Forward 2_Grammar Book by Les Éditions CEC

www.cecplus.com

FORWARD ENGLISH COMMUNICATION

ANTHONY A. GRANATO ROISIN DEWART

TABLE OF CONTENTS UNIT 1 COMMON WORD FORMS . . . . . . . . . . 1

UNIT 11 CONDITIONAL FORMS . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 01

UNIT 2 COUNT AND NON-COUNT NOUNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Review Units 6-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

UNIT 3 ADJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 UNIT 4 ADVERBS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 UNIT 5 PREPOSITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Review Units 1-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 UNIT 6 PRESENT FORMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PART A: Simple Present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PART B: Present Continuous . . . . . . . . . . PART C: Comparison of Verb Tenses . . . . .

36 36 44 49

UNIT 7 PAST FORMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 PART A: Simple Past . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 PART B: Past Continuous . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 UNIT 8 PERFECT ASPECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 PART A: Present Perfect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 PART B: Present Perfect Continuous . . . . 72 UNIT 9 FUTURE FORMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 UNIT 10 MODAL AUXILIARIES . . . . . . . . . . . 82 PART A: Ability: Can and Could . . . . . . 82 PART B: Advice: Should and Ought to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 PART C: Obligation: Must and Have to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 PART D: Certainty, Probability and

UNIT 12 COMPOUND SENTENCES . . . . . . . . . 110 UNIT 13 COMPLEX SENTENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 14 UNIT 14 CONJUNCTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 UNIT 15 ESSAY WRITING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Your Audience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Generating Ideas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Writing a Body Paragraph . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Developing a Thesis Statement and Writing an Introduction . . . . . . . . . The Essay Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sample Essays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Opinion Essay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Narrative Essay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Descriptive Essay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

128 129 130 130 131 132

Review Units 12-15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Stative Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Confusing Verbs (make, do, get, etc.) . . . Irregular Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Punctuation and Capitalization . . . . . .

134 134 136 138

Possibility: Must, Should, Could, Might and May . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 PART E: Requests: Can, Could, Would and May . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

forward 2 english communication grammar table of contents

III

HOW TO USE

Forward 2: English Communication Grammar

GRAMMAR UNITS:

ORGANIZATION

The 14 grammar units deal with grammar structures introduced in the student book Forward 2: English Communication. All units have the following parts: Exercises To practise the form and usage of a grammar structure, a wide range of activities are provided, with more open-ended activities towards the end of a unit.

Form and Usage This part of a unit provides an explanation of form, exceptions and usage points so you can get ready for the exercises.

End-of-Unit Activities At the end of a grammar unit, consolidate your learning with a fun writing activity. Activities include pair, group and class activities.

Review Units At the end of certain units, you will find a variety of exercises that test your knowledge of the grammar points taught in the main units.

GRAMMAR UNITS:

OTHER IMPORTANT FEATURES

Zoom-In These information boxes underline common errors, spelling, and exceptions in theory.

forward 2 english communication grammar how to use

Visuals Many visuals appear throughout the grammar points, and provide support for the exercises.

UNIT 15:

ESSAY WRITING

This unit focuses on the need for additional support to help students at this level overcome writer’s block.

Writing a Paragraph Topic sentence, support, coherence and developing the thesis statement in an introduction are all covered.

Generating Ideas Learn new strategies to help you structure what you are thinking about writing.

Audience If you know who your audience is, these simple steps will help you find the appropriate language.

Essay Outline In the section The Essay Outline you are offered an overview of effective essay planning.

Sample Essays Three authentic essays are provided as models for the opinion, narrative and descriptive essay. An essay-outline practice activity is also provided.

REFERENCES Following the units, this section provides lists of stative verbs, confusing verbs, and irregular verbs. Stative Verbs A comprehensive list of stative verbs, and exceptions, are provided. Confusing Verbs A list of confusing verbs are also included to help better understand the use of these verbs. Irregular Verb List Make sure to check this list whenever you’re in doubt.

forward 2 english communication grammar how to use

INTRODUCTORY QUIZ Choose the best answer for each of the following. One sentence has two possible answers. The number refers to the unit that covers the relevant theory.

1 They had a

2 Could I have

3 Helen is

4 The students worked so

5 The pilgrims travelled

6 A “

to finish on time. a) fastly

in Japan, I ate a lot of rice.

8 A Thomas 8 B Look! Greta

b) in

c) on

a) Is’nt

b) Are’nt

c) Aren’t d) Isn’t

a) are

b) is

c) has

d) have

c) lived

d) be

a) had been

a) works

b) was live

b) has worked

for two hours. a) has waited

9 Attention customers, the store

a) can; should

c) dance

c) worked d) have worked c) waited

b) will close

c) closes

focus on school.

c) can’t; should’t

b) should; could

d) cannot; should not

10 CD You’re Canadian. You

obtain a visa to go to the US, but customs officers show other proof of citizenship.

a) must; may 0 E “Excuse me, sir, 1 11 If I

b) should; must I use your phone?”

13 Our company, 14 Don’t walk.

a) may

a) , but

is it tidy.

ask you to

d) don’t have to; may

b) might c) should

b) but

take my car. a) However, . a) main idea

forward 2 english communication grammar introductory quiz

b) Instead

c) nor

c) Instead,

b) central idea

d) could

c) had drank d) drink

made a profit last year, is closing. a) who b) which c) that

15 A topic sentence requires a

c) have to; could

one beer, I’d be fine this morning. a) had drunk b) drunk

12 It’s not clean

d) under

d) danceing

b) has been waiting

in 10 minutes. a) close

play piano, but now he

c) worse d) worser c) faster d) hard

all night. a) were dancing b) was dancing

since 2010.

c) a little d) little

b) hardly

foot to the cathedral. a) by

talking to Bernard right now.

7 B The students

b) a bit

a) badder b) best

than Katie in figure skating.

he in excellent health?”

7 A When I

0 AB He 1

a) a few

information, please?

6 B Everyone

a) amuse b) amusing c) funny d) fun

time with Gilles’ X-Box.

d) , nor d) whose d) However

c) controlling idea

UNIT

COMMON WORD FORMS FORM Many words have more than one form. Depending on what part of speech it is (noun, verb, adjective or adverb), the form of a word may change. Example

Noun

Verb

Adjective

Adverb

success

to succeed

successful

successfully

MEANING Using the appropriate word form ensures your ideas are clearly understood. Common Indicators: Some common endings can help you identify and remember word forms.

