The Tour D'encore PARK
urban
cathedral parador plaza
schooltower
N
monastery
The VErtical Maze Pia Grung hostel/auberge Olivier Bouvais Dan Dorocic
culturalcenter
Group:
Olivier bouvais
Pia Grung
Dan dorocic
Contents
Research
8
Essay
10
Atlas
26
Study trip
48
Concept Models
50
The project
59
Project Evolution
65
Iteration
77
Systems approach
93
Expression
109
Final view
112
operativity noun 1 2 3 4
the quality or state of being in force, effect, or operation the quality or state of exerting force or influence the quality or state of producing a desired effect; significance (surgery) the quality or state of being of or relating to a surgical procedure
Research:
a complex context
focus:
Foreign Office Architects + EMBT
research
Bibliography Allen, Stan (2002) Mat Urbanism: The Thick 2D. In Sarkis, Hashim CASE: Le Corbusier’s Venice Hospital and the Mat Building Revival. Prestel pp 118-126 Cache, Bernard et. al. Phylogenesis: Foa's Ark. Barcelona: Actar, 2003. Print. Cohn, David. Young Spanish Architects/ Junge Spanische Architekten. Basil: Birkhäuser, 2000. Print. Jencks, Charles. The Scottish Parliament. London: Scala, 2005. Print. Jencks, Charles. “Identity Parade: Miralles and the Scottish Parliament: On the Architectural Territories of the EMBT/RMJM Parliament Building.” Architecture Today 154 (2005): 32-44. Print. Miralles, Enric, and Miralles Benedetta. Tagliabue. Enric Miralles: Works and Projects, 1975-1995. New York: Monacelli, 1996. Print. Miralles, Enric, and Benedetta Taliabue. EMBT: Enric Miralles, Benedetta Tagliabue : Work in Progress. Barcelona: Actar, 2004. Print. Miralles, Enric, and Benedetta Tagliabue. Enric Miralles: Mixed Talks. London: Academy Editions, 1995. Print. Smithson, Alison. “How to Recognise and Read Mat-Building: Mainstream Architecture as It Has Developed Towards the Mat-building.” Architectural Design, September 1974. Zabalbeascoa, Anatxu. Igualada Cemetery: Enric Miralles and Carme Pinós. London: Phaidon, 1996. Print. Zaera, Alejandro & Farshid Moussavi, and Albert Ferré. The Yokohama Project. Barcelona: Actar, 2002.
September 2012
Mind after Matter The placement of a building on its site -the contextual spectrum, can depend on any number of parameters. No matter should a project concern itself with the topography or ecology of the landscape, the programmatic landscape, the cultural or historical depth of a site, it needs to justify it’s context for itself. The placement of a constructed object on the landscape always needs to communicate with its site in a clear manner. In this paper we will evoke the work of Enric Miralles, Bendetta Tagliabue, and Carme Pinos and that of Foreign Office Architects, the office of Alejandro Zaera-Polo and Farshid Moussavi in order to break down their particular ways of dealing with context. The idea of ‘mat-building’ is used as an entry-point and as a theme of comparison between the two Studiod. This essay will explore the operative framework of these architects, how they create a dialogue with the local through envelope, or the skin of their building, how they transform the site into a constructed landscape, and how they deal with it by manipulating the structure to speak.
Mat-buidlings were first developed by the members of Team X, a revolutionary group that came out of the break up of CIAM. Alison Smithson article “How to recognize and Read Mat-Building” (1974) set up didactic ground rules for an applicable agency in architecture. Enric Miralles was attracted to the Smithsons for the reason that each project is a new proposition in an unfolding dialogue. When looking at recent development;s in architectre, Smithson’s article seems newly relevant today. A brief overview of recent work demonstrates the persistence of mat building effects at the scale of individual buildings. Foreign Office Architects’ Yokohama Port Terminal, for example, creates a porous mat of movement and waiting spaces by means of warped and folded steel plates. In this project, there is only minimal formal distinction between garden spaces and the waiting areas of the terminal. Garden and building are simply differing intensities of occupation occurring along a more or less continuous surface. Conceived as an artificial landscape, minimal sectional variation seperates and smoothes traffic flows at the same time that it activates complex programmatic variation. Working with a very different architectural vocabulary, the 1997-1998 project by Enric miralles and Bendetta Tagliabue for the reconstruction of the Santa Caterina Market in Barcelona responds to the constant flux of demolition and rebuilding in historic city centers. EMBT inscribe new traces, and overlay new uses, without erasing the old. This aspect of mat-building persists as an organizational strategy. Mat building is antifigural, antirepresentational and antimonumental emphasizing the organizational over the formal. It is based on operative realism regarding the architect’s design control creating a field where the fullest range of possible events might take place. Performative functions and events configure spaces rather than the architectural frame, which remains relatively neutral. Mat buildings are characterized by the promotion of interstitial spaces outside architecture’s explicit envelope of control. The performative effects of architecture such as circulation, connectivity and emergence and the organizational principles based on the “stem” or cluster” patters. By paying careful attention to these surface condtions – not only configuration, but also materiality and perofamnce – designers can activate space and produce urban effects without the weighty apparatus of traditional space making. The natural ecology and topography of the landscape is not only a formal model for urbanism today, but perhaps a model for process – mat-buidlings are never finished. They create a directed field for the occupation of the site over time – a kind of loose scaffold. 1
1
A.+P. Smithson’s Diagram for a flexible architecure
EMBT/ EMCP Enric Miralles worked on a number of large-scale projects the bulk of which were built in the mid to late 80s, the 90s and up to the present. While most of the deconstructivist were still only working in the theoretical and paper realm, Miralles saw many of his projects built in the 80s. With some pride in this era, during which the works we will be looking at in this research were constructed, the EMBT office of Enric Miralles and Benedetta Tagliabue, worked under the slogan ‘under construction’. This title also reflects the duos perspective on a work and Miralles was known to really enjoy the flexible dialogue with the clients and the landscape which would be underway during the construction process. Once finished, the project stood there collecting the dust of the ages, and although the aging process was acknowledged- this fate wasn’t one which Enric favoured in the design lifetime. The agency of his studio was one of constant dialogue. The architect in EM’s mind was just a transmitter of ideas. And to keep an open dialogue through drawings, words, pictures and models was the architect’s fundamental role. The process of EM is one of immersing deeply with the landscape, to not strive to create monuments or emblems in the city, but rather to bring out the qualities of the site. Over and over again, we see the projects nestled on an escarpment with the architecture framing the landscape and the views into the surroundings. The arrangement of the architectural bodies in space is one taken on like the arrangement of flowers. The natural character of the local is strived for in order to be captured, embodied in the curving lines of physical structure. The construction drawings themselves are layered over and over with information, with details, material, doors, views, and important corners. The methodology of EMBT is best encapsulated through their working table, the ‘Ines Table’. Literally meaning ‘unstable’ in Spanish, it is an unstable, folding construction which through its folding changes the usage of a room, creating new views at whatever is sitting on it, thereby creating the possibilities for progress.
