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MEDICAL FEATURE: 420INSIGHT.COM CONTRIBUTOR In the eyes of popular culture, cannabis consumers aren’t exactly models of concentration and cognitive performance. So when a small group of researchers began exploring cannabis as alternative treatment for attention deficit disorders, there was of course some scoffing and skepticism. Nevertheless, with so many medical marijuana patients swearing by its ability to promote focus in place of prescription stimulants, these doctors sought to take a closer look at the scientific basis of this counterintuitive phenomenon. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, better known as ADHD, is a controversial diagnosis marked by distractibility, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Adults are more likely to be diagnosed with attention deficit disorder, or ADD, which lacks this hyperactivity characteristic, but is similar in other ways to ADHD. More than one in 10 children in the U.S. will be diagnosed with ADD/ADHD, a figure that has grown exponentially in the last 50 years. Since 1957, doctors have been treating ADD/ADHD patients with psychostimulants like Adderall, Ritalin, and Concerta — medications that are molecularly indistinguishable from drugs like methamphetamine and cocaine. Antonio Rodriguez, diagnosed with ADD/ADHD at age six, had been among the masses prescribed stimulant medications. “I remember having headaches all the time to the point where I wasn’t able to sleep,” Antonio said, adding that his appetite was also nonexistent until treating with cannabis;

CANNABIS & ADD/ADHD and not only was cannabis lifting the stimulant side effects, it improved Antonio’s ADD/ADHD symptoms. “For the first time ever, I was in the state where I could really get my mind together.” Having only been taught the dangers of using cannabis, Antonio was cautious about trying it for the first time. “I got scared about the whole ‘addiction’ side of cannabis,” Antonio said. “I was waiting for the moment my body asked me for weed, but it never happened.” For those coming from an anti-cannabis background, explaining its therapeutic properties to friends and family can be difficult. This was no less true for Antonio, despite the fact that his performance in school had won him college acceptance with a scholarship. The reality is, there’s far too little research on cannabis and ADD/ADHD to know exactly how the two interact. Still, the data and results emerging from initial investigations show that there is more digging to be done. One main physiological irregularity of ADD/ADHD is the brain’s shortage of dopamine, a chemical neurotransmitter involved in cognitive processes like memory and attention. Medications like Adderall and Ritalin stimulate dopamine, thereby promoting concentration, but come with a myriad of unpleasant side effects and withdrawal symptoms. Dr. David Bearman, a figurehead of cannabis research, has studied the relationship between the cannabinoid system and ADHD and discovered potential therapeutic value as cannabinoids interact with the brain’s

dopamine management systems. “Cannabis appears to treat ADD and ADHD by increasing the availability of dopamine,” Dr. Bearman wrote. “This then has the same effect but is a different mechanism of action than stimulants like Ritalin (methylphenidate) and dexedrine amphetamine, which act by binding to the dopamine and interfering with the metabolic breakdown of dopamine.” Put simply, the compounds found in cannabis, called cannabinoids, could potentially correct the dopamine deficiency observed in ADD/ADHD patients if dosed appropriately and administered safely. Even in its raw form, cannabis is able to provide the mental slowdown necessary for concentration in many patients. Boring and arduous tasks become more manageable, and mood swings tend to level out. But why? “The most accepted theory about ADHD rests on the fact that about 70 percent of the brain’s function is to regulate input to the other 30 percent,” Dr. Bearman says. “Basically the brain is overwhelmed with too much information coming too fast. In ADHD, the brain is cluttered with and too aware of all the nuances of a person’s daily experience.” While most medical professionals agree that anecdotal evidence is not sufficient in recommending cannabis for ADD/ ADHD, researchers are optimistic about the potential cannabis is demonstrating. When political blockades let up and further research resumes, it could be that cannabinoid therapy provides a frontier for safer, more effective ADD/ ADHD medication.

medible NEWS:

COLOMBIA LEGALIZES

MEDICAL MARIJUANA

B. LE GRAND EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Bogota (AFP) - Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos signed a decree last month legalizing and regulating medical marijuana, the latest softening of the country’s hardline tactics in the war on drugs. In a nationally televised address, Santos announced it would be fully legal to grow, process, import and export cannabis and its derivatives for medicinal and scientific use. “This decree allows licenses to be granted for the possession of seeds, cannabis plants and marijuana. It places Colombia in the group of countries that are at the forefront... in the use of natural resources to fight disease,” Santos said from his presidential palace. He added in his statement that the measure “does not go against our international commitments on drug control.” Colombia’s government has long been an ally of the United States in fighting international drug trafficking, using its military and billions of US dollars to try to shed its title as the world’s biggest cocaine producer. But Colombia has shown signs of easing its hardline stance in recent months. Santos’s announcement follows a recent decision to stop aerially spraying the herbicide glyphosate on fields of coca, the raw ingredient for cocaine. The World Health Organization warned in April 2015 that the chemical, sold by 16

US biotech company Monsanto under the brand name Roundup, is “probably carcinogenic.”

pot, and Mexico will open a “national debate” in January 2016 on overhauling its prohibitionist marijuana laws.

Santos also announced in September that Colombia would begin giving land to farmers who stop growing coca.

Colombia decriminalized possession of up to 20 grams of marijuana in 2012, and it is legal to grow up to 20 cannabis plants in the country. But consuming it in public and selling it are illegal.

Prior to now, medical marijuana had fallen into a legal gray area in Colombia. It was authorized under a 1986 law, but the lack of regulation prevented production on a national level. “The manufacture, export, sale, and medical and scientific use of this and other substances have been permitted for several decades in Colombia. However, they were never regulated. That is what we are doing today,” Santos said. Under the new regulation decree, growers will apply for licenses from the National Narcotics Council, while those seeking to manufacture cannabis-based medicine will apply for permits from the health ministry. The health ministry will also grant permits to export such drugs to countries where they are legal. “Our goal is for patients to be able to access medications made in Colombia that are safe, high-quality and accessible. It is also an opportunity to promote scientific research in our country,” Santos said. The push to legalize marijuana appears to be gaining momentum in Latin America, for both medical and recreational use. Uruguay legalized the production, sale and use of marijuana in 2013, Chile’s Congress is debating a bill to legalize

Medical marijuana is already used in Colombia on a small scale. For example, some epileptics use cannabis extract to control their seizures. But health professionals and pharmaceutical companies say the new decree will make it much easier to buy, sell and manufacture cannabis medicines. Illegal drugs have given rise to horrific violence by drug cartels in Colombia, and have fueled a five-decade conflict between leftist guerrillas and the Colombian government that is responsible for the deaths of more than 220,000 people. Colombia has received $9 billion in US funding since 1999 under “Plan Colombia,” a military and economic cooperation program aimed at combating drug trafficking. However, it still remains a top producer of illegal drugs, particularly cocaine. Colombia’s cocaine production surged by 52 percent last year, to 442 tons, according to the United Nations. It is yet to be seen if legalizing the use of medical marijuana in Colombia is a precursor to the legalization and recreational use of other drugs, but it’s a step in the right direction for scientific research regarding cannabis.

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MEDICAL CORNER:

CANNABIS & PARKINSON’S

420INSIGHT.COM CONTRIBUTOR

chemicals) found in cannabis, are known to control spasms, reduce inflammation, and prevent further Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a motor neurological damage. system disorder classified as a progressive neurological disease According to one study, smoking which occurs when neurons in the cannabis significantly reduced basal ganglia degenerate, causing the tremors associated with PD, a shortage of dopamine production. improved sleep, and reduced pain This results in the impairments in patient participants. In the sames in movement associated with the study, “no significant adverse effects disease. Parkinson’s typically affects were observed.” This suggests that men over 60, but — as Michael J. cannabis might have a place in the Fox has unfortunately proven — can therapeutic armamentarium of PD. It afflict significantly younger adults. demonstrates that although the best neuroprotective treatments for PD Historically, cannabis has been used are not known, the endocannabinoid to treat PD as far back as the 19th system may be the most promising Century, despite the fact that doctors target for further studies and were unaware of cannabinoids research. and no clinical studies had been conducted. Patients with a variety of This is all perfectly logical when one similar neurological disorders, such considers that research reveals as multiple sclerosis, dystonia, and that PD sufferers show naturally epilepsy have been found to gain elevated levels of endocannabinoids, significant benefit from the use of chemicals produced by the body cannabis. that help maintain a healthy nervous system — among many other Can the same be said of Parkinson’s? functions. The Research While the cause of Parkinson’s remains unknown, it is tied to the untimely death of specialized cells in the brain that produce dopamine and results in a lack of coordination, poor motor function, and difficulty walking. The primary symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease include: • Tremors • Rigidity • Bradykinesia (very slow physical movements) • Impaired balance coordination • Sleep disturbance • Neuropathic pain

In fact, the cannabinoids found in cannabis mimic endocannabinoids and can be thought of as a supplement to the effort of a PD patient’s body to fight the disease. One study found that some Parkinson’s patients showed endocannabinoid levels that were twice that of non-PD sufferers. While more research is needed, this suggests that cannabinoids, whether derived externally from cannabis or internally from one’s endocannabinoid system, have true therapeutic value in the treatment of PD.