Nouns

Verbs

Adjectives

Adverbs

-er / -ion / -ity / -ment / -ness

-ate / -ify / -ize

-ive / -ous / -ful / -ing / -ed

-ly

baker, composition, persuasion, identity, pavement, shyness

evaluate, stimulate, festive, fabulous, magnify, electrify, realize, wonderful, colourful, organize dizzying, loving, loved, exhausted

quickly, slowly, naturally, beautifully, carefully, ridiculously

Adjectives from Present and Past Participles • Both the past participle (-ed or irregular form) and the present participle (-ing) can function as adjectives. Note the difference in meaning between the two participles. Geoff is a grown man. He can make his own decisions. (past participle) grown man = an adult, a man that will not grow any more Charlotte needs to eat more vegetables because she is a growing girl. (present participle) growing girl = a child in the process of growing Leaders of the developed nations met in Tokyo last week. (past participle) developed nations = countries that have strong, stable economies Developing nations need time to change their lifestyles. (present participle) developing nations = countries that are approaching economic stability

UNIT 1 common word forms

Zoom-in | Bored or Boring? With certain verbs that describe a feeling, the present participle (-ing) describes the cause of the feeling, and the past participle (-ed/irregular form) describes the person’s feelings. Ali is bored of politics. (bored describes Ali’s feeling) Politics is boring for Ali. (boring describes the cause of the feeling: politics)

Compound Nouns • Nouns can also function as adjectives called compound nouns. The first noun is always singular because it is working as an adjective. The second noun takes the plural ending. Correct: Valerie has special tea cups for when she has guests. Incorrect: Valerie has special teas cups for when she has guests. Correct: The apple and cherry trees bloomed for days. Incorrect: The apples and cherries trees bloomed for days. Correct: War and Peace is a 1500-page novel. Incorrect: War and Peace is a 1500-pages novel. -ing Nouns (Gerunds): To Swim / Swimming • Sometimes an action with an –ing ending can be used as a noun. This is called a gerund. This way you can talk about an action as a topic. Swimming is my favourite activity. I prefer snowboarding to skating or downhill skiing. Writing a 10-page research paper takes a long time. Typing for hours hurts my hands. Plural Nouns with a Singular Meaning • Some nouns that we think of as singular are always in the plural form and the verb should be in the singular form. These are common with fields of study. Correct: The news is on every night at 6pm. Incorrect: The news are on every night at 6pm. Mathematics is obligatory to graduate from that program, but physics is optional. Ethics was the most interesting topic in that class.

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Zoom-in | Confusing Words Sometimes there are two words in English used the way one word is used in French. Pay attention to the following commonly confused words: MAKE is for creating or producing. I made a sculpture. Can you make dinner?

DO is for an action or activity. Do your job! I did my homework.

FUN is a good time. I had fun painting the apartment.

FUNNY is something that makes you laugh. That comedian is funny.

CURRENTLY means now. ACTUALLY means in reality or in fact. Luke is currently studying biology at McGill. I tried to run a mile, but it was actually harder than I thought. WATCH is for a performance. Bill watched the Dexter series last weekend.

L OOK is for a moment or something that is not moving. Charlotte looked at the Miro painting for hours.

SAY is followed by the topic. TELL is followed by the listener. Marois said tuition would not increase. Marois told students tuition would not increase. QUIT is to stop doing something. Simon quit smoking!

LEAVE is to depart. Jessica left class early because she felt sick.

For more on confusing words, go to the References section.

EXERCISE 1

Identifying Word Forms

Read the following text. My cousin is a very creative person and she likes to knit and sew all of her own clothes. She creatively made a sweater for her dog. I have encouraged her to pursue her creativity and try to sell her beautiful designs. However, she prefers to create special gifts for people she knows because if it becomes a business, her focus will be on production, instead of designing new imaginative creations. The anxiety to meet demand would ruin her success. I’m not surprised. a) Underline the different forms of the word create in the reading above. b) Complete the table below with the different forms of each word. There is an X when a word form does not exist.

Noun

Verb

Adjective

Adverb

creation / creativity

create

creative

creatively

imagine anxiety

x beautiful successfully

surprise

UNIT 1 common word forms

EXERCISE 2

Error Correction

Correct the errors with word forms in the following sentences. One sentence has no errors, while the others may have one or more. Skiing

1 Ski can be a danger activity if you don’t know what you are doing. 2 The economic is in a recession. 3 CEGEP classes can sometimes be difficulty. However, in university the level of difficulty is even higher. 4 My best friend is very lazy. Eat and sleep are his two favourite activities. 5 You don’t need to go to a gym to get in shape. For instance, you can strong your arms and chest by doing push-ups. 6 The reporters asked the prime minister about his react to the events south of the border. 7 The designer designed this design for the spring fashion collection. 8 The actress portrayed her character accuracy and convincing. 9 I love listening to music while I study, but my neighbour complains that our

music is too loudly.

10 Is that your winter coat? You are going to freezing this winter!

EXERCISE 3

Using Present and Past Participles for Actions

Use the present (-ing form) or past participle (-ed or irregular form) of each verb to complete each pair of sentences. Consider if the adjective is describing a completed state or a continuous state. 1 fall

a) Beautiful

b) The our feet.

leaves filled the sky when the wind blew. leaves sounded like paper crunching under

2 freeze a) Because of to stay home.

temperatures, the children were told

b) Jack keeps lots of

bananas to make smoothies.

3 break a) The cats were scared by the sound of b) the kitchen floor. 4 eat

pieces of my favourite cup were all over

a) There was a half by ants.

b) Tom eats anything! He is an 4

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glass.

EXERCISE 4

Using Present and Past Participles for Feelings

Complete the sentences with the appropriate adjective ending (-ing or -ed) using the word in parentheses. tired

1 Denis works long hours. He is

because his job is

. (tire)

2 My friend told me not to take Professor Leroux’s political science class because the lectures are long and monotonous. Professor Leroux’s lectures are My friend said she was very

in his class. (bore)

3 The most famous painting at the Louvre in Paris is da Vinci’s Mona Lisa; however, many tourists are surprised and unimpressed by the size of the painting. Tourists are often

with the Mona Lisa. Because it is much smaller than they

expected, some tourists think the Mona Lisa is 4 The documentary film Searching for Sugar Man is a

. (disappoint) story about

one musician’s experience with the recording industry. Most musicians who watch it are

. (fascinate)

5 I was

by that lecture on existentialist philosophy. The topic

in general is

. (confuse)

6 Nutrition is so

. I am

in taking biology

classes to prepare for a degree in this field. (interest) EXERCISE 5

Making Compound Nouns

Rewrite each phrase below as a multi-word adjective. 1 girls of 18 years old 18-year-old girls 2 a building that is 700 metres tall 3 paragraphs with 250 words 4 a race of 10 kilometres 5 bikes with 10 speeds

EXERCISE 6

Using Gerunds to Turn a Verb into a Noun

Use an appropriate gerund (an -ing form of a noun) to complete the following sentences. Example: Trying new food makes me nervous. 1

is my favourite activity.

makes me tired.

makes me feel sad.

makes me laugh.

is relaxing.