"This is a table that explains a certain way of working in which the things themselves become actors, in which the ocupation of spaces is attentively studied, and in which the idea of time passing is played with". (...) "The table can be folded and moved to assume different positions, almost becoming a landscape that can change daily" Images and text from Enric Miralles : works and projects, 1975-1995 / edited by Benedetta Tagliabue Miralles; introduction by Juan José Lahuerta.
2
Miralles & Moussavi (1996)
FOA Much like EM, Alejandro Zaera of Foreign Office Architects (FOA) sees his agency in architecture as an ever-evolving process. In the book Phylogenesis, the chronography of their works, each project is described through numerous characteristics in order to be classed in a phylogenic tree.
It is not simply a formal exercise, but a relational one. How does the studio progress and simultaneously construct its identity? The goal of FOA is to develop alternative forms, by overcoming a singular style and authorship - the natural evolution of a specific culture of practice. The pattern language developed in Phylogenesis counts through the projects showing the multiplicitous nature of an architects work. The methodology is broken down into taxonomy through differing function, changing faciality, changing balance. The only fundamental constant is that the operativity of the architect is always local. Alejandro Zaera-Polo had an unusually early involvement as a theorist, writing for El Croquis from as early as 1987, where he identified and theorised the work of the current generation of established architects. In the essay “Mind after Matter” , Alejandro talks about a reconfiguration of “the ground”, the justification not coming a posteori but the creation of a “new ground” during the metamorphosis of the site. The projects in essence become platforms. They enable alternative operative systems. The context is interpreted as an operative system itself rather than a ‘site’. Thus, the building process optimally results in charging the domain rather than being used for neutralization and erasure. The philosophy could basically be symbolized in the ‘virtual house’ being a potential not yet actualized. 3
Although FOA’s methodology and approach is quite different throughout the design process, the interests in mat-buidling links it to the work of EMBT. The cover of FOA’s book ‘The Yokohama Project’ shows a circulatory diagram which was used as the central programmatic for the logic of the project.
3
Zaera&Moussavi (2002)
“The River of Life and Death” The Igualada Cemetery Project by Carme Pinos and Enric Miralles
Miralles’ first teacher to make an impact was in fact Rafael Moeno. He encouraged Miralles to link the work of Le Corbusier into the work of later architects -to see the pattern and through it to look for new ideas. In his youth Enric forged a friendship with Peter and Alison Smithson and was inspiration by their writings and also his conversations with Manfredo Tafuri. The notion of the cycle of time is of great importance in Miralles work. The idea of the passage of time and a return to origins were both fundamental factors in the concept of the Igualada cemetery. Miralles thesis , ‘Things seen to your right and your left without your glasses.’ was a reference to Erik Saties’s 1914 chamber symphony, and was itself an investigation into the origins of creativity. His architecture can thus be considered a humanization of the programme in Igualada and an appreciation of the topography- that is, the visible physical landscape as well as the memories contained in it. 4 In the Igualada project, circulation is the defining architectonic feature of the site. The cemetery embodies a path in the escarpment. The cemetery wall, which is for the loculi, frames a promenade in the landscape along which the visitor walks. This wall, a physical border between life and death climbs slowly up the escarpment as it meanders seemingly with the topography. The circulation pattern is the main manipulation of the site -there is no actual building up. Rather, the site is manipulated through the excavation of the ground. The circulation – the movements of the user who descend into the site to discover a series of walkways lined with trees and dynamic sculptural forms – the humanizing factor - the harmonizing of bodies in space. The site provides a stillness, where one can contemplate and pay respects to the dead. It provides a space that allows for a multiplicity of ways of seeing and using the architecture. The site becomes the place of interactionarchitecture as living art to which the user can personally and physically relate. As the path zig-zags up the slope, it evokes images of the city of the dead. These empty ‘streets’ and the open spaces aren’t typical of cemeteries. The setting of La Igualada in the Spanish countryside outside Barcelona with its urban characteristics is designed to provoke thoughts and memories of life and death. This memoryladen project is aided by its apparent natural adaptation to the site. Miralles strives for the history of the buildings not just as the history of their own construction, but as the history of the site. The history of the building thus starts before its construction inherent in the history and the memory of the land. The work merges with the ground, a temporary state of the land and can approach site-specific sculpture, creating tensions and visual forces of energy between the site and construction, rather than attempting to maintain an architectural contextualism. In essenc, Enric Miralles and Carme Pinos have “humanized” the brief and with their appreciation for topography and both the cultural and natural landscape - so creating an enterprise of culture rather than a monument to the souls that have passed. 4
Zabalbeascoa, 1996
Projects
The Igualada Cemetery Project
Cut-out photographs were the most natural way of redrawing the project for the cemetery at Igualada when, after 5 years the time came to build the chapel. The first cut-outs were the ones corresoponding to the service building. The process practically yielded the pre-construction drawings, which illustrated the intent. In this way we returned to the initial character of the building, tying together the distant stages of beginning and end, re-establishing the direct relationship that exists almost independently of the development of the work. These cutouts give the project a fluidity, they allow us to establish connections – to express the ironic character of the cross-doors at the entry to the cemetery cut, to create a particular vision of the common graveyard, to evoke links between the empty tomb, the passage, the enclosure and the door.
