Manner of articulation by Ramiza Darmi

Manner of articulation

Manner of Articulation • Manner of articulation describes how the tongue, lips, jaw, and other speech organs are involved in making a sound. • For example, [t] and [s] are both voiceless alveolar sounds. They differ in their manner of articulation, that is, how they are pronounced. • The manner of articulation is the way the airstream is affected as it flows from the lungs and out of the mouth and nose. DrRD

Week 3 & 4

Manner of Articulation • To identify the manner in which a sound is articulated: • 3 degress of constriction – 1.Complete closure 2.Close approximation 3.Open approximation

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Week 3 & 4

4 categories of consonants: 1. Stops 2. Fricatives 3. Approximants 4. Affricates

Stops consonants • They are produced by some form of “blocking” or “stopping” of the air stream briefly, then letting it go abruptly. • Complete closure eg. pit, tin, cool • The voiceless stops: [p], [t], [k] • The voiced stops: [b], [d],, [ɡ]

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Stops consonants

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Voiceless

Voiced

Bilabial

[p]

[b]

Alveolar

[t]

[d]

Velar

[k]

[g]

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1. Stops • Nasal stop (velum lowered) – Air is stopped in the oral cavity but velum is down so that air can go through the nose – Voiced only:Voiced

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Bilabial

[m]

Alveolar

[n]

Velar

[ɳ]

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Fricatives consonants • Almost blocking the air stream and force it through a narrow opening. • If you put your open hand in front of your mouth when making these sounds, [f] and [s] in particular, you should be able to feel the stream of air being pushed out. • The voiceless forms: [f], [ð], [s],[ʃ], [h] • The voiced forms: [v], [θ], [z],, [ʒ]

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Week 3 & 4

Fricatives consonants Fricatives according to their place of articulation:•[f],[v] (Labiodental) : fan, van, safer, saver, half, halve – Lower lip is in contact with the upper teeth. Fricative is never very strong and is scarcely audible •[θ], [δ], (dental) : thumb, thus, father, breathe – The tongue is placed between the teeth, normally tongue is placed behind the teeth with the tip touching the inside of the upper teeth. The air escapes through the gaps between the tongue and the teeth. The fricative noise is weak •[s], [z] (alveolar): sip, zip, facing, phasing, rice, rise – Same place of articulation as t n d. the air escapes through a narrow passage along the center of the tongue and the sound produced is comparatively intense DrRD

Week 3 & 4

Fricatives consonants Fricatives according to their place of articulation (cont.):•[ʃ ] , [ʒ] ( post-alveolar): ship, Russia, measure, Irish, garage – The tongue is in contact with an area slightly further back than that for [s],[ z]. if you make [ʃ ] , you should be able to feel your tongue move backwards. – The air escapes through a passage along the center of the tongue, as in [s] and [ʃ ] , but the passage is a little wider •[h] (glottal): head, ahead, playhouse – The narrowing that produces the friction noise is between the vocal folds

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Week 3 & 4

Approximants consonants • They are produced with the tongue moving or gliding, to or from the position of a nearby vowel. • One articulator is close to another, but without the vocal tract being narrowed to such an extent that a turbulent airstream is produced. • The articulators approximate a frictional closeness, but no actual friction occurs. • [w] [y] [l] [r] e.g we, wet, you, yes, led, red, rip, rope and rat • Open approximation DrRD

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Affricates consonants • Combine a brief stopping of the air flow with a release through a constricted gap. • English has two affricate sounds, ’ch’ sound and ’j’ sound, just like "church" , “cheap”, and "judge“ and “jeep”. [t∫] - voiceless post - alveolar affricate [dʒ] - voiced post - alveolar affricate

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Week 3 & 4

4. Affricates [t∫] and [dʒ]

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4. Affricates • [t∫] and [dʒ] are affricate sounds, which you produce by blocking off the breath stream between the tongue and gum ridge, for a stop and a fricative. • The [t∫] is a blend combined of [t] and [∫]: it starts out as a [t] stop and then the tongue moves into the position for [∫].

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Week 3 &

4. Affricates • The [dʒ] is a blend of [d] and [ʒ]: it starts out as a [d] and then the tongue moves into the usual position for [ʒ]. • Example: joy Vowel length comparison • Unvoiced affricate: etch /ɛʧ , rich/rɪʧ/ • Voiced affricate: edge /ɛːʤ/ , ridge/rɪːʤ/ DrRD

Week 3 & 4