David Fisher

ADAPTIVE ARCHITECTURE:

DEFINING ASSEMBLIES THROUGH CONNECTIONS

DREXEL ARCHITECTURE 2022 | DAVID FISHER | JOANNE AITKEN

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EXISTING PROJECT SITE ANALYSIS

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Project Programming:

BUILDING PROGRAM CONCEPTUAL HIERARCHY

PROJECT SITE PROGRAMMING

The project seeks to introduce diversity of use into the Parkway’s MERCANTILE typology. To achieve this, an office RETAIL tower with a publicly accessible MERCANTILE commercial plinth was designed in MERCANTILE RETAIL CAFE order to both increase economic development in Philadelphia and MERCANTILE provide amenities to the public to RESTAURANT use. In order to build a commercial ASSEMBLY space, the existing site will be GALLERY Buildings < 5 stories with 1 or more Buildings < 5 stories with 1 or more Corner 80%re-zoned as CMX-5 to maximize PUBLIC dwellingbuilding units 90%; Othersand 100% dwelling units 90%; Others 100% the potential footprint ASSEMBLY tenable space for companies to use.

If used: Buildings < 4 stories with If used: Buildings < 4 stories with s containing Considering the site’s current lack of three of fewer dwelling units = 5 ft.; three of fewer dwelling units = 5 ft.; designation other than public space, s Others = 8 ft.

Others = 8 ft. it is reasonable to assume the City of Philadelphia could be convinced to SUPPORT SUPPORT 1200%* DELIVER/LOADING OMMERCIAL I ED-USE re-purpose their zoning in the area 1600%* PARKING 500%* of Center With additional given the greater context For certain lots Description: Intended to accommodate community- and region-serving mixed use development, including retail and service uses nuses With additional bonuses bonuses City as a whole and the development within Center City/ erence) of adjacent (See page 38 for (See page 38 for sites such asreference) the Barnes There is one community commercial mixed use (CMX-3) and two Center City commercial mixed-use (CMX-4 and CMX-5) University City zoning districts. These zoning districts accommodate larger-scale commercial uses and retail. These zoning districts also reference) Foundation and residential building allow for additional size based on bonuses providing extra features like mixed-income housing or green building technology. behind the Rodin Museum.

Additional zoning controls determine the overall bulk and shape of CMX-4 and CMX-5 buildings.

OFFICE SPACE

CMX C

Beyond commercialSkyspace, plane controlsthe 14-701(5)(b) can add additionalaccessible flexibility to these project maintains publicly green space and therequirements existing alley of trees adjacent to the Benjamin Franklin Parkway. By redesigning the site to remove secondary streets of the Parkway, the project will maintain that this area of Center City remains a public and green space. With curated * site interventions500%introduced the Side:to 8’ max ; = if <4 stories FAR project can5’ increase plot of land, the or <3 dwelling units the appeal of both the immediate site and its larger context for people from all walks of life.

ot: 75%; corner lot 80%

CMX-4

PROJECT SITE ZONING PROPOSAL

CMX-5 = FAR

Sky plane controls 14-701(5)(b) can add additional flexibility to these requirements

* 0% 120

See page 40 for dimensional standards notes.

CMX-3

CMX-4

Side: 8’ max ; 5’ if <4 stories or <3 dwelling units

See §14-701(3)(a) (Notes for Table 14-701-3) for information pertaining to bracketed numbers (e.g., “[2]”) in table cells.

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IMAGE FROM OPENMAPS.PHILA.GOV Max. Occupied Area

Min. Side Yard Width

Max occupied area: 100% 90% if <5 stories or 1+ dwelling unit

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IMAGE FROM OPENMAPS.PHILA.GOV

Lot: Intermediate 75%; Corner 80%

Buildings < 5 stories with 1 or more Buildings < 5 stories with 1 or more dwelling units 90%; Others 100% dwelling units 90%; Others 100%

If used: Buildings < 4 stories with If used: Buildings < 4 stories with 8 ft. if used for buildings containing three of fewer dwelling units = 5 ft.; three of fewer dwelling units = 5 ft.; dwelling units Others = 8 ft.

Others = 8 ft.

500%*

With additional bonuses (See page 38 for reference)

500%*

With additional bonuses (See page 38 for reference)

1200%* 1600%* With additional For certain lots bonuses within Center City/ (See page 38 for University City reference)

2 2 * See Zoning Bonus DIAGRAM FROM ZONING CODE MANUAL DIAGRAM FROM ZONING CODE MANUAL Summary on page 38.

