URBAN EDUCATION RESILIENCE
TRANSFORMING LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS THROUGH BIOPHILIC DESIGN
WESLEY STOLTZFUS| DREXEL UNIVERSITY |ADVISER JEFF KREIGER|2022
HOW CAN BIOPHILIC DESIGN IMPROVE EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES IN LOW INCOME URBAN COMMUNITIES?
ENERGY
INCREASE ACCESS TO NATURE (FORM AND FUNCTION) RAIN GARDENS, GREEN ROOFS, GREENHOUSE, AND COMMUNITY GARDENS • • • • •
AGRICULTURE
Increase vegetated areas in low-income urban communities Increase education and awareness of sustainable principles Visually connect interior spaces with nature Improve mental and overall quality of life Improve air quality
• • • •
Lower cost of construction More durable buildings Easier, inexpensive, and time-efficient to maintain Shorter construction deliver times (especially with prefabrication and modular design) • Non-corrosive and fatigue-resistant material
ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS
• Higher energy efficiency: (less thermally conductive than steel and concrete) • A renewable resource • Carbon storage over the life of the building
URBAN EDUCATION RESILIENCE
AESTHETIC AND ARCHITECTURAL QUALITIES
BATTERIES
CAFE
GREEN ROOFS AND RAIN + GARDENS
URBAN FARMING
+
COMMUNITY GARDEN
GYM
HISTORY/ LITERATURE
TECH.
MEDIA
ADMIN OFFICES
SCIENCE
ART
ENGLISH
LIBRARY/ COMMONS
FLEX SPACES
(20) TRADITIONAL CLASSROOM
SITE ANALYSIS WINTER AND SUMMER SUN PATHS
WIND DIRECTION AND INTENSITY
OUTDOOR CLASSROOM
MULTIPURPOSE ROOM
LOBBY
MUSIC ROOM
HIGH-SCHOOL PEDESTRIAN ENTRANCE OUTDOOR AREA FILLED WITH NATURE
NURSING SUITE
4:00 4: 4 ::00 0 PM
E
RAIN GARDEN
GREEN ROOF
CIRCULATION PATHS
10:00 AM
December 21
KITCHEN W
STORAGE
GREENHOUSE
(10) HYBRID CLASSROOM/ LAB
LEARNING COMMONS
THE SUBWAY BLUE LINE TO CENTER CITY
INDIRECT WOOD WORKSHOP
(5) OUTDOOR CLASS-
GREEN ROOF
RAIN GARDEN
COLOR KEY PUBLIC
BIKE PATHS
PUBLIC BUS ROUTS
DIRECT
LOBBY
4:12 PM
S
MAIN
COURTYARD FILLED WITH NATURE
CAFETERIA
7:22 PM
7:12 AM
AUDITORIUM
RESTROOMS
June e 21 2 4:09 AM
MUSIC ROOM
MULTIPURPOSE ROOM
COURTYARD FILLED WITH NATURE
N
.
MATH
BREAK OUT SPACES
• Warm, open spaces that encourage learning • More architectural flexibility
• Reduce heat island effect in cobbs creek community • Reduce storm water runoff
STORM WATER MANAGEMENT
+
NEW LIFE SCIENCES/TRADE HIGH-SCHOOL FOR THE “NEW GREEN ECONOMY”
REDUCE IMPERVIOUS SURFACES
IMPORTANT CLIMATE IMPLICATIONS RAIN GARDENS GREEN ROOF LOCATION ORIENTATION SOLAR COLLECTION STRATEGIES AREA REQUIRED FOR NET ZERO ORIENTATION OF COLLECTORS MASSING STRATEGIES ORIENT MAIN MASSING EAST WEST AXIS
WIND
+
TRADITIONAL CLASSROOM PUBLIC EDUCATION
USE NATURAL MATERIALS (MASS TIMBER) BENEFITS OF WOOD SCHOOLS
SOLAR
PROGRAMMING
AFTER HOURS/ SUMMERS PROGRAMS WITH COMMUNITY ACCESS
GYMNASIUM
SITE
HEALTH CENTER
RAIN GARDEN
MULTI-PURPOSE FIELDS
HIGH-SCHOOL BUS DROP-OFF ENTRANCE
PRIVATE SUPPORT SPACES GREEN SPACES
CASE STUDIES
BIOPHILIC DESIGN RESEARCH
REFUGE
PROSPECT
MYSTERY
RISK/PERIL
The biophilic spatial design concepts of prospect, refuge, mystery, and risk/peril contribute to a positive learning environment by reducing stress, boredom, and fatigue while improving concentration, attention, and perception of safety.
