John Brian Fullen 2017

EQWALLITY:

a new interface for US - Mexico relations

Site Description / Research

Mexican immigrants arrived in the U.S. while about 1 million left the U.S. As less immigrants cross into the U.S. illegally it is important to evolve our thinking about what purpose the border should serve.

US-Mexico Border The border between the United States and Mexico stretches 1,969 miles, crossing deserts, rivers, towns, and cities from the Pacific to the Gulf of Mexico. No single barrier stretches across the entire border, instead, it is lined with a patchwork of steel and concrete fences, infrared cameras, sensors, drones, and nearly 20,000 U.S. Border Patrol agents. The majority of the “wall” occurs in heavily populated areas. Often when the wall was constructed it bisected thriving border communities which relied on a free flow of goods and services across the border. Restricting access across the border has resulted in harsh inequality both economically and culturally among these border cities.

History

The U.S. – Mexico border region has a long history of cultural interaction since the earliest Mesoamerican times to the present day. The majority of the United States Southwest was part of Mexico until 160 years ago. In 1848, following the Mexican-American War, the Treaty of Guadalupe resulted in the 2,000-mile border that currently exists between the US and Mexico. The Secure Fence Act of 2006 mandated that over 700 miles of double-reinforced fence was to be built along the U.S.-Mexico border in order to “protect the American people” and control illegal immigration into the U.S. In order for this feat to be accomplished, 36 laws were suspended in order to expedite the construction of the Common Ground border wall, including laws protecting the environment and Every year, an estimated 350 million people legally cross endangered species. The resulting wall acts as a symbol of the border, with another 500,000 entering into the United past conflicts between the US and Mexico, and creates an States illegally. According to the Pew Research Center, even wider disconnect between the two countries which at immigrants migrating into the US from Mexico has largely one time had a rich cultural connection. decreased. Between 2009 and 2014, close to 870,000 Water

Animals

REGAN ADMINISTRATION

BUSH ADMINISTRATION

CLINTON ADMINISTRATION

BUSH ADMINISTRATION

2016 OBAMA ADMINISTRATION

"I will build a great wall -- and nobody builds walls better than me, believe me --and I'll build them very inexpensively. I will build a great, great wall on our southern border, and I will make Mexico pay for that wall. Mark my words."

Doubles BP agents on US/Mexico border, mandates more fence, offers amnesty to illegal immigrants already living in the US.

2013

Length of border fence modified to 700 miles

Mandates 850 miles of fence built along southern border

2005 Clause which authorizes Secretary of Homeland Security to waive any law which might impede “expeditious” constructuction of the border fence

9/11/2001

1996

1994 Economic treaty which integrates US, Mexico, and Canada

1990

Built in San Diego sector led by Silvestre Reyes; 14 miles long

1982

1954

Border initiative to prevent illegal immigration

1942

Binational treaty for temporary importation of Mexican farmworkers

1934-1940

1929

massive deportation of Mexican immigrants

1924

1910-1917

1853

Completes modern border of US and Mexico

Feb 2 1848

2006

SECTIONS 401(7), 403, AND 404 OF THE NATIONAL PARK AND RECREATION ACT OF 1978 SECTIONS 301(A)-(F) OF THE ARIZONA DESERT WILDERNESS ACT RIVERS AND HARBORS ACT OF 1899 EAGLE PROTECTION ACT NATIVE AMERICAN GRAVES PROTECTION AND REPATRAITION ACT AMERICAN INDIAN RELIGIOUS FREEDOM ACT RELIGIOUS FREEDOM RESTORATION ACT NATIONAL FOREST MANAGEMENT ACT OF 1976

2007

OTAY MOUNTAIN WILDERNESS ACT OF 1999 SECTIONS 102(29) AND 103 OF TITLE I OF THE CALIFORNIA DESERT PROTECTION ACT

NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE SYSTEM ADMINISTRATION ACT

Establishes Rio Grande as international border

American War

FISH AND WILDLIFE ACT OF 1956 FISH AND WILDLIFE COORDINATION ACT

SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL ACT COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE, COMPENSATION, AND LIABILITY ACT ARCHEOLOGICAL AND HISTORIC PRESERVATION ACT ANTIQUITES ACT HISTORIC SITES, BUILDINGS, AND ANTIQUITIES ACT WILD AND SCENIC RIVERS ACT FARMLAND PROTECTION POLICY ACT COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT WILDERNESS ACT

1846-1848

1837 Republic of Texas Formed 1848 Mexican1853 Gadsden Purchase

People

1986

Environment

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT CLEAN AIR ACT SAFE DRINKING WATER ACT NATIONAL HISTORIC PRESERVATION ACT MIGRATORY BIRD TREATY ACT ARCHEOLOGICAL RESOURCES PROTECTION ACT

Border initiative to prevent illegal immigration

36 WAIVED LAWS:

1821 Nation of Mexico Formed

TRUMP ADMINISTRATION

Global Borders Border conditions have taken many forms over the course of history varying in level of definition from the Great Wall of China to a line on a map. Recently there has been a trend to secure a country’s borders by fortifying them.