1. N.P., N.P. “Philadelphia OpenMaps.” Map. City of Philadelphia OpenMaps. Philadelphia, PA: CityGeo, 2022. 2. Department of Planning and Development, and N.P. N.P., Philadelphia Zoning Code Information Manual:SkyQuick Guide § Sky plane controls 14-701(5)(b) can plane controls 14-701(5)(b)

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add additional flexibility to these requirements

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can add additional flexibility to these requirements

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ASSEMBLY

3001 JFK BLVD: SHOP

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FLOOR ASSEMBLIES

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CELLOPHANE HOUSE: KIERAN TIMBERLAKE

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DIAGRAMS FROM KIERAN TIMBERLAKE

Kieran Timberlake’s Cellophane House served as a case study of how prefabricated assemblies could be utilized in creating an efficient and deconstructable building, maximized for re-use. It’s investigation of bolted connections in specially designed metal extrusions provided an example of how buildings can be supported through adaptable means. Its categorization of floor, partition, envelope and structural assemblies became a starting point for modular design in the project’s development.

1. Kieran, Stephen, and James Timberlake. Cellophane House : KieranTimberlake Philadelphia: KieranTimberlake, 2011.

3001 JFK Boulevard by SHOP Architects, illustra existing Philadelphia urban fabric. It’s reverence as 30th Street Station demonstrates how econom detriment to an existing context. As part of Schu plan to help Philadelphia to grow and prosper, sim

2. N.P., N.P. “JFK Towers at Schuylkill Yards.” PAU, 2021. https://pau.studio/what/jfk-towers-at-schuylkill-

BALANCING BALANCING ADJACENCY ADJACENCY MASS ADJACENCY MASS INTERACTION INTERACTION INTERACTION

BALANCING MASS

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SIGHTLINE SIGHTLINEFRAMING FRAMING

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PROPORTIONATE ASCENDING TIERS

KANAZAWA COURT: SITE EARTHWORKS PROPORTIONATE PROPORTIONATEASCENDING ASCENDINGTIERS TIERS

OFFICE

BALANCING BALANCING MASS MASS

SIGHT LINE SIGHT LINE FRAMING FRAMING

BALANCING MASS

CORE SIGHT LINE CORE FRAMING

CORE

BALANCING BALANCING MASS MASS PLINTH PLINTH

BALANCING MASS PLINTH

M MA MA SSI ASSSIN D NG S NG E DA RIC G DA DATA TA TA

FO REIN

TW SING TW SSING G TW ISET MAS IST E MA U ASSINBLIQ LIQU IST UE M OB O OBLIQ

ates a contemporary office tower design within the e to site lines and existing prominent buildings such mic development doesn’t need to be an architectural uylkill Yards, the building serves as one piece in a larger milar to the aims of this project.

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DIAGRAMS FROM SHOP

-yards/. 3. N.P., N.P. “Kanazawa District CourtWorksEarthscape Inc.” earthscape inc. Earthscape inc., 2013. http://www.earthscape.co.jp/works/landscape_design/kanazawa_district_court/.

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PHOTO FROM EARTHWORKS

The Kanazawa Court building by Earthworks architects utilizes its site design to create a compelling and functional exterior space in conjunction with its architecture. In particular, the project’s broad plazas, stairs and greenscape exemplify the experiential aspirations of the project to provide gentle changes in elevation across a site with an appealing material palette.

PROJECT RESEARCH

Beyond the design of a building, the project investigated what opportunities for change there are within the culture and understanding of building construction and how materials can be reapplied in sustainable applications. Despite its currently high carbon emission manufacturing, steel offers the highest quality reuse opportunities in construction in conjunction with metal panel wall assemblies that in their least efficient implementations, can be recycled and repurposed. The critical point of this project is to demonstrate that we can utilize many of the technologies we already have for a more sustainable future. The challenge arises in convincing both the culture of architecture and society to be willing to make do with efficient and ecologically friendly approaches to design and construction in the place of unique and cost-efficient common practices that have perpetuated harm to the natural environment..

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With the potential for high-quality reuse established already in metal fabrications, the question becomes how can architects redefine the connections between necessary building assemblies to maximize this reuse potential while minimizing or eliminating waste in as many ways as possible.

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TABLE B2.4 PAGE 64

TABLE B2.14 PAGE 71

TABLE B2.25 PAGE 78

TABLE B7.3 PAGE 121

1. Annette Hillebrandt, Petra Riegler-Floors. Manual of Recycling: Buildings as Sources of Materials. DETAIL, 2019. 2. N.P., N.P. “More than Recycled Content: The Sustainable Characteristics of Structural Steel.” AISC.org. American In https://www.aisc.org/globalassets/aisc/publications/white-papers/more-than-recycled-content.pdf.