Because cannabis has been found to effectively treat other neurological diseases, it makes sense that it might also be an effective treatment for tremors and other motor Cannabis has been found to treat impairments. In addition to treating not only the shaking and rigidity the symptoms of Parkinson’s, that accompany Parkinson’s, but cannabis is also believed to be an also the depression that typically effective treatment for the disease results. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) itself. The cannabinoids found in and Cannabidiol (CBD), the primary marijuana that impersonate the cannabinoids (active therapeutic body’s endocannabinoid system “are

highly regarded for their antioxidant and neuroprotective properties, which scientists believe may have a direct application in slowing the progression of Parkinson’s.” Because it provides relief for not only multiple symptoms of Parkinson’s, but also the core disease itself, many doctors and researchers are optimistic about the role of cannabis in the treatment of PD. Recent research also reveals that sufferers have gained more relief after having used cannabis to treat their disorder for at least two months. This has lead researchers to conclude that “it is very unlikely that [their improvement] could be attributed to a placebo reaction.” According to Paul Armentano at NORML, most patients afflicted with Parkinson’s are unaware that marijuana can ease their symptoms and slow the progress of the disease. Despite this, those who have selfmedicated with cannabis label it one of the “most effective” alternative treatments available. Survey data published in the journal Evidence-Based Complimentary and Alternative Medicine indicates that cannabis is especially good at dealing with pain, anxiety, tremors, and nonmotor symptoms. It also reportedly relieves symptoms like nausea and vomiting caused from taking major pharmaceutical medications. Strains reported to be especially effective for Parkinson’s include: • Deadhead OG • Bubba Kush • Flo • Hashberry • Recon • Amnesia Haze Although varieties high in CBD are often recommended for their ability to decrease pain and allow patients to sleep, strains high in THC have also been found to deliver therapeutic benefits, especially the treatment of anxiety and depression. 25

MEDICAL CORNER: DR. NICOLA DAVIES CONTRIBUTOR (420INSIGHT.COM) In the U.S., over 29.1 million people are currently diagnosed with diabetes. This is almost 10 percent of the population. Furthermore, two out of three of these people will die from the condition or the many complications that arise from it. This has prompted researchers to look into how medical marijuana can help treat diabetes and its associated complications. Type 1 diabetes, often termed juvenile diabetes, is a genetic disorder where the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin – a hormone that allows the body to process the sugars from carbohydrates. Sufferers of Type 1 diabetes often take multiple injections of insulin each day. On the other hand, Type 2 diabetes (also known as adult onset diabetes) is a disorder where the body doesn’t process insulin properly, often signaling the pancreas to make more insulin than required. This is the most common type of diabetes. Medical marijuana has been the focus of several studies examining potential diabetes treatment. One such study, published in the American Journal of Medicine, found that active users of marijuana had a more productive carbohydrate metabolism than people who didn’t use marijuana.1 Murray Mittleman, Associate Professor of Medicine at Harvard and author of the study, said, “[Marijuana users’] fasting insulin levels were lower, and they appeared to be less resistant to the insulin produced by their body to maintain a normal blood-sugar level.” The study comprised over 4,657 men and women participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2005 and 2010 – 48 percent had smoked marijuana at least once and 12 percent were current cannabis smokers. The researchers controlled for other factors that might impact diabetes risk, such as gender, income, alcohol use, cigarette smoking and physical activity. Even after these adjustments, the current marijuana users showed fasting insulin levels thatwere16percentlowerthanthoseofformer users or those who had never used the drug. These findings are applicable to both types of diabetes. In Type 1 diabetes, a lower fasting level might eliminate the need for an insulin injection at that time. While injections wouldn’t be completely eliminated, it could decrease the number needed per day. For those with Type 2 diabetes, being less resistant to the insulin could help control the advancing of the disease by improving the body’s ability to manage sugar levels naturally. Some of the complications that can arise from Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are neuropathy, glaucoma, high blood

CANNABIS & DIABETES pressure, and peripheral vascular disease. Medical marijuana has been studied to see its effects on each of these conditions. Neuropathy, a nerve damage contracted from certain diseases or disorders, is found in 60 to 70 percent of all people with diabetes. More specifically, there are four types of diabetesrelated neuropathy: peripheral (located in the hands, arms, legs and feet), autonomic (which affects the nerves that control blood glucose levels, blood pressure, and the heart), focal (specific nerve damage to the head, torso, and leg), and proximal (sometimes called diabetic amyotrophy and usually centralized on one side of the body in the hips, thighs, and buttocks). Several studies have shown vaporized cannabis to reduce pain and slow the advancing nerve damage of all four types of neuropathy. In some types, there was more than a 30 percent improvement without any significant impact on daily functioning or cognitive abilities. Glaucoma is another complication that can arise with diabetes. The general term for glaucoma-related complications is retinopathy. People who have diabetes are 40 percent more likely to contract glaucoma than people without the disease. Glaucoma occurs when pressure builds inside the eye, eventually cutting off blood flow and damaging the optic nerve. Vision is gradually lost due to the continued pressure and nerve damage. Medical marijuana is already being recommended for glaucoma sufferers, as it can directly reduce the inflammation caused by the nerve damage and increased blood flow. However, since the relief is only temporary, some doctors believe that people need to partake every 2 or 3 hours (around the clock) to maintain a consistent eye pressure. This could lead to other health complications, making doctors more hesitant to recommend it. There is also a fear that glaucoma sufferers, without first consulting a doctor, might choose to self-medicate due to the belief that ‘it can’t hurt.’ Marijuana does help ease the pain, but glaucoma is a progressive disease with no cure. Without a doctor’s supervision, those who choose to self-medicate can harm the results of tests that could detect or track the progression of the disease. High blood pressure is often a complication of Type 2 diabetes and, although medical marijuana does lower blood pressure, it also briefly elevates heart rate after smoking. As a result, marijuana isn’t recommended for those with pre-existing heart conditions. However, studies have shown that prolonged marijuana users have a tolerance for these side-effects and have suffered no adverse effects of the briefly quickened heart rates. Peripheral vascular disease is caused by

atherosclerosis – the process in which fatty material builds up inside the arteries over time. This fatty material hardens as it mixes with calcium, scar tissue, and other materials, creating plaque on the arterial walls. This plaque can inhibit or completely block blood flow through the arteries. People with high blood sugar levels caused by diabetes can have narrow, weak blood vessels, in addition to accelerated fat levels in the blood, and higher blood pressure which dramatically affects the rate of developing atherosclerosis. All of this exponentially increases the chance of angina, heart attacks, and strokes. Medical marijuana isn’t recommended for sufferers of peripheral vascular disease. Although studies have shown that medical marijuana can significantly decrease angina, it can also cause acute coronary events. The increased heart rate, combined with the combustion inhalation of smoke, is thought to be one of the main reasons for the possible coronary complications and the lack of doctor recommendation. This has begun a debate of the use of synthetic cannabinoids, like Sativex and Marinol, versus hemp oil and vaporized medical marijuana. Having received Drug Enforcement Administration approval of both synthetics, Sativex is approved by several countries as a treatment for pain and nausea of cancer patients. Marinol has been approved by the U.S. FoodandDrugAdministrationasananti-nausea solution for people with AIDS. Both synthetics have more severe side-effects than medical marijuana; thus, controversy exists about whether their use is as effective as vaporized medical marijuana or hemp oil. Neither Sativex nor Marinol have been studied for peripheral vascular disease or diabetes control. There are many unknowns about the effects of medical marijuana for diabetes prevention and control, and studies are becoming harder to fund as the controversy of legality in the U.S. continues. With mid-term elections approaching, politicians seem to be wary of openly supporting legalized marijuana or studies for its various capabilities. However, research has already shown medical marijuana to be effective in treating not only diabetes, but also some, if not all, of its possible complications. References Penner, E.A. et al. (2013). The Impact of Marijuana Use on Glucose, Insulin, and Insulin Resistance among US Adults. The American Journal of Medicine, Volume 126 , Issue 7 , 583 – 589. Ellis R.J., et al. (2009). Smoked medicinal cannabis for neuropathic pain in HIV: a randomized, crossover clinical trial. Neuropsychopharmacol 2009; 34(3): 672-80. Dr. Nicola Davies is a psychologist and writer with a passion for writing on psychology and health-related matters. You can follow her on Twitter (@healthpsychuk) or sign up to her free blog: http://healthpsychologyconsultancy.wordpress.com/

MEDICAL CORNER:

STUDY SAYS CANNABIS

TREATS RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

420INSIGHT.COM CONTRIBUTOR

flowers are used to make the marijuana drug—contain up to 35 percent (E)-BCP.

shows that the anti-inflammatory effects are mediated via the CB2 receptor,” Gertsch said.

A new study published by the National Institute of Health has found that cannabinoid receptoractivation–somethingdonenaturally by cannabis – may provide a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis is a long-term disease that causes inflammation of the joints and tissues.