DIRECT NATURE PAUL CHEVALLIER SCHOOL, LYON, FRANCE ARCHITECTS TECTONIQUES, 2013
Piedmont Hills High School Science and Life Skills Complex
CITY ACADEMY Location: Norwich, England Architect: Sheppard Robinson
Location: San Jose, United States Architect: LPA
ECOLE DES MENUISIERS GYM, BISCHWILLER, FRANCE URBANE KULTUR, 2019
Sandy Hook Elementary School Location: Newtown, Connecticut ARCHITECT: Svigals + Partners
NATURAL MATERIALS
SUN PATH CIRCULATION WATER
CITY ACADEMY, NORWICH, ENGLAND SHEPPARD ROBINSON, 2012 CENTRAL ATRIUM & CIRCULATION
BREAK OUT SPACES ON TERRACES
PROGRAMMATIC VOLUMES
OUTDOOR CLASSROOMS & CLIMATE
MATERIAL CONNECTION WITH NATURE
MORO BACKE SCHOOL F9, SKELLEFTEA, SWEDEN
MAF ARKITECTKONTOR, 2018
BIOMORPHIC FORMS & PATTERNS
EVOKING NATURE PIEDMONT HILLS HIGH SCHOOL, SAN JOSE, USA LPA, 2018 CLASSROOM
GATHERING SPACES
SCHOOL & COMMUNITY ACCESS
CLASSROOM & LAB
COURTYARD & OUTDOOR CLASSROOM
MYSTERY: INVITING TO EXPLORE
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS
• Curved bar massing Traditional classrooms Exterior terraces for breakout spaces Gathering spaces • Program & circulation diagram • Massing strategy for school and community access
SECURITY AND ACCESS
ONE-WAY PICKUP/DROP OFF
1 STORY MASSING
SPIRIT OF PLACE
INTERIOR CIRCULATION CLASSROOM WINGS OUTDOOR LEARNING
GREEN LANDSCAPE SCHOOL ONLY ACCESS
SANDY HOOK ELEMENTARY, NEWTOWN, CONNECTICUT SVIGALS + PARTNERS, 2016
OUTDOOR GATHERING
LABS/WORKSTATIONS CLASSROOM AREAS
3 STORY MASSING
PLAYGROUNDS
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS
• Indoor/outdoor classroom opportunities • Combination of labs and classroom areas • Programed around a central courtyard • Green pervious landscaping and water management
KENSINGTON CREATIVE + PERFORMING ARTS HIGH SCHOOL PHILADELPHIA, PA, SMP AND SRK ARCHITECTS, 2010
SIDWELL FRIENDS, WASHINGTON, DC KIERAN-TIMBERLAKE, 2006
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS
• Biophilic design principles to improve learning environment • Outdoor learning and gathering spaces • Unimpeded views over a distance for surveillance and planning • Clear circulation patterns with views to the outside • Orient massing and access for maximum safety and access to the outdoors.
COMMUNITY CITY ACADEMY, NORWICH, ENGLAND SHEPPARD ROBINSON, 2012
DREXEL POWEL/SCIENCE LEADERSHIP ACADEMY PHILADELPHIA, PA,ROGERS PARTNERS, 2021
PROCESS DRAWINGS
MASSING STRATEGY A SPACE FOR NATURE Green courtyard Community Garden Greenhouse Rain gardens Green roof
ECONOMY OF CONSTRUCTION (MODULAR DESIGN FOR PREFABRICATION)
SAFETY: PROGRAM & MASSING PROTECT COURTYARD
EXISTING
NATURE IN SECTION
PROPOSED
3 Level - 0" 24'
3 Level - 0" 24'
2
2
Level - 0"2 12' 0" Level 10'
Level - 0"2 12' 0" Level 10' 1
1
Level - 0" 0'
1
Level - 0" 0'
Level - 0" 0'
DEMOLISH EXISTING CONCRETE AND BRICK BUILDING
TWO LARGE SPACES FOR NATURE
PRIVATE AND PUBLIC BUILDING MASSING PROTECTS THE COURTYARDS
CENTER CITY
EXISTING AREA CALCULATIONS
VI
EW
78% IMPERVIOUS AREA: 244,111 SF 22% PERVIOUS AREA: 67,719 SF
S
TOTAL SITE AREA: 311,830 SF
PROPOSED AREA CALCULATIONS
WATER MANAGEMENT & RAIN GARDENS, WIND & VENTILATION, DAYLIGHT, SOLAR PANELS
30% IMPERVIOUS AREA: 93,549 SF 70% PERVIOUS AREA: 218,281 SF TOTAL SITE AREA: 311,830 SF
ADD LARGE PROGRAMS AUDITORIUM AND GYMNASIUM CREATE SPACE FOR NATURE
ADD THIRD LEVEL MASSING ESTABLISH VIEWS TO CENTER CITY CONNECT THE TWO MASSES
MODULAR CONSTRUCTION (PREFABRICATION) ESTABLISH A MODULE FOR OFF-SITE CONSTRUCTION IMPROVE COST OF CONSTRUCTION DECREASE ON-SITE CONSTRUCTION TIME
