Women in science

Written by students from Bulgaria, Italy, Greece, Luxembourg and Spain

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Some months ago, we read an article published in an American Newspaper and we shared it via facebook.

It started with the question:

“why are there still so few women in science?”

It inspired us to start this etwinning project and research about the contribution of the women in fields dominated mostly by men..

We searched and found out that actually, many women contributed to the development of science but most of them were unknown to us, Although we learned about computers, maths and science.

However, we wondered “ were any women involved in these subjects?”

And we started writing about those women..

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Our e-book is a collaborative work of the students from Greece,(among them there are some former and passionate etwinners who are students at the Greek universities this academic year and would like to participate in the writing of this e-book), from Bulgaria, Spain and Luxembourg. All students worked in their free time under the supervision of their teachers:

Daniela Dimitrova (Bulgaria) Arcangelo Passarella (Italy) Efi Filippaki (Greece) Geneviève Harles (Luxembourg) Inmaculada María Hernández Padrón (Spain)

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Émilie du Châtelet

Émilie du Châtelet was born on December 17, 1706 in Paris and died on September 10, 1749 . She was a French mathematician , physics and author during the Age of Enlightenment . Her greatest achievement was considered thes translation of Isaac Newton and was published in 1759 and is still considered standard French. In 1733 , du Châtelet resumed her studies in mathematics. Initially, she took lessons in algebra and calculus by Moreau de Maupertuis , but even so the math was not her highlight. In 1741 , du Châtelet published a book entitled " Réponse of Madamet " That lettre to the lord of Mairan . Dortous of Mairan , secretary of the Academy of Sciences had published arguments addressed to it in terms of the mathematical expression of the active forces .

In May 1748, du Châtelet became pregnant. She told a friend that he would not sobrevivir. El September 3, 1749 , gave birth to a daughter, Stanislas Adelaide. She died a week later at the age of 42 . Her daughter died about eighteen months later.

Jose Javier Sánchez Perera (Spain)

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Before her marriage her name was Gabrielle -Emilie Le Tonnelier December Breteuil and she was called Gabrielle Emilie from her family , but later she was simply called Emilie

by Voltaire and others. The spelling " Châtelet " was introduced by Voltaire and has now become standard. In this biography we will call " Emily " until the time of her marriage , and then " du Chatelet ." When she was sixteen years old , Emily was introduced to the Court at Versailles from her father. She loved the glamor and extravagant life there. She was married June 20, 1725 of the Marquis Florent -Claude Chastellet. He was a military man who was made governor of Semur- en -Auxois in Burgundy . After marriage du Châtelet time spent in Semur- en -Auxois, but she also lived in Paris and many other places. Her husband spends most of his time on garrison duty, which meant that he spent long periods away from his wife.

Voltaire first met du Chatelet while she was still a child , because he was one of the many guests of her parents dinner parties . They met again one of the first occasions that du Chatelet came after the birth of her second son . She has had several lovers was the custom of the time for some of its status.

Maupertuis had a lover who was teaching mathematics during the time when she met Voltaire . However, she quickly developed a strong relationship with Voltaire and he found in her someone ( almost certainly the only woman in France) with whom he could discuss philosophical and scientific topics that interested him .

Voltaire had just returned from England, and they share the conviction that to understand the world one must apply reasoning to scientific evidence. They also both were firmly convinced of the truth of Newton 's worldview , which at that time was unpopular in France.

How a woman like du Chatelet can participate in scientific discussions ? Meetings of the AcadĂŠmie des Sciences in Paris were the focus of discussions on research topics , but they were not open to women. Other places where discussions were held cafes of Paris, but again, women were not allowed to 5

enter them. On one occasion in 1734 she tried to enter the Café Gradot to discuss mathematics with Maupertuis. This Paris café is best known as a meeting place for the best mathematicians, astronomers and physical scientists , and this is the cafe where Maupertuis and other mathematicians spent many hours in debate. Du Châtelet, however, was prevented from entering the grounds that women were not allowed , but it was not to allow a convention to dictate what she can do. A week later she appeared in Café Gradot again, this time dressed as a man. This is not an attempt to deceive the public, just to make a statement about what she believed was a ridiculous rule. It is allowed in and served by management to Maupertuis much fun . " Du Châtelet major work was a translation of Newton 's Principia. It uses the third edition of the Latin Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, edited by H Pemberton Newton under supervision "S, which have been published in London in 1726 .

Du Châtelet died in childbirth at the court of the Duke of Lorraine.

Let us end this biography by quoting again from the Preface Voltaire: No woman has ever learned than she is, but no less deserving than she did, to be called blue-stocking. She only ever talks about science to those from whom she thought can learn, I never talk to draw attention to themselves. She was seen gathering around her those circles that are fighting the mind, where one creates a kind of court, and determine one's century - which then turn your judges most serious. For a long time she moved in circles that do not know its value, and she paid no attention to such ignorance. ... I saw her one day, divide the number nine figure of nine other figures in his head, without any help, in the presence of a mathematician can not deal with it.

Made by Stilian Iliev,Bulgaria 6

Émilie du Châtelet

Jose Javier Sánchez Perera (Spain)

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MARĂ?A GAETANA AGNESI

Born in Milan, Italy on May 16, 1718 and died on January 9, 1799. She was the eldest of 6 siblings.

From small met very intelligent and educated people: academics, scientists, philosophers ... because her father gave huge parties and invited them. Her parents had their important guests as a child prodigy and some Mary instructed on various subjects and sciences.

As a teenager she fell ill and had to leave school. Barely recovered from her illness her mother died.

Shr devoted herself to the study of algebra and geometry, and nine years later it appears the Instituzioni published Analitiche undoubtedly the most important work in her career as a mathematician. It was published in several languages and was used as a university textbook in the universities of different countries were yet fifty years later the most complete mathematical text. She was commissioned in Italy for training her father, thus becoming the first woman in history who had taught math in college.

On the death of her father two years later, completely renounced mathematics and admission to a religious order in Milan, was devoting her efforts to theology.

Jose Javier SĂĄnchez Perera (Spain)

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Maria Gaetana Agnesi Italian mathematician and philosopher.

She is credited with writing the first book discussing both differential and integral calculus and was an honorary member of the faculty at the University of Bologna.

She devoted the last four decades of her life to studying theology (especially patristics) and to charitable work and serving the poor. This extended to helping the sick by allowing them entrance into her home where she set up a hospital.

Maria Teresa Agnesi Pinottini, clavicembalist and composer, was her sister.

Maria Gaetana Agnesi was born in Milan, to a wealthy and literate family. Her father Pietro Agnesi, a University of Bologna mathematics professor, wanted to elevate his family into the Milanese nobility. In order to achieve his goal he had married Anna Fortunata Brivio in 1717. Her mother's death provided her the excuse to retire from public life. She took over management of the household.

Agnesi's diploma from UniversitĂ di Bologna Maria was recognized early on as a child prodigy; she could speak both Italian and French at five years of age. By her eleventh birthday she had also learned Greek, Hebrew, Spanish, German, and Latin, and was referred to as the "Seven-Tongued Orator". She even educated her younger brothers. When she was nine years old she composed and delivered an hour-long speech in Latin to some of the most distinguished intellectuals of the day. The subject was women's right to be educated.