But even after decades of cannabis research, scientists hadn’t previously known that the compound had anti-inflammatory properties. “This is because the focus was on the classical cannabinoids [rather than (E)BCP],” said lead study author Jürg Gertsch of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology.

Drug Building Block?

“Recent studies have suggested immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2R) activation”, states the study’s abstract. Despite these recent studies, researchers say that the connection between these cannabinoid receptors and rheumatoid arthritis has been much less observed, leading them to conduct this study. According to their researchers, data suggests that “CB2R may be a potential therapeutic target of RA [rheumatoid arthritis].”

Lone Receptor

The study will appear in the Oxford journal Rheumatology. and was conducted by researchers at Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University and Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, all in China. Marijuana supporters have long argued that the plant’s active ingredients, known as cannabinoids, are safe and effective treatments for pain, nausea, and other ailments. The most active cannabinoid— delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC—is known to have anti-inflammatory properties. But it is also responsible for the plant’s psychotropic effects. Now researchers say that another cannabinoid, called betacaryophyllene, or (E)-BCP, helps combat inflammation without affecting the brain. (E)-BCP is already part of many people’s daily diets, the researchers note. Foods that are particularly high in the compound include black pepper, oregano, basil, lime, cinnamon, carrots, and celery. Essential oils from cannabis plants—whose leaves and

Cannabinoids in marijuana are known to primarily affect two of the many molecular receptors in the human body. The CB1 receptor is found in the brain and central nervous system and is responsible for the high people experience when they smoke pot. The other receptor, called CB2, is found in tissues in the rest of the body and triggers a cascade of biochemical reactions that can help combat inflammation. “Our interest is to exploit the pharmacological nature of the CB2 receptor,” because it does not have psychotropic side effects, Gertsch explained in an email. “Targeting the CB2 receptor could be a therapeutic strategy to prevent or treat diseases like Crohn’s disease [inflammation of the intestinal tract], liver cirrhosis, osteoarthritis, and atherosclerosis.” THC activates both receptors, so it won’t alleviate inflammation without also making people high. But (E)-BCP affects only the CB2 receptor, according to the new study, which appears in today’s issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. As part of their research, the scientists engineered a strain of mice that lacked the CB2 receptor. The team then fed the modified mice and normal mice a diet rich in (E)-BCP. When the scientists induced inflammation with chemicals, normal mice experienced an anti-inflammatory effect while the genetically engineered mice did not. “This experiment

Stephen Safe, director of the Texas A&M University’s Center for Environmental and Genetic Medicine, said he is impressed by the team’s results both in mouse cells and in live mice. “They did a good study,” said Safe, who was not involved in the research. He also noted that a lot of other studies have been finding that fat-soluble chemicals from plants activate many receptors in the body. “A lot of these [come from plants that] have been used in traditional medicine,” he said. “This is another example of that—but a bit of a sexy one.” In this case, he noted, Gertsch’s team has identified some “petty good” activators of the CB2 receptor. “Can they be further developed and modified into better anti-inflammatory drugs?” he asked. “Maybe. [(E)-BCP] could be a new model [compound] for drug design.” MedlinePlus, the National Library of Medicine’s online Medical Encyclopedia, stated as of May 15, 2006: • Arthritis is inflammation of one or more joints, which results in pain, swelling, and limited movement. • Osteoarthritis is a common type of arthritis characterized by a gradual loss of cartilage from the joints. Although osteoarthritis can affect almost any joint, it most often affects the hands, knees, hips, and spine. Common symptoms include pain, stiffness, some loss of joint motion, and changes in the shape of affected joints. • Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease, mainly characterized by inflammation of the lining, or synovium, of the joints. It can lead to long-term joint damage, resulting in chronic pain, loss of function and disability 37

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MEXICO ISSUES FIRST PERMIT

world news:

TO GROW AND USE MARIJUANA

B. LE GRAND EDITOR-IN-CHIEF MEXICO CITY -- The Mexican government granted the first permits to allow growing and the possession of marijuana for personal use last month. The government’s medical protection agency said the permits will apply only to the four plaintiffs who won a November 2015 Supreme Court ruling.

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EDIBLES MADE WITH: Canna Olive Oil, Alochol Based Tincture, Co2 Concentrate

TESTS FOR POTENCY: Yes

DOSAGE AVAILABLE: Varies per Product

TESTS FOR POTENCY: Yes

DOSAGES AVAILABLE: Varies per Product

NUTRITIONAL FACTS AVAILABLE: Yes

DOSAGES AVAILABLE: 50mg-200mg

MOST POPULAR IN: Southern California

AVAILABLE IN: California

www.MissMaryJanesEdibles.com Facebook.com/Miss-Mary-Janes-Edibles Twitter.com/MaryJaneBakes Instagram.com/MissMaryJanesEdibles

www.GBMagooch.com Twitter.com/GBMaGooch Instagram.com/GoodiesbyMagooch

www.YummiKarma.com Twitter.com/YummiKarma Facebook.com/YummiKarma Instagram.com/YummiKarma

E D I B L E S

x NON-GMO CBD

The court ruled that growing and consuming marijuana is covered The permits do not allow the sale under the right of “free development or distribution of marijuana. The of personality.” court’s ruling does not imply a general legalization. But if the court President Enrique Pena Nieto has rules the same way on five similar repeatedly stated that he opposes petitions, it would then establish the legalization of marijuana, as do a precedent to change the law and majority of Mexicans surveyed in recent polls. allow general recreational use.

GOODIES BY MAGOOCH

GMO

Dozens of people have since filed similar appeals to get such permits.

C A

miSS MARY JANE’S

The permits won’t allow smoking marijuana in the presence of children or anyone who hasn’t given consent.

45 45

C A L I F O R N I A

lazy maeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s edibles

x NON-GMO CBD

HEAVENLY SWEET

GMO

TYPE OF EDIBLES: Peanut Budders, Chill Pills, Slam cakes, Caramel Chocolate Bombs, Smorezzz, Nuggets, CBD Soda STRAIN USED: Sativa, Indica, Hybrid, CBD EDIBLES MADE WITH: CannaButter, Other Extract, Kief Extract TESTS FOR POTENCY: Yes DOSAGE AVAILABLE: Varies by Product NUTRITIONAL FACTS AVAILABLE: Yes

MOST POPULAR IN: California

E D I B L E S

www.LazyMaesEdibles.com Facebook.com/LazyMaes Twitter.com/LazyMaes Instagram.com/LazyMaesEdibles

varavo

CBD TYPE OF EDIBLES: Strain Specific Baked Goods, Cupcakes, Brownies, Crispy Treats, Hilbilly Hash Tea, Cookies, Granola, RAW Peanut Butter Cups RAW STRAIN USED: Sativa, Indica, Hybrid, CBD RAW EDIBLES MADE WITH: Canna Coconut Oil Alcohol & Glycerin Based Tinctures, Hash Infusion TESTS FOR POTENCY: Yes DOSAGES AVAILABLE: 16mg - 648mg NUTRITIONAL FACTS AVAILABLE: Yes

MOST POPULAR IN: California www.GreenTicketBakery.com Facebook.com/GreenTicketBakery Twitter.com/GreenTicketBky Instagram.com/GreenTicketBakery_

infusions

x NON-GMO

GMO

TYPE OF EDIBLES: Chocolate Chunks and Vape Cartridges STRAIN USED: Indica, Sativa, Hybrid, CBD EDIBLES MADE WITH: C02 Concentrate TESTS FOR POTENCY: Yes

TYPE OF EDIBLES: Brownies, Hard Candies, Caramels, Cake Pops, THC Capsules, etc. STRAIN USED: OG, Sour Diesel, Jack Herer EDIBLES MADE WITH: CannaButter, Canna Coconut Oil, Alochol Based Tincture, BHO Extraction TEST FOR POTENCY: Yes DOSAGE AVAILABLE: 200mg - 700mg

DOSAGES AVAILABLE: Varies by Product

NUTRITIONAL FACTS AVAILABLE: Yes

MOST POPULAR IN: Southern California

MOST POPULAR IN: California

www.Varavo.com

green ticket bakery

infusions215@gmail.com

TYPE OF EDIBLES: 125+ variety of Gourmet edibles: brownies, lemon bars, cereals, ice creams, Potsicles, Squookies, Munchies, frozenRAW pizzas, crispy bars, butter and spreads, sugar- RAW RAW free and gluten-free options. STRAIN USED: Hybrid Strain or Mix

RAW

EDIBLES MADE WITH: Canna Butter, THC Vegetable OilCanna Coconut Milk, Other Extract TESTS FOR POTENCY: Yes DOSAGE AVAILABLE: 37mg THC - 588mg THC NUTRITIONAL FACTS AVAILABLE: Yes

MOST POPULAR IN: Northern California www.heavenlysweetmedibles.com Twitter.com/heavenlysweetmedibles Instagram.com/heavenlysweetmedibles

care by design

x N0N-GMO

GMO

CBD TYPE OF EDIBLES: RAW 1) CBD-rich Oral mouth sprays in CBD: RAW

THC ratios of 1:1, 2:1, 4:1, 8:1, and 18:1 2) CBD:THC 2:1 disposable vape cartridge 3) CBD-rich Concentrated Oil Extract with applicator in 18:1 and 4:1 CBD:THC 4) CBD-rich 4:1 honey straws

EDIBLES MADE WITH: Coconut oil, Cannabis Oil TESTS FOR POTENCY: Yes AVAILABLE IN: California & Oregon CBD.org Facebook.com/CareByDesign Instagram.com/CareByDesign Twitter.com/CareByDesign

Something chocolate

x NON-GMO

GMO

TYPE OF EDIBLES: Cereal Bars

zasp CO.