UNIT 1 common word forms

EXERCISE 7

Using Correct Word Forms

Choose the correct form of the word to complete the sentence. 1 (manage) The

management

of a company is responsible for its policies and

practices. A well-

company can be profitable and

environmentally conscious. 2 (happy) My cats are

creatures. When people visit, they purr .

3 (visual) Figure skaters are

people. They often have to

their performance before they go on the ice. 4 (convenience) The corner store is so

that I rarely do my food

shopping at larger grocery stores. I can

buy everything on my

way home. 5 (fool) There’s a proverb that says, “A

and his money are soon

parted.” It means that a

person will act

with his or her money. EXERCISE 8

Commonly Confused Words I

Each of the following sentences is followed by two possible answers using commonly confused words. Match the sentences with the most appropriate response. 1 I am going to go rock climbing over the weekend. a) Sounds fun! b) Sounds funny! 2 Do you have a job? a) I did, but I left last weekend. b) I did, but I quit last weekend. 3 Do you want to go to the movies on Friday? a) Sure! I haven’t watched a movie for a long time. b) Sure! I haven’t looked at a movie for a long time. 4 Sarah says she can’t meet us after class today. a) Too bad. I guess she has to make homework. b) Too bad. I guess she has to do homework. 5 Mr. Piette isn’t in class today. We have a substitute teacher. a) Did he tell when he’ll be back? b) Did he say when he’ll be back?

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6 Did you see Jacob almost fall off of his chair? a) Yes, I didn’t laugh in the meeting yesterday, but I actually thought it was really funny. b) Yes, I didn’t laugh in the meeting yesterday, but I currently thought it was really funny.

EXERCISE 9

Commonly Confused Words II

Fill in the blanks in the following paragraph with the most appropriate word from these options: currently • actually • leave - quit • fun - funny • say - tell • make - do , after finishing their CEGEP DEC, some students choose to travel before beginning their university education. Most student travellers use a backpack as their luggage since it is easier to carry. However, to pack a backpack successfully is not an easy thing to

. Before they

most people often struggle with what to bring. Many websites to pack for every situation. Another creative suggestion that some experts

backpackers is to bring half the clothing and twice the

amount of money. Once you have packed your bag with all of the necessary clothing items, take out half of your clothes. It may sound

but it works!

If the weather is hotter or colder than you expect, you can buy clothes. room for lots of money. So,

trying to think

of everything, pack a credit card, and focus on having EXERCISE 10 Prepare

for a Job Interview

Write a short paragraph of 150 words describing qualities needed to get a job. Include five of the commonly confused words and at least five words from the list below. Change the form of the word when necessary. Commonly confused words: watch - see • currently - actually • leave - quit • fun - funny • say - tell • make - do You can change the word form of the following words (include at least five): succeed

creativity

organization

leadership

experience

punctuality

talkative

enjoy

humour

focused

imagine

expectation

relax

interesting

managed

confident

positive

smile

UNIT 1 common word forms

UNIT

COUNT AND NON-COUNT NOUNS FORM A noun represents a person, place or thing. It can be either a common noun (a desk, an office, a dentist) or a proper noun (the name of a person or place: Tom, Sherbrooke). Common nouns can be divided into two categories: count and non-count. 1 Count Nouns singular count nouns

• Count nouns in the singular form are preceded by a determiner. the course, a teacher, his pencil plural count nouns

• Count nouns in the plural form are also usually preceded by a determiner, (the courses, two teachers, their pencils), but you cannot use a or an with plural countable nouns. Instead, use nothing (Ø). Correct: Students must register for courses through the internet. Incorrect: A students must register for a courses through the internet. • Most countable nouns show the plural by adding -s or -es. two matches, five courses, eight textbooks, many projects

Zoom-in | Spelling Plural Count Nouns Add an -s

books, cars, suits

Add an -s after a vowel + -y ending

days, alleys, boys

Add -es after the -s, -sh, -ch, -x and sometimes -o* endings

glasses, dishes, patches, boxes, potatoes, tomatoes

Add -ies after consonant + y ending

countries, puppies

*Most nouns that end with an –o usually just take an –s in the plural form: pianos, studios, zoos, etc.

• Many nouns, however, are irregular in form: child children, fish fish, man men, mouse woman women

mice, person

people,

2 Non-Count Nouns

• Non-count nouns are part of a mass and cannot be counted as individual units. These may be concrete solid things like meat, hair or furniture, or liquids and gases like water, air or soup. They could even be concepts like information, knowledge or beauty. • There is no plural form of these nouns. When you use a verb with these nouns, conjugate it in the 3rd person singular. Correct: Water is essential for life. Incorrect: Waters are essential for life. 8

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• Non-count nouns may be preceded by a quantifying expression or by nothing (Ø), but do not use a or an. Correct: Josephine did some research at the library. Incorrect: Josephine did a research at the library. Correct: I ate a lot of naan bread with that Indian food. In fact, I ate three pieces of naan. Incorrect: I ate a naan bread with that Indian food. • Non-Count Nouns by Category

Category

Examples

abstractions

advice, beauty, courage, education, fun, happiness, hate, health, honesty, humour, information, intelligence, justice, knowledge, love, luck, music, news, peace, poverty, proof, progress, research, sleep, truth, violence, wealth, work

sports, games, activities chess, golf, running, shopping, skating, skiing, swimming, tennis, walking solids

bread, butter, cheese, cotton, gold, hair, meat, silver, silk, wood, wool

liquids

blood, coffee, milk, oil, tea, water

gases

air, hydrogen, oxygen, smoke, steam

particles, grains

corn, dirt, flour, grass, pepper, rice, salt, sugar, wheat

natural phenomena

cold, darkness, electricity, gravity, heat, humidity, lightning, rain, snow, sunshine, thunder, weather, wind

groups of related items clothing, equipment, food, fruit, furniture, garbage, hardware, jewelry, luggage, mail, money, software, traffic 3 Articles: Referring to Something in General