According to Dirk Jan Struik, Agnesi is "the first important woman mathematician since Hypatia (fifth century A.D.)".

The most valuable result of her labours was the Instituzioni analitiche ad uso della gioventĂš italiana, (Analytical Institutions for the Use of Italian Youth) which was published in Milan in 1748 and "was regarded as the best introduction 9

extant to the works of Euler." In the work, she worked on integrating mathematical analysis with algebra. The first volume treats of the analysis of finite quantities and the second of the analysis of infinitesimals. A French translation of the second volume by P. T. d'Antelmy, with additions by Charles Bossut (1730–1814), was published in Paris in 1775; and Analytical Institutions, an English translation of the whole work by John Colson (1680–1760), the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge, "inspected" by John Hellins, was published in 1801 at the expense of Baron Maseres. The work was dedicated to Empress Maria Theresa, who thanked Agnesi with the gift of a diamond ring, a personal letter, and a diamond and crystal case. Many others praised her work, including Pope Benedict XIV, who wrote her a complimentary letter and sent her a gold wreath and a gold medal.

Witch of Agnesi Main article: Witch of Agnesi The Instituzioni analitiche..., among other things, discussed a curve earlier studied and constructed by Pierre de Fermat and Guido Grandi. Grandi called the curve versoria in Latin and suggested the term versiera for Italian, possibly as a pun: 'versoria' is a nautical term, "sheet", while versiera/aversiera is "she-devil", "witch", from Latin Adversarius, an alias for "devil" (Adversary of God). For whatever reasons, after translations and publications of the Instituzioni analitiche... the curve has become known as the "Witch of Agnesi".

Other Bust of Maria Gaetana Agnesi in Milan.

Agnesi also wrote a commentary on the Traité analytique des sections coniques du marquis de l'Hôpital, which, though highly praised by those who saw it in manuscript, was never published. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch_of_Agnesi#mediaviewer/Fil e:Agnesi.gif http://www.geogebratube.org/student/m119299 Isacco Malavasi (Italy) 10

Maria Gaetana Agnesi

Maria Gaetana Agnesi was born in Milan, Italy in 1718. She is regarded as one of the most influential female mathematicians. She received a great education and by the age of thirteen she had been able to speak Latin, Greek, Spanish, German and Hebrew.

She studied Math and eventually she became a professor at the university of Bologna.

Her most famous work was the creation of "Analytical Institution" published in Milan in 1748. In the book she integrated Mathematical Analysis with Algebra. The book was later translated into French and English and was regarded as one of the best books on mathematics at the time.

She is also known for studying and defining a special curve with became known as "The Witch of Agnesi", named after her.

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made by Lyuben Stanchev, Bulgaria

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Marie-Sophie Germain

(April 1, 1776 – June 27, 1831) was a French mathematician, physicist, and philosopher. Despite initial opposition from her parents and difficulties presented by society, she gained education from books in her father's library and from correspondence with famous mathematicians such as Lagrange, Legendre, and Gauss. One of the pioneers of elasticity theory, she won the grand prize from the Paris Academy of Sciences for her essay on the subject. Her work on Fermat's Last Theorem provided a foundation for mathematicians exploring the subject for hundreds of years after. Because of prejudice against her gender, she was unable to make a career out of mathematics, but she worked independently throughout her life. In recognition of her contribution towards advancement of mathematics, an honorary degree was also conferred upon her by University of GÜttingen six years after her death. At the Centenary of her life, a street and a girls' school were named after her, and the Academy of Sciences established The Grand Prix Sophie Germain in her honour.

Introduction to mathematics 14

When Germain was 13, the Bastille fell, and the revolutionary atmosphere of the city forced her to stay inside. For entertainment she turned to her father's library. Here she found J. E. Montucla's L'Histoire des Mathématiques, and his story of the death ofArchimedes intrigued her. Germain decided that if geometry, which at that time referred to all of pure mathematics, could hold such fascination for Archimedes, it was a subject worthy of study. So she pored over every book on mathematics in her father's library, even teaching herself Latin and Greek so she could read works like those of Sir Isaac Newton and Leonhard Euler. She also enjoyed Traité d'Arithmétique by Étienne Bézout and Le Calcul Différentiel by Jacques Antoine-Joseph Cousin. Later, Cousin visited her in her house, encouraging her in her studies. Germain's parents did not at all approve of her sudden fascination with mathematics, which was then thought inappropriate for a woman. When night came, they would deny her warm clothes and a fire for her bedroom to try to keep her from studying, but after they left she would take out candles, wrap herself in quilts and do mathematics. As UC Irvine's Women's Studies professor Lynn Osen describes, when her parents found Sophie "asleep at her desk in the morning, the ink frozen in the ink horn and her slate covered with calculations," they realized that their daughter was serious and relented. After some time, her mother even secretly supported her.

Vassia Benioudaki - Grecce

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Marie-Sophie Germain

She was a french mathematician and became famous because of her contribution to the numbers theory. She was born in Paris in 1776 and died in 1831, leaving inputs too important about the elasticity theory and the numbers, inter alia: that of the primes numbers of Sophie Germain.

Ă lvaro Santana Rosales (Spain)

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Ada Augusta Byron Lady Lovelace (1815-1852)

English Mathematician and daughter of the famous Romantic poet Lord Byron, she is considered the first programmer in the history of computers which is a true exception considering she lived during a period, the Victorian Period, when women’s rights were extremely limited. A computer language developed in the USA in 1979 has been called "Ada" to her credit.

Ada Augusta Byron was born in England from Lord George Byron, a poet, and Annabella Milbanke, a strong-tempered woman and lover of science. After she was born, her mother separated from her husband and she wanted her young daughter to have a scientific education, especially to avoid her to have the same career as her father. At that time, when only a future of motherhood and household works were the possibilities for young women. Ada, who was endowed of a special insight and was able to look farther than other women, showed a great passion for maths and calculus: she liked to solve problems and even designed building projects for ships and for different machines. Despite the fact that she had a bad health, and was constantly dominated by her mother, she followed her studies with passion. She got into contact with well-known scientists whom she asked for suggestions and advice. At the age of 20, she married Lord William King Count of Lovelace. She continued to devote herself to scientific research, which was however slowed down by the birth of three children, by serious health problems and by the rules that society imposed to women at that time. She met Charles Babbage, a mathematician of Cambridge, with whom she shared interests and scientific ambitions.

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Ada become enthusiastic about his researches: indeed, he had been working for years at a prototype of modern calculators, composed of more than 20.000 pieces. With the analytic machine of Babbage, she considered the possibility to foresee the use of punch cards for the calculation of algebraic formulas and Bernoulli’s numbers.

Among her annotations, she foresaw the possibility that machines could also compose music and produce graphics for scientific purposes. Lady Lovelace tried in every way to obtain the money needed to continue perfecting the machine, even playing with horse racing, but only got as a result the loss all of her properties. She is now seen as the first woman programmer in the history of computing, a forerunner of the concept of artificial intelligence and one of the first people to foresee that the analytical machine would be of great importance for the future of science. In 1979 in the U.S.A., the Department of Defence developed a programming language for large systems of highly innovative calculation which was given, in her honour, the name ADA. Ada Augusta Byron died of cancer at the young age of 36 years old.