GMO

TYPE OF EDIBLES: Chocolate truffles, bars and confections with each box inspired by music

TYPE OF EDIBLES: Cannabis Infused Drinks

STRAIN USED: Hybrid Strain or Mix

RAW STRAIN USED: Hybrid or Mix

STRAIN USED: Indica, Sativa, Hybrid, CBD

EDIBLES MADE WITH: CO2 Extract

EDIBLES MADE WITH: CannaButter

EDIBLES MADE WITH: C02 Extract, Other

TESTS FOR POTENCY: Yes

TESTS FOR POTENCY: Yes DOSAGE AVAILABLE: 20mg/piece, 80mg/box

TESTS FOR POTENCY: Yes

NUTRITIONAL FACTS AVAILABLE: Yes

MOST POPULAR IN: California

DOSAGES AVAILABLE: 50mg,180mg, 360mg, 777mg MOST POPULAR IN: Northern California

strictly edibles

www.ZaspCo.com Instagram.com/Zasp.Co Facebook.com/ZaspCo Twitter.com/ZaspCo

www.Something-Chocolate.com Twitter: @SomethingChoco Facebook: Something Chocolate Instagram: @SomethingChoco

EDIBLES ‘R’ US

MADAME MUNCHIE

x NON-GMO

GMO

TYPE OF EDIBLES: Cookies, Brownies, Stuffed Brownies, Crispy Treats, Truffles, Peanut Butter Cups, Snack Cakes, Mini Donuts STRAIN USED: Hybrid or Mix EDIBLES MADE WITH: CannaButter TESTS FOR POTENCY: Yes DOSAGES AVAILABLE: 100 mg - 1500 mg THC NUTRITIONAL FACTS AVAILABLE: Yes

MOST POPULAR IN: Northern California www.strictlyediblescollection.com Twitter.com/strictlyedibles Facebook.com/strictlyedibles Instagram.com/strictlyedibles

TYPE OF EDIBLES: Artisanal Cannabis Macarons STRAIN USED: Hybrid EDIBLES MADE WITH: Clarified Cannabutter TEST FOR POTENCY: Yes

RAW

DOSAGE AVAILABLE: 20mg per macaron 100mg per box of 5 NUTRITIONAL FACTS AVAILABLE: Yes MOST POPULAR IN: California www.MadameMunchie.com Facebook.com/MadameMunchieEdibles Instagram.com/MadameMunchie

E D I B L E S

jillyjanestriple7bakery@gmail.com Facebook.com/jillyjanestriple7bakery Instagram.com/jillyjanestriple7bakery

DOSAGE AVAILABLE: Varies by Product

C A L I F O R N I A

JILLY jane’s

TYPE OF EDIBLES: Gourmet Edibles, Granola, Peanut Butter, Ranch Dressing, Ketchup, BBQ Sauce, Hot Sauce, Chicken & Waffles available at Ktown Collective STRAIN USED: Hybrid Strain or Mix EDIBLES MADE WITH: Cannabis Flowers TESTS FOR POTENCY: Yes DOSAGES: Varies by Product NUTRITIONAL FACTS AVAILABLE: Yes AVAILABLE IN: California

www.EdiblesRUs.org

C A L I F O R N I A

GETRITE MEDIBLES

BUTTER BABY

MOONMAN’S MISTRESS

x NON-GMO

GMO

TYPE OF EDIBLES: cookie, brownie,cakes, crispy, gummy bears, fruit rolls, candy, popcorn, pixie sticks, beef jerky

RAW GMO x

NON-GMO RAW

TYPE OF EDIBLES: Canna Butter,Brownies, cookies,cakes

TYPE OF EDIBLES: Baked Goods, Cookies, Mini Cakes

STRAIN USED: Indica Strain, Hybrid Strain or Mix EDIBLES MADE WITH: Canna Coconut Oil

STRAIN USED: Hybrid Strain or Mix RAW EDIBLES MADE WITH: Canna Coconut Oil

TESTS FOR POTENCY: Yes

DOSAGE AVAILABLE: 20mg

DOSAGE AVAILABLE: Varies per Product

DOSAGE AVAILABLE: 20mg

NUTRITIONAL FACTS AVAILABLE: Yes

MOST POPULAR IN: California

POPULAR IN: California

Instagram.com/sexy_eds

TEST FOR POTENCY: Yes

of 20 or 50). 20mg Gluten-Free Truffles. Filled with delicious ganaches, caramel, and peanut butter.

www.InfusedEdible.org Instagram.com/InfusedEdible

www.getstokes.com Twitter.com/GetStokes215 Instagram: @getstokes215 Facebook: Stokes-Confections

trikom treats

Kushy PUnch

CBD TYPE OF EDIBLES: Cookies, fudge, hard candies, jollies, suckers, sugar free hard candies RAW STRAIN USED: Indica, Sativa, Hybrid or Mix EDIBLES MADE WITH: CO2 Extract

TYPE OF EDIBLES: High Potency Fruit Chews

TYPE OF EDIBLES: 20+ Baked Treats!! Pastries – Cookies – Breads – Brownies, Cannabis Infused Coconut Oil

STRAIN USED: Indica, Sativa, Hybrid

STRAIN USED: Hybrid Strain or Mix

EDIBLES MADE WITH: Canna Oil

RAW

TESTS FOR POTENCY: Yes

RAW

EDIBLES MADE WITH: Canna Coconut Oil TESTS FOR POTENCY: Yes

TESTS FOR POTENCY: Yes

DOSAGE AVAILABLE: 60mg, 80mg, 200mg

DOSAGE AVAILABLE: 100mg - 110mg

DOSAGES AVAILABLE: Varies per Product

NUTRITIONAL FACTS AVAILABLE: Yes

MOST POPULAR IN: Southern California

jolly meds

remedy plus

CBD x NON-GMO

GMO

x NON-GMO

GMO

TYPE OF EDIBLES: Gluten Free, Grain Free, Starch Free, Organic, Paleo, Raw, Vegan, Healthy Gourmet Edibles STRAIN USED: Hybrid or Mix EDIBLES MADE WITH: Co2 Oil TESTS FOR POTENCY: Yes

RAW RAW RAW

RAW

TYPE OF EDIBLES: Medicate Lozenges, RAW

TYPE OF EDIBLES: Gummy Candy, South of the border Candies, Medicated Powdered Drink STRAIN USED: Hybrid

RAW

RAWHard Candies and Syrups RAW RAW STRAIN USED: Indica, Sativa, Hybrid, CBD EDIBLES MADE WITH: Bud & Trim

EDIBLES MADE WITH: THC Oil Tincture

TESTS FOR POTENCY: Yes

DOSAGES AVAILABLE: Varies by Product

NUTRITIONAL FACTS AVAILABLE: Yes

DOSAGES AVAILABLE: 150mg, 300mg

NUTRITIONAL FACTS AVAILABLE: Yes

MOST POPULAR IN: California

DOSAGES AVAILABLE: 50mg per 4 (200mg Total)

jake@dhammaca.com Instagram: @Dhammaedibles

E D I B L E S

dhamma edibles

www.TrikomTreats.com Facebook.com/trikomtreats Twitter.com/trikomtreats Instagram.com/trikom_treats

KushyPunch.com Instagram.com/KushyPunch Facebook.com/KushyPunch Twitter.com/Kushypunch

www.the420kitchen.com

C A L I F O R N I A

THE 420 KITCHEN

CustomerService.RemedyPlus@gmail.com Instagram.com/RemedyPlus Twitter.com/RemedyPlusCandy

www.JollyMeds.com Facebook.com/Jolly.Lolly Twitter.com/JollyMeds Instagram.com/JollysWizard

CBD

x NON-GMO

GMO

TYPE OF EDIBLES: Pizza & Ice Cream STRAINS USED: Indica Strain, Strain or Mix EDIBLES MADE WITH: Other extract TESTS FOR POTENCY: Yes

TYPE OF EDIBLES: Chocolate Caramels

RAW

STRAIN USED: Sativa, Indica, Hybrid, CBD EDIBLES MADE WITH: Canna Oil

RAW

TESTS FOR POTENCY: Yes

TYPE OF EDIBLES: Chocolate, Gummies, MiniBrownie Bites, Breakfast Bars, Hard Candy, Capsules, CannaButter, Peanut Butter and LiquidRAW Caramel RAW STRAIN USED: Hybrid, Sativa, Indica, CBD or Mix EDIBLES MADE WITH: Hash Oil TESTS FOR POTENCY: Yes