• Count Nouns Use the article a before singular nouns that start with a consonant sound. Before singular nouns that start with a vowel sound, use an. Pay attention to words that start with “u” and “h” as they can sound like a vowel or a consonant. Consonants: a car, a fork Vowels: an episode, an iPhone a hotel (vowel sound) BUT an honourable person (consonant) a union (pronounced “y-union”) BUT an umbrella (vowel sound) • Use nothing (Ø) in the plural (do not use a, an or the) for general statements. Iguanas are more sociable, but lizards are less expensive. • Non-Count Nouns Use nothing (Ø) when you refer to a non-countable noun in general. Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. Mice make excellent lab animals. 4 Articles: Referring to Something Specific

• Use the for count and non-count nouns. The water in my shower never gets hot enough. (specific: the water in my shower) A man called our home to ask about things we buy. I didn’t answer his questions because the man didn’t say what organization he was with. (previously mentioned: the man who called) always plural or singular

• Some nouns that we think of as singular are always in the plural form and many nouns that appear to be plural are actually singular.

UNIT 2 count and non - count nouns

Singular

Plural

The news is making me feel so depressed. Mathematics is a stimulating subject for many students in pure and applied sciences. The United States is made up of 50 states.

She has trouble seeing in the morning because her glasses are usually beside the bed. I bought a new pair of jeans and they ripped the first time I put them on. Scissors are always given by the handle first to avoid cutting someone.

5 Quantifiers

• In addition to numbers, we can also use quantifiers before nouns to describe how much of something. Count nouns and non-count nouns have their own quantifiers and a group of quantifiers that they share.

Count

nouns and non-count nouns

any (for questions and negative statements) a lot of, some There weren’t any people at the gallery opening. Quebec has a lot of tourists in the summer. There are some interesting exhibits at the museum this year.

Only

count nouns

many, both, several, a few Many vehicles were in the accident. Traffic was stopped for many hours. The dogs ate both of my snacks. Both dogs look guilty. Several students protested last weekend. They did not go to class for several weeks. A few almonds help to keep me energized. I napped for a few hours after lunch.

Only

non-count nouns

less, a little, few much (for questions and negative statements) There is less information in this book compared to that one. It also costs less money. A little sugar is okay, but don’t eat a lot! Eat a little fruit instead. Mr. Prime Minister, the reporter assures me he has very few questions to ask you. People don’t pay much money for clothing because it is made cheaply. How much is this?

Zoom-in | Little and a Little, Few and a Few There is a difference in meaning between little and a little and between few and a few. • A little means some but little means not much. Remember that we use a little and little with non-count nouns. Compare: There was a little soup left in the pot, so I gave a bowl to my sister. There was little soup left in the pot, so I tried to scrape it out with my spoon. • A few means some but few means not many. Remember that we use a few and few with count nouns. Compare: There were a few empty tables near the window, so we put them together and sat down. There were few empty tables at the restaurant, so we could not get a table for 12.

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EXERCISE 1

Classifying Nouns

Yesterday, while Melanie was doing research for her science project, she found a lot of information on the habitat of bears and how they interact in groups, but she did not find a lot of proof to support the idea that bears are unfriendly. Based on this information, she decided to change her topic. Melanie is somewhat anxious now because she has a lot of homework this week, and she wants to finish it all before Friday since she is planning to take a hiking vacation with some friends. a) Underline all the nouns in the text above and then write them in the appropriate columns below.

Proper nouns

Nouns that you can count

Nouns that you cannot count

Melanie

project

research

b) Which column includes nouns in their plural form? c) Which column includes nouns with a capital letter?

EXERCISE 2

A / An or Ø

Write a or an for count nouns or nothing (Ø) for the following non-count nouns. 1 an ostrich

union

emergency

smoke

zoo

1 0

snow

air

rat

captivity

1 1

advice

earache

thunder

freedom

1 2

zoology

attention

lightning

hose

1 3

suggestion

hair

editor

storm

1 4

dollar

electricity

x-ray

research

1 5

money

SAQ store

rice

instrument

1 6

ambulance

food

flour

UNIT 2 count and non - count nouns

EXERCISE 3

A / An / The or Ø

Complete the following sentences with a, an, the or nothing (Ø). a Example: In the town of St. Sauveur, there is delicious Polish bakery. The bakery in my neighbourhood sells the best croissants. 1

books that I got from the library are overdue.

2 The Lord of the Rings is

great trilogy.

3 I went to the office to get

information about English classes because

information on the website was from three years ago. 4

apple a day keeps the doctor away.

apple I ate yesterday made me sick.

6 All of

furniture in her apartment is from her grandparents.

7 She recently got 8

piece of furniture from an auction.

furniture can be expensive.

9 Which came first, the chicken or 10

egg?

eggs are an excellent source of protein.

EXERCISE 4

Singular or Plural Forms

Complete the following text by choosing an appropriate noun from the list and putting it in its singular or plural form. Pay attention to whether the noun is count or non-count. Note: Only use each word once. quality

clothing

designer

information

company

person

brand name

profit

research

knowledge

In the past, the 2

clothing

of the rich was typically of much higher

: wealthy people wore skirts, shirts and pants of fine wools

and silks that were softer and more durable than blended fabrics. Now, however, 3

are buying clothing because of a

, and

do not necessarily look at the fabric

on the label to see what 6

it is made of. This means that many new 7

fabrics, but instead make a huge

do not use high quality because of their name. However, 8

in the last 10 years, young shoppers have started doing 9

on 10

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before buying their creations, and they use this to decide whether or not to buy a particular brand.

EXERCISE 5

Writing Sentences with Nouns

Use the words provided to write affirmative sentences. You must decide if the nouns in bold are count or non-count and if they are general (a, an or nothing “Ø”) or specific (the). Example: like / eat / jam and butter / bread I like to eat bread with jam and butter. 1 bread / pantry / be / bad

2 iPad / make / gift / great

3 teacher / assign / research on the internet / homework

4 therapists/ give / good / advice

5 air / Beijing / be polluted

EXERCISE 6

Questions about Nouns

Use the following words to write questions. Decide if the noun is count or non-count, and when it is a count noun, if it is singular or plural. Use appropriate quantifiers when necessary. For more information and practice on questions in the present and past forms, go to Units 6 and 7. 1 be / hair / salad Is that a hair in your salad? 2 Jennifer / cut / hair

3 be / cottage / water / near

4 drink / glass / water / morning

5 eat / fruit / three times / day

UNIT 2 count and non - count nouns

EXERCISE 7

Finding Errors

Identify and correct the error in each sentence below. There is one mistake in each sentence. Example: I don’t want a meat in my sandwich, please. I don’t want meat in my sandwich, please. 1 You already gave us some homeworks. Please don’t give us any more. 2 When I went camping, I caught two fish and saw three bear. 3 My father gave me an advice on how to catch river salmon. 4 The information that I got from Wikipedia were not entirely accurate. 5 I did a science project about a orange that was rotting in my locker.