Lena MĂźller (Luxembourg)

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Sofia Vasilyevna Kovalevskaya

(Russian ) (15 January [O.S. 3 January] 1850 – 10 February [O.S. 29 January] 1891) was the first major Russian female mathematician, responsible for important original contributions to analysis, differential equations and mechanics, and the first woman appointed to a full professorship in Northern Europe. She was also one of the first women to work for a scientific journal as an editor.

There are several alternative transliterations of her name. She herself used Sophie Kowalevski (or occasionallyKowalevsky), for her academic publications. After moving to Sweden, she called herself Sonya.

Early years Sofia Kovalevskaya (nĂŠe Korvin-Krukovskaya), was born in Moscow, the second of three children. Her father, Vasily Vasilyevich Korvin-Krukovsky, was a man of Polish descent and was LieutenantGeneral of Artillery who served in the Imperial Russian Army. Her mother, Yelizaveta Fedorovna Schubert, was a scholarly woman of German ancestry and Sofia's grandmother was Romani.

When she was 11 years old, the wall paper in her room had differential and integral analysis, which was her early preparation for calculus.

They nurtured her interest in mathematics and hired a tutor (A. N. Strannoliubskii, a well-known advocate of higher education for women), who taught her calculus. During that same period, the son of the local priest introduced her to nihilism.

Despite her obvious talent for mathematics, she could not complete her education in Russia. At that time, women there were not allowed to attend universities. In order to study abroad, she needed written permission from her father (or husband). Accordingly, she contracted a "fictitious marriage" with Vladimir Kovalevsky, then a young paleontology student who would later become famous for his collaboration with Charles Darwin. They emigrated from Russia in 1867.

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Student years In 1869, Kovalevskaya began attending the University of Heidelberg, Germany, which allowed her to audit classes as long as the professors involved gave their approval.

Shortly after beginning her studies there, she visited London with Vladimir, who spent time with his colleagues Thomas Huxley and Charles Darwin, while she was invited to attend George Eliot's Sunday salons. There, at age nineteen, she met Herbert Spencer and was led into a debate, at Eliot's instigation, on "woman's capacity for abstract thought". This was well before she made her notable contribution of the "Kovalevsky top" to the brief list of known examples of integral rigid body motion (see following section). George Eliot was writing Middlemarch at the time, in which one finds the remarkable sentence: "In short, woman was a problem which, since Mr. Brooke's mind felt blank before it, could hardly be less complicated than the revolutions of an irregular solid." Kovalevskaya participated in social movements and shared ideas of utopian socialism. In 1871 she traveled to Paris together with her husband in order to attend to the injured from the Paris Commune. Kovalevskaya helped save Victor Jaclard, who was the husband of her sister Ann (Anne Jaclard).

After two years of mathematical studies at Heidelberg under such teachers as Hermann von Helmholtz, Gustav Kirchhoff andRobert Bunsen, she moved to Berlin, where she had to take private lessons from Karl Weierstrass, as the university would not even allow her to audit classes. In 1874 she presented three papers—on partial differential equations, on the dynamics of Saturn's ringsand on elliptic integrals —to the University of GÜttingen as her doctoral dissertation.

With the support of Weierstrass, this earned her a doctorate in mathematics summa cum laude, bypassing the usual required lectures and examinations.[5] She thereby became the first woman in Europe to hold that degree. Her paper on partial differential equations contains what is now commonly known as the Cauchy-Kovalevski theorem, which gives conditions for the existence of solutions to a certain class of those equations.

Last years in Germany and Sweden In the early 1880s, Sofia and her husband Vladimir developed financial problems. Sofia wanted to be a lecturer at the university; however, she was not allowed to because she was a woman, even though she had the same amount of knowledge in mathematics as men.

Sofia had even volunteered to provide free lectures and she was still denied the right. Soon after, Vladimir started business management and 21

Sofia became his assistant. They built houses as well as fountains to become financially stable again for a short period of time. In 1879, the price for mortgages became higher than the amount of money they made. They lost all their money again and became bankrupt. Shortly after, Vladimir got a job offer and Sofia helped neighbours to electrify street lights. Vladimir and Sofia quickly established themselves again financially.[7] The Kovalevskys returned to Russia, but failed to secure professorships because of their radical political beliefs. Discouraged, they went back to Germany. Vladimir, who had always suffered severe mood swings, became more unstable so they spent most of their time apart. Then, for some unknown reason, they decided to spend several years together as an actual married couple. During this time their daughter, Sofia (called "Fufa"), was born. After a year devoted to raising her daughter, Kovalevskaya put Fufa under the care of her older sister, resumed her work in mathematics and left Vladimir for what would be the last time. In 1883, faced with worsening mood swings and the possibility of being prosecuted for his role in a stock swindle, Vladimir committed suicide.

That year, with the help of the mathematician Gösta MittagLeffler, whom she had known as a fellow student of Weierstrass', Kovalevskaya was able to secure a position as a privatdocent at Stockholm University in Sweden. Kovalevskaya met MittagLeffler through his sister, actress, novelist, and playwright AnneCharlotte Edgren-Leffler. The two women had an intimate "romantic friendship" that lasted until Kovalevskaya's death.

Sofia Kovalevskaya was inspired by her father's old calculus sheets. The following year (1884) she was appointed to a five year position as "Professor Extraordinarius" (Professor without Chair) and became the editor of Acta Mathematica. In 1888 she won the Prix Bordin of the French Academy of Science, for her work on the question "Mémoire sur un cas particulier du problème de le rotation d'un corps pesant autour d'un point fixe, où l'intégration s'effectue à l'aide des fonctions ultraelliptiques du temps". Her submission included the celebrated discovery of what is now known as the "Kovalevsky top", which was subsequently shown (byLiouville) to be the only other case of rigid body motion, beside the tops of Euler and Lagrange, that is "completely integral ".

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In 1889 she was appointed Professor Ordinarius (Professorial Chair holder) at Stockholm University, the first woman to hold such a position at a northern European university. After much lobbying on her behalf (and a change in the Academy's rules) she was granted a Chair in the Russian Academy of Sciences, but was never offered a professorship in Russia.

Kovalevskaya wrote several non-mathematical works as well, including a memoir, A Russian Childhood, plays (in collaboration with Duchess Anne Charlotte Edgren-Leffler) and a partly autobiographical novel, Nihilist Girl (1890).

She died of influenza in 1891 at age forty-one, after returning from a pleasure trip to Genoa. She is buried in Solna, Sweden, at Norra begravningsplatsen

made by: Anita ( Bulgaria)

By Anita Bulgaria

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Sofia Vasilyevna Kovalevskaya

Sofia Vasilyevna Kovalevskaya was born in Moscow and she was the first Russian female mathematician, responsible for important original contributions to analysis and differential equations and mechanics. In 1869, Kovalevskaya began attending the University of Heidelberg in Germany. After two years of mathematical studies at Heidelberg, she moved to Berlin, where she took private lessons from Karl Weierstrass, as the university would not even allow her to attend classes. In 1874 she presented three papers—on partial differential equations, on the dynamics of Saturn's rings and on elliptic integrals —to the University of Göttingen as her doctoral dissertation. She thereby became the first woman in Europe holding that degree. Her paper on partial differential equations contains what is now known as the CauchyKovalevski theorem, which gives conditions for the existence of solutions to a certain class of those equations. She died of influenza in 1891 at the age of forty-one. She is buried in Solna, Sweden, at Norrabegravningsplatsen.

