Na stičišču evropskih svetov
At the crossroads of European worlds We often wonder about the people’s awareness of Slovenia and its special features. The answer is a very short one: Slovenia is so diverse it cannot be described with just one, two or three special features. Its diversity is reflected in all the spheres of man’s endeavours – from material standing and social relationships, to spiritual creativity. It is reflected in the cultural-historical heritage as well as in contemporariness. At the crossroads of the European Alpine, Mediterranean and Pannonian worlds, people have been shaping their daily lives and holidays for centuries, but still we cannot say that we have blindly accepted features of these three large worlds, rather, we have been creative in the formation of numerous special features – riches, reflecting different mentalities, the use of material, levels of creativity, in constant interaction of man’s natural and cultural milieus. Today, individual cultural forms live among us as the heritage of the past decades and centuries, others; however, are rising as creative explorations, originating in the diversity of natural conditions, their understanding and accepting the modern lifestyle. The contemporary creativity of Slovenia, partly presented by our calendar, can present a distinctive challenge to the entire European »family«, introducing the often still unknown values and riches to its variety and diversity. Discovering them denotes spiritual enrichment and perception of values, which can co-shape the modern quality of man’s existence and living.
Založil: ČZD Kmečki glas, Ljubljana, art direction in oblikovanje: Edi Berk/KROG, izbor predmetov in besedilo: prof. dr. Janez Bogataj, fotografije: Dragan Arrigler, grafična priprava: KROG, tisk: Tiskarna Euroadria, Ljubljana
Pogosto se sprašujemo o razpoznavnosti in posebnostih Slovenije. Odgovor je kratek: Slovenija je tako raznolika, da je ne moremo opisati le z eno, dvema ali tremi posebnostmi. Njena raznolikost se odraža na vseh področjih človekovega prizadevanja – od gmotnih pojavnosti in družbenih razmerij do duhovne ustvarjalnosti –, odraža se tako v kulturnozgodovinski dediščini kot v sodobnosti. Ljudje so na stičišču evropskega alpskega, mediteranskega in panonskega sveta stoletja oblikovali svoje vsakdanjike in praznike, pa kljub temu ne moremo govoriti o slepem prevzemanju iz teh treh velikih svetov, marveč gre za ustvarjalno oblikovanje številnih posebnosti – bogastev, ki odražajo različne miselnosti, uporabo gradiv, stopnje ustvarjalnosti v stalni povezanosti človekovega naravnega in kulturnega okolja. Posamezne kulturne oblike živijo danes med nami kot dediščina davnih desetletij in stoletij, druge nastajajo kot ustvarjalna iskanja, izhajajoča iz različnosti naravnih pogojev, njihovega razumevanja in sprejemanja za sodobno življenje. Sodobna ustvarjalnost Slovenije, ki jo le delno predstavlja naš koledar, je lahko svojevrsten izziv vsej evropski »družini«, saj v njeno različnost in pestrost regionalnih kultur vnaša vrednote in bogastva, ki so pogosto še neznani. Njihovo odkrivanje pomeni duhovno bogatenje in spoznavanje vrednot, ki lahko sooblikujejo sodobno kakovost človekovega bivanja in življenja.
2008
Januar
1 7 14 21 28
• January 2008
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Umetelno izrezljani leseni golobček je pravzaprav podoba sv. Duha, ki je v kmečkih hišah visel nad mizami v glavnem bivalnem prostoru. Nit, na kateri je bil privezan, je vodila do vhodnih vrat. Kadar so se odprla, je golobček nad mizo zanihal in naznanil gosta. Izdelek je skupna dediščina evropskega alpskega prostora, ki je v Sloveniji dobil posebno podobo. Artistically carved wooden dove is actually the image of the Holy Spirit, which used to be suspended above the table in the main living room in every farm house. The thread, by which it was suspended, led to the entrance door. When the door opened, the dove swung above the table, announcing the arrival of a guest. The product is a common heritage of the European Alpine area that had a special image in Slovenia.
Februar
• February 2008
2 4 5 6 7 11 12 13 14 18 19 20 21 25 26 27 28
1 8 15 22 29
2 3 9 10 16 17 23 24
Dolgi zimski večeri in noči so bili priložnost za opravljanje najrazličnejših rokodelskih opravil in obrtniških del. Tkalci, sitarji, čevljarji, krojači idr. so si delovno površino razsvetljevali z lučmi na steklene krogle, ki so jih napolnili z vodo. Danes s takimi »lečami« lahko usmerjamo čarobnost svetlobe tudi v sodobnih bivalnih okoljih. Long winter evenings presented an opportunity for doing different types of handicraft and craft trades. Weavers, sievemakers, shoemakers, tailors, etc. used to illuminate their workbench by means of lamps with glass spheres, filled with water. Today, such “lenses” can be used to focus the magic of the light in modern interiors as well.