PRELIMINARY DESIGN REVIEW
PRELIMINARY DESIGN REVIEW
CENTRAL COMMONS
SITE PLAN
LONGITUDINAL BUILDING SECTION
OVERALL SITE AND MASSING
LEARNING COMMONS
MAIN ENTRANCE
TECHNICAL REVIEW
TECHNICAL REVIEW WHITE PVC MEMBRANE (COOL ROOF)
TECHNICAL TECH TE TTEC EC ECH EC CH HNICA IC ICA CA C AL R RE REVIEW EVIE VIEW EW 14 EW 4 Marc Mar M March arc rch 2 rc 20 2022 22 2 Maximum pages Maxi M Ma ax a aximum u 1 off 3 p ages ge g es
1/2” COVER BOARD
3” REINFORCED CONCRETE ANCHORED TO CLT FLOOR PANELS
6” RIGID INSULATION
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METAL COPING
HIGH STRENGTH STEEL PLATES AND FASTENERS
METAL GUTTER
PERFORATED STEEL PLATE ANCHORED INTO CONCRETE & CLT PANEL
(CLT) CROSS LAMINATED TIMBER WALL AND ROOF STRUCTURAL PANELS (5 LAYERS)
(CLT) CROSS LAMINATED TIMBER WALL AND FLOOR STRUCTURAL PANELS (5 LAYERS)
REINFORCED CONCRETE ON TIMBER (CLT) CROSS LAMINATED COMPOSITE FLOOR
HIGH STRENGTH STEEL PLATES AND FASTENERS
COMPOSITE FLOOR
PV CELLS
CLT ATRIUM WALLS
ROOF SYSTEM
(5 LAYER) CROSS LAMINATED TIMBER PANEL SELF ADHERED AIR/WATER VAPOR BARRIER (R23) 5-1/2” MINERAL FIBER INSULATION
KEY STRUCTURE PLAN
10”X48” TIMBER BEAMS
1-1/2” AIR GAP WHITE PORCELAIN RAINSCREEN TILES METAL CLIP SUPPORT SYSTEM
AUDITORIUM STRUCTURAL SUMMARY
CURTAIN WALL GLAZING
LONGEST SPAN: 82 FT.
STEEL TUBE SUBSTRUCTURE
18FT x 18 FT. DIAGONAL WAFFLE BEAM STRUCTURE
PATTERNED METAL SHADING DEVICE
3” REINFORCED COMPOSITE CONCRETE ON 6” CROSS LAMINATED TIMBER FLOOR PANELS.
CURVED WOOD SUSPENDED CEILING
10”x 48” GLUE LAMINATED WOOD BEAMS
INTEGRATED LIGHTING
GYMNASIUM STRUCTURAL SUMMARY
MASS TIMBER TRUSS
LONGEST SPAN: 72 FT. AT LONGEST SPAN 18FT x 18 FT. WAFFLE BEAM STRUCTURE
24X24” TIMBER COLUMNS
3/4” VENTILATION CHAMBER METAL FLASHING
RAIN SCREEN WALL METAL FLASHING CONCRETE SILL WATER BARRIER 5-1/2” MINERAL FIBER INSULATION 1-1/2” AIR GAP METAL ANCHOR RECLAIMED BRICK FLASHING AND WEEP HOLES 2” RIGID INSULATION 2 FEET BELOW GRADE
3” REINFORCED COMPOSITE CONCRETE ON 9” CROSS LAMINATED TIMBER FLOOR PANELS. BRICK BASE WALL 0
SMALL SPAN STRUCTURE
6"
12”x 48” GLUE LAMINATED WOOD BEAMS
1'
LARGE SPAN STRUCTURE
TECHNICAL REVIEW|STRATEGIES FOR VENTILATION, DAY LIGHTING, AND WATER MANAGEMENT
SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES 20
STRONG WESTERN WINDS
26 19
VENTILATION
21 11 23
25 COOL
WARM
COOL
WARM
COOL
WARM
5 19
COOL
6 14
LONGITUDINAL BUILDING SECTION
19
1
15
24
11 17
SUMMER
WINTER
DAY LIGHTING
2
24
COBBS CREEK HIGH SCHOOL
TRADE SCHOOL FOR THE NEW GREEN ECONOMY
SPIRIT OF PLACE NATURAL MATERIALS DIRECT NATURE TRANSVERSE BUILDING SECTION 2 AT LOBBY ENTRANCE
RAIN
TRANSVERSE BUILDING SECTION 3
RAIN
COMMUNITY GARDEN CISTERN
WATER MANAGEMENT
RAIN GARDEN
1. Greenhouse 2. Native landscaping requiring no watering 3. Reduce paved area 4. Increase pervious area 5. Green roof 6. Rain gardens 7. Views of nature 8. Increase day lighting
9. Mass timber structure 10. FSC certified wood 11. Porous paving in parking 13. Low emitting materials and adhesives
19. Outdoor classroom 20. Protected Courtyards
COMMUNITY
21. Separate community entrance 22. Teach students and community about sustainability 23. Community garden EVOKING NATURE 24. Outdoor fields shared with 14. Operable windows and cross ventilation community 15. PV cells 25. Close proximity to public 16. Energy efficient lighting fixtures transportation 17. Geothermal wells & heat pump 26. Cool roof to reflect heat 18. Good acoustics 27. Rainwater cisterns 28. Locally sourced materials