The sources: Wikipedia and Δομή.

Stefania Tsouri (Greece)

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Marie Curie Her real name was Marie Skłodowska-Curie and he was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize ( in Physics and Chemistry ) and the only person that was successful in multiple sciences.

She become the first woman teacher of the University of Paris. She discovered two elements : Polonium and Radium.

On the First World War , se become the director of the Red Cross Radiology Service and she introduced the France's first military radiology centre. In the Fist year of the War she directed the installation of a lots of radiological units at field hospitals. She never received any formal recognition for all the good things that she did from the French government.

Marie Curie died in 1934 from aplastic anemia. Doctor’s and people who know about healthy said that she died because her continuous exposure to radiation.

Interesting things : The curie (symbol Ci) have this name because of her and her husband Pierre , and it’s a unit of radioactivity. The element name is curium.

She was the last of 5 brothers and even she learned to read when she was 4 years old she never stressed because they were very good students too.She finished high school with a gold medal and two years less than other girls of her class.

She was very shy and she had problems to relating with people.

Ohara Santana Ramos (Spain) 25

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Florence Nightingale (12 May 1820- 13 August 1910)

She was an English nurse and writer, but she also worked with statistic. She was the first women to be included in the Royal Society, one of the most famous scientific organization then.

She is considered as the women who invented the modern nursing. She even founded a school to teach the concepts of nursing.

Apart from this, she also travelled to the Crimea’s war to help as a nurse.

Since she was a little girl, she stood out in the use of statistics.

She was considered one of the most important people in the representation of statistical data. She even was one of the first people to use circular graphs to represent this kind of data. she use this graphs in the British parliament to show people there how big was the Crimea’s war being, all the deaths it was producing., and to help people who had problems reading the traditional statistical representation.

Apart from this, she also made a report about the life conditions in India, which were quite bad. Because of this, she try that the Royal commission did something about it, and with this, she got that the military mortality turned from 69 deaths each 1000 soldiers to 19 deaths to each 1000 soldiers.

So this is why I have chosen this woman, because she used maths to save lives. And all of this is only a small part of all the things she did.

RAÚL VEGA RODRÍGUEZ (Spain)

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Grace Chisholm Young.

Grace was born on 1868 and died on 1944. She studied in Cambridge, at Girton College(England), and cotinued her studies at Göttingen University (Germany). In 1895 she became the first woman to receive a doctorate in any field in Germany.

She was the youngest of three surviving children and she also had aspirations of studying medicine.

Grace and William had six children together in a span of nine years, most of their children went on to become mathematicians. She also learned six languages and taught each of her children a musical instrument. With the approach of World War II, Grace left Switzerland in 1940 to take two of her grandchildren to England. Grace was to return immediately, but because of the fall of France, she could not.

This left William alone, and he died two years later in 1942.

Two years after that, Grace died of a heart attack. Of their six children, three continued on to study mathematics, one daughter became a physician, and one son pursued a career in finance and business.

Her son, Laurence Chisholm Young, and daughter Rosalind Tanner were also mathematicians, also Sylvia Wiegand work with them. They also wrote an elementary geometry book which was translated into 4 languages. She is known for her work on calculus that was awarded the Gamble Prize.

Víctor León Rodríguez. (Spain) 28

Mileva Marich Born December 19, 1875 Titel, Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (present day Serbia) Died August 4, 1948 (aged 72) Zurich, Switzerland Resting place Friedhof Nordheim, Zurich, Switzerland Ethnicity Serbian Alma mater Eidgenössisches Polytechnikum today Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Switzerland Religion Serbian Orthodox Spouse(s) Albert Einstein Children Lieserl Marić, Hans Albert Einstein, Eduard Einstein Parents Marija Marić née Ružić and Miloš Marić Mileva Marić (Serbian Cyrillic М М р ћ; December 19, 1875 – August 4, 1948) was Albert Einstein's fellow student at the Zurich Polytechnic, and later became his first wife.

Biography On December 19, 1875, Mileva Marić was born into a wealthy family in Titel in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (today Serbia) as the eldest of three children of Miloš Marić (1846– 1922) and Marija Ružić - Marić (1847–1935). Shortly after her birth, her father ended his military career and took a job at the court in Ruma and later in Zagreb. She began her secondary education in 1886 at a high school for girls in Novi Sad, but changed the following year to a high school in Sremska Mitrovica. Beginning in 1890, she attended The Royal Serbian Grammar School in Šabac.In 1891 her father obtained special permission to enroll Marić as a private student at the all male Royal Classical High School in Zagreb. She passed the entrance exam and entered the tenth grade in 1892. She won special permission to attend physics lectures in February 1894 29

and passed the final exams in September 1894. Her grades in mathematics and physics were the highest awarded.That year she fell seriously ill and decided to move to Switzerland, where on the 14th November she started at the "Girls High School" in Zurich.In 1896, Marić passed her Matura-Exam, and started studying medicine at the University of Zurich for one semester. In the autumn of 1896, Marić switched to the Zurich Polytechnic (later Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH)), having passed the mathematics entrance examination with an average grade of 4.25 (scale 1-6). She enrolled for the diploma course to teach physics and mathematics in secondary schools (section VIA) at the same time as Albert Einstein. She was the only woman in her group of six students, and only the fifth woman to enter that section. She and Einstein became close friends quite soon.

In October Marić went to Heidelberg to study at Heidelberg University for the winter semester 1897/98, attending physics and mathematics lectures as an auditor. She rejoined the Zurich Polytechnic in April 1898, where her studies included the following courses: differential and integral calculus, descriptive and projective geometry, mechanics, theoretical physics, applied physics, experimental physics, and astronomy.

Marić sat the intermediate diploma examinations in 1899, one year later than the other students in her group. Her grade average of 5.05 (scale 1-6) placed her fifth out of the six students taking the examinations that year. (Einstein had come top of the previous year's candidates with a grade average of 5.7. Marić's grade in physics was 5.5, the same as Einstein's.) In 1900 Marić failed the final teaching diploma examinations with a grade average of 4.00, having obtained only grade 2.5 in the mathematics component (theory of functions). Einstein passed the exam in fourth place with a grade average of 4.91.

Marić's academic career was disrupted in 1901 when she became pregnant by Einstein. When three months pregnant, she resat the diploma examination, but failed for the second time without improving her grade. She also discontinued work 30

on her diploma dissertation that she had hoped to develop into a Ph.D. thesis under the supervision of the physics professor Heinrich Weber. She went to Novi Sad, where her daughter, referred to as Lieserl, was born in 1902, probably in January.

Her fate is unknown: she may have died in late summer 1903, or been given up for adoption.

Center: the Einsteinhaus Kramgasse 49 in Bern. On the second floor: the flat where Albert and Mileva Einstein lived from 1903 to 1905 In 1903 Marić and Einstein married in Bern, Switzerland, where Einstein had found a job at the Federal Office for Intellectual Property. In 1904 their first son Hans Albert was born. The Einsteins lived in Bern until 1909, when Einstein got a teaching position at the University of Zürich.