EXERCISE 8

Choosing Quantifiers

Choose the best quantifier to complete the following sentences. 1 Katrina didn’t pay a) much

for this bike, but it works really well. b) many

c) some

2 When Bill bought a new phone, he got the different plans. a) many

b) some

information about c) much

3 Daniella has a huge closet, but she doesn’t have a) a lot

b) much

4 Antonio has had a) a little

clothing.

c) many

bikes stolen in the last four years. b) many

c) much

5 Meredith had to pay 50 dollars extra at the airport because she had too bags. a) some EXERCISE 9

b) much

c) many

A Little or Little ? Few or a few ?

Choose the best response to each of the following questions. 1 Would you like coffee or juice with your breakfast? a) A little coffee would be great!

c) A few coffee would be great!

b) Little coffee would be great!

d) Few coffee would be great!

2 Were there a lot of people at the hockey game on Friday?

forward 2 grammar

a) A little – the stands were empty.

c) A few – the stands were empty.

b) Very little – the stands were empty.

d) Very few – the stands were empty.

3 How much time is left until we can go for lunch? a) A little – like 2 seconds.

c) A few – like 2 seconds.

b) Little – like 2 seconds.

d) Very few – like 2 seconds.

EXERCISE 10 Using

Articles

Write a short paragraph of five or six sentences on one of the topics below. Pay attention to your articles (a, an, the or nothing “Ø”), and remember to decide if you are generalizing or referring to something specific or something that you have already mentioned. a) honesty

b) love

c) research

d) homework

Example: pollution Pollution is a growing problem in developing nations. The pollution in Beijing has been getting worse every year. The Chinese government has recently introduced policies to reduce pollution across the country, but with such a large population, change is happening very slowly. The government should create stiffer penalties for companies that do not follow the pollution policies if it wants change to happen more quickly. This way China could be an example for other nations struggling with pollution problems in their cities.

UNIT 2 count and non - count nouns

UNIT

PART A

PRESENT FORMS SIMPLE PRESENT FORM 1 To Be

In negative sentences and questions “to be” does not use the auxiliary do. It is irregular.

Affirmative form Subject

Verb

Complement

Contractions

19 years old.

I’m

You, We, They

are

in Cuba on vacation.

you’re, we’re, they’re

He, She, It

really funny.

he’s, she’s, it’s

Negative form Subject

Verb

Not

Complement

Contractions

not

tired.

I’m not

You, We, They

are

not

late for class.

you’re, we’re, they’re not OR you, we, they aren’t

He, She, It

not

interested in biology.

he’s, she’s, it’s not OR he, she, it isn’t

Question form Question word

Verb

Subject

Complement

funny?

Are

you, we, they

hungry?

he, she, it

busy?

Who

Why

are

you, we, they

in this long line-up?

Where

he, she, it

this afternoon?

Yes / No Questions Information Questions

Zoom-in | Question with an Unknown Subject To form a question when the subject is not known, do not use do or does: My uncle walks with a cane. = Who walks with a cane? The subject is always in the 3rd person singular because it is unknown. I bike to school. = Who bikes to school?

forward 2 grammar

2 Most Verbs

Most verbs in the 3rd person singular take a final -s in the affirmative (it sleeps, she keeps). Some verbs take an -es (he does, it goes, she studies). In the negative and question forms, the final -s is moved to the auxiliary (it doesn’t sleep; does she study?).

Affirmative form Subject

Verb

Complement

I, You, We, They

read

the newspaper every day.

He, She, It

works

during the summer.

Negative form Subject

Auxiliary

Not

Main verb

Complement

Contractions

I, You, We, They

not

read

novels.

don’t

He, She, It

does

not

work

anymore.

doesn’t

Question word

Auxiliary

Subject

Main verb

Complement

look

tired?

Does

your friend study

full time?

Why

you

live

in Québec?

What

does

she

to eat?

Question form

Yes / No Questions Information Questions

Zoom-in | Spelling and the Third Person Singular Add an -s

runs, works, jumps

Add an -s after a vowel + -y ending

pays, stays, enjoys

Add -es after -s, -sh, -ch, -x and sometimes -o endings

passes, washes, catches, mixes, echoes, does, goes

Add -ies after consonant + -y ending

copies, hurries

UNIT 6 present forms

3 To Have

The verb have functions the same as the regular verbs (He has a bird. He doesn’t have a bird. Does he have a bird?), but it is irregular in its affirmative form because the 3rd person singular is has.

Affirmative form Subject

Verb

Complement

I, You, We, They

have

a house on the lake.

He, She, It

has

nice eyes.

Negative form Subject

Auxiliary

Not

Main verb

Complement

Contractions

I, You, We, They

not

have

a red bike.

don’t

He, She, It

does

not

have

anything.

doesn’t

Question word

Auxiliary

Subject

Main verb

Complement

they

have

class now?

Does

eat

Pizza?

Why

you

have

this DVD?

What

does

she

have

for breakfast?

Question form

Yes / No Questions Information Questions

Zoom-in | There + to Be There + to be is often used to introduce objects or concepts. In this type of sentence, to be always agrees with the noun that follows it. There is an anonymous note on my locker. There are many reasons to consider composting. There is a green pepper in my salad. There are two cows in the field. There is a blue house on the corner. There are twenty cars in the street. There is a young teacher in that class. There are four students in the cafeteria.

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Zoom-in | 3rd Person Singular: Verb Agreement and Spelling The 3rd person singular (he, she and it ) can refer to many things (a person, place, thing or abstract idea). Remember to add a final -s or -es to the verb.

People

He wants to have a dog. Teri likes chess.

Eve loves dogs. It beats me.

Places and animals

China produces electric cars. Fido catches the frisbee.

My cat likes milk. Paris comes alive in spring.

Abstract ideas

Education holds the key to success. Beauty depends on the observer.

Life offers everything. Pride comes easily.