Plan of the ‘cul de sac’ at Igualada Cemetery
The idea of borrowed cenery or “Shakkei” , is used insofar the placement of the cemetery in relation to the surroundigns. The project faces away from the industrial zone which is perched on the mesa-top of the escarpment. It looks down into the valley below and in this way creates an imagined space of contemplation. Views of the landscape, the path, and the loculi are in Miralles harmnious relationship framing views all the way down into the valley where the visitor is captued in a gully.
Sketch showing the logic of the circulation and boundaries of the Igualada cemetery.
The Cut-Out Process
Igualada was the first project to reveal the essential role of the cut-out photograph in the work of the Miralles studio. The photomontaging of elements from previous projects onto the future sites and the flattening and simplifying of the site into a photo in Enric Miralle’s view is imprtant in the mapping process.
“Cut-outs fulfill the same purpose as the pages of a notebook at the outset of the design. They give the work a sense of immediacy. They emphasize certain moments, removed from the indiscriminate view of the photograph. Like a note or a sketch , they fix things so that they can be observed. By creating a distance from an excessive complexity of reality, they make it possible to focus on one point.” 5 5
Miralles & Tagliabue (1995)
EMCP Sections showign the promenade for the living framed by the boundary of the dead and the elevation of
The Skating Minister The Parliament Building in Edinburgh
Process sketches for the concept/plan f the Parliament
“He looked at the Canongate and the Palace and talked about a building that could grow there emerge from there, and not having to impose it on the site….”
Donald Dewar, Prime Minister of Scotland
The project is located in Edinburgh, Scotland. Enric Miralles won the competition to design the new Parliament Building in the late 90s. Miralles tied in the questions of building a national identity into a special site. The location of the Parliament isn’t in the center of Edinburgh. It is not a monument to Scotland and it doesnt try to stand out by being loud. Instead it tries out to bring the inherent qualities found in the site. By using repeating motifs that he used in the brief (the leaves) and finding new local ones such as the ‘Skating Minister’ and the upturned fishing boats, Miralles conceived of a building which would become a national emblem. “The project could be interpreted as if the land has become part of the new Parliament. The new building opens up to public space, not to a specific city, but to a more general concept of the Scottish landscape…It is not difficult to imagine a pensive walks outside of the building, with thoughts running through one’s mind … seeking the help of a lonely walk during a reflective moment. The orientation of the building towards the park with the distant views of the nearby hills… it will characterize the way of working.”
Enric Miralles
the Historical as Inspiration
The Reverend Robert Walker Skating on Duddingston Loch better known as The Skating Minister (1790s)
by Sir Henry Raeburnt
An MP remarks: “Miralles gave us all “contemplation chambers”, or “thinkpods”. The idea is that you’ve got somewhere to go and sit and think. When I’m in mine, sitting on the window seat, it reminds me of being on a big wheel because it sticks out of the building and is suspended. Every worker should have one.” http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2005/jul/11/architecture. communities
Miralles, like many other postmodern architects, has a preference for piling on the motifs and ideas: upturned boats, keel shapes, deep window reveals like a castle, crow-steps, prow shapes, diagonal gutters, 'bamboo bundles' and above all the dark granite gun-shape that repeats as an ornamental motif at a huge scale. Everywhere broken silhouettes compete for attention, just like the alleyways next door. That's fine, and contextual, but it's quite a meal. As a result of the complexity, the parliament is really a kind of small city, with much too much to digest in one short three-hour sitting. The Scottish parliament will take time to judge: maybe not 50 years but three or four visits, long enough to absorb all the richness and get used to those jumpy black granite guns, the most arbitrary of several questionable ornaments.6
6
Jencks (2005)
Running through the Trees
Location: Rua Oporto 1, Vigo, Spain Date of Constuction: 1999-2003
Lecture at the University of Vigo The project focuses on the configuration of the entrance to the campus of the University of Vigo. The project has transformed the place into unified constructed landscape. One of the access ways to this landscape is by way of the sports area and this includes a wide sweeping reforestation of the terrain as well as an installation of a series of ponds. The visitors go through the complex by way of a woodland, and the students can exercise among the trees. The area also consists of a commercial area and resident halls that conflate with the topography. The blending is partially accomplished by penetrating the open plaza with a metallic mesh canopy held up by columns and roofed in tropical wood. The opaque facades of the different buildings are covered in concrete faced in granite. The many roofs, also concrete, serve as home for the restaurant, accessed by the central staircase of the assembly.
