was challenged by Jacobs, who viewed the complexity of the lived city as being defined by its localized and social characteristics, rather than the controlled and centralized city system represented by the proposed road. The large-scale smart cities projects of today can be seen as similar in that they seek to introduce a technologized infrastructure that dominates the heart of a city's neighborhoods.

Robert Moses/

12

The U.S. city planner and public official

Jane Jacobs/

The Death and Life of Great American Cities image from https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/ apr/28/story-cities-32-new-york-jane-jacobs-robert-moses

Jacobs challenged conventional modern city planning by arguing that it had consistently mistaken cities as problems of what she termed ‘simplicity’ and of ‘disorganized complexity’, and had tried to analyse them and treat them as such. She argued that it was not enough for administrators in most fields to understand specific services and techniques, and that instead they needed to ‘understand, and understand thoroughly, specific places’ (Jacobs, 1993 [1961], p. 410). Drawing on thinking from the life sciences she put forward a hypothesis as below where she argues that the solution lay in thinking about cities as problems characterized by unexamined but obviously interconnected and understandable relationships that could only be revealed by observing its small-scale processes.

cities happen to be problems in organized complexity … they do not exhibit one problem in organized complexity, which if understood explains them all. The variables are many, but they are not helter-skelter, they are ‘interrelated in an organic whole’. (Jacobs, 1993 [1961], p. 433)

13

Cities As/ Progress Of Conflicts Between/ Top-Down And Bottom-Up

14

In her later years, Jane Jacobs devoted herself to sociological research and activism, advocating for bottomup approaches to urban planning. Despite this, we contend that cities, as collective entities, still require topdown constraints to direct their development trajectory. Similar to the idea noted by K. R. Popper's (1973) concept of the "cloud and clock," which we assert that cities can be both flexible and structured at the same time. Thus, cities can be viewed as the result of the ongoing tension between rational, top-down urban planning and socially-driven, bottom-up approaches to urban complexity.

With regards to spatial expression, narrative design or place-making is a widely adopted approach among architects and spatial designers, imbuing each space with its own unique story. The city, as an assemblage of spaces, can be seen as a collective collection of narratives, a "metastory." In this project, we will consider these meta-stories as our site and use machine learning techniques such as Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) to guide the design process. We will also incorporate persona like social activists and Jane Jacobs into the design, eliciting conflict with topdown planning in a manner that mirrors the existence of city itself.

15

METHODOLOGY

Data Collection:

Collect and preprocess textual data that describes the conflicts between top-down and bottomup in cities. This can include news articles, research papers, social media posts, etc.

Text Preprocessing:

Clean and preprocess the text data to prepare it for analysis. This may involve removing stop words, stemming, and removing irrelevant information.

Vector Representation:

Represent the text data as numerical vectors. This can be done using techniques like bagof-words, term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), or word embeddings.

SOM Training:

Train a SOM using the vector representation of the text data. The SOM will map the text data into a grid of neurons, each representing a cluster of similar text data.

Visualization and Analysis:

Visualize the SOM map and analyze the distribution of text data in the map. This can reveal patterns and relationships in the text data and provide insights into the conflicts between top-down and bottom-up.

Persona Generation:

Use the SOM results to create a persona that represents the curatorial voice for the conflict between top-down and bottom-up. The persona can be used to guide the next step of your design.

Design Integration:

Integrate the persona and the SOM results into your design process. This can involve expressing the conflicts between top-down and bottom-up in your design, for example, by considering the conflicting interests of different stakeholders and finding ways to balance these interests.