DOSAGES AVAILABLE: Varies per product

DOSAGES AVAILABLE: 100mg in 4 - 25mg doses and 200mg in 4 - 50mg doses

NUTRITIONAL FACTS AVAILABLE: Yes

MOST POPULAR IN: Southern California

MOST POPULAR IN: California

www.SensiProducts.com Facebook.com/SensiProducts Info@SensiHerbalCare.com

xRAW NON-GMO

GMO

CBD

.DankGrasshopper.com Facebook.com/DankGrasshopper Twitter.com/DankGrasshopper IG: @DankGrasshopperMedibles

mary janeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

TYPE OF PRODUCT: All Natural Cannabis Infused Pain Salve & Topical Products STRAIN USED: Hybrid, CBD MADE WITH: Canna Grapeseed Oil RECOMMENDED FOR: Physical Pain, Arthritis, Skin conditions like Psoriasis or Eczema, Carpal Tunnel, Tendonitis, rashes, burns or scrapes

STRAIN USED: Hybrid

TYPE OF PRODUCT: Topicals

MADE WITH: Canna Olive Oil

STRAIN USED: CBD Strain,RAW Hybrid Strain/Mix

TEST FOR POTENCY: Yes

MADE WITH: Hash Oil

DOSAGES AVAILABLE: Varies per Product

TEST FOR POTENCY: Yes

NUTRITIONAL FACTS AVAILABLE: Yes

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: 1:1 THC:CBD

PRODUCTS: 0.5oz, 1oz, 2oz, 4oz salve, lip balm, topical tincture, hemp bath, massage oil, topical tincture

MOST POPULAR IN: California

AVAILABLE IN: Colorado & California

www.CannaTopics.com Facebook.com/CannaTopics Instagram.com/CannaTopics Twitter.com/CannaTopics

www.apothecanna.com Twitter.com/apothecanna Instagram: @apothecanna Facebook.com/apothecanna

RAW

MaryJanesMedicinals.com Twitter.com/ MaryJanes.Medicinals Facebook.com/MaryJanes.Medicinals

t o p i c a l s

TYPE OF PRODUCT: Pain Salve, Massage Oil, Sport Massage Oil, Body Lotion, Hash Bath, Lip Balm, Skin Products, Topical Tincture, First Aid Ointment

APOTHECANNA

DOSAGES: Varies per Product

c a

CANNATOPICS

E D I B L E S

x NON-GMO

GMO

stonedoven.blogspot.com Facebook: Stoned Oven Pizza

dank grasshopper

sensi chews

C a

C A

stoned oven pizza

K T

pure vape

absolute xtracts

O - K

TYPE OF VAPORIZER: Auto Draw T

x NON-GMO CBD

O - K

GMO

CARTRIDGE SOLD SEPARATE: Yes DISPOSABLE CARTRIDGE: Yes

O - K

TYPE OF VAPORIZER: Portable Vape Pen, with Cartridges CARTRIDGE SOLD SEPARATE: Yes DISPOSABLE CARTRIDGE: Yes STRAIN USED: Hybrid, Indica, Sativa MADE WITH: Concentrate TESTS FOR POTENCY: Yes DOSAGES: 74% THC, 500mg MOST POPULAR IN: California TwentyTwoKPens@gmail.com Instagram.com/twenty_two_k_

cbd zone

TYPE OF VAPORIZER: Personal Vaporizer Pen with Pre-Filled Cartridge CARTRIDGE SOLD SEPARATE: Yes DISPOSABLE CARTRIDGE: Yes STRAIN USED: Sativa, Indica, Hybrid - Strain Strain Specific

STRAIN USED: Hybrid, Indica, Sativa, RAW Strain Specific (Grape Stomper, Blackberry Kush, Cherry Pie, OG Kush, Sour Diesel, Green Dragon, Girl Scout Cookie, Chem Dawg, Blue Dream, Blue Jay Way) THREADING: Yes HEAT SETTINGS: Yes

MADE WITH: Co2 Oil

MADE WITH: Concentrate

TESTS FOR POTENCY: Yes

DOSAGES AVAILABLE: 500mg, 1,000mg

DOSAGES AVAILABLE: 500mg THC

AVAILABLE IN: California

AVAILABLE IN: California & Oregon

Instagram.com/purevape55

bluebird botanicals

www.AbsoluteXtracts.com Instagram.com/AbsoluteXtracts Facebook.com/AbsoluteXtracts Twitter.com/AbsoluteExtracts

CANNAVEST

RAW

x NON-GMO CBD

GMO

TYPES OF EDIBLES: CBD Oils, Caps

TYPES OF EDIBLES: CBD Oils, Tinctures

TYPES OF EDIBLES: CBD Oils, Caps RAW

STRAIN USED: CBD

STRAIN USED: Sativa, Indica, CBD, Hybrid

MADE WITH: Other Extract

TESTS FOR POTENCY: Yes

DOSAGES: Varies by Product

AVAILABLE: Nationwide

www.cbdzone.com

www.bluebird-botanicals.com

www.CannaVest.com Twitter.com/CannaVestCorp Facebook.com/CannaVest Inststagram.com/CannaVest_

c a Va p e s / o i l s ca Hemp

22k vape pens

RAW

www.kushism.com Instagram: @kushismvannuys Facebook.com/kushism Twitter: @KushismVanNuys

Total Herbal Consultation 3 SoCal Locations Open Daily: • 5985 Topanga Canyon #B, Woodland Hills, CA, 9am-6:30pm, • 19825 Ventura Blvd., 10am-4:30pm, • 4942 Vineland Ave. 9am-7:30pm, Phone: (818) 888.7162 About: At Total Herbal Consultation, our licensed physicians are dedicated to spending time with you to evaluate your medical history and perform a comprehensive physical exam. Our consulting services are provided in compliance with prop.215 and sb420, health and safety code section11362.5. Our physician and his team are more than qualified to provide the highest quality MMJ recommendations for you. Specials: $10 OFF patient coupons available, Veterans receive $10 OFF Cost: Renewal - $50, New Patients - $70 North Hollywood Location - $40, $60 www.DR420.com

Shop Name: Green Soldiers Healers Location: LOS ANGELES COUNTY DELIVERY SERVICE ONLY Phone Number: (310) 500-7419 Hours: 9am - 8pm Daily DISCOUNT FOR VETERANS Menu Includes: • Flowers • Edibles • Drinks • Topicals • Tinctures • Concentrates • Pre-Rolls • Pet Products www.greensoldhere.com Instagram: @gshdelivery Facebook.comGreen Soldiers Healers Twitter: @gshdelivery

COAST TO COAST

Shop Name: Coast to Coast Collective Address: 7127 Canoga Ave, Canoga Park, CA 91303 Phone Number: (818) 712-0535 Hours: 10am - 8pm Daily Menu Includes: • Flowers • Edibles • Drinks • Topicals • Tinctures • Concentrates Website: www.c2cmeds.com IG: @coast2coastcollective FB:/CoastToCoastCollective Twitter: @c2cMeds

AMEC 420

ECMM

American Medical Evaluation Centers Address: 20830 S. Vermont Ave. Torrance, CA 90502 Phone: (310) 320.4420 Hours: Monday-Saturday 1pm-7pm Closed Sundays About: American Medical is the specialty medical marijuana office in the Southbay area since 2010. Our center has physicians specialized in various fields and trained to expertly evaluate patients for medical marijuana. Patients look to us for medical guidance and legal defense. Our doctors, recognized as experts in the field of medical marijuana by the California District Attorney’s office. Specials: Veterans get recommendations for $25 with valid documentation Cost: Renewal - $40, New Patients - $60

ECMM Address: 13347 W Washington Blvd, Ste A, Culver City, CA 90066 Phone: (424) 835-4137 Hours: Sun.-Mon. 10:00am-6:00pm Tues.-Sat. 9:30am-7:30pm About: At ECMM, our purpose is to provide our patients the medical marijuana verification they need. Our medical marijuana evaluation center is doctorowned and -operated, allowing us to give you the thorough evaluation required for a legitimate medical marijuana card. Started in 2009, our medical clinic is run by a group of CA licensed holistic and alternative medicine physicians that believe in the scientific evidence for the use of medical marijuana. We take legal compliance very seriously in order to ensure your continued access to the treatment you require and our knowledgeable staff will be happy to answer any questions you may have about our services. Come visit our cannabis evaluation clinic to get a legitimate, safe medical marijuana evaluation in Venice. Cost/Specials: Call for More Information

www.Amec420.com

www.ECMMvenice.com www.facebook.com/ecmm www.instagram.com/ecmmvenice www.twitter.com/ecmmvenice

c a 4 2 0 d O C s

THC DOCTORS

Shop Name: Kushism Address: 7555 Woodley Ave, Lake Balboa, CA 91406 Phone Number: (818) 994-3446 Hours: 10am - 8pm Daily Menu Includes: • Flowers • Edibles • Drinks • Topicals • Tinctures • Concentrates • Clones • Pre-Rolls • Seeds • Tinctures • Wax

GREEN SOLDIERS HEALERS

CA collectives

kushism

C O LO R A D O

meDIBLE rECIPES:

Tokinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Texas Toast Apple Bake Ingredients

Instructions

1/2 cup melted cannabutter 1 cup packed light brown sugar 1 whole loaf fresh (not frozen) Texas Toast bread 4 large eggs 3/4 cup whole milk 3/4 cup apple butter 1 tsp vanilla extract 2 granny smith apples (or apples of your choosing, peeled and diced 2 tbsp light brown sugar mixed with 3 tsp cinnamon Powdered sugar for sprinkling Maple syrup for serving

In a bowl, mix the melted cannabutter and brown sugar, stir until well mixed. Grease a 9x13 pan and pour melted half the cannabutter in pan evenly. In a bowl, beat together milk, eggs, apple butter and vanilla - set aside. Layer a single layer of Texas toast bread in pan. Evenly distribute 1 cup of the egg mixture over bread, use spatula to ensure even soaking. Sprinkle brown sugar/cinnamon mixture evenly. Then pour diced apples evenly over top the bread. Repeat with second layer of bread, melted cannabutter, egg mixture and remaining brown sugar/cinnamon mixture. Cover tightly and chill in fridge overnight. Preheat oven to 350F with rack in center of oven. Bake covered for 30 minutes. Uncover and bake another 10-15 minutes or until golden brown. Let cool for 5 minutes, serve warm.