Miralles use of Diagrams
(Re)Arranging nature In numerous projects, Enric Miralles used naural forms as an inspiration. Not only in the colours, material and shapes, but even to the point of using leaves, twigs and flowers on small scale plans for an intial concept for the planning and situational description of his projects. In some instances, the contextual inspiration was more superficial, as we saw with the use of the Skating minister. Another instance is that of the Barcelona’s Santa Caterina Market. Here the archutects use the market’s product as the paint for the canvas. In terms of programing, the urban landscape is left mostly unscathed under the roof. This methodology of working with cut-outs, flowers and natural forms as inspiration leads Miralles to create architecture that is in harmony with the land that it sits on. In another instance the Edinburgh Parliament project, Miralles uses the remains of the old buildings, the spoliation, to fill his gabion walls used in the landscaping and foundation of the site. This deep belief in the narrative of a site, and the life of stite before the building is what makes the poetics of his projects.
Process sketches for Park Diagonal Mar Location: Barcelona, Spain Date of Constuction: 1997- 2000
and views
the surroundings
Yokohama, Japan Competition: 1994 Competed 2002 (Osanbashi Pier) In this project, the circulatory diagram(shown on pg. 5) is the spawning principle for all later design decisions. In terms of the flow and transgression of people in the open space of the building’s interior, it is interesting to compare it to the Igualada project. FOA have an kept an extensive tab on the work produced by their office, and through a biological phylogenic classing system have tracked their development as an architectural practice. It is as much a work of research on their formal experiments as their development of an “identity” and operativity as an architecture practice. They claim their goals are to overcome styles and authorship and to develop a specific culture of practice. 7 The Synthesized Ground The Yokohama Port Terminal
A fundamental constraint is that they try to achieve a constantly local ‘operativity’ and to construct their building as an intergral part of the landscape. For the Yokohama Project, the generating organistaional form always refers back from the circulation pattern. As in other projects, the circulation pattern is the seed in the development of their idea of hybridization between a ‘shed’ an ‘undetermined container’ and a ‘ground’. This could be thought of as a ‘form follws function’ project -the circulation organized and the ‘architecture’ deployed on the circulation diagram after. The circulation is used in this instance to shape the space. The building becomes a field of movement with no structural orientation.The two main moves for the project were, first to set the circulation diagram as a structure of interlaced loops that allows multiple return paths and, second to not make a gate on the semantic level. To not make the building into a sign, but rather make the building into a “ground”. The materials are picked from a reduced palette to preserve the main features of the spatial and geometrical determination of the project: the continuity across levels and between inside and outside.The devil is in the details – it is a ‘gesamtkunstwerk’. Details such as the handrails, thick glass panes, wood finishes all feed into the homogeneity of the structure. FOA claims to have explored the possibility of a new architectural paradigm on the architectural order upon nature but it is evident in their work that they have ties to the great contextual masters of Spain. One of the philosophies of FOA is the creation of “new ground”. Their work is a creation of platforms and operative systems rather than sites. Their work is not aimed to erase the pre-existing, but to charge it. Like Miralles, Alejandro Zaera-Polo believes that good architecture doesn’t get rid of the old to bring in the new, but should frame the existing and bring out and infuse the context it is working within. 8 Zaera& Moussavi, 2002 Cohn, David. Young Spanish Architects/ Junge Spanische Architekten. Basil: Birkhäuser, 2000. Print.
7 8
Projects Yokohama Osanbashi Maritime Terminal
“This is a project that we never planned to win”, say Farshid Moussavi and Alejandro Zaera-Polo in the introduction to The Yokohama Project, published in 2002. Some ten years later and looking back, Zaera-Polo continues: ‘The Yokohama project was the origin of my practice. And the opportunity to crystallize a type of investigation that I believe involved a whole generation of architects, and to test it with reality. The hybridization of infrastructure, landscape and architecture, the integration of computer-aided design into the practice of architecture, and maybe the exploration of a global practice were tested through this project into a real building. And of course, it was a huge personal experience.’ Rem Koolhaas, one of the original members of a jury that included Arata Isozaki and Toyo Ito, stated after its completion that the competition deliberations took a fascinating turn: in a jury divided between professionals (architects, planners) and non-professional members, it was the non-professional section that insisted on two key elements: uniqueness – the project had to be a landmark – and adventure – the project had to be an architectural experiment. Emboldened by this spirit, the winning design the jury selected, corresponds to the two criteria: It is unique (there never has been a pier like it), and it is architecturally an experiment: an investigation in a new, more fluent way of organizing flows – no longer ‘everything put in its place’ but a freer language that can make the familiar exciting again. 9 The association between the circulatory logic and the structural origami is extraordinarily important for the project, as it brings the structure and the circulation system together to form a complex whole, effectively achieving the primary goal of making the circulation directly affect the spatial definition. FOA call their strategy a surface-complex architecture. The project can be seen as an Input-output device : less a gate and more a field of movements. The architects worked under two auspices: 1. a circulation logic “the no-return diagram”. 2. a formal logic :the building should NOT appear in the skyline – avoid the building becoming a sign.
An organization that hybridizes pure enclosure with a topography turning the project into a flat building. And eventually turning the building into a ground.10 A building without stairs or columns.
Structure out of a warped system
9 http://www.archdaily.com/244582/think-space-alejandro-zaera-polo-never-planned-to-win-yokohama-port-terminal-competition/
Zaera& Moussavi, 2002
10
Origami inspirations.