In 1910 their second son Eduard was born. In 1911 they moved to Prague, where Einstein held a teaching position at the Charles University. A year later, they returned to Zurich, as Einstein had accepted a professorship at his alma mater. In July 1913 Max Planck and Walther Nernst asked Einstein to accept to come to Berlin, which he did, but which caused Marić distress.

In August the Einsteins took a walking holiday with their son Hans Albert, Marie Curie and her two daughters, but Marić was delayed temporarily due to Eduard's illness. In September the Einsteins visited Marić's parents near Novi Sad, and on the day they were to leave for Vienna Marić had her sons baptised as Orthodox Christians. After Vienna Einstein visited relatives in Germany while Marić returned to Zurich. After Christmas she traveled to Berlin to stay with Fritz Haber who helped her look for accommodation for the Einsteins' impending move in April 1914. The Einsteins both left Zurich for Berlin in late March, on the way Einstein visited an uncle in Antwerp and then Ehrenfest and Lorentz in Leiden while Marić took a holiday with the children in Locarno, arriving in Berlin in mid-April.

The marriage had been in difficulties since 1912, in the spring of which Einstein became reacquainted with his cousin Elsa 31

Löwenthal (née Einstein), following which they began a regular correspondence. Marić, who had never wanted to go to Berlin, became increasingly unhappy in the city. Soon after settling in Berlin, Einstein insisted on harsh terms if she were to remain with him. In the summer of 1914, Marić took the boys back to Zurich, a move that was to become permanent.

Einstein made a commitment, drawn up by a lawyer, to send her an annual maintenance of 5600 Reichsmarks in quarterly instalments, just under half of his salary. The couple divorced on February 14, 1919. They had negotiated a settlement whereby the Nobel Prize money that Einstein anticipated he would soon receive was to be placed in trust for their two boys, while Marić would be able to draw on the interest, but have no authority over the capital without Einstein's permission. After Einstein married his second wife in June, he returned to Zurich to talk to Marić about the children's future, taking Hans Albert on Lake Constance and Eduard to Arosa for convalescence.

In 1922, Einstein received news that he had won the Nobel Prize in November and the money was transferred to Marić in 1923. The money was used to buy three houses in Zurich: Marić lived in one, a five story house at Huttenstrasse 62, the other two were investments. The family of Georg Busch, later to become Professor at the ETH, was one of her tenants. In the late 1930s the costs of Eduard's care—he had been diagnosed with schizophrenia and institutionalized at the University of Zurich psychiatric clinic "Burghölzli" overwhelmed Marić and resulted in the forced sale of two of the houses. In 1939 Marić agreed to transfer ownership of the Huttenstrasse house to Einstein in order to prevent its loss as well, with Marić retaining power of attorney. Einstein also made regular cash transfers to Marić for Eduard's and her own livelihood.

Marić died at the age of 72 on August 4, 1948 in Zurich, and was buried at Nordheim-Cemetery.

made by: Anita. Bulgaria 32

Mileva Marić was born in 1875 and died in 1948. Serbia It was a mathematical and Albert Einstein's first wife. It was Einstein companion. The degree of participation in their findings is discussed outside of science.

He was born in Titel, in the province of Vojvodina, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in a Serbian family. In 1896 he entered the Zurich Polytechnic Institute being the only female student. Einstein began his studies in the same year.

Einstein and Marić had a daughter before marriage, Lieserl name, which is believed to have been given up for adoption, but her true destiny is uncertain.

Einstein and Marić married on January 6, 1903. From this marriage were born Hans Albert Einstein, who later became professor of Hydraulic Engineering at the University of California at Berkeley, and Eduard Einstein, who was admitted to a mental health institute for schizophrenia.

Ulises León Camacho

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Emmy Noether

Emmy Nother (23 March 1882 – 14 April 1935) was an influential German mathematician known for her groundbreaking contributions to abstract algebra and theoretical physics.

She studied mathematics at the University of Erlangen, where her father lectured.

After completing her dissertation in 1907 under the supervision of Paul Gordan, she worked at the Mathematical Institute of Erlangen without pay for seven years (at the time women were largely excluded from academic positions).

In 1915, she was invited by David Hilbert and Felix Klein to join the mathematics department at the University of Göttingen, a worldrenowned center of mathematical research.

Noether's mathematical work has been divided into three "epochs" - In the first epoch(1908–19), she made significant contributions to the theories of algebraic invariants and number fields. Her work on differential invariants in the calculus of variations, Noether's theorem, has been called "one of the most important mathematical theorems ever proved in guiding the development of modern physics".

-In the second epoch (1920–26), she began work that "changed the face of [abstract] algebra".In her classic paper Idealtheorie in Ringbereichen (Theory of Ideals in Ring Domains, 1921) Noether developed the theory of ideals in commutative rings into a powerful Noetherian in her honor.

- In the third epoch (1927–35), she published major works on noncommutative algebras and hypercomplex numbers and united the representation theory of groups with the theory of modules and ideals.

In addition to her own publications, Noether was generous with her ideas and is credited with several lines of research published by other mathematicians, even in fields far removed from her main work, such as algebraic topology Her algebraic acumen was recognized around the world and she was described by Pavel Alexandrov, Albert Einstein, Jean Dieudonné, Hermann Weyl, Norbert Wiener and others as the most important woman in the history of mathematics.

Evaggelia Margaritaki (Greece)

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Maria Pia Nalli

(Palermo, February 10, 1886 - Catania, 1964) was an Italian mathematics.

Pia Nalli university education takes place in Palermo as a pupil of Joseph Bagnera, with whom he graduated in 1910.

The beginning of his scientific production, which comes to light in the wake of the work of Joseph Bagnera, dates back to 1911, the year in which the public statements of the mathematical circle of Palermo, circle of which he was a partner from 1910, a study of algebraic geometry, as well as two notes which relate to the definition of the domain of the plane bounded by a simple closed Jordan curve. Further searches are directed to the analysis of the integral theory, a field of study then recently acquired, which are linked to the fundamental work of Émile Borel, Henri Lebesgue, Charles de la VallÊe Poussin, Joseph Vitali and Arnaud Denjoy. These surveys in 1914 earned it a teaching qualification achieved thanks to a monograph titled Exposure and critical comparison of the different definitions proposed for the definite integral of a bounded function or not; they go beyond a mere intent exhibition and stand out for its ability to reprocess the material so original, fecund and critical under the new methods which had taken hold in the bottom. Not surprisingly, between 1915 and 1918, the Nalli pledged part of its efforts in the extension of the theorem of de la Vallee Poussin on the second derivatives of the generalized second Denjoy integral functions, proving the theorem of uniqueness of trigonometric series expansion for this class of functions. During the same period, also focuses its attention on the problem of summation of series, with special reference to the Dirichlet series.