Progress/ 17

Vectorize/

convert each word to the vector

# Tokenize each sentence into individual words tokens_list = [word_tokenize(sentence) for sentence in sentences]

# Remove punctuation from tokens punctuation = set(string.punctuation) tokens_list = [[word for word in tokens if word.lower() not in punctuation] for tokens in tokens_list]

# Remove stop words from tokens stop_words = set(stopwords.words("english")) tokens_list = [[word for word in tokens if word.lower() not in stop_words] for tokens in tokens_list]

18

# Calculate the TF-IDF matrix vectorizer = TfidfVectorizer(stop_words='english') tfidf_matrix = vectorizer.fit_transform(corpus) words = vectorizer.get_feature_names()

# Get the tf-idf value for each word tfidf_values = tfidf_matrix.todense().tolist()[0]

# Sort from high to low according to TF-IDF value, get the first 8 words center_words = [words[index] for index in sorted(range(len(tfidf_values)), key=lambda i: tfidf_values[i], reverse=True)[:3]]

Key_Words/ of each project

19

The paragraph vectors are generated by first training a Word2Vec model on the preprocessed text data. The Word2Vec model learns high-dimensional vector representations (embeddings) of words in the text corpus. Each word in the text corpus is represented by a dense vector of real numbers, which captures its semantic meaning based on its context.

Once the Word2Vec model is trained, paragraph vectors are generated by taking the average of the word vectors for each word in the paragraph. The resulting paragraph vectors are also dense, high-dimensional vectors that capture the semantic meaning of the paragraph.

SOM_Training/ Experiment 20

Culstering/

Identify Clusters Of Similar Paragraphs

The paragraph vectors are then used to train a SOM. During training, the SOM algorithm organizes the paragraph vectors into a two-dimensional grid in such a way that similar paragraphs are located close to each other in the map. The resulting SOM can be used to visualize the distribution of the paragraphs in the high-dimensional space, and to identify clusters of similar paragraphs.

21

Culsters/ Based On 100 Scraped Archdaily Projects

(0, 0): [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 11, 13, 16, 17, 18, 21, 36, 39, 40, 42, 43, 45, 46, 49, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 71, 72, 73, 76, 77, 84, 85, 88, 89, 90, 95, 98],

(5, 2): [6, 52, 69, 91],

(4, 4): [8, 34, 48, 60, 74],

(5, 5): [9, 58, 79],

(2, 2): [12, 25, 28, 86, 87],

(4, 1): [14, 66],

(3, 5): [15],

(4, 3): [19, 31, 56, 70, 94],

(3, 3): [20, 55, 75],

(2, 1): [22, 97],

(6, 0): [23, 59],

(3, 2): [24],

(2, 3): [26, 57],

(5, 4): [27, 83],

(8, 5): [29, 30],

(3, 4): [32],

(5, 3): [33, 54],

(6, 4): [35],

(5, 6): [37],

(1, 3): [38, 50],

(4, 5): [41],

(2, 4): [44],

(4, 0): [47],

(6, 3): [51],

(5, 0): [53, 92],

(5, 1): [61],

(7, 4): [68],

(4, 2): [78],

(7, 2): [80],

(7, 3): [81],

(1, 1): [82],

(7, 5): [93],

(3, 0): [96],

(1, 2): [99]}

The word input('Istabul') output_Title:

1 : Jan Boelen and Deniz Ova, Curators of the 2018 Istanbul Design Biennial, Discuss the Future of Design Education

2 : SO? Wins YAP Istanbul Modern 2013

3 : 2018 Istanbul Design Biennial, "A School of Schools", Launches Open Call

4 : Introducing GSAPP Conversations' Inaugural Episode: "Exhibition Models"

5 : AA Visiting School Istanbul: Cellular Re-Visions

6 : AA Istanbul Visiting School: Vertical Interventions

7 : AA Visiting Schools 2013: Athens & Istanbul

8 : When Urban Planning Gets Political: The History of Taksim Square

9 : 4th Istanbul Design Biennial Opening Program | A School of Schools: Orientation

10 : "A School of Schools": Interview with Jan Boelen, Curator of the 4th Istanbul Design Biennial

11 : AA Athens Visiting School: CIPHER CITY - Recharged

12 : Details Emerge on World’s Largest Airport Terminal in Istanbul

13 : Conversation / Cose Turche: Architecture in Istanbul

14 : After "Are We Human?" – Beatriz Colomina and Mark Wigley Discuss the Istanbul Manifesto

15 : New Publics: Contemporary Architecture and the Public Sphere in Turkey

16 : Tema Istanbul Showroom / Yazgan Design Architecture

17 : 2015 YAP Istanbul Modern Shortlist

18 : The Ultimate Guide to the World's Architecture and Design Biennials

19 : AURA Summer Academy / Istanbul: Past, Present, Future

20 : SO? Unveils Prototype Floating Emergency Structure in Istanbul

22

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1 Alexander, C. (1965). The city is not a tree.Architectural Forum, 122 (1), pp. 58–62.