The Political Envelope Ravensbourne College
London, UK Competition: 2003 Completed 2010
Many architects tend to remove themselves from the world of politics because it might not be the safest or most lucrative environment to take a stance, and in their readings of architecture theory (such as Deleuze & Guattari), built projects tend to be biased towards Bergosian and Spinozian rather than Marxian interpretations. Yet recently, Foreign Office Architects have introduced into their agenda a social aspect to the Deleuzian concepts of ‘smooth space’ and the ‘fold’ into the program for Ravensbourne College at North Greenwich Station in London (completed 2010). Zaera-Polo, one of the FOA chief architects, embraces this vein of thought that architecture’s role is to position itself within the complexities of contemporary culture so as to ‘manipulate’ it from the inside. The brief for the project is one where ‘ space, technology and time will work together to create a new and flexible learning landscape that will support ongoing expansion and exchange, as well as narrowing the gap between an education and industry experience’. Zaera-Polo argues for the power of the rhizomatic heterachies within the programming of the building all the way from starway circulation through to the symbolism, iconographies and architectural language found in entirely detached facades- architectural envelopes that are ‘freed from the technical constraints that previously required cornices, pediments, corners and fenestration- where all of their structural function is removed’ . The membrane becomes a mechanism for “political expression”. In this project, architecture is used to produce the spatial complement of a ‘learning landscape’ designed around patterns of circulation, connectivity and informality. In this project, the context is fundamentally simplified down to a form. The building bends to acknowledge the neighbouring O2 Arena. Aside from this, it is introspective. FOA tried to interalize the activities by putting up a facade that scatters and distorts. It has very little to do with its geographical context. The tiling pattern is borrowed from tradtional Islamic architecture and the motif is modified parametrically to fabricate the seemingly randomly assembled facade. However the problem remains – how any architecture which makes a strategic allegiance with the market, even when it at the same time disavows the market’s practices and tries to critique it, can be progressive or advanced, in other ways than just advancing the cause of the generalization of the market form itself. How can the architect serve the interest of the greater good, rather than just the greater good of the market economy?
The Ground-Shed render
Istanbul, Turkey Completed 2007 Meydan shopping square
public space
roof
interior
Meydan is more than a commercial property. Its transparent structure, and its adaptation to the topography create an artificial landscape where it is a pleasure to be. The center of this ensemble of shops, cafes, restaurants and movie theater complex is like the piazza of a central European town that has grown over centuries.The roof of the complex is extensively covered with vegetation, and some parts can even be walked on, creating a small park. In the middle of the square is a water feature that has a fountain in summer, and can be used as an attractive skating rink in winter. Meydan is Turkish for a market place or meeting place. Since the “Meydan” opened in Istanbul in late summer, as the first ever “shopping square,” it heralds a new generation of shopping centers. It is the green center and the soul of a newly created district of the city on the Bosporus.The square can also be used for other sporting events like beach volleyball or inline skating, and maybe even for Turkish weddings. The bright terracotta-red of the floor slabs reflects the natural color of the red loam earth in this area.The edges of the square are vertically bordered by a continuous glass skin, behind which the store operators can show their wares towards the square. Daylight floods into the shops through the extensive glass areas, and the shops are visually open to the square.The highest point of the shopping center is the movie theater complex; its perforated brick façade can be seen as a landmark from afar and is also lit up at structural logic night. Text from developer, Metro Group Asset Management
situational plan
section
trip Atlas The Camino
for faith or for
sport?
santiago de compostella
galicia
Spain
V
the meeting point of caminos
Cathedral-Holy Door- XelmĂrez Palace 2
th eCathedral cathedral area 1
18
19
20
santiago de compostella 21
sa de elevation pop status income
Faculty of History and Geography
370m 95,2 07 Capital Comme rce/Tourism
overview map: the caminos:
Santiago De Compostela
L R.Lavacolla
Arzua
Leboreiro
Boente
V
ron
A cornacopia of caminos : at least 5 different camios weave thtrough galicia
P
Samos Real
T L Cebr
we undertook the via de prataa
Galicia :
Located at the northwest corner of Spain. It is surrounded by the Principality of Asturias, Castile and León, Portugal, the Atlantic Ocean and the Cantabrian Sea. Galicia is divided into four provinces: La Coruña, Lugo, Ourense and Pontevedra. Saint-Jacques de Compostela (Santiago de Compostela) is the capital of the autonomous community. The two official languages are Spanish and Galician. It had 2,760,179 inhabitants in 2005. Galicia covers an area of 29,574 km ² and has 1300 km of coastline. In Roman times Galicia had significant mineral resources: gold, silver and tin. Galicia is a geographical area bounded on the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the east by the end of the mountains of the Cantabrian coast (Ancares), and south-west by the river Minho, which marks the end of the course the border with Portugal. It is a green area, oceanic climate, windswept, recalling the northwest of Europe. This is the dislocation of his former base at the formation of the PyreneanCantabrian chain tertiary gave his appearance today. To the east, on the border of Asturias and León, high massive peak at the Peña Trevinca (2124 meters). North and west, plateaus lies roughly between 200 and 600 meters and south contrast with the valley and gorges Miño Sil. The uprising of granitic and schistose has also led to the formation of coastal landscapes features: rias, Rias Baixas southwest and north Rias Altas, who abers kinds of pink shores, and cliffs such as those Cape Ortegal. The nation is divided into four Galician provinces, fifty-three comarques, three hundred and sixteen concellos (municipalities), 3847 31 855 parishes and localities, lugares in Galician (half of all Spain who has 63 613) or aldeas (hamlets). The parish is Galician, the absolute reference. It is common, if you ask a Galician where it comes from, that you meet with the name of his parish. [Ref. needed] The origin of these parishes is due to the Suevi, a Germanic people who founded one of the first Christian kingdoms of Europe to 410. A document from the year 569 attests to this administrative organization, Parochiale Suevorum.