Balsamic-Blazed Baked Salmon Instructions:

Preheat oven to 400 degrees F. Line a baking sheet with aluminum foil and spray with nonstick cooking spray. Coat a small saucepan with olive oil. Cook garlic on medium heat until you can smell it. Mix in white wine, cannabis honey, balsamic vinegar, mustard and salt & pepper. Simmer uncovered for 3 minutes until slightly thickened. Place salmon baking sheet and brush with Balsamic glaze and sprinkle with oregano. Bake for 10 - 14 minutes or until flesh flakes easily with fork. Brush fish with remaining glaze and serve.

Ingredients:

6 (5 oz) Salmon fillets 4 cloves garlic, diced 1 tbsp white wine 1 tbsp cannabis honey 1/3 cup Balsamic vinegar 4 tsp Dijon mustard 1 tbsp fresh oregano 1/2 tbsp olive oil salt & pepper to taste

Infused Arugula, Watermelon & Feta Salad Ingredients:

1 half small seedless watermelon, cubed 6 cups baby arugula, washed & spun dry 12 oz Feta cheese 1/4 cup red onion, thinly sliced 1/3 cup Goodies by Magooch canna olive oil 1 tbsp honey 1/3 cup Balsamic vinegar 1/2 tsp salt 1/2 tsp pepper 2 tbsp fresh mint, julienned 56

Instructions:

Wash and spin dry arugula, set aside. In a small bowl mix canna olive oil, Balsamic, honey, salt and pepper until fully mixed. Add onions, watermelon, feta and spinach. Pour dressing mixture over salad and garnish with mint.

Stoney GourmetMac Nâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Cheese Ingredients:

4 cups (1 quart) heavy cream 3 tbsp. fresh Rosemary, chopped 2 tsp salt 2 tsp of cracked pepper 1/2 lb Applewood smoked bacon, diced & drained 1 lb of penne pasta. 6 oz GruyĂ¨re, Mozzarella, Aged White Cheddar & Habanero Cheddar for heat 1/2 cup cannabutter Instructions:

Cook pasta according to package directions, then drain, reserve 3 tsp pasta water for flavor Pre-heat oven to 350 degrees. Add heavy cream and Rosemary into pan and bring to a simmer. Add salt and pepper while it simmers. Bring to a boil until reduced to half. Add bacon. In a bowl mix cooked with cannabutter. Once melted place the pasta in cream mixture. Add cheeses and stir till fully melted. Place in oven until top layer of cheese is golden brown. Garnish with chopped chives. Enjoy.

SCIENCE CORNER: TERPENES FOUND IN CANNABIS 420INSIGHT.COM CONTRIBUTOR Over 120 different types of Terpenes, in varying amounts, have been identified in cannabis depending on the individual strain. The reason for the familiar odor and even the ‘taste’ (which can vary from plant to plant just like the scent), are the plant’s terpenes. Terpenes are a group of organic compounds found in many plants and even some insects. Terpenes become Terpenoids when altered through a process of drying, curing, or chemical extraction. Terpenes like Limonene can be steam distilled from the skin of citrus fruits. Each plant’s unique terpene content affects not only the aroma and flavor, but the medicinal qualities as well.

Linalool: (also found in lavender) relieves anxiety and stress, is a strong anticonvulsant and is said to amplify serotonin receptor transmission as well as having antidepressant effects; also reportedly effective topically to heal tissue with reduced scarring. Limonene: (also found in citrus, juniper, peppermint, oranges, tangerines) with an aroma of oranges and citrus, this terpene can aid with anxiety, depression, gastric reflux, and heartburn issues. Even more surprising Limonene may even possess anti tumor properties while benefiting the immune system.

Beta-Caryophyllene: (also found in cloves, black pepper) is gastroprotective, treats ulcers, has anti-inflammatory properties and Terpenes are also found in more; said to be especially effective vegetables, fruits, spices, herbs, because of its ability to bind to CB2 and other plants and are used in receptors. perfumes, essential oils, aroma therapy, to flavor food, and more. In combination with THC, CBD, and Terpenes are a common ingredient other cannabinoids, these natural in our diets and are safe to consume, compounds are responsible for according to the FDA. While some the varying strain specific effects are unique to cannabis, most of the cannabis can have on the individual. terpenes are the same as those Some terpenes enhance the potency found in other plants and can deliver of the THC, while others serve to similar effects when consumed or counteract the psychoactive effect otherwise enjoyed through aromatic of that same cannabinoid. Certain means. There are many, but these terpenes act to facilitate the binding are a few of the most common of cannabinoids to receptors or found in cannabis: allow the cannabinoids (like CBD) to deliver a more complete effect. Alpha-Pinene: (also found in pine, It is slowly becoming possible rosemary, dill) found in pine trees to map the terpene content in and orange peels this can have a plant, thus making it easier to beneficial health effects ranging choose a strain specifically for the from anti-inflammatory properties, effects desired by the patient. In help with memory tasks, and acts the future, strain enthusiasts (think as a bronchiodilator. wine connoisseurs of the cannabis world) suggest that proper testing B-Myrcene: (also found in mango, could ensure patients get exactly lemongrass, hops) this can provide the strains (specific combination of pain relief in addition to anti- terpenes and cannabinoids) which inflammatory properties, possible they need for whatever it is they anti-tumor properties, help with are treating. We know now, it’s not muscle spasms, and insomnia. just a matter of Indica vs. Sativa or High levels contribute, along with hybrid (though for now this is often the cannabinoid CBN, to the “couch the most readily available indicator lock” effect. of a strain’s potential effects), but a 58

whole range of differences between. The ability to map the specifics of the strains down to the individual terpene is still in the beginning stages, some labs only offering limited terpene testing and others not really testing for this compound yet at all. Certain strains have been identified and mapped for terpene content which can be found online, but the problem comes in knowing if the plant you have is not only the same strain, but has the same terpene content as the one tested. Terpene content is as much determined by sun, time of day harvested, and soil content, as by the strain type of the seed planted. While there isn’t nearly enough testing for these compounds available, what is known is the synergistic quality of these compounds when utilized together in whole plant form. THC or CBD alone is not enough to get the full benefits of this amazingly diverse plant. Terpenes and cannabinoids combine to lend a full spectrum of results for each patient, making a compelling argument for utilizing the medicine in whole plant form, rather than those extracts sold as THC or CBD alone. It is no wonder terpenes are getting so much attention, it important to understand what they are when treating with cannabis as medicine. Terpenes have been taken to the next level, cannabis concentrate extract artists have found a “solventless” way to reintroduce terpenes like Limonene and Pinene into their concentrates adding a very special citrus or piney taste and smell. This is how many of them are winning awards at High Times Cups and Secret Cups making their product stand out among all other entries. The terpenes listed as ones found in cannabis as well as other plants in nature are entirely legal by themselves. You can even get terpenes from Florida oranges to add to your concentrates!