Marec
• March 2008
3 3 4 5 6 7 10 11 12 13 14 17 18 19 20 21 24/ 26 27 28 31 25
1 2 8 9 15 16 22 23 29 30
Poleg božiča je velika noč drugi največji krščanski praznik. Pestrost prazničnega dogajanja je zelo velika. Eden od temeljnih simbolov in jedi tega časa je tudi jajce kot najbolj popolna podoba rodovitnosti. Zato je predmet najrazličnejših načinov okraševanja in poslikavanja. Med posebne sodi tudi okraševanje z vrtanjem luknjic v premišljenih sistemih, ki ustvarjajo čipkaste vzorce. In addition to Christmas, Easter is the second biggest Christian holiday. The festive events are very variegated. One of the basic symbols and dishes of the time is the egg as the most perfect image of fertility. This is why the egg is the object of all kinds of decorating and painting techniques. Decoration of eggs by means of drilling holes in them in a deliberate systematic manner, thus creating lace patterns, is one such special technique.
April
4 7 14 21 28
• April 2008
1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 16 17 18 19 20 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 30
Pletarstvo je ena najstarejših in hkrati še vedno najbolj množično razvitih rokodelskih dejavnosti. Vrbove in leskove šibe ter vitre, srobot, koruzno ličje, žitna slama ali kostanjeve šibe omogočajo izdelovanje najrazličnejših košar, košev, pladnjev in pletenih posod. Pletarski izdelki so lep primer simbioze človekove ustvarjalnosti z naravnimi gradivi. Wickerwork is one of the oldest and at the same time still one of the most widespread and developed handicrafts. Willow and hazel rods, as well as wicker, clematis, maize husk, wheat straw or chestnut rods enable the manufacture of various baskets, trays and other wickerwork products. They are a wonderful example of the symbiosis of man’s creativity with natural materials.
Maj
• May 2008
5 5 6 7 12 13 14 19 20 21 26 27 28
1 2 8 9 15 16 22 23 29 30
3 10 17 24 31
4 11 18 25
Največ skrivnosti je bilo od nekdaj povezanih z delom kovačev, ki so imeli opravka z ognjem in so oblikovali uporabne in okrasne predmete iz težkega in trdega gradiva – železa. Ob uporabnih orodjih in napravah se je razvilo tudi t. i. umetnostno kovaštvo, ki predstavlja vrh tega rokodelskega mojstrstva. Slovenija se lahko pohvali s pomembnim kovaškim središčem v Kropi na Gorenjskem. The work of blacksmiths, who worked with fire and formed useful and decorative objects from a heavy and solid material – iron, has always been very mysterious. Alongside useful tools and devices, the so-called artistic blacksmith’s trade has developed, presenting the pinnacle of this handicraft skill. Slovenia boasts an important blacksmith centre in Kropa in the Gorenjska region.
Junij
• June 2008
6 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 17 18 19 20 21 23/ 25 26 27 28 30 24
1 8 15 22 29
Oblanci, ki so jih puščali mizarji in tesarji kot sledi svojega dela, so lahko veliko več kot le kurivo v pečeh. Spretno zviti, zloženi in zlepljeni postanejo naravno gradivo za razne uporabne predmete, kot okras jih vpletajo v cvetnonedeljske butare v širši okolici Ljubljane, nekoč pa so s šopi oblancev označevali tudi kraje, kjer so točili vino. Shavings, left over by joiners and carpenters as traces of their work, can be much more than just fuel for ovens. Skilfully twisted, arranged and glued together, they can become a natural material for all kinds of useful objects; as decoration, they are used in the Palm Sunday decorations called “butare” (bundles) in the wider Ljubljana area. In the past, however, bundles of shavings used to mark the wine-shops.
Julij
7 7 14 21 28
• July 2008
1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 16 17 18 19 20 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 30 31
Poleg spontanih oblik ustvarjalnosti, ki so nadaljevanje podedovanih izročil preteklosti, nastajajo v okviru posameznih rokodelskih dejavnosti tudi novi izdelki, ki so plod premišljenega načrtovanja, iskanja oblik in novih duhovnih sporočil. Mojstrstvo steklarskega in steklopihaškega znanja ustvarja vrhunske izdelke po načrtih oblikovalca Oskarja Kogoja. In addition to the spontaneous forms of creativity that represent the continuation from the inherited traditions of the past, new products that are the fruit of deliberate planning, searching for new designs and new spiritual messages being created within the framework of individual trade activities. The mastery of the glassmaking and glassblowing knowledge creates top-level products according to the designs by the designer Oskar Kogoj.