Plan coastal development, proposed by the Government of Galicia: Excerpt from Part II «Synthesis territorial» Chapter I «Territorial Structure» The Galician region covers an area multi-structural, consisting of small groups of people associated with small farms also forming parishes. Added to this is a fairly small towns and villages, marked by difficulties and internal communication very margin of the main land markets and national power. Historically, the coastline is the territory where the economic activity, the dynamics of population and urban development are the most important. The paradigm shift from agrarian system which determines the current social structure of Galicia, has accentuated this phenomenon, increasing migration processes, land to the coast, especially to urban centers. Suburbanisation processes (diffusion or device) that characterize the urban Galician, are particularly important in the areas of La Coruña-Ferrol and Rias, Pontevedra, Vigo and Rias and Saint Jacques de Compostela. To this must be added the considerable development of diffuse forms of urbanization on each side of the estuary of Arousa. Coastal development is therefore of fundamental importance at a time when you want to set the Galician regional model, which will help to ensure balance within the region particularly affected by social change and industrial and Atlantic regions, where economic and demographic dynamism is more important. It will also be important, a territorial point of view, to find a way to set guidelines and criteria for urban and metropolitan phenomena, concentrated mostly in the heart of the regional spatial structure. (...) The role of the coastal landscape (landscape here is meant in the sense of identity element of a region and, by extension, society) in the structuring of Galicia, is to assume productive roles, symbolic and functional not lie in these regions, but which serve the whole of Galicia. And joint action, especially those concerning tourism development and economic, will taking into account the environmental fragility of the sites concerned by these measures. (...)
Via de la plata: The origins of the Via de plata back to a Roman road over 463 km at the time this road linking the city of Mérida (founded in 25 BC, the capital of the Roman province of Lusitania) to Astorga (founded in 27 BC, in the province of Tarragona). This is the longest of all the ways in Galicia. It travels through the provinces of Ourense, Pontevedra and A Coruña, crossing nature reserves of great beauty, with a wealth of cultural and ecological heritage. Due to its length, this itinerary offers alternatives and a number of accesses into Galicia from Northeast Portugal and through the basin of the Sil River, which has been the traditional entry to Galicia since ancient times. The Southeast Way is actually an extension of the Roman road known as the Vía de la Plata, which connected Emerita Augusta (Mérida) with Asturica Augusta (Astorga), and crosses the western part of the Iberian peninsula from south to north, travelling over the basins of the Tajo and Duero Rivers. The Way was laid out in early Christian times, taking advantage of older roads, in keeping with the practical nature of the Romans. It is perhaps the Arabs from which derives the current name of our route. Historians dismiss any connection with silvery metal, and consider that «Silver Route» could come from «alBalat» , Arabic term that refers to the character of the old paved Roman road. However, another interpretation «paleolexicológica», seems more plausible, he derives the current name of the route
of the term ÂŤdelapidataÂť , with which, in Late Latin, referred to places paved, and including the road before us. During the history of many buildings were constructed in different city for the reception of pilgrims. Thus we find this path many chapels, churches and hospitals that reflect each of their eras. As a huge book of architectural heritage that gives way to read the history of Galicia.
Santiago de compostela
Ourense
A Canda
Castro de Dozon : San Pedro de Vilanova de Doz贸n, a jewel of the Galician Romanesque style, dating from the 12th century, which belonged to a convent of Benedictine nuns. From the 16th century onwards, it came under the jurisdiction of San Paio de Antealtares.
the monastery of oseria
A Cistercian monastery traditionally known for its hospitality to pilgrims. Worthy of note is its 12th century church, one of the most perfect examples of the Galician Romanesque style, with a floor plan clearly influenced by the cathedral in Santiago. It is laid out in a Latin cross, with three naves, a transept and presbytery surrounded by an ambulatory from which radial chapels stem. There are a number of altarpieces and mural paintings from the Baroque period and two images sculpted by JosÊ Gambino (1722-1775), portraying Saint James the Pilgrim and San Famiano, a German monk who made pilgrimages to Santiago, Jerusalem and Rome. The sacristy and high choir of the church are two magnificent pieces dating from the 16th century. The three cloisters and the façades of the church and the monastery comprise a scholarly compendium of Renaissance and Baroque architecture.
Santiago de compostela: After visiting the Cathedral, the place where pilgrims first arrive and meet, they can enjoy a tour of the city of Santiago in all its historic splendour, taking in the diversity and dynamic appearance it offers today. The modern-day city of Santiago de Compostela evolved from a small settlement of monks who were the custodians of the tomb of the Apostle at the time of its discovery, around the year 820. The city underwent spectacular development during the Middle Ages, thanks to the popularity of pilgrimages in Europe, which made it, along with Jerusalem and Rome, one of the three great centres of the Christian world. Between the 15th and the 19th centuries, the city alternated between prosperity and decadence, in keeping with the fluctuating pulse of the history of Galicia, Spain and Europe. Pilgrimages became less and less important, but Santiago consolidated its position as a centre of culture, learning and spirituality thanks to the founding of the University and the city’s Renaissance and Baroque heritage, mirrored in most of its major historical monuments and buildings. Santiago has enjoyed steady growth since the mid 20th century. In addition to the gradual rebirth of the pilgrimages, which keep its traditional spiritual significance alive, the Pilgrims’ Way to Santiago has become a growing tourist and cultural attraction. In recent years, Santiago, the administrative capital of the autonomous region of Galicia, has seen the construction of a number of important cultural and tourist infrastructures and it has succeeded in projecting an international image as a European oriented historic and cultural centre. Proof of this are the thousands of visitors that flock to the city every day throughout the year.