FOOD SCIENCE:

PROBIOTICS

Going With Your Gut- Incorporating Probiotics Into Your Shelf Stable Food Products

RACHEL ZEMSER STAFF EDITOR

t o p i c a l s

bears, dried pasta and chocolate bars. This super strong probiotic bacteria can survive the initial thermal manufacturing process used to make the food product, Most probiotic products begin the journey from consumption to with fresh foods that require the intestinal tract and reproduce refrigeration. Probiotic foods like effectively enough to provide the gut yogurt and kefir have a short health benefits. The bacterium is shelf life and any thermal process called Bacillus coagulans and it has involved usually ends up killing the FDA GRAS (generally recognized as probiotic bacteria before they are safe) status and are supported by even consumed. For this reason numerous third party clinical studies. there are very few probiotic or There are several companies out “fermented” foods in the marijuana there that sell their proprietary food space. Most dispensaries strains and these companies often don’t have refrigeration to store exhibit at trade shows like Supply these products and marijuana Side (www.supplyside.com) and IFT infused food companies don’t have (www.ift.org). the safety experience to make and sell potentially hazardous Marijuana food products already foods that contain dairy or require provide recreational consumers refrigeration for safety. Thus the and medical patients with a smoke marijuana market has so far not free delivery method of THC. These been able to provide probiotic foods food products can now provide even to consumers. more healthy benefits by adding in shelf stable probiotics that can Lately there have been a slew of withstand processing conditions. products on the market that are _____________________________ shelf stable and also contain live and active probiotics that are more resilient than before, can withstand Rachel Zemser is a certified food a thermal process and survive scientist. To learn more about her in shelf stable foods like gummy visit: theintrepidculinologist.com

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What do kombucha, pickles, yogurt, sauerkraut and kimchi all have in common? They all are considered to be “probiotic” food—foods that contain live and active bacteria cultures that are good for you and help maintain a healthy digestive and immune system. Probiotic or “fermented” foods are fresh foods that have been inoculated with yeast and lactobacillus bacteria that break down the carbohydrates in the system and convert it into acid and gas. The acid provides the tangy flavor that you find in many fermented foods and gas provides the bubbles found in fermented beverages. The living bacteria in these products populates the gut and intestines and provide health benefits in numerous ways like reducing abdominal pain, inhibiting bad “pathogenic” bacteria and enhancing the utilization of consumed nutrients like protein. The strength of one’s immune system is based on the balance of good to bad bacteria. Probiotic “good” bacteria help support this balance enhance your body’s natural defenses. Everyone agrees that probiotics are good and having

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MEDICAL FEATURE: 420INSIGHT.COM CONTRIBUTOR Considering treating your migraine or headache disorder with medical cannabis? It’s a complicated topic with a variety of perspectives, so I’ve tried to distill some of the most important information below. I hope it’s a helpful guide. Marijuana’s Efficacy for Migraine or Headache Disorders Because laws make research of medical marijuana very difficult, there have been no blinded studies on its use for migraine or headache disorders. Anything you learn about it for migraine or headache is based on anecdote (or extrapolated from a small amount of research on rats). I’ve asked multiple headache specialists for opinions and have been told repeatedly that patients are pretty much evenly split between those who get relief and those who feel worse after using it. My discussions with patients are along those same lines. Its strongest track record is with treating nausea, which can be as debilitating as the pain for some of us. Efficacy of Different Strains There are hundreds (may be even thousands) of different cannabis strains, all cultivated to have different effects and address different symptoms. If the marijuana that your brother’s friend’s cousin got for you didn’t help (or made you feel worse), a different strain may still be effective. You can look up many of the strains on the internet by condition or symptom that they treat, including migraine, nausea, anxiety and insomnia. Leafly.com displays the most commonly reported adverse effects of each strain. Not all of these strains will be available at your local dispensary, but dispensary employees can give you recommendations for which might be most useful for you.

CANNABIS & MIGRAINES Rebound Headache Risk A couple headache specialists have told me that they don’t know for sure, but believe that marijuana has a similar risk for rebound (medication overuse) headaches as opioids do. It’s best to follow the same rules for opioids (no more than 10 a month) and use as little as possible each time. How Much to Use There are no set guidelines for how much to use, though starting with a very small amount is probably wise. Watch your symptoms carefully to see if you feel better, worse or about the same, then decide if you want to try more. If you smoke (or eat) too much, there’s a chance you’re not actually treating the migraine or headache, but getting so stoned that you don’t notice it very much. That may be what you’re going for, but remember that the more you use could increase your risk of rebound headaches. Smoking/Vaporizing vs. Eating The two main ways to use medical cannabis are to smoke it or to eat it. The differences are akin to those of oral triptans vs. injected triptans. Smoking gets the cannabis into your system the fastest and you can quickly see if you need more. Smoking anything can be harmful, although a recent large-scale study found cannabis to cause less lung damage than tobacco. (Using a vaporizer has similar advantages to smoking, but is thought to be less potentially damaging to the lungs. Vaporizers are expensive, so you may not want to invest in one until you discover if marijuana is even helpful for you.) If you eat marijuana, it will take longer to take effect and your digestive tract may not process a second dose in time for it to be

effective. Gastric stasis (delayed emptying of the stomach, which is a migraine symptom) could also mean that you don’t absorb as much as you need when you need it. And, of course, if you vomit during your migraines, you may not absorb much at all. A friend who was using Marinol (prescription THC capsules) for chemo-induced nausea told me its effects were highly variable. Sometimes it did nothing, other times it helped tremendously. It depended on how how long it had been since she’d last eaten and how effectively her digestive tract processed the drug that day. Depression and Cannabis Although depression is one of the many conditions that cannabis is purported to treat, some research indicates that people who use marijuana are more likely to be depressed than those who don’t. However, this could be coincidence rather than causation. As the Mayo Clinic says, “Marijuana use and depression accompany each other more often than you might expect by chance, but there’s no clear evidence that marijuana directly causes depression.” Legality Different states have different laws and restrictions governing the use of medical cannabis. Even if it is legal in your state, the regulations may make it undesirable. (In Arizona, for example, employers can check a database of all registered medical marijuana users… if you’re not OK with your employer knowing that, you probably don’t want to get registered.) In your research, check both official statutes and news articles. The official statutes provide the legal framework, while the news stories tell you how the law is being implemented. Whatever the laws, it’s better to investigate exactly what issues you might encounter rather than stumbling into a mess.

MEDICAL feature: 420INSIGHT.COM CONTRIBUTOR First let’s look at what keeps cancer cells alive, then we will come back and examine how the cannabinoids CBD (cannabidiol) and THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) unravels cancer’s aliveness. In every cell there is a family of interconvertible sphingolipids that specifically manage the life and death of that cell. This profile of factors is called the “Sphingolipid Rheostat.” If endogenous ceramide(a signaling metabolite of sphingosine-1-phosphate) is high, then cell death (apoptosis) is imminent. If ceramide is low, the cell is strong in its vitality. Very simply, when THC connects to the CB1 or CB2 cannabinoid receptor site on the cancer cell, it causes an increase in ceramide synthesis which drives cell death. A normal healthy cell does not produce ceramide in the presence of THC, thus is not affected by the cannabinoid. The cancer cell dies, not because of cytotoxic chemicals, but because of a tiny little shift in the mitochondria. Within most cells there is a cell nucleus, numerous mitochondria (hundreds to thousands), and various other organelles in the cytoplasm. The purpose of the mitochondria is to produce energy (ATP) for cell use. As ceramide starts to accumulate, turning up the Sphingolipid Rheostat, it increases the mitochondrial membrane pore permeability to cytochrome c, a critical protein in energy synthesis. Cytochrome c is pushed out of the mitochondria, killing the source of energy for the cell. Ceramide also causes genotoxic stress in the cancer cell nucleus generating a protein called p53, whose job it is to disrupt calcium metabolism in the mitochondria. If this weren’t enough, ceramide disrupts the cellular lysosome, the cell’s digestive system that provides nutrients for all cell functions. Ceramide, and other sphingolipids, actively inhibit pro-survival pathways in the cell leaving no possibility at all of cancer cell survival. The key to this process is the accumulation of ceramide in the system. This means taking therapeutic amounts of CBD and THC, steadily, over a period of time, keeping metabolic pressure on this cancer cell death pathway. How did this pathway come to be? Why is it that the body can take a simple plant enzyme and use it for profound healing in many different physiological 72

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systems? This endocannabinoid system exists in all animal life, just waiting for its matched exocannabinoid activator. This is interesting. Our own endocannabinoid system covers all cells and nerves; it is the messenger of information flowing between our immune system and the central nervous system (CNS). It is responsible for neuroprotection, and micro-manages the immune system. This is the primary control system that maintains homeostasis; our well being. Just out of curiosity, how does the work get done at the cellular level, and where does the body make the endocannabinoids? Here we see that endocannabinoids have their origin in nerve cells right at the synapse. When the body is compromised through illness or injury it calls insistently to the endocannabinoid system and directs the immune system to bring healing. If these homeostatic systems are weakened, it should be no surprise that exocannabinoids are therapeutic. It helps the body in the most natural way possible. To see how this works we visualize the cannabinoid as a three dimensional molecule, where one part of the molecule is configured to fit the nerve or immune cell receptor site just like a key in a lock. There are at least two types of cannabinoid receptor sites, CB1 (CNS) and CB2 (immune). In general CB1 activates the CNS messaging system, and CB2 activates the immune system, but it’s much more complex than this. Both THC and anandamide activate both receptor sites. Other cannabinoids activate one or the other receptor sites. Among the strains of Cannabis, C. sativa tends toward the CB1 receptor, and C. indica tends toward CB2. So sativa is more neuroactive, and indica is more immunoactive. Another factor here is that sativa is dominated by THC cannabinoids, and indica is predominately CBD (cannabidiol). It is known that THC and CBD are biomimetic to anandamide, that is, the body can use both interchangeably. Thus, when stress, injury, or illness demand more from endogenous anandamide than can be produced by the body, its mimetic exocannabinoids are activated. If the stress is transitory, then the treatment can be transitory. If the demand is sustained, such as in cancer, then treatment needs to provide sustained pressure of the modulating agent on the homeostatic systems. Typically CBD gravitates to the densely packed CB2 receptors in the spleen, home to the body’s immune system. From

there, immune cells seek out and destroy cancer cells. Interestingly, it has been shown that THC and CBD cannabinoids have the ability to kill cancer cells directly without going through immune intermediaries. THC and CBD hijack the lipoxygenase pathway to directly inhibit tumor growth. As a side note, it has been discovered that CBD inhibits anandamide reuptake. Here we see that cannabidiol helps the body preserve its own natural endocannabinoid by inhibiting the enzyme that breaks down anandamide. 7014509_origThis brief survey touches lightly on a few essential concepts. Mostly I would like to leave you with an appreciation that nature has designed the perfect medicine that fits exactly with our own immune system of receptors and signaling metabolites to provide rapid and complete immune response for systemic integrity and metabolic homeostasis.