FINAL REVIEW
NORTH ELEVATION
WEST ELEVATION
SECOND FLOOR PLAN
EAST ELEVATION
SITE PLAN
THIRD FLOOR PLAN SOUTH ELEVATION
FINAL REVIEW
TRANSVERSE BUILDING SECTION 2 AT CENTRAL COMMONS AND LEARNING COMMONS
CAFETERIA
COMMUNITY GARDENS
EAST
CENTRAL COMMONS
LONGITUDINAL BUILDING SECTION
LEARNING COMMONS
HYBRID CLASSROOM AND LAB
WEST
CLASSROOM
FINAL REVIEW
TRANSVERSE BUILDING SECTION AT OUTDOOR LEARNING ENVIRONMENT
AUDITORIUM
LEVEL 1&2 OUTDOOR LEARNING
OUTDOOR LEARNING
GREENHOUSE
ROOFTOP BASKETBALL
GYMNASIUM
PROJECT VIDEO
TRANSVERSE BUILDING SECTION AT COMMUNITY GARDENS
CRITIQUE AND REFLECTIONS
By integrating DIRECT NATURE, NATURAL MATERIALS, and EVOKING NATURE with forms and patterns, to create a SPIRIT OF PLACE and sense of COMMUNITY, biophilic design can improve the social, psychological, and educational outcomes in low-income urban communities. PRELIMINARY REVIEW Critique: The interior views are a good start and show a strong base for further development and strong opportunities for enhanced day lighting in the interior with the vaulted space in the Central Commons. The exterior needs work [be dramatic] to bring a sense of place and identity to the school and make students want to come to school! Response: After several elevation iterations, a mural wall of reclaimed brick was designed with “spaces for nature” to allow the classrooms and spaces along the east and west elevations to have strong views of green trees, and good day lighting. These trees together with the indented massing are a shading strategy for the long east and west wall exposure to the sun. By adding a cantilevered overhang at the north and south entrances it enhances the sense of prospect and views and creates a more dynamic entrance to the school. More iterations in all the spaces increased access to nature both in the interior and exterior with “pods” of nature with fixed seating for impromptu social and learning spaces. INTEGRATED DESIGN REVIEW Critique: Bring biophilic design into all parts of the design, with more dynamic flowing forms, and more nature in the space. Response: By bringing in more organic and curved ceiling design into the learning commons, biophilic forms and patterns orient the visitor toward the eastern views of center city and the green courtyards. A serpentine flowing form is given to the colorful east and west reclaimed brick mural walls as well as the interior wooden lattice walls in the auditorium. Subtle patterns in the elevation create a biophilic connection for the public on the sidewalk with space for trees as a “natural mural” changing with the seasons.
FINAL REVIEW Critique: The representation of nature in the space could have been stronger with more plants and nature at the south entrance and in some of the landscape design of the courtyards as well as the outdoor rooftop basketball courts. Representing more planted areas in these views would enhance the sense of connection to nature. Response: The landscape design in the courtyards was designed to balance the need for durable outdoor learning spaces for worktables and chairs to expand into the courtyard as well as maximizing the amount of soft connection to flowers, trees, and grass. Future iterations would help to amplify and increase the presence of nature in these specific spaces and represent the pervious hard scape in a different way in the courtyard to show that it is pervious.