The trip
Riga Bergen
london stuttgart Vigo
santiago
Barcelona
leon
Lecture at the University of Vigo Location: Rua Oporto 1, Vigo, Spain Date of Constuction: 1999-2003
istanbul
Structure
Istanbul, Turkey Completed 2007
Meydan shopping square The Ground-Shed
Park Diagonal Mar Location: Barcelona, Spain Date of Constuction: 1997- 2000
Silahtara Bigli Powerplant
by Han T端mertekin Location: Istanbul, Turkey Date of Constuction: 2002- 2007
Visited Sites Lecture at the University of Vigo
Meydan shopping square
exploration
spatial design Spatial design is a relatively new discipline that crosses the boundaries of traditional design disciplines such as architecture, interior design, landscape architecture and landscape design as well as public art within the Public Realm. It focuses upon the flow of space between interior and exterior environments both in the private and public realm. The emphasis of the discipline is upon working with people and space, particularly looking at the notion of place, also place identity and genius loci. As such the discipline covers a variety of scales, from detailed design of interior spaces to large regional strategies, and is largely found within the UK. As a discipline it uses the language of Architecture, Interior Design and Landscape Architecture to communicate design intentions.
system models
key
Concept models
evolution noun
1 (biology) a gradual change in the characteristics of a population of animals or plants over successive generations: accounts for the origin of existing species from ancestors unlike them See also natural selection 2 a gradual development, esp to a more complex form the evolution of modern art 3 the act of throwing off, as heat, gas, vapour, etc 4 a pattern formed by a series of movements or something similar Evolution is the change in the inherited characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. Evolutionary processes give rise to diversity at every level of biological organisation, including species, individual organisms and molecules such as DNA and proteins. [1]
The pr PROCESS
frame!
tower !
Site
labyrinth
cut
October
Novem
roject
vertical labyrinth
tube!
hostel
ber
Bath
december
tower !
October
Novembe
labyrinth !
October
Novembe
tube!
October
Novemb
er
december
er
december
ber
december
Upping the scale
1:200
1:100
1:1000
1:50
Program The gate as transition We propose to create a physical transition between the urban and the green landscape and a conceptual transition between the camino world and the real world. The traditional cityvgate is an inspiration for the project. In the existing site there is a number of layers progressing from the urban public space (the street, the park), the private(the house), into the semiprivate(the backyard) and finally into the semipublic(the square). This creates a new ”citywall” that cuts off the outer periphery where the camino runs from the countryside to the city. As there already exists an opening into the city adjacent to our site, we hope to create more of a doorway, an alternative ”labyrinthine” connection with the urban fabric. The labyrinth as camino The maze which sits immediately in front of our site is a symbol of not just the fabric of the city of Santiago, but also a microcosm of the topography and circulation in the immediate context of our site. The labyrinth is an ancient symbol that is connected with the pagan Galician mythology as well as with Christian symbolism as well as the camino as the universal labyrinthine spiral. The camino is a place to be lost and found spiritually, although you always see the signs of the route, just as in a labyrinth you see the walls, without knowing exactly where you are. In this way, the labyrinth is used both in social group rituals and in individual meditation. We want our intervention to play along the rules of the labyrinth, not to get lost but to extend the experience of moving between its functions. Our intent is to do this vertically in the form of staircases.
“Some books (guidebooks in particular) suggest that mazes on cathedral floors originated in the medieval period as alternatives to pilgrimage to the Holy Land, but the earliest attested use of the phrase "chemin de Jerusalem" (path to Jerusalem) dates to the late 18th century when it was used to describe mazes at Reims and Saint-Omer.[30] The accompanying ritual, depicted in Romantic illustrations as involving pilgrims following the maze on their knees while praying, may have been practiced at Chartres during the 17th century. [30] ” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labyrinth
the approach from the camino labyrinth
the site
- Conclusion - Overview- elucidation- preparation for departure -
We want to use our intervention to introduce the user to Santiago, to both make her reflect on the journey, to slowly wind her through her experiences from the walk there and to open up a possibility for her to stay longer in Santiago de Compostela or to experience the landscape from a new perspective. Introducing her to the cityscape will increase the qualities of the experience in Santiago and the number of nights spent in the adjacent hostels.
concept
Overview/ eLucidation
camino labyrinth city labyrinth
Garden labyrinth
walled labyrinth
going up
the site
city labyrinth
labyrinth of walls Garden labyrinth
the views
hostel/Auberge
monastery + alberge
REALISE PAR UN PRODUIT AUTODESK A BUT EDUCATIF
park
SITE
the school
monastery + alberge park Scale 1.500
The Cathedral:
final stop of the camino
TODESK A BUT EDUCATIF
Scale 1.1000
behind the monastery : the eisenman cultural center
the Cathedral
REALISE PAR UN PRODUIT AUTODESK A BUT EDUCATIF
SITE
REALISE PAR UN PRODUIT A
Tour D'Encore The concept for the vertical maze is not the design of a building but of an intervention that is in itself an event. The views on offer become stops, the void space becomes event.
Views
Exposed WALK
cathedral Orientation
Orientation cathedral
schooltower cathedral School
schooltower
cathedral
N
N
paradpr plaza
paradpr plaza
monastery
monastery
hostel/auberge
hostel/auberge
culturalcenter
culturalcenter
Monastery Darkbox
walkway
Orientation cathedral
Orientation schooltower
cathedral
N
paradpr plaza
schooltower
monastery
monastery
N
paradpr plaza
hostel/auberge
culturalcenter
monastery
park hostel/auberge
culturalcenter
Labyrinth motif
Facade
cathedral
N
schooltower
cathedral
N
paradpr plaza
monastery
W
hostel/auberge
culturalcenter
S
11/15/12
One version of the path through a "Cretan" type of labyrinth
N
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Cretan-labyrinth-square-path.svg
1/1
S
W
E
E
form follows function is a principle associated with modern architecture and industrial design in the 20th century. The principle is that the shape of a building or object should be primarily based upon its intended function or purpose.
growing
starting small
to
not block the view
what happened to the bath and the hostel?
growing up why grow?
reroute camino activate park
to show the view attract + SHOW
magnet
first tower / traditional iteration plan view
elevation s
Section
elevation n
TOp
how to you finish the top?
