May 2021 | www.elektormagazine.com
INDUSTRY EDITION
innovate
> launch > trade Elek
SENSORS & MEASUREMENT
tor H elps
Elect chal ronics in len time ging s
BACKGROUND Predictive Maintenance with AI p. 6
EDGE IMPULSE SDK for Machine Learning on Microcontrollers By our Partner Elettronica Open Source
p. 18
WORKSHOP Distortion Measurement at 10 MHz p. 12 Free LoRa Dev Kits Get Started with LowPower Data Transmission
p. 28 MEMS Sensors with Integrated Algorithms Usage-Ready Values
p. 16 Test & Measurement Solutions For Power Electronics
p. 34
Foreword
By
Jens Nickel
Editor-in-Chief The sensor market is on the upswing. Particularly positive news is that experts assume that the Corona crisis will soon no longer have any impact here (page 32). The abundance of generated measured values must, of course, also be processed. Algorithms integrated directly into the sensor module can help derive (alarm) events from the raw data (page 28). And of course — you’ve probably guessed — AI also comes into play here. In his background article on page 6, editor Stuart Cording shows how machine learning can be used to predict the failure of industrial components. This can minimize unplanned and planned plant downtime.
Entrepreneurial engineers know that bringing an electronic product to market is a challenging endeavor. productronica Fast Forward, the start-up platform powered by Elektor, offers you a chance to jump-start the process. By participating, you can show off your company‘s
I would also like to recommend the article on page 18. With the Edge Impulse development platform, even AI beginners (and this still includes many developers) can gain some experience with speech, sound and gesture recognition and many other applications of neural networks. These are trained in the cloud and can then be implemented on quite inexpensive controller boards to classify sensor values at the “edge”. However, a smartphone is also sufficient for your first attempts at walking. Perhaps you — like me — are already itching to get started?
solutions, shine a light on your team‘s talent, and possibly win a €50,000 marketing package from Elektor.
> > >
pffwd Competition: www.elektormagazine.com/p-fast-forward-2021 productronica 2021 (Nov 16-19, 2021): www.productronica.com Registration Deadline: June 30, 2021
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lektor
Sensors & Measurement
3
CONTENTS
Elektor Industry Edition 2/2021 Focus: Sensors & Measurement
Focus
SENSORS & MEASUREMENT Regulars 5
16
Test & Measurement Solutions for Power Electronics Design
18
MCU Machine Learning With Edge Impulse An Intuitive SDK for tinyML
Colophon
32 Infographics Facts and figures 44 Wall of Fame Elektor’s partners in the electronics industry 50 Contributors / Next Edition
25 The Technical Evolution of Sensors Diverse Sensors for Diverse Applications 28 MEMS Sensor Modules with Integrated Algorithms Usage-Ready Values 30 The Digital Ergonomics Is Here!
Articles 6
Moving Maintenance from Preventative to Predictive with ML How Machine Learning Is Changing Maintenance Regimens
12
Free LoRa Development Kits Get Started with Low-Power Data Transmission
14
Four Groundbreaking Sensor Innovations Finalists for the AMA Association for Sensors and Measurement Innovation Award 2021
34 Distortion Measurement at 10 MHz Using Filters and a Spectrum Analyzer 38 Smart Test and Programming Device for IO-Link Sensors 40 Review Joy-IT PSG9080 DDS Function Generator 43 CAN FD Connection via Ethernet
4 Elektor Industry 2/2021 www.elektormagazine.com
46 High-Performance Handheld Microwave Analyzer New Keysight FieldFox Microwave Analyzer Supports Extended Frequency Range Up to 54 GHz
COLOPHON
The Digital
Ergonomics
Is Here!
30
Elektor Industry Edition 2/2021 Sensors & Measurement © 2021 www.elektormagazine.com
is also distributed for free at select trade shows including productronica (Munich), electronica (Munich), and Embedded World (Nuremberg).
Elektor Industry, English edition, will be published three times in 2021.
Reader Notices Elektor Industry contains contributed/sponsored content. The Publishers acknowledge all trademarks that may exist in connection with products, services, materials and company names that appear in this publication. The views expressed in Elektor Industry are not necessarily those of the Publisher or the Editor.