2 Anthopoulos, L. G. (2017a).Smart utopia VS smart reality: Learning by experience from 10 smart city cases. Cities, 63, 128-148. DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2016.10.005.

3 Banham, R., Hall, P., Price, C. & Barker, P. (1969). NonPlan: an experiment in freedom. New Society, 338, pp. 435–443.

4 Batty, M. & Marshall, S. (2009). Centenary paper: the evolution of cities: geddes, abercrombie and the new physicalism. The Town Planning Review, 80 (6), pp. 551–574.

5 Branch M. C. (1981) Continuous City Planning: Integrating Municipal Management and City Planning. New York, NY:Wiley.

6 Cook, P. (1964) Plug-in city. The Sunday Times Colour Magazine, 33. Cook, P. (ed.) (1973). Archigram. New York:Praeger.

7 Cowley, R. & Caprotti, F. (2018). The smart city as political project. Geoforum, 89, pp. 95–104.

8 Davies W (2015) The chronic social: Relations of control within and without neoliberalism. new formations: a journal of culture/theory/politics 84–85: 40–57.

9 Deleuze G (1990) Control and becoming. Gilles Deleuze in conversation with Antonio Negri. Futur Anterieur 1, np. Available at: www.generation-online.org/p/fpdeleuze3.html

10 Deleuze G (1992) Postscript on the control societies. October 59: 3–7.

11 De Waal, M. (2013). The city as interface..

12 Faludi, A. (1973). Planning Theory. New York: Pergamon.

13 Firmino, R., Aurigi, A. & Camargo, A. (2006) ‘Urban and technological developments: why is it so hard to integrate ICTs into the planning agenda?’. Sustainable Solutions for the Information Society: 11th Inter national Conference on Urban Planning and Spatial Development for the Information Society (CORP) Vienna, Austria: 13-16 February 2006.

14 Gage, S. (2007). The boat/helmsman. Technoetic Arts: A Journal of Speculative Research, 5(1), 15-24.

15 Galloway AR (2006) Protocol: How Control Exists after Decentralization. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

16 Galloway AR (2014b) Laruelle: Against the Digital. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

17 Gabrys, J. (2014). Programming environments: Environmentality and citizen sensing in the smart city. Environment and Planning D: Society and space, 32(1), 3048.

18 Graham, S. (1997). Cities in the real-time age: the paradigm challenge of telecommunications to the conception and planning of urban space. Environment and Planning A, 29 (1), pp. 105–127

19 Glanville, R. (2007). Try again. Fail again. Fail better: The cybernetics in design and the design in cybernetics. Kybernetes, 36, 1173–1206.

20 Greenfield A (2013) Against the Smart City. New York: Do Projects.

21 Hall, P. (1993). Urban and Regional Planning (3rd edition). London: Routledge. pp. 2-10

22 Hall R. E. (2000) The vision of a smart city. Presented at the 2nd International Life Extension Technology Workshop, Paris, France.

23 Howard, E. (2010 [1898]). To-Morrow: A peaceful Path to Real Reform’. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.pp.1898

24 Jacobs, J. (1993 [1961]). The Death and Life of American Cities. New York: Random House.

25 Komninos, Nicos (2013). "What makes cities intelligent?".

In Deakin, Mark (ed.). Smart Cities: Governing, Modelling and Analysing the Transition. Taylor and Francis. p. 77.

26 Krivý, M. (2018). Towards a critique of cybernetic urbanism: The smart city and the society of control. Planning Theory, 17(1), 8–30.