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1919 is the year from which Pia Nalli began to deal with issues related to the theory of linear integral equations and the study of integral operators in the wake of the investigations of Ivar Fredholm. In particular, interest in the difficulties presented Fredholm integral equation of the third kind in symmetric nucleus is linked above all to the fact that this equation was left out of the research analysts of the likes of Vito Volterra and Emile Picard which is were instead dedicated especially to those of the first and second species. Soon she realized that, in order to dissolve the problem concerning the conditions of solvability for the equation of the third kind, we needed that today, with modern language, it is called spectral resolution of the linear symmetric connected to the equation . It was, therefore, to adopt an innovative process that required, on the one hand, the abandonment of the techniques hitherto followed in the analysis of functional transformations, techniques and Italy were still substantially anchored to the methods of Volterra; for the other, the use of the theory of forms to quadric infinite variables and the integral Ernst Hellinger had proposed between 1906 and 1909 These studies, which merged in two memoirs appeared in the Proceedings of the mathematical circle of Palermo in 1919 and 1922 respectively, were the focus of many criticisms that basically revolved around the accusation of failing to provide a resolution explicit equation of the third kind in question, as reported by the same Nalli in a later work from 1926 titled Resolution integral equation of the third kind, which defends the value of their results. Although, after 1926, he had published some notes on lincee linear functional equations and a study on the state of the art Green formula in the complex and the area of the surface, written in collaboration with Giulio Andreoli, the research program undertaken in this area continued to encounter obstacles in the mathematical community, and after 1928 it was finally abandoned. At this date the academic career of Nalli had reached its peak with his appointment as professor of analysis at the University of 36

Cagliari (1921-1923), then to full professor until 1927, when he moved to the chair of algebraic analysis ofCatania held for about thirty years.

Just on the institutional and academic Pia Nalli had no adequate recognition to the value of his scientific production: it was not, in fact, never elected by the shareholders of any academy, and was not called to be part of a bankruptcy committee or university invested some authoritative assignment . In 1926, for example, despite having won first place for the chair of analysis at the University of Pavia where he aspired to move, it was not called by quell'ateneo, perhaps because of an anonymous pretext that the accused had to deal with more than policy of teaching. The reply was swift and it was rather caustic as it was in his character: in fact writing to the rector to challenge the decision of the faculty signed himself "Maria Pia Nalli refusal of the University of Pavia in the Royal University of Cagliari." (P. Nalli Tullio Levi-Civita, Cagliari, February 28, 1926, the Fund Tullio Levi-Civita, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei).

The lack of academic awards, however, did not prevent her from exercising the role of "teacher" of some young talented scholars such as Gaetano Fichera and Francesco Guglielmino.

Returning to her production from 1928 onwards, the Nalli occupied almost exclusively of absolute differential calculus entertaining a correspondence with Tullio Levi-Civita, which the calculation was the creator with Gregorio RicciCurbastro. In this field of research are to be remembered indepth analysis of the so-called Fermi coordinates, Tullio LeviCivita himself had used in his investigations on the geodesic deviation, carried out by Nalli in two memoirs of 1928 published in the Proceedings of the Academy of the Lincei with Above titles geodetic coordinates and Parallelism LeviCivita and above some possible extensions, as well as a notion 37

parallelism using its geodetic coordinates (P. Nalli Tullio LeviCivita, Palermo, September 6, 1929, the of Fund Levi-Civita, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei).

Finally falls between the works of high scientific popularization his monograph Lessons absolute differential calculus, published in 1952.

Pia Nalli died in 1964.

By Isacco Malavasi (Italy)

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Lise Meitner Lise Meitner was an Austrian physical. In 1945, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Otto Hahn for the discovery of nuclear fission, overlooking the physicist Lise Meitner, who collaborated with him in the discovery and gave the first theoretical explanation of the fission process.

When she got the doctorate, she went to Berlin in 1907 to study with Max Planck. She began to work with the chemist, Otto Hahn, she doing the physics and he the chemistry of radioactive substances. He continued helping she for 30 years, each heading a section in Berlin's Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry. Together and independently they achieved important results in the new field of nuclear physics, competing with Irène Curie, Frédéric Joliot, and other foreign groups.

After the Anschluss, Lise Meitner had to emigrate. In the summer of 1938, she went to Manne Siegbahn's institute in Stockholm. As Sime writes, "Neither asked to join Siegbahn's group nor give the resources to form her own, she had laboratory space but nobody, equipment, or technical support, not even her own set of keys..."She corresponded with Hahn as he and Strassmann tried to identify their "transuranes."

Marta M. Gil Déniz (Spain) 39

Grace Elizabeth Bates (13 August 1914-19 November 1996) She was one of the first women in the United States to hold a Ph.D in mathematics and became an emeritus professor at Mount Holyoke College .She wrote two papers on Algebra and Probability theory and two books: The Real Number System and Modern Algebra, Second Course.

She was interested in mathematics from a very young age and was encouraged to follow her interest then by playing math games on her grandfather’s knees. Her brother was very helpful through her high school and college years and he used his salary to help her to continue her education.

Bates experienced obstacles in her pursuit of education. When she attended the Cazenovia Seminary she was prohibited to follow the studies of her choosing. The same obstacle appeared through her college while she was studying for her bachelor's degree, where she was segregated because of her sex. After a while her request was granted and she became the only woman enrolled to study differential equations in her senior year.

Later she received her master's degree from Brown University in 1938.

She began teaching mathematics and English to elementary and secondary school children. The idea of teaching at the collegian level drew her back to continue her education. While preparing her doctorate she found out her love for research.

In 1949, she graduated from the University of Illinois with a Ph.D in mathematics. After teaching for a short period of time at Sweet Briar College, she joined the faculty of Mount Holyoke College where she advanced to become a full and emeritus professor and discovered her love for statistics.

Throughout her life, Grace Bates found she was drawn to teaching, which sparked her love for research, which brought her back to teaching .Dr.Bates died on 19 November 1996 (Georgia P.- Greece) 40

Winifred Asprey

Winifred "Tim" Alice Asprey (April 8, 1917 – October 19, 2007) was an American mathematician and computer scientist. She was one of only around 200 women to earn PhDs in mathematics from American universities during the 1940s, a period of women's underrepresentation in mathematics at this level. She was involved in developing the close contact between Vassar College and IBM that led to the establishment of the first computer science lab at Vassar. Asprey graduated from Vassar college in 1938. Asprey earned MS and PhD degrees from the University of Iowa in 1942 and 1945, respectively. She taught mathematics and computer science at Vassar for 38 years, chairing the mathematics department by 1957, until her retirement in 1982.

NĂŠstor Batista Santana (Spain)

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Vera Pless Vera Pless was born on 5th of March 1931, on Chicago s west side to a Russian Jewish immigrant family. She is an American mathematician specializing in combinatorics and coding theory. She is professor emeritus at the university of Illinois at Chicago. When she was a teenager she was more interested in playing the cello than in mathematics but she left high school two years early to go to the university of Chicago where she finished her studies in three years. Inspired by Irving Kaplansky to study abstract algebra, she stayed at the university for a master degree, which she earned in 1952 , a high energy experimental physicist. She began working in physics at the university of Chicago but soon won a fellowship to study at Northwestern university. Pless moved with her husband to Massachusett where she completed her doctorate from Northwestern in 1957 soon before the birth of her 1st child. A publication arising from her doctoral work was The continuous transformation ring of biorthogonal bases spaces which was published in the Duke Mathematical Journalin the following year. In this paper Pless looks at dual vector spaces of countable dimension over a division ring and studies the ring L of all continuous linear transformations on such a space. The main results describe the structure of B/A where B and A are non-zero ideals in L proving, in particular, that B/A is a primitive ring that is not regular.Times have changed, but one has to realise that Pless followed the expectations of her day when she did not think to look for a job after receiving her doctorate, rather she stayed at home to look after her daughter. In 1959 her second child, a son named Ben, was born and when Ben was old enough to attend nursery school in 1962, Pless began to teach courses at Boston University.