Head Office Elektor Verlag GmbH Kackertstr. 10 52072 Aachen Phone +49 241 95509-190 Fax +49 241 95509-013 Editor in Chief Jens Nickel Email: redaktion@elektor.de Editorial Team C. J. Abate, Stuart Cording, Robert van der Zwan Advertising & Sponsoring Raoul Morreau Phone: +31(0)6 4403 9907 Email: raoul.morreau@elektor.com Layout Harmen Heida, Sylvia Sopamena and Patrick Wielders
Moving maintenance from preventative to predictive with ML
6
Publisher Don Akkermans Printer Pijper Media, Stettinweg 15, 9723 HD Groningen Mission Elektor Industry offers electronics engineers, innovators, and start-up companies essential information and insights into the latest products, research and intelligence from the industry. Distribution and Supply Elektor Industry appears synchronously in English and German and is supplied free to select Elektor Magazine Gold members in print, and to Elektor Green members as a PDF download. The magazine
Copyright Notice The content of this magazine is for educational use only. All drawings, photographs, printed circuit board layouts, and article texts published in this magazine (other than third-party advertisements) are copyright Elektor International Media b.v and may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, scanning and recording, in whole or in part without prior written permission from the Publisher. Such written permission must also be obtained before any part of this publication is stored in a retrieval system of any nature. Patent protection may exist in respect of circuits, devices, components etc. described in this magazine. The Publisher does not accept responsibility for failing to identify such patent(s) or other protection. The Publisher disclaims any responsibility for the safe and proper function of readerassembled projects based upon or from schematics, descriptions or information published in or in relation with Elektor Industry. © Elektor International Media b.v. 2021 www.elektormagazine.com Printed in the Netherlands
INDUSTRY EDITION
lektor
Juli/August 2020 5
BACKGROUND
Moving Maintenance from Preventative to Predictive with ML How Machine Learning Is Changing Maintenance Regimens By Stuart Cording (Elektor)
Keeping industrial systems operational is like spinning plates – you’re kept busy trying to avoid any falling and breaking. While preventative maintenance regimens, optimally implemented, work very well, critical equipment must still be taken offline regularly for servicing. Additionally, wastage due to replacing parts and lubricants earlier than necessary is costly and bad for the environment. Predictive maintenance is increasingly being used to optimize this essential function, ranging from static, dynamic, and statistical analysis to the use of machine learning to prognose pending failure promptly. The overall goal: to maximize uptime and reduce maintenance costs.
6 Elektor Industry 2/2021 www.elektormagazine.com
The cost of keeping manufacturing equipment operational and the potential perils should it go wrong have long been documented. There is a famous story in engineering circles of the ex-employee who is asked to return to fix an obstinate machine [1]. Upon resolving the issue, an itemized bill is requested. The repair action (tapping with a hammer or marking the area of the failure with a chalk cross) makes up a mere hundredth of the total sum charged. The remainder is for knowing where to tap or apply the chalk cross. For those who have worked in manufacturing, and perhaps still for some today, a scheduled week’s closure for maintenance, requiring almost everyone to take a week’s holiday, was not unusual. The absence of employees and workpieces allowed regular maintenance to be undertaken, with machines being stripped-down and rebuilt, pipes to be cleaned, and visual inspections to be completed. It is, however, a little absurd that an entire plant needs to be closed for a week to avoid the impact a potential machine breakdown may have. According to Behrtech [2], unplanned downtime at industrial manufacturers costs $50 billion per year, with a single downtime
NEWS
Free LoRa Development Kits Get Started with Low-Power Data Transmission Contributed by Thomas-Krenn
Interested in IoT development? With a free Long-Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) developer kit from Thomas-Krenn, you can easily start a data acquisition and transmission project. Server manufacturer Thomas-Krenn is awarding free Long-Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) developer kits to IoT developers. The kits contain two boards — each with an ESP32 microcontroller, LoRa module, OLED display and Wi-Fi as well as Bluetooth and micro-USB interfaces and the corresponding USB connection cables. Also included is a BME280 sensor for measuring temperature, air pressure and humidity. In other words, the kit contains all the necessary components to start a data acquisition and transmission project. Interested parties can apply directly on the Thomas-Krenn website [1] with a short description of the planned application.
12 Elektor Industry 2/2021 www.elektormagazine.com
LoRaWAN is a technology for wireless data transmission at low data volumes over distances of several kilometers. It is characterized by its very low energy consumption and, in conjunction with the appropriate sensors, is suitable for measurement data in IoT networks — for example, in industry, logistics, smart buildings, environmental technology, traffic or agriculture. As an open standard, LoRaWAN offers the ability to dock to all IoT frameworks and does not require an additional provider unlike other low-power networks, making it a cost-effective and future-proof automation option.