Avgust
• August 2008
8 4 5 6 7 11 12 13 14 18 19 20 21 25 26 27 28
1 2 3 8 9 10 15 16 17 22 23 24 29 30 31
Tradicionalni lončarski izdelki so v sodobnosti dobili številne nove pomene in uporabnosti. Dvojna lončena posoda z ročajem so nekoč uporabljali za prinašanje hrane na polja in travnike. Danes jo lončar Franc Kremžar napolni z medom – naravnim in zdravim živilom –, ki je prav tako del narave kot glina, iz katere je izdelana posoda. In the modern day life, traditional pottery products have acquired a new significance and uses. A double bottom container with a handle was used in the past for bringing the food out in the fields and meadows. Today, the potter Franc Kremžar fills it with honey – a natural and healthy food – that is just as much a part of nature as the clay the container is made of.
September
9
1 2 8 9 15 16 22 23 29 30
• September 2008
3 4 5 6 7 10 11 12 13 14 17 18 19 20 21 24 25 26 27 28
Spravilo pridelkov je bil vedno velik praznik, saj je tako kot pri drugih slovesnostih v skupnostih (npr. ob poroki in raznih praznikih) pri številnih opravilih sodelovalo veliko ljudi. Na območju žitorodnega severovzhoda Slovenije lahko pričakujemo več ustvarjalnosti prav v gradivu, ki je bilo tukaj najbolj dosegljivo. Iz slame so pletli tudi okrasje za praznike. Harvesting has always been a great holiday, because similarly as with other festivities in the community (weddings and holidays), a number of people took part in the many farm chores. In the area of the wheat-growing northwest of Slovenia, we can anticipate more creativity in the material, which was the most accessible here. Straw was also used for making holiday decorations.
Oktober
• October 2008
10 6 7 13 14 20 21 27 28
1 2 3 8 9 10 15 16 17 22 23 24 29 30 31
4 5 11 12 18 19 25 26
Žlica je še vedno temeljni pribor za uživanje hrane. Za pripravo jedi in kuhanje so ljudje razvili najrazličnejša delovne pripomočke, med katere sodijo tudi zajemalke in kuhalnice. Izdelovali so jih v okvirih hišnega samouštva ali pa načrtno za prodajo kot leseno galanterijo ali »suho robo« s središčema v Ribniški dolini in na Kočevskem. The spoon is still the basic tableware for eating food. People have developed all kinds of devices for the preparation of dishes and for cooking, among them ladles and soup ladles. They were manufactured within the framework of traditional self-taught craft at home or systematically, to be sold as woodenware or “suha roba” with the centre in the Ribnica valley and the Kočevje area.
November
• November 2008
11 3 4 5 6 7 10 11 12 13 14 17 18 19 20 21 24 25 26 27 28
1 2 8 9 15 16 22 23 29 30
Stičišče evropskih svetov predstavljajo tudi različna naravna gradiva, ki so stoletja služila ljudem. Temeljno naravno gradivo na Krasu – pokrajini, ki je dala ime za skupek posebnih naravnih pojavov v vse velike svetovne jezike – je bil kamen, ki so ga vešče roke kamnosekov oblikovale v izjemne uporabne in okrasne izdelke, stavbne člene, zunanjo in notranjo opremo bivališč. Different natural materials, which served people in their activities, also represent the crossroads of the European worlds. The basic natural material in Karst – the landscape which gave the name to a number of specific natural phenomena and is used by all the major world languages – was stone, shaped into exceptional useful and decorative objects, building elements and interior and exterior furnishings for homes.
December
12
1 2 8 9 15 16 22 23 29 30
• December 2008
3 4 5 6 7 10 11 12 13 14 17 18 19 20 21 24 25 26 27 28 31
Ko zadiši po praznikih, pogosto spoznavamo tudi svojevrstna rokodelska znanja in spretnosti. S posebno obliko, okrasjem in drugimi sredstvi poudarjamo izjemnost izdelka, ki sooblikuje prazničnost dogodka. Okrasje in oblika sta lahko tudi nosilca sporočila o vrsti prazničnega dogodka, kot je to pri pletenem srcu, kakršnega še vedno izdelujejo pekovski mojstri v Pekarni Grosuplje. When festive aromas fill the air, we often learn about the unique crafts and skills. The special form, decoration and other means emphasise the uniqueness of the product co-shaping the festive occasion. Decoration and shape can also be bearers of the message about the nature of the festive event, the braided heart for example, which is still manufactured by the skilled bakers at the Pekarna Grosuplje bakery.