STELMAKIPRYCND

THESRNGADILCYOF FOREUSBYNDAILG’S LIFETM

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COMPONENT ANCHOR CONNECTOR BOLTS

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“JOISTS” CONNECTOR ANCHOR STRUCTURE “SKIN” “JOIST” CONNECTOR ANCHOR STRUCTURE

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STRUCTURAL MEMBER (STANDARD)

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“1Easily separable structures and building products are at the heart of a high-quality recycling process.(10)” “1...the world’s most frequently recycled material.(68)” “Of all framing system materials, steel is the most resilient.

2 It(steel) leads in strength(typically 50,000 psi in both tension and compression with higher strengths available), elasticity (29,000 psi), durability, non-combustibility and resistance to decomposition.(4)” 2 Structural steel does not lose any of its metallurgical properties when it is recycled(keeps strength & elasticity)

JOIST GIRDER COLUMN BELOW ABOVE

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PRELIMINARY DESIGN REVIEW: OPTION 1

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TIER 2 (6-9) ~40,000 GSF

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TECHNICAL DESIGN REVIEW

Beyond the reapplication of structure in the project, reusable and sustainable assemblies were studied to incorporate into the building’s modular design as a further integration of components designed for disassembly. At the interior, demountable partitions were incorporated as a method to create compelling and functional spaces that would minimize waste upon deconstruction. Given the project’s highly regular proportions in massing and structure, demountable partitions are the obvious choice for integration with standard bay dimensions and modular finishes. With a plethora of options for materiality, scale and function, demountable partitions address the needs of the vast majority of office spaces in the building’s program, helping to further reduce waste in retrofitting and deconstruction.

The exterior of the project provides the opportunity to not only express the sustainability of the design, but also to exemplify how modularity can create unique and inspiring architecture. In developing a material scheme for the design, longevity and utility were primary considerations for the envelope’s assembly.

For greater thermal resistance, “opaque” rainscreen assemblies were developed and implemented initially with adequate depth for insulating materials. With greater thermal resistance than glazed assemblies, fewer solar heat gains and heat loss would result and overall the building could lessen its heating and cooling costs ecologically and monetarily. An initial strategy developed to help generate power while producing shade; was projected structures at each opaque module that would not only act as a sun shade, but also as a shelf for photovoltaic panels.

Due to this assembly’s cumbersome geometry, an architectural solution was derived by researching alternative photovoltaic technologies. A wall assembly with integrated solar cells can be created and contorted to a variety of geometries, provided by the Danish company SolarLab. This unique product was integrated into the building’s detailing, shading strategy and massing composition, while providing a vibrant array of possible colors to the final architectural design.

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IMAGE FROM SOUTHWEST SOLUTIONS

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IMAGE FROM SOUTHWEST SOLUTIONS

1. N.P., N.P. “Legacy Fund 1.” MG McGrath Inc Sheet Metal, n.d.. https://mgmcgrath.com/portfolio/legacy-fund-1-2/. 2. N.P., N.P. “Metal Panels - Perforated from DRI-Design.” ArchDaily. Dri-Design, February 6, 2019. https://www.archdaily.com/catalog/us/products/15097/metal-panels-perforated-dri-design?ad_source=neufert&ad_med

in dimensions, finish and colours. This architecturally aestlows single operator installation.

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Design freedom

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depending on architectural complexity and scale.

for optimal panel sizes.

The solar facade cladding is based on 4mm tempered low-iron glass and seaworthy

However these are by no means a constraining factor as the cells are invisible and the weighing 12kg/sqm to 15kg/sqm, and provide a EuroClass Fire rating of up aluminium B-s,1-d,0. Additional we can integrate our active and passive firebreak solutions to panels therefore can have active and inactive areas that are indistinguishable in to the ensure local code compliance or project requirements. final facade and providing complete design freedom to achieve any shabe. .

Thermally broken mounting clip

The wide range of solutions and project specific customisations to finish, texture, colours, character and mounting makes the cost dependent on the complexity of the facade and the installation conditions, but is generally between 425 and 625 SolarLap aps l Euro per square meter for a complete facade solution. These prices are based on p aps l Kvædevej 4, DK-8270Aarhus,Denmark l Phone: +456017 a 1000 squaremeter facade with 30% inactive panels including electrical system.

