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Cover and this page: Dreamcatcher Images, Indian Gaming 2011 Cultural Reception, Phoenix, AZ

4 MAGAZINE

Oklahoma Casinos & Entertainment

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HELLO

Chukma CHICKASAW

(How are you doing?) OTOE

MUSCOGEE (CREEK)

SI-DAN’-TA CADDO

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DELAWARE

(Where are you going?) FT. SILL APACHE

BINGER

Van T. Barfoot (Choctaw) earns Medal of Honor May 23, 1944

Caddo Culture Club First and third Thursdays, 7 pm Caddo Nation Cultural Building

SKIATOOK Osage Language Wednesdays, 6 to 8 pm, Adults and Teens Skiatook Library, 316 E Rogers http://www.tulsalibrary.org/eventguide

NORMAN

May 28, 1830 US President Jackson signs Indian Removal Act

Kiowa Language Class Thursdays, 6 to 8 pm, Jacobson House Jacobson Art House, 609 Chautauqua Ave jacobsonhouse@gmail.com, 405-366-1667 http://www. jacobsonhouse.com

Weaving Traditions Tuesdays, 10 am to 6 pm Jacobson Art House Four programs about Oklahoma tribes: Kiowa language, Pow wow songs and traditions, and classes on Basket-weaving or Bead-work.

RED ROCK Otoe Language Classes Tuesdays, 6 pm Online classes available by arrasngement Contact Jim Hopper, Language Coordinator 580-723-4466 ext 111, jhopper@omtribe.org

MILLERTON Choctaw Nation Trail of Tears Commemorative Walk Saturday, May 21 Opening remarks by Chief Pyle at 10 am Wheelock Academy

TALEQUAH Cherokee Female Seminary Exhibit Starting Monday, May 16 The story of the first higher education institute built for women west of the Mississippi River.

Blowgun Making Class Saturday, May 21

Flute Making Class Saturday, June 4

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Keeping Tradition

Myaamiaki Neehi Myaamia MihĹĄi-neepwaantiikaani: Neepwaantiinki The Miami People and Miami University: Learning From Each Other which provided startup funding for a Miami Language The Myaamiaki [Miami people], were historically Teacher Training program. located throughout the southern Great Lakes region, on the northern shores of the Wabash River in central Indiana. After years of treaties, the Miami The Myaamiaki didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t realize the tremendous amount of research, training, and material development that lost their rights to occupy these lands and in 1846 would be needed over time in order to realistically the Tribe was forcibly removed to an unwanted reverse language loss. But they did know that whatreservation in the Kansas Territory. Their time in ever shape the final result would take, the result would Kansas was brief, as White settlement forced a be community-driven and in direct support of commusecond removal to Indian Territory by the late 1870s. nity desires and needs. The following years would bring further hardships to the Myaamiaki: the allotment of tribal lands, The Miami Tribe of Oklahoma is a small tribe of only their children forced into boarding schools and 4,000 citizens, with populations scattered across pressures to suppress all aspects of being Miami. the country with concentrations living in Oklahoma, Kansas, and Indiana. Like many other tribes, they had By the 1960s, the Miami were a landless tribe and very limited monetary resources. Community cultural the last of the native speakers of the language had leaders realized that the tribe did not have the money passed on. They were losing an entire generation or educational infrastructure for conducting research of elders who grew up among those who spoke and developing educational material. the language, harvested traditional plants, and still maintained a worldview that was uniquely Miami. After much discussion among community leaders, a If they were going to learn from these elders, they decision was made to turn to our friends at Miami had to move quickly. University for help. The Tribe and the University have In the 1990s, the Miami Tribe of Oklahoma initiated to pursue language and culture reclamation, motivated by the desire among tribal members to learn By Thomas Green with Daryl something of their heritage language and culture, Baldwin, Miami University and Julie a recently-completed outline of the of the Miami language and the Native American Languages Act, Olds, Miami Tribe of Oklahoma

Courtesy Myaamia Project Archives

Chief Thomas Gamble of the Miami Tribe of Oklahoma (L) and President David Hodge of Miami University

Instructor Daryl Baldwin, Director of the Myaamia Project, teaching language to tribal students at MU.