27 Luhmann, N. (2000). The Reality of the Mass Media. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

28 Light J. S. (2003) From Warfare to Welfare: Defense

Intellectuals and Urban Problems in Cold War America. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

29 Lee D. B. (1973) Requiem for large-scale model. Journal of the American Planning Association, 39: 163–178.

30 Lee D. B. (1994)Retrospective on large-scale urban models.Journal of the American Planning Association, 60: 35–40.

31 Mehaffy, M. W. (2019). Assessing Alexander’s later contributions to a science of cities. Urban Science, 3 (2),

59.

31 Nam, T., & Pardo, T. A. (2011). Conceptualizing smart city with dimensions of technology, people, and institutions. In Bertot, J. & Nahon, K. (Eds.), Digital government innovation in challenging times. Proceedings of the 12th annual international digital government research conference: digital government innovation in challenging times (pp. 282-291). New York: ACM.

32 Pask, G. (1961). An Approach to Cybernetics. London: Hutchinson.

33 Paulin, A. (2019). Smart city governance. Amsterdam, Elsevier.

34 Perera D (2015) Beyond patternism: Lessons from the Biological Computer Laboratory, BCL (1960–1980). Paper presented at the 12th Architectural Humanities Research Association conference ‘This Thing Called Theory’, Leeds, 19–21 November.

35 Petroccia, S., Pitasi, A., Cossi, G.M. and Roblek, V. (2020), “Smart cities: who is the main observer?”, Comparative Sociology, Vol. 19 No. 2, pp. 259-278.

36 Popper, K. R. (1972). Of Clouds and Clocks. In Objective knowledge (pp. 207-255). Oxford University Press.

37 Pinto AT (2014) The pigeon in the machine: The concept of control in behaviourism and cybernetics. Manifesta Journal 18: 65–73. Available at: http://www. manifestajournal.org/sites/default/files/issues-pdf/mj18situationnever-leaves-our-waking-thoughts-long/MJ-18-NC6_0. pdf

38 Rabari, C., & Storper, M. (2015). The digital skin of cities: urban theory and research in the age of the sensored and metered city, ubiquitous computing and big data. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 8(1), 27-42.

39 Rittel H. Webber M. (1973) Dilemmas in a general theory of planning. Policy Sciences, 4: 155–169.

40 Roblek, V., Erenda, I. and Meško, M. (2018). The Challenges of sustainable business development in the postIndustrial society in the first half of the 21st Century. In Leon, M. (Ed.), Managerial Strategies for business sustainability during turbulent times, Hershey, IGI Global, pp. 1-22.

41 Rouvroy A (2012) The end(s) of critique: Databehaviourism vs. due-process. In: Hildebrandt M, De Vries E (eds) Privacy, Due Process and the Computational Turn. Philosophers of Law Meet Philosophers of Technology. New York: Routledge, 143–168.

42 Savas E. (1970) Cybernetics in city hall. Science, 168: 1066.

43 Sassen S (2011) Open source urbanism, The New City Reader, 15. Available at: http://www.domusweb.it/en/oped/2011/06/29/open-source-urbanism.html

44 Sassen S (2012) Urbanizing technology, LSECities. Available at: http://lsecities.net/media/objects/articles/ urbanising-technology/en-gb/

45 Sennett R (2012) The stupefying smart city. LSECities. Available at: http://lsecities.net/media/objects/articles/ the-stupefying-smart-city/en-gb/Söderström, O., Paasche, T., & Klauser, F. (2014). Smart cities as corporate storytelling. City, 18(3), 307-320. DOI:10.1080/13604813.20 14.906716.

46 Turner F (2006) From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. pp. 21.

47 Van Hulst, M. (2012). Storytelling, a model of and a model for planning. Planning Theory & Practice, 11 (3), pp. 299–318.

48 Wiener, Norbert (1948). Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press

24

RC11 CHENSHI LIN RC11 RC11 RC11 RC11 RC11 RC11 RC11 RC11 RC11 RC11 RC11 RC11 RC11 RC11 RC11 RC11 RC11 RC11 RC11 RC11 RC11 RC11 RC11 RC11 RC11 RC11 RC11 RC11 RC11 RC11 RC11 RC11 DONGCHEN DU RC11 RC11 RC11 RC11 RC11 RC11 RC11 RC11 RC11 RC11 RC11 RUIJIA XIONG 25

Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook

Articles inside