Perspective from the park traditional iteration
the tower dominates the park the locals aren't happy
what if .... ?
Couldn't it be less overbearing? Couldn't it be less of an eyesore?
Couldn't it be more sculptural?
Couldn't it be more of a vertical labyrinth?
STRUCTURE + SKIN
Circulation
Circulational Narrative
The program is nested in the walls of the building which are perforated with a labyrinthine motif, openings to let in light to invite inside, to create qualities in to the inside of the circulation. The building is the camino frozen in time and suspended in space.
ROUTE 1
Route 2
1
PLAn
PLAn experience
PLAn Circulational Narrative
experience
CITY
PATH ‘CLOSES’
VIEW ONTO CITY CENTER (NW) WALKING ON THE ROOF
VIEW OF THE CATHEDRAL
VIEW ONTO PARK (SE)
PARK OPENS !!! REFLECTION ROOM
route1 Route 2 ROUTE 1
PLAn
articulation in the context TOUR D’ENCORE The tower becomes the camino as embodied experience. The TOWER/TOUR becomes a vertical camino experience of reflection on the walk passed. It is both memory and present. Both reflection of the past and the reflection of the present surroundings.
This experience/ event does not offer fullCLOSURE but attests to its impossibility. ENCORE - insistent enjoyment that is never fully satisfied- always AGAIN. The Tour Encore subverts the traditional view of the tower as monumnetal/ monolithic/ totalizing edifice. The labyrinthine kink and disorienting circulation rather make it a manifestation of a walk in the sky.
The Encore Tour as tower, and tour as a second tour.
Why is the tower the dominating structure in the site?
Sun Study
Sunrise
Morning
Noon
Evening
Sunset
conclusion
frame !!
transparent iteration
transparent iteration
close tor open transparent iteration
See the cathedral
see the cultural center
see the camino
see the school tower
walking on the roof
connection to the plaza
main entry Plaza
the Boxes
vertical strata
sky strata
cathedral strata
tower strata
Roof strata frame Boxes Neighbouring Wall Interior mazes
street strata
park strata
throwing away the frame
cathedral
Orientation cathedral
schooltower
cathedral
N
paradpr plaza
monastery
hostel/auberge
culturalcenter
Exposed WALK Orientation schooltower cathedral School
N
paradpr plaza
monastery
hostel/auberge
culturalcenter
Monastery Darkbox Orientation cathedral
schooltower
N
paradpr plaza
monastery
monastery
hostel/auberge
culturalcenter
walkway Orientation cathedral
schooltower
N
paradpr plaza
monastery
park hostel/auberge
culturalcenter
keeping the viewpoints
cathedral
Orientation cathedral
schooltower
cathedral
N
paradpr plaza
monastery
hostel/auberge
Exposed WALK
culturalcenter
Orientation schooltower cathedral School
N
paradpr plaza
monastery
hostel/auberge
culturalcenter
Monastery Darkbox Orientation cathedral
schooltower
N
paradpr plaza
walkway Orientation cathedral
schooltower
N
paradpr plaza
monastery
park hostel/auberge
culturalcenter
monastery
monastery
hostel/auberge
culturalcenter
systems architecture A system architecture or systems architecture is the conceptual model that defines the structure, behavior, and more views of a system. An architecture description is a formal description and representation of a system, organized in a way that supports reasoning about the structure of the system which comprises system components, the externally visible properties of those components, the relationships (e.g. the behavior) between them, and provides a plan from which products can be procured, and systems developed, that will work together to implement the overall system.
Searching for the right stacking Principle s
a
double height
b
single height
antimonumental tower Finally the Tour Encore subverts the traditional view of the tower as monumnetal/ monolithic/ totalizing edifice. Rather, the labyrinthine kink and disorienting circulation make it a manifestation of a walk in the sky.
modules
easy stair
a
end panel
D
hard stair
b
c traverse
material
cladding possibilities: copper plates cement cladding panels perforated steel nickel panels
construction
interior frame
skin plates
steel sketleton
easy transportation prefab possibility
facade expression construction process
3 modules easily fit on a truck
Openings /perforations
modules
modularity = flexibility
sculpture in the park
load distribution
inside the circulation
in the circulation
under the tower
View up from the center of the structure
The entrance onto the vertical maze is from the park and and into a network of steel tubes, which make up the DNA- the structure of the intervention. A steel lattice system with perforated metal plates is filled with stairs and ramps to articulate the circulation. The space is a squiggle in the landcape that creates a bridge from the park to the city. From the camino to the finale. It engage the user to transform her walk from the horizontal to the vertical. One does not just pass through, but rather one comes in one end, re-experiences the camino and comes out on the other side transformed.
SECTION 1.200 REALISE PAR UN PRODUIT AUTODESK A BUT EDUCATIF
REALISE PAR UN PRODUIT AUTODESK A BUT EDUCATIF
tour d'encore iteration
REALISE PAR UN PRODUIT AUTODESK A BUT EDUCATIF
negotiated item/ material
perspective
The intervention becomes the camino frozen in time and suspended in space.
modular construction
details
component development
Negotiated item
expression Day
night
night expression
The tower at night
KRAP
rewo tloohcs
yretsanom
egrebua /le t soh
re tne claru tluc
N
nabru
lardeh tac azalp rodarap