I still felt my first responsibility was to my small children. Even with my teaching, I found this life stultifying. We had little money, so we could not hire babysitters or household help. My husband was very ambitious, worked long hours and did not feel he should help anyway, which was common then.

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Once her youngest boy Ben was old enough to begin primary school, Pless began to look for full-time posts. Her attempts to get a university post were unsuccessful. On the one hand she had teaching experience but on the other hand she had not kept up her research. However, she felt knew that she was being discriminated against for being a woman and often she was told openly that universities and colleges were not the place for a woman. However she heard that the Air Force Cambridge Research

Laboratory was looking for mathematicians to work in a new area called "error-correcting codes" and although she had never heard of an error-correcting codes at this time, her algebraic experience was rightly considered to be exactly what was needed to make progress.

Pless worked at Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratory from 1963 to 1972 with a short break for maternity leave when her third child was born. During this time she became one of the leading world experts on coding theory. In 1963 she published Power moment identities on weight distributions in error correcting codes.

She also published some articles which continued the research she had undertaken for her doctorate. For example she published On Witt's theorem for nonalternating symmetric bilinear forms over a field of characteristic 2 in 1964 and On the invariants of a vector subspace of a vector space over a field of characteristic two in the following year, both publications being in the Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society. Further early papers on coding theory included On the uniqueness of the Golay codes published in the Journal of Combinatorial Theory in 1968 and, in the following year On a new family of symmetry codes and related new five-designs in the Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society.

Carrying out basic research in the Department of Defense establishments was banned by the United States government 43

and in 1972 Pless left and for three years she worked at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a research associate before being appointed a full professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago in 1975.

In 1982 she published an important text on coding theory Introduction to the theory of error-correcting codes. It was designed as a one semester course for undergraduates on algebraic coding theory and has proven its usefulness for professors teaching courses in coding theory. The proofs throughout are the simplest ones known.

An expanded second edition appeared in 1989. This is one of about 100 publications which Pless has up to the present time.

When asked what are she considered her work to be in she replied: While I consider myself a pure mathematician, some very interesting questions I've worked on have been posed by individuals who have been interested in applications.

Pless sums up her own career as a woman mathematician and compares it with what faces women today: ‘In retrospect, I think I was very lucky. I worked in coding from its beginning and it has developed into a fascinating mathematical topic. I have appreciated the opportunity to work with many wonderful mathematicians, in particular Richard Brualdi, John Conway, and Neil Sloane. I was able to care for my children in their younger years in a low pressure environment. I would find child rearing difficult facing the pressures our assistant professors face. Our discipline is not the only one demanding a great deal. My daughter, a medical resident with a young daughter of her own, has plenty to say about the long hours required of residents. Unfortunately, our society is probably losing valuable contributions from women for these reasons, and many women are paying a great emotional toll either in forfeiting careers or in not devoting as much time to their families as they feel they should.�

Mary Tzanakaki (former passionate etwinner-Greece) 44

Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall

Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall was born in London, England in 1934. As a primatologist, she studied tool use in chimpanzees, and she has dedicated her whole life study. Jane has made deep and fruitful scientific research on the behavior, use of tools and ways of life of chimpanzees. In 2003, her work was recognized by the scientific community with the Prince of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research.

Alberto Suรกrez Fierro (Spain)

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Mary Fanett Wheeler

Mary Fanett Wheeler was born on December 28, 1938 in Texas. She is known for her work on numerical methods for partial differential equations, including domain decomposition methods. In 2009 she was awarded the Theodore von Kármán Prizeby the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.

She won a double major in social sciences and mathematics from the University of Texas in 1960, and a Masters degree in 1963.

Wheeler studies finite element analysis and porous media problems with applications in engineering, oil-field exploitation, and the cleaning up of environmental pollution.

Professional background Her first work consisted of fundamental contributions to finite element methods and numerical analysis. She then moved into porous media problems, using her numerical expertise to study problems in the oil industry such as managing oil-field extraction. She also studies environmental problems such as cleaning up underground reservoirs, spills of toxic waste, and carbon dioxide sequestration. In addition, Wheeler has worked with the United States Army Corps of Engineers on environmental impact in the Chesapeake Bay, Delaware Bay, and Florida Bay. Eduardo Rodríguez (Spain).

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Barbara Liskov

Barbara Liskov (born Barbara Jane Huberman on November 7, 1939 in California) is a computer scientist.

Liskov earned her BA in mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley in 1961. In 1968 Stanford University made her one of the first women in theUnited States to be awarded a Ph.D. from a computer science department. The topic of her Ph.D. thesis was a computer program to play chess endgames.

Liskov has led many significant projects, including the Venus operating system, a small, low-cost and interactive timesharing system; the design and implementation of CLU; Argus, the first high-level language to support implementation of distributed programs and to demonstrate the technique ofpromise pipelining; and Thor, an object-oriented database system. With Jeannette Wing, she developed a particular definition of subtyping, commonly known as the Liskov substitution principle. She leads the Programming Methodology Group at MIT, with a current research focus in Byzantine fault tolerance and distributed computing.

Made by Angel-Bulgaria

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Evelyn Nelson (mathematician)

Evelyn Merle Nelson (November 25, 1943 – August 1, 1987),born Evelyn Merle Roden, was a Canadian mathematician. Nelson made contributions to the area of universal algebra with applications totheoretical computer science. She, along with Cecilia Krieger, is the namesake of the Krieger–Nelson Prize, awarded by the Canadian Mathematical Society for outstanding research by a female mathematician.

Education After spending two years at the University of Toronto, Nelson returned to Hamilton to study at McMaster University. She received her B.Sc in mathematics from McMaster in 1965, followed by an M.Sc in mathematics from McMaster in 1967.

She succeeded in having her thesis work published in the Canadian Journal of Mathematics, also in 1967; the article was entitled "Finiteness of semigroups of operators in universal algebra".

Nelson completed her Ph.D in 1970. Her thesis was entitled "The lattice of equational classes of commutative

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semigroups", and the ideas also formed a journal paper published in the Canadian Journal of Mathematics

Career From the completion of her Ph.D in 1970 until 1978, Nelson continued at McMaster, first as a post-doctoral researcher, and later, under the title of "research associate". In 1978, Nelson was appointed as anAssociate Professor. Nelson served as the chair of the Unit of Computer Science at McMaster from 1982 until 1984. She was appointed as a full Professor in 1983.

Nelson's teaching record was, according to one colleague, "invariably of the highest order". However, before earning a faculty position at McMaster, prejudice against her lead to doubts about her teaching ability.

Nelson published over 40 papers during her 20-year career.

She died from cancer in 1987.

Recognition Nelson is the namesake, along with Cecilia Krieger, of the Krieger–Nelson Prize, which is awarded to a female mathematician in recognition of outstanding achievement The Department of Mathematics at McMaster University has a lecture series, "The Evelyn Nelson Lectures", held since 1991.