Activities

Studying gives you an advantage. Spending stimulates the economy.

Biking relieves stress. Talking helps me.

Everybody, everyone and other indefinite pronouns are also singular and follow the same rule. Everybody defines success differently. Everyone tries to look for his or her soulmate.

USAGE Habitual Actions, Scheduled Events and General Truths The meaning and usage of the simple present include the following: 1 Habitual Actions

These actions discuss something that is usual or routine. I get up at 8:15 a.m., take a shower, and ride my bike to school. Usually I get there by 8:45 a.m. 2 Scheduled Events

Public schedules report the dates and times of repeated actions. The train to Deux-Montagnes leaves at 5:02 p.m. on Mondays. The Just for Laughs Festival takes place in Montréal every July. 3 General Truths

Universal truths describe something that is always true or never changes. Composting decreases the amount of waste you produce. Yoga is an exercise that involves stretching, breathing and meditation. 4 Common Indicators of the Simple Present

Always, sometimes, often, usually, normally, every day, every week, every year, never, rarely

UNIT 6 present forms

EXERCISE 1 Affirmative

Sentences

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb. 1 She

(be) always happy when she

2 My dad always it

(study) outside.

(complain) about the weather when (start) to snow.

3 Trigonometry (have) so many formulas! It (be) very difficult to remember them all. 4 Classes with laboratories

(require) more time, but usually

students

(learn) more in these hands-on situations.

EXERCISE 2 Negative

Sentences

Complete the negative sentences with the correct form of the verb using a contraction. 1 Cats don’t like (not like) to get wet. Although they like to eat fish, they

(not swim).

2 Our mail

(not arrive) before 12:00 p.m. Other

neighbourhoods

(not get) their mail until after 2 p.m.

3 Astronauts explore the possibility that Earth only planet with life in our solar system. 4 Marathon runners

(not be) the

(not be) always in good health. They often (not have) strong leg joints because of years of running.

EXERCISE 3 Asking

Questions

Complete the questions with the correct form. Do I have 1 I’ll call you later. (I / have) your phone number? 2 Where to school? 3 Who something from the store? 4

6 Who favourite teacher?

forward 2 grammar

(need)

(swimming / be) better exercise than jogging?

5 What noise?

(you / go)

(be) that (be) your

EXERCISE 4 There

Is or There Are?

Complete the sentences with the correct form of “to be.” Pay attention to non-count nouns. To learn more about non-count nouns, go to Unit 2. 1 There

too many people in the elevator.

2 In January, there

usually a lot of snow.

3 How much time 4

left to complete the exam?

there anything I can do to help?

5 In the Philippines, there

more than 7,000 islands.

EXERCISE 5 Selecting

the Right Form

Complete the paragraph by choosing the appropriate form of the verb in parentheses. Before you write the verb, circle the subject to make sure you use the correct form. Example: J ack doesn’t type (not type) on a computer because

sitting in front of it 1

Jack Sprat

(be) monotonous. (be) a writer.

(write) fictional short stories 3

(think) that

(be) easy,

and poetry. If you the life of a writer 5

you

(be) like many people. Although 6

people

(think) that the life of a

writer

(be) relaxed because writers 9

(make) their own schedule and (work) when they 10

actually very disciplined. For example, Jack every morning at 7:30 a.m. and 14

(be) (wake) up

(have) breakfast and

(think) his readers

(expect) stories that 20

(believe)

(be) a good source of inspiration for stories,

Jack then

(read) the paper. Jack

that the news and he

(want), many writers

(be) connected to current events.

(go) into his office and

from 9:00 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. In the afternoon, Jack often (not continue) to write, unless he underway. He

What does Jack 27

(write)

(have) a good idea

(not like) to force himself to write in the

afternoon, because he 26

(not feel) inspired most afternoons. (do) in the afternoon when he (not write)? Does he

(sleep)?

UNIT 6 present forms

Do you

(think) he

friends? No. Most writers

(go) out with (use) the time when they are not

writing to do research. So, the life of a writer

(seem) more relaxed than the

typical nine-to-five job, but it

(not be) necessarily

a shorter day with less work. Jack 35 37

(be) that he

(say) the real difference 36

(love), so the days

do you

your dream job? Who

(do) what he 38

(fly) by. What

(love) to do? What 41

(be)

(have) a great job?

EXERCISE 6 Creating

Definitions

For each main word, create a definition in the simple present. Define what it is and how it normally operates or behaves. A few verbs have been provided to help you. Example: Cat: sleep – chase – drink A cat sleeps a lot, chases mice and drinks milk. 1 Dog: bark – play stick – lick 2 Wiki: provide – enable – connect 3 Hero: protect – inspire – save 4 Global warming: heat – change – destroy

EXERCISE 7 Simple

Present in Context

Read the following short paragraphs and pay attention to verbs in the present. a) Match the paragraphs with their purpose. Which paragraph mainly describes:

• habitual actions: a) wikis b) fashion week c) the accountant

• scheduled events: a) wikis b) fashion week c) the accountant

• general truths: a) wikis b) fashion week c) the accountant

b) There are three adverbs in each paragraph that indicate the present tense. Identify them, and write them in the spaces below.

Wikis

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Fashion Week

The Accountant

WHAT IS A WIKI? WHY DO SOME WIKIS NEED YOU TO REGISTER?

A wiki is a database. It provides an easy way to create and search for information on the Internet. A wiki enables people to write documents collaboratively by using a web browser, and connects all of the documents together with hyperlinks. The public creates and edits wiki pages, and the wiki host usually reviews the additions or changes and then accepts or rejects them.

Normally, people do not need to register with a user account to use a wiki. This weak security makes the information vulnerable to vandalism. For that reason, private wiki servers sometimes require users to register in order to edit or even to read pages. Wikipedia is one of the most popular wikis.

WHAT IS A FASHION WEEK? WHY DOES FASHION WEEK HAPPEN MONTHS BEFORE THE SEASON?

Fashion week is always a major event in the fashion industry. The one-week event allows several major designers in a particular location to display their latest collections. The most celebrated fashion weeks take place in the “fashion capitals”: New York, Paris, Milan and London. A fashion week happens several months before the season so that the press has time to publicize the designers’ collections. For example, “fall” fashion weeks usually occur January through March

and “spring” fashion weeks occur September through November. Retailers also need time to select merchandise that they want to purchase from a particular collection. The runway shows are the highlight of fashion weeks, where models present the collection on a catwalk. The general public does not usually attend these exclusive events. Sometimes the shows incorporate live music from a popular musician and celebrities often attend.