These range from the DMZ in South Korea to the USMexico border. The historical idea of a secured border is a wall, but a modern solution should and can be so much more.

completed boundary planned boundary political border

North Korea + South Korea

Iraq

Spain + Morocco

Cyprus

Israel + Palestine

US + Mexico Man-made Boundaries

Natural Boundaries

Natural Border Conditions

rivers streams watershed

border fence political boundary railroad

ecoregion grassland elevation

road urban area protected land population density

Man-made Border Conditions

Bi-national Border Cities Borderland Key major city city town airports powerplants

do

Riv

er

Agro Fields

Sonoran D

Col

ora

San Luis

San Luis AZ

SAN LUIS, ARIZONA PHASE 2

PHASE 1

Sonoran Desert

Agro Fields

1985

PHASE 4

City Aerial

PHASE 4 1992

Agro Fields

PHASE 5

PHASE 6

CO 2016

PHASE 3

San Luis MX

Site Aerial

SAN LUIS, RIO COLORADO, MEXICO

San Luis Border Located near the Colorado River, in the corner of the intersection of California, Arizona, Baja, and Sonora Mexico, the City of San Luis Rio Colorado boasts a population of over 160,000. San Luis, Mexico is a sprawling urban region divided by the border between the United States and Mexico. San Luis, Mexico has many challenges and while it lies directly on the border many of the residents do not have access to clean water or adequate housing.

STUDY AND INFLUENCE AREA

Canal International Boundary San Luis

Natural Environment

San Luis, Arizona lies merely feet away on the other side of the border fence and has an abundance of farm work and a thriving agricultural economy due to more than 40,000 Mexican workers who cross legally through the border every day. The border crossed by these workers is a key economic driver for the region and is central to the culture of San Luis. For many of these people, their everyday lives are tied to the border in one way or another.

CO UNTY 22ND ST

Principal Arterial Minor Arterial Collector Minor Collector

SIDEWALK AND BICYCLE FACILITIES

Bicycles + Sidewalks

AVE A

AVE B

AVE C

AVE D

Agricultuture * Commercial Employment Master Plan Community

Industrial Park Light Industrial

COUNTY 25TH ST

Mixed Use Activity Center

Manufactured Home Park

Office

Manufactured Home Subdivision

Open Space / Recreation *

Residential - Low Density

Public Facilities

Residential - Intermediate Density Residential - High Density Residential - Manufactured Housing Rural Area 10 Acres Retention Basin

Vehicular Access

Zoning Plan

San Luis AZ

Ranchette (1-2 du/ac) Residential - High Density (10-20 du/ac) Residential - Low Density (2-6 du/ac) Residential - Medium Density (6-10 du/ac) Airport Airport study Field United States & Mexico Border

Land Use Plan 100

10

SAN LUIS, ARIZONA PHASE 2

PHASE 1

PHASE 3 PHASE 4

8

70

6

60

5,800,000

50

40

30

20

10

0

12 am

1 am

2 am

3 am

4 am

5 am

6 am

7 am

8 am

9 am

10 am 11 am 12 pm

1 pm Sun

Agro Fields

PHASE 5

PHASE 6

Pedestrian Crossing Waiting Time (minutes)

SAN LUIS, RIO COLORADO, MEXICO

Sonoran Desert

3 pm

Mon

4 pm Tue

5 pm Wed

6 pm

7 pm

Thu

8 pm Fri

9 pm Sat

10 pm 11 pm

4

2

0

Source: traffic.calit2.net

50

10

40

8

30

6

20

10

0

12 am

1 am

2 am

3 am

4 am

5 am

6 am

7 am

8 am

9 am

10 am 11 am 12 pm

1 pm Sun

Local Site Forces

2 pm

Number of Crossings (Million)

Colo

Sonoran Desert

80

Number of Crossings (Million)

Passenger Vehicle Crossing Waiting Time (minutes)

90

rad

oR ive

r

Agro Fields

City Site Forces

Identified Growth Area Residential Commercial / Office Medical Mixed Use Airport Industrial / Manufacturing

Airport Compatible Mixed Use

City Facilities

San Luis MX

GROWTH AREAS

Border Crossing Statistics

0 1 - 3,000 3,001 - 6,000 6,001 - 9,000 9,001 - 13,000 13,001 - 18,000 18,001 and above