© 2021 Copyright SolarLab.dk 8031

Supporting wall

l

27.5” - 94.5” SolarLab.dk solar facades are designed around the most efficient PV technologies in Email: infor@solarlab.dk l www.Solarlab.dk the market and are constantly improving. Currently the optimal cells are Monocrytalline

min) glass, supThe system consists of 3 primary components; an outer.75” skin(.625” of durable Margin from glass edge to cell min 20 mm Typical gapelectrical 20 mm ported by a mounting system made from aluminium asventilation well as the inverter Thermally broken mounting clip (min 15mm) and control systems. All these provide flexibility to design the right solution for each Minimum spacing edge to cell min 20 mm project. We support with design and engineering experience thought out the realisation process, so the sooner SolarLab is involved the better we can support and de-risk the design intent.

Typical height 700-2400mm (max 3600 mm)

Minimum inter cell spacing 3 mm

c-Si PERC cells that measure 158,75 x 158,75 mm and this provides a handy modulus for optimal panel sizes.

However these are by no means a constraining factor as the cells are invisible and the panels therefore can have active and inactive areas that are indistinguishable in the final facade and providing complete design freedom to achieve any shabe. .

ion truct

ons

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N

Depending on panelization and color the solar facade provides 150 Wp to 195Wp

and comes with integrated optimizers and panel level monitoring as well as Kvædevej 4, DK-8270Aarhus,Denmark lcapacity Phone: +456017 8031 l Email: infor@solarlab.dk l www.Solarlab.dk rapid-shutdown

.75” (.625” min) Typical ventilation gap 20 mm (min 15mm)

Margin from glass edge to cell min 20 mm Minimum spacing edge to cell min 20 mm

PERC C-Si cells used by SolarLab SolarLap aps l Kvædevej4, DK-8270Aarhus,Denmark l Phone: +456017 8031Current l Email: infor@solarlab.dk l www.Solarlab.dk are typically 158.75 mm square, but these change as technology improves

Minimum inter cell spacing 3 mm

4.4” - 15” Vertical girt install-height 112 to 390 mm

Typical vertical section

dium=gallery&ad_name=close-gallery.

Current PERC C-Si cells used by SolarLab are typically 158.75 mm square,

Panelization guide to PV cell spacing and optimalbutpanel dimensions these change as technology improves

4.4” - 15”

1

IMAGES FROM SOLARLABS

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EXTERIOR GASKET STOREFRONT GLAZING RAINSCREEN W/ SOLAR WALL

CONNECTION PLAN DETAILS

FACADE TIE-IN & PANEL JOINT

CFMF W/FIRE-RATED GWB ENCLOSURE WOOD DECK ON JOIST PALETTE CFMF W/GWB SILL INTERIOR GASKET EXTERIOR GASKET STOREFRONT GLAZING RAINSCREEN W/ SOLAR WALL

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N/S SECTION PERSPECTIVE - WEST

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FINAL DESIGN REVIEW

Critique Feedback: First and foremost, it was agreed upon near unanimously that the project is provocative. The initial response to the project in the fall was skepticism at the potential for the site given its prominence, history and cultural significance; but if not completely convinced by the final renditions, the jury was willing to give credence to the ambition and conceptual drive of the design. An important question raised at the final review was what would happen to the project upon the completion of it’s lifetime/utility on its site. While a bit beyond the purview of the project, this question was answered by the design of nearly the entire building to be deconstructed and reutilized, albeit in another application. Other comments pushed on the effectiveness of some sustainability strategies, such as the geometry of the shading and composition of facades as a whole. Final comments included the concept of pushing the system into other typologies as well as investigating the nuances of interiors further to integrate modular thinking into program and furnishings.

An underlying issue with the feedback during the final review is the focus on the application of the system instead of the system and its conceptual framework. While it’s worthwhile to push the best possible applications of any architectural design, the project’s intent is to display one of infinite possibilities that can be achieved through modular design, which may or may not have been adequately expressed or understood by the jury. Despite a possible disconnect in the overall intent, the project was well received by the jury and exemplified an unwavering vision from start to finish, regardless of previous hesitancy to believe in the project’s feasibility.

Looking back at the development through the year, there is a clarity to the design process that’s felt missing from previous studio assignments. Taking on multiple issues to address from the micro to societal was often discombobulating, yet at the end of the final review no study, research or initial assumption about the goals, design and aspiration of the project felt incoherent. Overall, this project reflected my understanding of architecture as an integrated solution of social needs and constructability. Though it will never be built, hopefully the thought process behind the design becomes common in the field both to strengthen sustainable strategies and shift the culture of architecture to admire more than the experiential.

FINAL MODEL PHOTOS