WHAT IS AN ACCOUNTANT? WHAT DOES AN ACCOUNTANT DO EACH DAY?

A public accountant is a person responsible for the financial records of an individual or a company. Typically, the day begins at 8:30 a.m. Accountants spend much of their time with clients because they need to interact with them. They often clarify details and get the necessary papers to do their job. This is much easier when

EXERCISE 8 Dream

the accountant is close to his or her client. The accountant then looks over the accounting records, confirms balances and completes audit papers. Many people think that accountants work a typical nine-to-five job at their desk. In fact, they work up to 80 hours a week during the tax season and are rarely at their own desk.

Job

Write down a profession that interests you (suggestions below). Using the simple present, describe what the job is and a typical day for this person. Try to use two negative sentences. When you have finished the description, write five questions about the profession in the simple present that you can ask a person who has that job. • Firefighter • Nurse • Web Designer • Film Editor • Lawyer • Nutritionist Example: A teacher is a person who shares information and helps students to discover new things. Teachers do not only work with young children. They also work with adolescents and young adults in colleges and universities. Teachers prepare lessons and exercises before classes. After class, teachers often revise their lessons for the future. In the evening, teachers often do corrections. Teachers work very hard during the school year, but most teachers do not work as much during the summer. 1 How many hours do you spend doing corrections? 2 Do you prefer to teach young children or young adults? 3 What subject do you enjoy teaching the most? 4 Are you a strict teacher? 5 What do you usually do in the summer? © 2014, Les Éditions CEC inc. • Reproduction prohibited

UNIT 6 present forms

PART B

PRESENT CONTINUOUS FORM To form the present continuous, use the present form of the auxiliary to be and the present participle form of the verb (-ing).

Affirmative form Subject

Auxiliary to be

Present participle (ing verb)

Complement

Contractions

watching

the news.

I’m

He, She, It

preparing

our coffee.

he’s, she’s, it’s

picking

her up at the airport.

you’re, we’re, they’re

You, We, They are

Negative form Subject

Auxiliary Not to be

Present participle (ing verb)

Complement Contractions

not

watching

Big Brother.

I’m not

He, She, It

not

preparing

our tea.

she’s not / she isn’t

not

picking

apples.

they’re not / they aren’t

You, We, They are

Question form Question word

Auxiliary to be

Subject

Present participle (ing verb)

Complement

bothering

you?

Are

we, you, they talking

too loudly?

it, he, she,

falling

hard?

Where

meeting

you?

What

are

we, you, they eating

tonight?

How

it, he, she

our latte?

Yes / No Questions Information Questions

preparing

Zoom-in | Spelling the -ing Verb Ending Take out -e and add –ing

hope agree

Add an extra consonant with CVC** endings in one-syllable verbs+

hug

Add an extra consonant omIT when stress is on final syllable of multi-syllabic verbs++ Replace -ie with -ying

die

Add -ing with -y ending

copy

hoping make agreeing flee hugging plan

omitting preFER

dying lie

making save fleeing see planning skin

skinning

preferring

lying tie

copying hurry

saving seeing

tying

hurrying bully

bullying

**Consonant-vowel-consonant +However, add -ing only with verbs ending with -w and -y: snowing playing enjoying ++In multi-syllabic verbs ending in unstressed -el, double the final -l: travelling cancelling

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USAGE The meaning and usage of the present continuous include the following: 1 Immediate Actions

These are actions in progress at the moment of speaking. What are you doing? I’m cooking supper. I can’t talk right now. Can I call you back later? 2 Temporary Situations

These actions occur within a limited or temporary time period. What are you doing these days? I’m studying political science at McGill this semester. I’m also working at Simons. 3 Actions in Progress

These are actions that are ongoing and describe something or someone that is changing over time but not necessarily at this exact moment. My grandmother’s teeth are falling out. (They are not all falling out at this moment, but slowly over time.) Jordan is losing weight. (This is a state that is slowly changing over time, not right at this moment.) 4 Planned Actions

These are actions that are planned for the future using the present continuous with a reference to a time in the future (tomorrow, tonight, later ...). Are you doing anything special next weekend? Not really. I’m just studying for the exam. What are you doing next summer? I’m planting trees in B.C. next summer. 5 Common Indicators for the Present Continuous

Present time: these days, today, now, right now, this semester, this month, this year Future time: tonight, tomorrow, this weekend, next month, next summer, in two hours, in January

Zoom-in | Gerunds Do not confuse the present continuous with a gerund (see page 2). A gerund is a noun and the present continuous is a verb. Swimming is great exercise. (gerund – swimming is a noun) Claudia is swimming in the ocean and getting a tan. (present continuous – swimming and getting are verbs)

UNIT 6 present forms

EXERCISE 1 Describing

Actions

Look at the three photos and describe two actions that are taking place in each scene.

SCENE 1

SCENE 2

SCENE 3

forward 2 grammar

EXERCISE 2 Speaking

in the Moment

Two friends bump into each other on the street. Use the words below to help you complete the dialogue with the present continuous form. Use contractions if possible. KAREN: Marty, is that you? MARTY: Hey Karen. How are you? 1 KAREN: Where / you / go? 2 MARTY: I / go / to work 3 KAREN: Where / you work / these days? 4 MARTY: I / still / work / at the corner store, but I / look / for another job. 5 KAREN: You / work / with Jon? 6 MARTY: No / he / not / work / there anymore; he / study / full-time. 7 KAREN: What / you do / to keep busy these days? 8 MARTY: I / also / study / full-time. And I’m late for class, so I have to go. It was good seeing you. Take care, Karen. 9 KAREN: You too, Marty. See you around. EXERCISE 3 Explaining

the Present Continuous

Choose the reason that best explains why the following sentences use the present continuous. 1 The leaves are falling off the trees. Winter is coming! a) temporary action

b) immediate action

c) changing event

2 Craig is living with my sister until he can find a cheap apartment close to school. a) temporary action

b) immediate action

c) changing event

3 Paleontologists are digging in Alberta’s badlands this year. a) temporary action

b) immediate action

c) changing event

4 The light is shining in my eyes! a) temporary action

b) immediate action

c) changing event

b) immediate action

c) changing event

5 My dad is losing his hair. a) temporary action

UNIT 6 present forms

EXERCISE 4 Meditating

with the Present Continuous

Read the following paragraph and find five errors. Underline each error and then correct it. The first one is done for you. Find five more. are