Evangelia Skaraki (former passionate etwinner, Greece)

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Carol Karp

Carol Karp was born Carol van der Velde. She attended Manchester College in Indiana receiving her BA from there in 1948. Her Master's Degree was obtained two years later from Michigan State University and following this she spent the summer as an instructor at Michigan State University, and then for a time travelled around the United States as a violinist in an all-woman orchestra. She then continued her studies at the University of Southern California, working for a doctorate.

Her doctoral thesis was on mathematical logic. The thesis, Languages with expressions of infinite length, was supervised

by L Henkin and submitted to the University of Southern California in 1959. However Karp was teaching several years before the award of her Ph.D. having accepted a position as instructor at New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts in 1953. In 1960 the name of the New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts was changed to its present name of New Mexico State University. Karp spent a year at the College in Las Cruces, New Mexico.

Her thesis advisor had moved to Berkeley in 1953 and Karp was appointed as a teaching assistant here from 1954 to 1956 while she worked on her doctoral thesis. Karp had married Arthur L Karp in 1952 and, in 1957, she moved to Japan with her husband who was in the US Navy. On her return from Japan, Karp accepted a post as instructor at the University of Maryland.

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Soon after the award of her doctorate Karp was promoted, in 1960, to assistant professor at the University of Maryland Karp was a mathematical logician but, her work was closely related to algebra Karp considered herself to be principally an 'algebraic logician'. Her inclination towards algebra was never completely forgotten and she always seemed to draw results concerning Boolean algebras from her results about infinitary languages.

In 1964 she published a book on her research Languages with expressions of infinite length but she had hoped to write another work which would take her ideas considerably further.

Karp did give lectures at Maryland in the Fall of 1970 on infinitary logic and recursion theory. Basically Karp wanted to return to Gรถdel's original proof-theoretic definitions of recursive sets but of course using more liberal notions of proof so as to obtain generalisations of recursion theory.

It was both as a teacher and researcher that Karp made her reputation. She cared personally for her students and worried greatly for their futures during her illness.

To her, teaching had always been more than a duty, and even during her illness she taught all her classes in addition to carrying out all her administrative tasks. Her research, too, was pushed forward with her usual determination....

Karp's intellectual standards were extremely high, and she was unfailingly honest in applying them. Although she showed almost familial concern for her students and younger colleagues, she was consistently candid in appraising their mathematical contributions.

Afroditi and Foteini Faraggitaki (former and new etwinners, Greece)

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Edna Paisano She was born in Sweetwater (Idaho) in 1948 He studied in Washington, following the example of her mother, who had finished his studies as a teacher in special education and was awarded by the National Educational Association. However, Edna studied social work, and mused about the power of statistics. Full convinced that the study of this science could help a lot to improve the situation of its people.

She was jailed to persuade the Government of the United States to return to the American Indians, the Fort Lawton, which was legally an Indian owned.

Years later she was offered work at the Census Bureau of the United States on issues related to the Alaska Native Indians, and that became the first Indian woman who obtained a post in the administration. After the 1980, he discovered that there were geographical locations where is had not taken them into account, Edna used modern statistical techniques to improve the quality of these censuses and through great efforts in very important areas of mathematics such as programming computers, demographics and statistics, she became clear to American society the importance of data collection.

These efforts were really productive and in 1990 the census reflected an increase of 38% of American Indians live in the United States.

Christian Reina Santana (Spain)

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Chuu-Lian Terng

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Chuu-Lian Terng was born on China in the 1949. She is a mathematician. She received her B.S. from National Taiwan University in 1971 and her Ph.D. from Brandeis University in 1976.She is currently a professor at University of California at Irvine. She was a professor at Northeastern University for many years. Before joining Northeastern, she spent two years at the University of California, Berkeley and four years at Princeton University. She also spent two years at the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) in Princeton and two years at the Max-Planck Institute in Bonn,Germany.

Now Chuu-Lian Terng is a professor at University of California at Irvine, and she is especialiced in geometry and topology of submanifolds, isometric group actions and in integrable hamiltonian systems in particular soliton equations related to differential geometry

Gabriel Gil Bord贸n, (Spain)

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Melanie Matchett Wood

She was born in Indianapolis (Indiana), actually she have 32-33 yearsold.

She has became the first female American to make the U.S. International Mathematical Olympiad Team. She completed her Ph.D in 2009 at Princeton University and is currently an Assistant Professor at the University of Wisconsin. While a high school student at Park Tudor School in Indianapolis, Melanie, when she has 16 years-old, became the first only female American to make the U.S. International Math Olympiad Team and receiving silver medals in the 1998 and 1999 International Mathematical Olympiad. She was also named the Deputy Leader of the U.S. team that finished second overall at the 2005 International Mathematical Olympiad. In 2004, she won the Morgan Prize for work in two topics, Belyi-extending maps and P-orderings, making her the first woman to win this award. In 2012 she became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.

VĂ­ctor LeĂłn RodrĂ­guez (Spain)

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Melanie Wood Melanie Wood was born on 1981, she’s an American mathematician who became the first female American to make the U.S International Mathematical Olympiad Team. She completed her Ph.D. in 2009 at Princeton University and she’s currently an Assistant Professor at the University of Wisconsin after spending 2 years as a professor at Stanford University.

Melanie Wood was born in Indianapolis, Indiana. Her father died of cancer when she was six weeks old. While a high school student at Park Tudor School in Indianapolis, Melanie (then aged 16) became the first, and until 2004 the only female American to make the U.S. International Math Olympiad Team, receiving silver medals in the 1998 and 1999 International Mathematical Olympiad.

Melanie graduated from Duke University where she won a Gates Cambridge Scholarship, Fulbright fellowship and a National Science Foundation graduate fellowship in 2003.

During the 2003 and the 2004 year, she studied at Cambridge University. She was also named the Deputy Leader of the U.S. team that finished second overall at the 2005 International Mathematical Olympiad.

Finally, in 2012 she became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.

Jeffrey Torres Clarke (Spain), 57

The most known ancient woman mathematician

Hipatia de AlejandrĂ­a She was born in Alexandria. Hypatia was a philosopher, astronomer and mathematician who surpassed his father.Contributed to the invention of devices like the hydrometer and built the astrolabe.He was an advocate of heliocentrism (defending theory that the earth revolves around the sun).

She worked on submissions concerning Diophantine equations, and on conic geometry and also produced tables on movements of the stars. She studied at the museum and then traveled through Italy and Athens, where she honed his skills, and when he returned to Alexandria was a teacher for 20 years. She teach mathematics toa lot of people that came his.

In 415 when he was 45 years was murdered by fanatical monks of the church of St. Cyril of Jerusale because she was in favor of the Greek scientific rationalism and she wasn´t convert to Christianity.

Christian Reina Santana (Spain) 58

In conclusion

Our world is still a men’s world. If we- women- want to achieve anything, we have to constantly prove that we are as good as men or even better.

Actually, 'behind many great achievements are hidden great women'.

All of us realize that all kind of success needs a peaceful and friendly environment which is provided by women And we know well that the insinuation: “Girls never go on in science and math.” is a myth.

We should only have a look at the history of science from Antiquity to the present…

Sourses : Wikipedia Encyclopaedia ΔΟΜΗ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_female_mathematicians

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Painted by K.Mpariotakis Greece

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