PLACE AND MANNER OF ARTICULATION
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Voiceless: When the vocal folds are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them without obstruction. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless. Sounds such as S-S-S-S or F-F-F-F are voiceless.
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Voiced: When the vocal folds are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced. Sounds such as Z-Z-Z-Z or V-V-V-V.
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ď‚Ą
ď‚Ą
The point where a sound is produced is referred to as its place of articulation. Symbols are enclosed with square brackets [ ]
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Refer to points at which the flow of air can be modified as places of articulation. 1. the space between the vocal cords is referred to as the GLOTTIS, the sound produced at this place of articulation as GLOTTAL sounds.
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These are sounds formed using both upper and lower lips. The initial sounds in the words pat, bat, way and mat are all bilabials. They are represented by the symbols [p] [b] [m] and [w].
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These are sounds formed with the upper teeth and the lower lip. The initial sounds of the words fit, fat and vat and the final sounds of safe and save are labiodentals. Symbols are [f] [v]. The final sound in the word cough, and the initial sound in photo, despite the spelling differences, are both pronounced as [f].
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These sounds are formed between the tip of the tongue and the upper teeth. The initial sound of thin and the final sound of bath are both dentals. The symbol used for these sounds are [θ], [ð], e.g the, there, then &thus
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These are sounds formed with the blade or tip of the tongue and the alveolar ridge (Ar). AR is the rough, bony ridge immediately behind and above the upper teeth. The initial sounds in top, dip, sit, zoo, nut, lap, lit, and right are all alveolars. The symbols are– [t], [d], [s], [z], [n] [l] [r]
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Sounds produced between the blade of the tongue and the palatoalveolar region . The initial sounds in the words shout and child. [ʃ] [ʧ]. So, the word shoe-brush begins and ends with the palatal sound [ʃ] and the word church begins and ends with the palatal sound [ʧ].
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ď‚Ą
Sounds produced between the front of the tongue and the hard palate are called palatal sounds.
ď‚Ą
Eg. First sound in YES
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Sounds produced with the back of the tongue against the velum are called velars. Represented by the symbol [k], [g] and [ŋ] kid, kill go, gun, give, sing and ringing also the initial sound in car and cold. Despite the variety in spelling, this [k] sound is both then initial and final sound in the words cook, kick and coke. DrRD
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Manner of articulation describes how the tongue, lips, jaw, and other speech organs are involved in making a sound. For example, [t] and [s] are both voiceless alveolar sounds. They differ in their manner of articulation, that is, in the way they are pronounced. The manner of articulation is the way the airstream is affected as it flows from the lungs and out of the mouth and nose. DrRD
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To identify the manner in which a sound is articulated: 3 degress of constriction – 1. Complete closure 2. Close approximation 3. Open approximation 4 categories of consonants: 1. Stops, 2. Fricatives 3. Approximants & 4. Affricates
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This type of consonant sound, resulting from a blocking or stopping effect on the air stream, is called a stop (or plosives). They are produced by some form of “stopping” of the air stream then letting it go abruptly. Complete closure eg. pit, tin, cool The set of stops: [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [ɡ]
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Oral Stop (velum raised) Nasal tract is blocked off, then
airstream will be completely obstructed. 3 pairs of oral stop:-
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Voiceless
Voiced
Bilabial
[p]
[b]
Alveolar
[t]
[d]
Velar
[k]
[g] Week 3 & 4
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Nasal stop (velum lowered) Air is stopped in the oral cavity
but velum is down so that air can go through the nose Voiced only:Voiced
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Bilabial
[m]
Alveolar
[n]
Velar
[ɳ]
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Glottal stop: is voiceless, vocal folds are completely closed, can’t vibrate when they are in contact /complete blockage. Normally found at the beginning of English words that start with a vowel in spelling. Example: Flee east (glottal stop at the beginning of east)
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The manner of articulation used in producing the set of sounds [f], [v], [θ], [ð], [s], [z], [ʃ], [ʒ] involves almost blocking the air stream and having the air push through the very narrow opening. As the air is pushed through, a type of friction is produced and the resulting sounds are called fricatives. If you put your open hand in front of your mouth when making these sounds, [f] and [s] in particular, you should be able to feel the stream of air being pushed out. Close approximation eg. Fin, thin, that, sin, zoo
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Sounds which are produced with this kind of constriction entail a bringing together of the two articulators to the point where the airflow is not quite fully blocked: enough of a gap remains for air to escape but the articulators are so clos e together that friction is created as the air escape When they are produced, air escapes through a small passage and make a hissing sound DrRD
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Fricatives according to their place of articulation:[f],[v] (Labiodental) : fan, van, safer, saver, half, halve Lower lip is in contact with the upper teeth. Fricative is never very strong and is scarcely audible [θ], [δ], (dental) : thumb, thus, father, breathe The tongue is placed between the teeth, normally tongue is placed behind the teeth with the tip touching the inside of the upper teeth. The air escapes through the gaps between the tongue and the teeth. The fricative noise is weak [s], [z] (alveolar): sip, zip, facing, phasing, rice, rise Same place of articulation as t n d. the air escapes through a narrow passage along the center of the tongue and the sound produced is comparatively intense
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Fricatives according to their place of articulation (cont.):[ʃ ] , [ʒ] ( post-alveolar): ship, Russia, measure, Irish, garage The tongue is in contact with an area slightly further back than that for [s],[ z]. if you make [ʃ ] , you should be able to feel your tongue move backwards. The air escapes through a passage along the center of the tongue, as in [s] and [ʃ ] , but the passage is a little wider [h]
(glottal): head, ahead, playhouse The narrowing that produces the friction noise is between the vocal folds
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They are produced with the tongue moving or gliding, to or from the position of a nearby vowel. Approximant: an articulation in which one articulator is close to another, but without the vocal tract being narrowed to such an extent that a turbulent airstream is produced. The articulators approximate a frictional closeness, but no actual friction occurs. [w] [y] [l] [r] e.g we, wet, you, yes, led, red, rip, rope and rat Open approximation
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Approximant: an articulation in which one articulator is close to another, but without the vocal tract being narrowed to such an extent that a turbulent airstream is produced. ď‚Ą The articulators approximate a frictional closeness, but no actual friction occurs. ď‚Ą
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Consonant sounds that begin by fully stopping the air from leaving the vocal tract, then releasing it through a constricted opening. English has two affricate sounds, ’ch’ sound and ’j’ sound, just like "church" and "judge".
[t∫] - voiceless post - alveolar affricate [dʒ] - voiced post - alveolar affricate DrRD
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[t∫] and [dʒ] are affricate sounds, which you produce by blocking off the breath stream between the tongue and gum ridge, for a stop and a fricative. The [t∫] is a blend combined of [t] and [∫]: it starts out as a [t] stop and then the tongue moves into the position for [∫].
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The [dʒ] is a blend of [d] and [ʒ]: it starts out as a [d] and then the tongue moves into the usual position for [ʒ]. Example: joy
Vowel length comparison
Unvoiced affricate: etch /ɛʧ , rich/rɪʧ/ Voiced affricate: edge /ɛːʤ/ , ridge/rɪːʤ/
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