GROWTH AREAS

Major Activity Center Schools Sidewalks On-Street Parking Current Bike Lane (Paved) Current Bike Lane (Unpaved)

General Plan COUNTY 24TH ST

Commercial General

Agro Fields

Growth Trends

SIDEWALK AND BICYCLE FACILITIES

Major Activity Center Schools YCAT Yellow Route 95 YCAT Silver Route 9 Transit Routes

Legend

COUNTY 24TH ST

Commercial Local

City Plan

YEAR 2013 POPULATION DENSITY

AREA SERVICE HIGHWAY/JUAN SANCHEZ BLVD

10TH AVE

City Limits

Land Port of Entry

Commercial Area

Population Density

4TH AVE

HW Y 95/MAIN ST

Legend

State Route 195 Area Service Highway

Shopping Center Commercial Corridor Economics Educational Public Areas Management Offices Parks Religion Health Culture Sports Areas

Park Post Office School Hospital

AVE E

AVE F

AVE G

6TH AVE

IN ST

Juan Sanchez Blvd

Juan Sanchez Blvd

URTUZUASTEGUI ST

Major Route

City Facility

Library MAJOR ACTIVITY CENTERS Market

Land Use

TRANSIT FACILITIES

TRANSIT FACILITIES

Transit

8TH AVE

95/MA

10TH AVE

HW Y

4TH AVE

Juan Sanchez Blvd

City Limits

Port of Entry Study Roadway Canal International Boundary Cities Study Area

CO UNTY 22ND ST

URTUZUASTEGUI ST

Planning Area Boundary

Irrigation Agriculture Urban Area Sonoran Desertschrub Sandy Desert Vegetation

FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION

FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION

Major Circulation

Legend

Wildlife Habitat Block

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT Wildlife Linkage Zone

San Luis Rio Colorado

YEAR 2013 POPULATION DENSITY

MAJOR ACTIVITY CENTERS MAJOR ACTIVITY CENTERS

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

STUDY AND INFLUENCE AREA

Study Roadway

STUDY AND INFLUENCE AREA Port of Entry

Study Area

2 pm Mon

3 pm

4 pm Tue

5 pm Wed

6 pm Thu

7 pm

8 pm Fri

9 pm Sat

10 pm 11 pm Source: traffic.calit2.net

4

2,300,000 2

0

Site Inventory Layered Transparency

Infrastructural Systems

Economic Activity

Reuse of Materials

Dynamic Landscapes

Vernacular Typologies

Program Development PROGRAM

Civic Buildings Public Housing Education Markets

Nature Reserve Walking Paths Nature Trails Bike Paths

Night

Afternoon Night

Evening

Morning

Afternoon

Morning + Evening

Total

San Luis, MX

Shared Space

Recreation Space Event Space Memorials Museums

Emblematic Monument Enrique Norten and TEN Arquitectos

Tagus Linear Park Topiaris Landscape Architecture

Infrastructure

Energy Production Water Treatment Transportation Security

Cheonggyecheon River Seoul, South Korea

Public Housing Education Markets

Danish National Maritime Museum BIG

Civic Buildings

Benidorm Seafront OAB

San Luis, AZ

Walking Paths Nature Trails Bike Paths

Moses Bridge RO&AD architecten

Nature Reserve

Precident Analysis

Mariposa Land Port of Entry

San Berillo Masterplan

Project for an Elevated Park in Chapultepec, Mexico

Jones Studio’s expansion of the Mariposa Land Port of Entry in Nogales, Ariz., welcomes visitors and returning residents back to the United States with an illuminated canopy of red, white and blue; the welcome mat centerpiece to a border station they describe as “a cultural connection, rather than a division.”

“Conceptually, Jones Studio organized the land port of entry as an oasis rail yard; long, linear circulation paths centered on a lush, green hub of activity. This landscaped, narrow strip will be planted with native plants and trees.

Canopies and pergolas will offer visitors a chance to step off the highway and connect with nature in relaxing, restful surroundings.”

“The main aim of this project is to connect the city center to the Ionian Sea coast, with the help of a large pedestrian boulevard. The urban void was redefined by tracing a new east-west axis and connecting the street grid. All of the existing fabric, functions and transport routes were taken into consideration – for example, taking the underground metro line as a design articulation. The architectural concept is based on a tectonic geometry realized with four intertwining plates accessible by ramps or stairs, pierced with interior green courtyards, which form loggias and terraces.”

