Chihuahueño Stadium by Lalo Velazquez

ARCHITECTURAL FIRM - LAAF

CHIHUAHUEÑO STADIUM ANAHUAC CANCUN UNIVERSITY Facundo Sánchez, Eduardo Sánchez y Adrián Vera

CONCEPT

I. NATURAL FACTORS ENVIRONMENTAL)

PAGES

(PHYSICAL-

- LOCATION _________________________________________________________

º Geographic coordinates __________________________________________

INDEX

3 4

- CLIMATE (KÖPPEN CLASSIFICATION) A, B, C, ___________________ D OR E

º Temperature _____________________________________________________ º Relative humidity ________________________________________________ º Winds __________________________________________ º Rainfall (Precipitation) _________________________________________ º Solar geometry __________________________________________________

6 6

- TOPOGRAPHY (ELEVATION PROFILE AND PLAN IF VISIBLE) _________________________________________________ - EDAPHOLOGY (SOIL)____________________________________________ - HYDROLOGY ____________________________________________________

7 8 9 10

- VEGETATION ____________________________________________________ - FAUNA __________________________________________________________

11 12-13 14 15

- RISKS ___________________________________________________________ º Seismic Hazard _______________________________________________

16 17

º Floods _________________________________________________________ º Landslides ____________________________________________________ º Cyclones / Tropical storms _________________________________

18 19 20-21

GENERAL INFORMATION It is located in the central part of the north of the country. It is bordered to the north by the states of New Mexico and Texas of the United States of America; to the east with the states of Coahuila de Zaragoza and Durango; to the south with Durango and Sinaloa; to the west with Sinaloa, Sonora and the United States of America.

I. NATURAL FACTORS (PHYSICALENVIRONMENTAL)

LOCATION

STATE COORDINATES Latitude: 28.6353 Longitude: -106.089 28° 38′ 7" North, 106° 5′ 20" West

Surface Total 8384.37 km² Altitude Average 2137 m a.s.m. • Maximum 2 800 m a.s.m. • Minimum 1 200 m a.s.m. Population (2020) Total 937 674 inhab.2 • 48.8% male • 51.2% women Density 111.9 inhab/km²

MACRO/MICRO-LOCATION GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES

RELATIVE HUMIDETY The muggy period of the year lasts for 5.9 months, from May 5 to November 2, during which time the comfort level is muggy, oppressive, or excruciating at least 12% of the time. The wettest day of the year is June 14, with humidity 50% of the time.

TEMPERATURE The hot season lasts 2.9 months, from May 10 to August 5, and the average daily maximum temperature is more than 31 °C. The hottest day of the year is June 14, with an average maximum temperature of 34 °C and an average minimum temperature of 18 °C. The cool season lasts 2.7 months, from November 23 to February 14, and the average daily maximum temperature is less than 20 °C. The coldest day of the year is January 6, with an average minimum temperature of 1 °C and an average maximum of 17 °C.

CLIMATE (KÖPPEN CLASSIFICATION) A, B, C, D OR E

CLIMATE 6

CLIMATE Semi-arid, temperate, average annual temperature between 12ºC and 18ºC, temperature of the coldest month between -3ºC and 18ºC, temperature of the hottest month less than 22oC.

TYPE OF CLIMATE BS1k"w

WINDS This section is about the average wind vector per hour of the wide area (speed and direction) 10 meters above the ground. The wind of a certain location depends largely on the local topography and other factors; and instantaneous wind speed and direction vary more widely than hourly averages. The average wind speed per hour in Chihuahua has considerable seasonal variations over the course of the year. The windiest part of the year lasts 5.8 months, from October 16 to April 11, with average wind speeds of more than 10.2 kilometers per hour. The windiest day of the year on January 13, with an average wind speed of 12.6 kilometers per hour. The calmest weather of the year lasts 6.2 months, from April 11 to October 16. The calmest day of the year is June 1, with an average wind speed of 7.7 kilometers per hour.

RAINFALL PRECIPITATION The rainy period lasts for 9.0 months, from March 24 to December 25, with a sliding 31-day rainfall of at least 0.5 inches. Most of the rain falls during the 31 days centered around September 14, with an average total accumulation of 224 millimeters. The rainless period of the year lasts for 3.0 months, from December 25 to March 24. The approximate date with the least amount of rain is February 5, with an average total accumulation of 8 millimeters.

CLIMATE 8

SOLAR GEOMETRY The length of the day in Chihuahua varies throughout the year. In 2021, the shortest day is December 21, with 10 hours and 19 minutes of natural light; the longest day is June 20, with 13 hours and 58 minutes of natural light. The earliest sunrise is 5:51 AM on April 3, and the latest sunrise is 1 hour 24 minutes later at 7:15 AM on October 30. The earliest sunset is 5:06 PM on December 1, and the latest sunset is 2 hours 59 minutes later at 8:06 PM on June 30.

TOPOGRAPHY

The topography within a 3-kilometer radius of Chihuahua contains only modest variations in altitude, with a maximum altitude change of 129 meters and an average altitude above sea level of 1,448 meters. Within a radius of 16 kilometers it contains only modest variations in altitude (921 meters). Within a radius of 80 kilometers it contains enormous variations in altitude (1,764 meters). The area within a 3-kilometer radius of Chihuahua is covered with artificial surfaces (85%) and flat land (11%), within a radius of 16 kilometers of prairie (50%) and shrubs (34%) and within a radius of 80 kilometers of shrubs (45%) and prairie (40%).