Keeping Tradition “I am convinced this work is the single most important effort we have initiated to ensure the survival of our Tribal Nation.” Chief Thomas Gamble, Miami Tribe of Oklahoma a relationship dating back to the 1970s. Tribal officials regularly visit campus, and the University has been involved in a number of projects designed to benefit the Tribe in Oklahoma. Trust was essential in creating a climate that would allow tribal officials and cultural leaders to feel comfortable bringing something as important as their traditional language and culture into an academic setting far from the Tribe’s location. During negotiations with the university, Tribal representatives had two requirements. First, all research projects must be initiated and directed through the Tribe’s cultural preservation office. This would prioritize tribal needs over academic interests, as has happened in other similar partnerships. The second requirement was that the Miami Tribe of Oklahoma would hold the copyright to all published materials produced through the project. The Myaamiaki felt that any publications documenting their ancestors’ intellectual knowledge should remain under the control of the Tribe. In exchange, the Miami Tribe agreed to share their research, knowledge, and experiences in community-based language and cultural education settings.

Through discussions, elders began to recount their memories of plants they had harvested in their youth. There was still a good deal of living botanical knowledge that had been considered lost. This led the research to, under the direction of community elders, traditional harvesting practices, the preparation and cooking of native plants. From this, information about seasonal diets naturally followed. During a recent gathering, a variety of corn soups and hominy dishes were prepared among a group of tribal elders. Two of the elders could not agree on whether heat was used during the lye process in the preparation of hominy. Hominy processed with heated lye and without heated lye were tried, with no discernible difference in the effect on the hominy. Researchers then turned to the language record and found that there was specific language for preparing hominy. Hominy with heated lye = peelakiinkweesaakani Hominy with no heated = peelakiinkwaakani Both elders were correct, they just had different recollections of the process. This is an example of how both living knowledge and the historical language record can be used together to help better understand traditional practices.

In the summer of 2001, the Myaamia Project for language and cultural revitalization became a reality at Miami University. It didn’t take long for a wide An in-depth geography project was launched that will result in a number of information layers created range of projects to be initiated, and it is typical for these projects to start out with a simple goal through Geographical Information System (GIS) technology. These layers will include a reconstrucand then blossom into something much bigger and tion of the historic vegetation of the Tribe’s historic potentially more meaningful. homeland, a layer of traditional names for significant One example is the extensive ethnobotany research places and a layer showing permanent and temporary currently underway. A database was created to village locations over time. This will help the tribe to catalog and store all historical references to plants. understand the past and respond to current needs.

Courtesy Myaamia Project Archives

Projects include work in many diverse fields, but all projects must meet the same standard of service to the community.