“The proposal consists of interweaving 2 neighborhoods in Mexico City by means of build an Elevated Park with commerce of all kinds, cultural and welfare facilities, green areas and sustainable mobility. The project creates a “New Destination” inside the city by generating an atmosphere: attractive, comfortable and safe. It works as trigger for urban contiguous developments by providing uses and services that have regional impact. It improves the quality of life, stimulating the economic, social and environmental development, while limiting the expansion of the city footprint.”

PROJECT

PARTI

SITE & CONTEXT

CIRCULATION

PUBLIC / PRIVATE

NAME

BUILDING

CONTEXT

SITE CIRCULATION

PUBLIC

LOCATION

DIRECTION

SITE BOUNDARY

SPACE

PRIVATE

ARCHITECT(S)

GATHERING

BUILDING

Mariposa Land Port of Entry Nogales, Arizona Jones Studio

San Berillo Master Plan Catania, Sicilly Mario Cucinella Architects

Elevated Park Chapultepec, Mexico FRENTE arquitectura, RVDG arquitectura + urbanismo

PROGRAM

ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT

OFFICE

PARK

LANDSCAPE

WASTE

RETAIL

SECURITY

WATER

PARKING

RESIDENTIAL

OTHER

ENERGY

SOLAR

Design Speculation CAN THE BORDER BE RE-IMAGED TO SERVE THE PEOPLE OF THE BORDERLANDS? CAN THE BORDER BE A PRODUCTIVE SPACE RATHER THAN A POLITICAL LINE?

CAN A BORDERLAND BE SECURED WITHOUT SACRIFICING QUALITY OF LIFE OF ITS INHABITANTS?

CAN THE BORDER BE AN INTERCONNECTED NETWORK OF SHARED SPACES?

INSTEAD OF BEING WHAT SEPARATES US, CAN THE BORDER BE WHAT JOINS US?

STITCH

BRIDGE

BUBBLE

GRAIN

SLIP & SLIDE

ZIPPER

STITCH

BRIDGE

BUBBLE

GRAIN

SLIP & SLIDE

ZIPPER

WEAVE

COURTYARD

FINGER

SNAKE

WEDGIE

FOLD

WEAVE

COURTYARD

FINGER

SNAKE

WEDGIE

FOLD

PLAN

PLAN

PLAN

PLAN

PLAN

PLAN

SECTION

SECTION

SECTION

SECTION

SECTION

SECTION

Program Layout & Site Systems

De-construct Wall:

Berm Land:

Allows transparency and permeability through a once solid boundary condition.

Creates a soft edge condition using earth and terraces.

Elevated Path:

Water as Boundary:

Allows for view to surrounding areas and links programmatic elements.

Enlarging of existing canal and addition of secondary canal creates boundary while also allowing for views.

Site Conceptual Design

Existing Site:

Border Zone:

Access & Connection:

The existing border wall creates a harsh divide between US & Mexican citizens. Often families find themselves split across the border without opportunity to visit without risking deportation or even jail time.

Defined boundary conditions make up 3 sides of this “shared courtyard� while the existing canal is expanded to complete the border zone while at the same time allowing for views to the adjacent landscape (and future expansion).

The boundary is eroded in response to the surrounding context to allow access into the site. Each point of entry will be monitored in a way to filter traffic in and out allowing for free flow into the space. Identification will be required to exit.

Engage Native Ecosystem:

Cultivate & Educate:

Generate & Produce:

The site design and building placement aims to foster native habitats and create irrigation allowing for an oasis condition that the surrounding ecosystem can inhabit and thrive within.

Building and site programming allows for civic engagement and education acting as a shared cultural resource facilitating social and economic growth in the region.

Site infrastructure allows for continued generation of energy and production of vegetation, while also incubating new relationships and social engagements that will shape the future of the region.

Aerial At Canal

Roof Plan

Noli Plan

“Bridge” Condition

“Path” Entry

Upper Park Section

View of Housing

Lower Park Section

Shared Space Section Housing Entry

Filter Condition

Port of Entry Edge Condition

“Filter” Condition

School Courtyard

Recreation Area

Upper Courtyard

Lower Courtyard

Recreation Area

Bridge Condition

Bridge Upper Level Plan

Bridge Exploded Axon

Bridge Ground Level Plan

Earth Condition

Earth Roof Level Plan

Earth Exploded Axon

Earth Ground Level Plan

Embed Condition

Embed Upper Level Plan

Embed Exploded Axon

Embed Lower Level Plan

Site Systems

Current Border

Border as Space

Border as Place

A re-imagining of the interface between the United States and Mexico, this proposal recreates the border as an inhabitable space that re-joins bi-national cities while also acting as a sanctuary allowing for immigrants and their families to be reunited once again.