The composition of the soil of the municipality of Chihuahua is varied: to the west the fluvisol soils predominate, which are characterized by being formed of materials carried by water; they are soils with very little development, of medium depth and their structure is weak and loose. In the same region there is also the presence of cambisol, which is characterized by accumulations of clay, calcium carbonate, manganese and iron. On the

EDAPHOLOGY

other hand, in the eastern region, feozem soils prevail, which are characterized by their dark, soft surface layer, rich in organic matter and many nutrients.

HYDROLOGY

The hydrological potential Chihuahua state is formed by the rivers, lakes and reservoirs of surface water and groundwater wells. Currently the State of Chihuahua is in a highly vulnerable condition hydrological, facing severe problems of scarcity, overfishing and water pollution. Situation exacerbated by low rainfall and irrational use.

Encino

VEGETATION Mimbre

Álamos

Cactus pitaya 14

FLORA

Desert bushes predominate, distributed from the plains and deserts of the northeast (Samalayuca dunes). It is followed by the coniferous and oak forests that develop in the Sierra Madre Occidental, in addition to the grasslands in the central plateaus. There are also protected natural areas for the conservation of wild flora and fauna and a forest reserve. Agriculture is practiced in the valleys and occupies 8% of the surface of the state.

Víbora de cascabel

VEGETATION

FAUNA

Mexican wolf, Chihuahua minnow, frog, Alicante lizard, prairie dog and river otter. In the bushes: desert fox, rattlesnake, desert tortoise and kangaroo rat. In coniferous and oak forests: rat and ground and flying squirrel, bat, desert and mountain shrew and owl. In the grasslands: skunk, bighorn sheep and puma. Endangered animals: field mouse, black bear, Arizona shrew, western mountain parrot, American bison and coyote.

Lobo mexicano

Coyote

Búho 15

Among these dangers are: snowfall, frost, hailstorms, rains, among others. However, the greatest danger that challenges the Chihuahuan population is that of torrential rains and strong storms of short time.

SEMI-DESERT REGION STRONG WINDS

RISKS

SEMI-DESERT REGION RAINS

SEMI-DESERT REGION FLOOD ZONES

Seismic Hazard The city of Chihuahua is located in a mesosismic zone, indicating the the possibility of a lowmagnitude seismic event occurring. This makes the city must be prepared both in the prevention of risks and in the actions to an eventual contingency In the case of the Chihuahua city area, the issue related to the sismos Recent apparently does not apply because according to the regionalization level Seismic of Mexico presented by CENAPRED in 2001, the city of Chihuahua is outside the mesosismic zone, substantiated by historical records and data of acceleration of the terrain, being thus that the city of Chihuahua is located in the area that has not reported major sismos in at least the last 80 years. The city of Chihuahua is also not located in the area the active volcanoes of Mexico, nor are there manifestations of recent mudflows in the vicinity of the city.

CHIHUAHUA

Zoning of susceptibility to sismos, CFE. Where A is the low or no seismic zone; B is the middle seismic zone; where C is the high seismic zone; while the Strip D is the very high seismic zone.

Floods Extraordinary rains Extraordinary rains, also known as atypical and unpredictable rains, according to the National Meteorological Service of the CNA, it is those precipitations abundant exceeding the historical average plus one standard deviation of precipitation at a certain point, whose occurrence can occur inside or outside the period corresponding to the climatic rainy season. Its occurrence and impact on in recent years it has been associated with Global Climate Change.

Landslides Landslides can be triggered both by changes in the environment natural, and as already mentioned, by human activities. It is common for trigger this type of natural phenomena in areas where it has been modified importantly the natural terrain. Mainly because of the settlement of a community in sloping and morphologically irregular terrain, propitiating the reactivation of slope faults when the land is deforested. This generates water flows inside the material, exposing the sediments to the occurrence of sudden movements and detachment of soil masses and rocks slope down. As well as other phenomena of a geotectonic nature. Hence the rains intense and those of great duration, are also triggers of landslides of the masses of land. Especially with the presence of high hilly areas and mountainous areas with slopes that go above 20°, soft and porous soils, which at supersaturating with water, the weight acquired and the soil as mud, propitiate the slippage or tearing of the saturated portion. A slip occurs when breaks or loses the balance of a portion of the materials that make up a slope and slide down the slope by the action of gravity.

The most important faults within the area of Chihuahua Minillas Failure: It is located in the NW portion of the urban area, extending to the edge of the city, where it is truncated by the El fault Rejón, is a fault of normal type with dips of the order of 70 to 75 ° and an orientation of NW 30° with slight push-ups to the W, is responsible for the formation of the Blocks El Moyote and La Haciendita, as well as the Fosa Navigators, it mainly affects volcanic rocks.

CYCLONES / TROPICAL STORMS The tropical cyclones necessary for the generation of precipitation in continental areas. These natural phenomena can have an impact through direct impact or by approaching an inland (non-coastal) region of Mexico. Total precipitation in arid or semi-arid zones in Mexico is changing; which could be associated with the increase in the number of tropical cyclones originating in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans in recent years. In the analysis period, from 1949 to 2013, it was determined that 6.28% and 8.64% of all tropical cyclones originating in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, respectively, impacted the Mexican coasts. In that same period, only 10 tropical cyclones directly impacted the Conchos river basin and 142 came within less than 500 km of it. The number of tropical cyclones originating in the Pacific Ocean is increasing.