Hostile Architecture

21

Figure 5: Spikes to prevent sitting on bollards. Source: New York Times (2019b)

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Articles inside

Public vs private spaces

References

Conclusion

Flawed consumers’ and societal values

The 1961 zoning resolution, and privatisation

The rise in consumerism

Failure to differentiate

Rising crime rates and the introduction of symbolic design

Public perception and stereotypes

The emergence of environmental design, as a way of providing safety, or removing ‘threat

Introduction

Has There been a rise in hostile architecture?

Methodology

Chapter 1: Exploring a rise in hostile architecture, and how it is used to code a space How does hostile architecture work to control a space?

Definitions

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