Sharing plant knowledge

Recording hand drum songs

Traditional food research

Summer youth program

Keeping Tradition “It’s important for us that our young adults feel intellectually challenged and connected to their community. ” Julie Olds, Cultural Resources Officer, Miami Tribe of Oklahoma on a more personal level in the areas of language, The first major publication produced by the Project culture and history. was a dictionary of the Miami language, compiling over 15 years of research. Most recent, is the first The Myaamia Project has created an atmosphere of collection of texts from the Myaamia and Peoria learning and sharing among those who have devoted ever published. Of the 45 texts it contains, 16 are their lives to the continuation and survival of the comin English only, and 29 are in the Myaamia, Peoria, munity’s traditional language and culture. They feel or Wea dialects with English translations. These that one does not have to be Miami to work within include origin and culture hero stories, Trickster that circle of commitment. stories (including stories of Fox and Wolf), animal stories, biographical, auto-biographical and historical narratives, how-to stories, and Christian prayers. When the Myaamia Project was created we didn’t know what it would look like, or the kind of impact it would have on both the tribal and academic comThese examples represent only a sampling of a munity. The creation of the Myaamia Project has had multitude of projects and research efforts that are a profound effect on our Tribal community at large. currently underway, all of which were born from the Prior to its conception there were few Tribal members needs identified by community leaders and through specializing in fields related to language and culture. the Miami Tribe’s Office of Cultural Preservation. Now we have several tribal members specializing in a multitude of fields relating to our culture, language One exciting and unanticipated outcome of our and history” says Daryl Baldwin. work involves the tribe’s own students on campus. Many of these students did not grow up near Miami lands in Oklahoma and have not been able The Myaamia Project is a tool of immeasurable value to the Miami Nation. Born of a respectful relationto participate in tribal functions. The Miami Tribe ship between a sovereign Nation and an educational felt it would be a shame if these young people institution located on the lands of our ancestors, the came to MU, got their degrees, and moved on— Myaamia Project is acknowledged by the Myaamiaki without ever having the opportunity to learn from as the cornerstone to their ultimate success in the work being done through the Myaamia Project. reclaiming their language, restoring their traditional worldview and ensuring the survival of their Nation. A series of one-credit classes were created for tribal students. These classes include two semesters of history and ecological perspectives, two semesters of language and culture, two semesters of tribal For More Information: economic development, government and sovereignty, http://www.myaamiaproject.org and in their fourth year, a topic of their choice http://www.myaamiaexhibit.com/exhibit which should give back to the community. This http://myaamiafoundation.org series has been popular and successful and it has myaamiaproject@muohio.edu allowed tribal educators to work with tribal students 513-529-2268 Courtesy Myaamia Project Archives; Removal map based upon work assisted by a grant from the Department of Interior, National Park Service.

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OKLAHOMA GAMING

Compact Fees Increase Gaming Pays $118 Million to the State of Oklahoma in 2010* The fees paid to the state of Oklahoma by gaming tribes have grown each of the six years of compacting. Tribal-State compacts are agreements that establish the rules for conducting Class III gaming activities (Card games played against the house, slot machines, dog and horse racing, jai alai, and all other types of casino gaming). A compact is negotiated between a tribe and a state, but the Secretary of Interior must also approve the compact. Oklahoma gaming compacts expire on January 1, 2020 but may be extended or terminated by mutual consent of the Tribe and the State of Oklahoma. It’s important to realize that tribes are overdelivering on our deal with the state. We’ve created thousands of jobs while the state is far exceeding revenue projections. The gaming compact has been a great deal for the state of Oklahoma, really very beneficial to both tribal and state governments.“1 — Principal Chief Chad Smith, Cherokee Nation Our gaming compact with the state of Oklahoma is the result of negotiations which ultimately provide benefits to everyone concerned. It has contributed to an increasingly positive and mutually beneficial relationship with the state of Oklahoma. We are also making a significant contribution toward expanding tourism in the state. Construction of the Chickasaw Cultural Center, expansions of our casinos, renovation of Remington Park and construction of new hotels are a few examples of that.”1 — Governor Bill Anoatubby, Chickasaw Nation

2010 State Tribal Compact Revenues Chickasaw Nation Choctaw Nation Cherokee Nation Muscogee (Creek) Quapaw Tribe Citizen Potawatomi Otoe-Missouria Tribe Osage Nation Cheyenne & Arapahoe Tribes Tonkawa Tribe Kiowa Tribe Comanche Nation Fort Sill Apache Eastern Shawnee Tribe Iowa Tribe of Sac & Fox Nation Kickapoo Tribe Seneca-Cayuga Tribe Peoria Tribe Wyandotte Nation Kaw Nation Delaware Nation Miami Tribe Apache Tribes Absentee Shawnee Tribe Pawnee Nation Seminole Nation Ottowa Tribe Thlopthlocco Tribal Town Total

33,330,424 22,753,832 12,208,041 8,637,622 5,706,714 5,499,238 5,051,241 4,858,437 2,850,210 2,451,375 2,414,545 2,277,850 1,461,604 1,453,270 1,141,585 1,050,365 895,422 601,760 470,940 436,897 394,151 374,533 343,742 336,199 278,389 267,580 250,537 196,563 12,116 118,624,111

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