Imagine you is sitting beside a stream and you listening to the birds in the trees. You are watching the leaves fall off the trees. They are blowing in the wind, and the wind carry them into the stream below. You are seeing the leaves float down the stream. They are float far away. Each leaf is carrying your thoughts away. Your thoughts not are staying with you. They are floating away. Do you feeling more relaxed? EXERCISE 5 A

Conversation with the Present Continuous

Write a dialogue between you and someone you would like to see but have not seen in a long time. Think of five questions to ask him or her relating to temporary situations, immediate actions and planned future events (and write the possible answers). Refer to Exercise 2 as an example. 1 Q: A: 2 Q: A: 3 Q: A: 4 Q: A: 5 Q: A:

forward 2 grammar

PART C

COMPARISON OF VERB TENSES PRESENT CONTINUOUS VS SIMPLE PRESENT Simple present

Present continuous

General Truths: actions that are constant, unchanging or habitual

Temporary Situations: actions happening in the moment of speaking, in the process of changing or with an end in sight

STATIVE VERBS

Some verbs are not normally used in the continuous form. These are called stative verbs because they describe a state (like a state of mind or unchanging situation), not an action. The following table summarizes examples of types of stative verbs:

Emotions

Possession

Description and measurement

hate, like, love, want

belong, have, own, appear, be, look, possess seem, cost, equal, measure, weigh

Mental perception

Sensory perception

believe, know, think, understand

hear, see, smell, taste

I know the answer. NOT I am knowing the answer. (You cannot be in the process of knowing.) I own a motorcycle. NOT I am owning a motorcycle. (You cannot be in the process of owning.)

Zoom-in | Stative and Non-stative Verbs Some verbs can be both stative and non-stative because the verb can describe a state or an action. Have can be an action verb (non-stative) to express an experience. I’m having a party and I’m having a bad day. (non-stative / action) I have a cold and I have a runny nose. (stative) Think can be an action verb (non-stative) to express a mental activity. I’m thinking about studying biology at Concordia. (non-stative / action) I think biology is difficult. (stative / state of mind) Smell can be an action verb (non-stative) to express an activity. I am smelling the roses. (non-stative / action) The room smells like fresh baked bread. (stative / describing the smell)

For a more complete list of stative verbs, see the References section.

UNIT 6 present forms

EXERCISE 1 Focus

on Meaning

Read the following sets of sentences and identify the difference in meaning between the simple present and present continuous. Then match the set with the type of difference described below. type of difference:

A Immediate action vs general truth (state) B Immediate action vs habitual action C Future action vs habitual action D Temporary situation vs general truth sentence sets:

Set A What are you doing this weekend? I’m raking leaves Saturday morning and visiting my grandmother on Sunday. What do you do on the weekend? I usually do some homework and go out with friends. Sometimes I work at my uncle’s gas station. Set B I’m living at my friend’s house until I can find my own place. I live in an apartment with four friends and a cat. Set C I’m taking a bath because I have a headache. I take a bath every Sunday; I find it very relaxing. Set D He’s thinking about spending the summer in Costa Rica. He thinks that it is important to experience other cultures. EXERCISE 2 Comparing

Choices

Using the clues in the parentheses to guide you, complete the sentences with the simple present or the present continuous. Circle any common indicators. Example I I

rent am renting

a car when I go out of town for the weekend. In fact, a car next weekend because I am going skiing with

some friends. (rent – habitual action; rent – future action) 1 I

for groceries for my dinner party tonight. I always at the farmers’ market because the vegetables are cheaper

and fresher. (shop – immediate action; shop – habitual action) 2 I

to a new apartment this Saturday because I don’t like my

roommate. People generally

on July 1st, but this is an

exception—I can’t take it anymore. (move – specific [future event]; move – general event) 3 I

pasta for dinner this week because I only

$20 in the bank. (have – temporary situation; have – possession / state)

forward 2 grammar

4 My mother

as a guide at the Museum of Modern Art

to see if she likes it. My sister got my mom the job; she there as a curator. They

together tonight at a new Andy

Warhol exhibit. (work – temporary; work – permanent; work – future) EXERCISE 3 Making

Choices

Complete these texts with the appropriate tense (simple present or present continuous) using the list of verbs provided. A not charge • sell • know • be • not cost • range know It’s Boxing Day! And you what that means. Everything at Baldo’s shoe store

on sale. We

all our footwear

at half price. Our shoes usually

from $30 to $150. So, today more than $75. Plus, today only,

only, a good pair of shoes Baldo’s

you tax.

B shop • go • have • be • want • need I

a new pair of winter boots. I

old pair for shovelling the snow, but I I normally

new boots for work.

at Blue Shoes, but there

a sale on at Baldo’s. So I EXERCISE 4 Writing

there.

Exercise

Think of a celebrity, for example, Serena Ryder, Xavier Dolan, Angelina Jolie, Marc Labrèche or Sydney Crosby. Write five sentences describing the celebrity’s typical day and another five sentences describing what you think he or she is doing right now. Share your sentences with a partner. See if they can guess who the celebrity is.

UNIT 6 present forms

FORWARD ENGLISH COMMUNICATION

This new grammar book responds to the changing grammar and writing needs of intermediate students. In this book, the first 14 units provide practice opportunities to focus on existing grammar points found in the Forward 2 student book, as well as new grammar and writing theory. In the final unit, Unit 15, essential writing topics are covered to help students start writing and produce well-organized and thoughtful essays.

• 14 units for practising grammar and writing points • 3 review units for consolidating form and usage • 1 comprehensive unit focusing on writing • Clear explanations and easy-to-follow structure • Helpful lists for collocation and irregular verbs

Forward 2: English Communication Designed in response to the changing needs of students in all programs of study, Forward 2 offers rich, engaging opportunities to facilitate learning in all four skills. At its core, this series not only develops student skills in reading, listening, speaking and writing, but it also includes grammar activities, strategies for listening, as well as comprehension and vocabulary review activities. Learning is consolidated at the end of each unit with a writing task, and pronunciation activities are also provided for learner comprehension and comprehensibility.

Anthony Granato has taught ESL at Concordia University and for the Government of Quebec for more than 15 years, and he is currently teaching English Literature at Vanier College in Montreal. He holds a BA (Honours) in English Literature from McGill University and an MA in Applied Linguistics (TESL) from Brock University. Roisin Dewart has been a Maitre de langue at the Université du Québec à Montréal since 2007. She previously taught ESL at McGill University and Concordia University. She holds an MA in Applied Linguistics from Concordia University.

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