Bibliography 1. http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/65/5/1635. abstract Sami Sarfaraz, Farrukh Afaq, Vaqar M. Adhami, and Hasan Mukhtar + Author Affiliations. Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/pubmed J Neuroimmunol. 2007 Mar;184(1-2):127-35. Epub 2006 Dec 28. Immune control by endocannabinoids – new mechanisms of neuroprotection? Ullrich O,Merker K, Timm J, Tauber S. Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany. oliver.ullrich@medizine.uni-magdeburg.de 3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocannabinoid_system Endocannabinoid synthesis & release. 4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabinoids Cannabinoid receptor type 1. 5. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/ journal/121381780/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 Journal of Neurochemistry, Volume 104 Issue 4, Pages 1091 – 1100 Published Online: 18 Aug 2008 6. http://leavesofgrass.info/info/Non-PsychoactiveCannabinoids.pdf Non-psychotropic plant cannabinoids: new therapeutic opportunities from an ancient herb. Angelo A. Izzo, Francesca Borrelli, Raffaele Capasso, Vincenzo Di Marzo, and Raphael Mechoulam. Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy. Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy. Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Hebrew University Medical Faculty, Jerusalem, Israel, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Italy 7. http://sciencenews.org/view/feature/id/59872/title/ Not_just_a_high Scientists test medicinal marijuana against MS, inflammation and cancer By Nathan Seppa June 19th, 2010; Vol.177 #13 (p. 16) 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ PMC1766198/ NIH Public Access: A house divided: ceramide, sphingosine, and sphingosine-1phosphate in programmed cell death Tarek A. Taha, Thomas D. Mullen, and Lina M. Obeid Division of General Internal Medicine, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Hospital, Charleston, South Carolina 29401; and Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425 Corresponding author: Lina M. Obeid, M.D., Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 114 Doughty St., P.O.Box 250779, Charleston, South Carolina 29425. E-mail: obeidl@musc.edu 9. Yap WN, Chang PN, Han HY, et al. (December 2008). “Gamma-tocotrienol suppresses prostate cancer cell proliferation and invasion through multiple-signalling pathways”. British Journal of Cancer 99 (11): 1832–41.doi:10.1038/ sj.bjc.6604763. PMID 19002171. 10.Ellagitannin-rich pomegranate extract inhibits angiogenesis in prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo. Int J Oncol. 2008 Feb;32(2):475-80. Sartippour MR, Seeram NP, Rao JY, Moro A, Harris DM, Henning SM, Firouzi A, Rettig MB,Aronson WJ, Pantuck AJ, Heber D. Center for Human Nutrition, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1742, USA.

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CANNABIS FILM REVIEW: KEIKO BEATIE STAFF EDITOR Recently in Las Vegas, Nevada at the informative Marijuana Daily Business Show, the new film “The Scientist”, directed by Zack Klein and produced by Klein and Klinik Productions was premiered. The dynamic documentary shares the story of Doctor Raphael Mechoulam and his decades of research on cannabis and its healing properties. I was fortunate to view the film and then meet and spend time with the director, Zack Klein and his journey on creating this fascinating and inspiring film. “The Scientist” brings to the forefront the first factual knowledge of scientific aspects of endocannabinoids, cannabis and medical science. Dr. Mechoulans spirit and humanistic personality comes across within the film while staying on the path of factual data and unrelenting focus of the true benefits of cannabis and the effect in the human body. In the 1960’s Raphael was led by a passion to continue for half a century experiments and breakdowns of the compounds that make up the endocannabinoid elements of the cannabis plant. We learn was it respected centuries ago as a medicinal relief, only to have it be revolted within the past century time line. Those of us have experienced, that the plant would be vilified in most every nation on earth, starting in the 1930’s, only now to finally start to be recognized once again as having active compounds that would be revered as true icon of medicine in this present day. In the film it shows us that through Dr. Mechoulam’s research and documentation the remarkable success of cannabis therapy. With so much convincing data it paved the way for the health officials in Israel to propose the world’s largest state-sponsored medical cannabis program. At this time Doctor Raphael Mechoulam is heralded as “The Grandfather of Cannabis Research”. A biochemist, Raphael Mechoulam was born in 1930 in Sofia, Bulgaria, where his father was a physician in 76

“THE SCIENTIST” THE DOCTOR RAPHAEL MECHOULAM STORY

private practice and also head of the Jewish Hospital. Raphael was a child during the war and when anti-Jewish laws were enacted and the family moved to a series of small villages where a doctor was needed and respected. The family did eventually find themselves in a concentration camp and were released after young Mechoulam father assisted in saving people from a fire within the camp.

cannabis. We know that many films and documentaries have messages, but Zach Klein had a quest and goal to demystify the use of cannabis within the human body and share what was being done in Israel with the world. His heartfelt storytelling interjected with, cartoon, amination, sweet quirky love story of Mechoulam and his wife Dahlia, brings a lifelong passion to the audience with purpose and meaning. Part of the film takes place in the Following World War II, the Mechoulams simple, homey Jerusalem apartment immigrated to Israel. After a stint as where the Mechoulam’s reside since a land surveyor, Mechoulam spent 1966, as well as the infamous lab three years in the Israeli Army, at Hebrew University, where the which had him doing research on discoveries took place at. Impromptu insecticides. He received his doctoral rides in his seemly gas efferent car to degree from Hebrew University “on and from work, and at a meeting of the topic of natural products related to the International Canabinoid Research biological problems.” After doing post- Society transcend the film to a down doctoral research at the Rockefeller to earth presentation that is to some Institute in New York, Mechoulam earth shattering! took a position at the Weizmann Institute in Rehovot, which is where To some reading this review, I could be he and Gaoni (another important preaching to the choir and to others this scientist) isolated the compounds could be pushing their buttons. So for in hashish. Mechoulam joined the myself and cohorts from the pulpits, we Hebrew University faculty in 1966. may be feeling the rejoicing coming to the surface as the light at the end of the In how he first decided to focus on tunnel of prohibition is near. The birth cannabis research, it seems it was a of awareness that was kept quiet for chance of convenience. Mechoulam too long as those suffered unmercifully was directed to choose a topic not maybe coming to an end with “The already being pursued by any major Scientist”. Many of us know the true research groups and at that time benefits as well as the possibilities for no one wanted to tackle the benefits the future and if you have the chance of cannabis. He first identified the to view the film please take the time to chemical structure of CBD and THC watch and hopefully share with others (cannabidiol and tetrahydrocannabinol) the truth and message. in 1963 and 1964, respectively. The next monumental break-through This is documentary filmmaking to be came in 1988 where “The Scientist” inspired by, congratulations to Zach found that the human brains and Klein, Klinik Productions and to Dr. bodies have specific receptors for Raphael Mechoulam for a story well cannabis molecules. Amazing that our told. If you have the opportunity view this bodies have the capabilities to make film may the visuals of cinema continue our own cannabis internally! The next to expand your horizons in mind, heart step was to begin the connection for and spirit. human-generated cannabis molecules, __ and in 1992 the first was revealed: anandamide, regulator of the immune Keiko Beatie is a Cannabis Holistic and nervous systems. Health Practitioner, Producer, Director and Chef. She works with Hemp Radio This is a major film to come out that and is the o-Founder of the US Weed has the possibilities to transform Channel. the general public’s perception of

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EDIBLES MADE WITH: Canna Coconut Oil

DOSAGES AVAILABLE: 150mg, 250mg, 500mg

MADE WITH: Other Extract

TESTS FOR POTENCY: Yes

DOSAGES AVAILABLE: 5mg /gram

AVAILABLE IN: Colorado, California, Washington, Oregon, Arizona Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts

DOSAGES: Varies by Product

NUTRITIONAL FACTS: Yes

AVAILABLE: Nationwide

AVAILABLE IN: Washington & Oregon

TESTS FOR POTENCY: Yes

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T O P I C A LS

TYPE OF EDIBLES: Authentic bhang drink

RAW RAW

E D I B L E S

RAW

CBD

SATIVA VALLEY

shum-met cbd

Siddhitonics

StatelyDuckApothecary.com

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