FEATURE
Test & Measurement Solutions for Power Electronics Design Contributed by Siglent Technologies
The importance of power electronics has increased significantly in recent years and will continue to do so. What are the reasons for that? A look at the current market trends shows that the availability and efficient use of electrical energy is an important component for almost all of them. Driven by global challenges such as global warming and environmental pollution, technical topics such as renewable energy and alternative drives are gaining importance. In addition, the ever increasing mobility and the exploding number of wirelessly communicating IoT devices are leading to more and more battery-powered devices. The criteria of the magic square of development are efficiency, EMC conformity, size weight and cost. To determine and optimize the parameters of the magic square, the use of high-performance measurement instruments is indispensable. In addition, new technologies are changing the requirements for the measurement equipment. Both of these lead to a rapidly growing demand for measurement technology for the analysis of converter and inverter circuits.
16 Elektor Industry 2/2021 www.elektormagazine.com
The minimum equipment of a typical development lab consists of an oscilloscope with differential probes and a current clamp, a digital multimeter, a benchtop power supply (AC or DC) and an electronic load (AC or DC). A spectrum analyzer with near-field probes for checking the radiated emissions during development should also not be missing. Siglent has greatly expanded its range of measurement technology in recent years, so that today a large selection of measurement devices is available for use in power electronics. In addition to the very extensive standard configuration, the oscilloscopes of the SDS2000X Plus and SDS5000X series offer many other options that make them powerful and flexible tools for all general tasks in the laboratory. With a bandwidth of up to 500 MHz (SDS2000X plus) or 1 GHz (SDS5000X), all applications in the field of power electronics can be covered. Both series have an integrated Bode plot function. Bode diagrams are typically used to measure
BACKGROUND
The Technical Evolution of Sensors Diverse Sensors for Diverse Applications By Daniele Valanzuolo
Sensor technology used to rely upon ingenuity in advancing existing mechanical measurement techniques. However, over the past two decades, sensor manufacturers have increasingly drawn upon new and innovative measurement principles. The result has been an exciting array of highly integrated, affordable sensors suited to wired and wireless applications.
The development of innovative sensors that closely match rapidly changing market needs is an exciting, sometimes difficult, challenge. The breakneck uptake in wearables, coupled with smartphones, has delivered tiny sensors of increasing accuracy with low current draw. Such sensors also support digitalization demands in other sectors, such as the Internet of Things (IoT). The focus on delivering safer vehicles and autonomous driving has placed emphasis on radar and Lidar technology. Finally, improved sensing technologies in the medical space have supported efforts to improve personal health by capturing and analyzing patient data. Many of these sensors are increasingly integrated into Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). At the beginning of the decade just passed, there was much discussion regarding Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), an ambitious technology capable of blending the best of silicon design with mechanical skill. A whole new miniature world was to be invented and opened
to advanced experimentation. Now, after a decade, what seems innovative has become the bread and butter of everyday life. With MEMS technology in inertia sensors of smartphones and strain gauges of industrial machines, it has become a technology found in almost every device in daily use.
Is the MEMS Sector Saturated? While MEMS has undoubtedly soared as a sensor technology, it is certainly not at the end of its capabilities. One reason for its continuing popularity, and continued use, is its reliability and ability to adapt to any context. Continued innovation has delivered reductions in both size and cost, but there is still a long way to go. Moreover, the consolidation that has been achieved in this technology will only lead to its broader use in applications it has not yet tackled. Yes, we may consider discussing its obsolescence in 2030. However, for now, it remains one of the core technologies on which many companies are investing serious technical and economic resources. For example, in 2019 STMicroelectronics announced the development of water-resistant MEMS pressure sensors with high stability, accuracy, as well as chemical compatibility required in industrial applications with its LPS33HW. And there remain MEMS challenges to be resolved. These include optimizing the technology’s manufacturing processes, developing new, increasingly integrated sensors, solving calibration problems, and energy consumption, to name a few. Therefore, it is no coincidence that MEMS sensors innovations are still included in the general market trend charts of the major manufacturers and distributors of electronic components, especially in the consumer and automotive sectors.
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Sensors & Measurement 25
FEATURE
The Digital
Ergonomics Is Here! Contributed by AXS Motionsystem
Workplaces designed on the basis of reliable ergonomic analyses do not harm health of employees, and they enhance work safety and enable more effective production. A pioneer solution-supplier of digital ergonomic analyses, AXS Motionsystem Kft. has opened new dimensions in the world of expert systems based on wearable technology.
AXS Motionsystem Kft. was established in 2014 on encouragement of Audi Hungaria for developing an ergonomic expert system. Instead of subjective analyses supported by data which are in 90 percent based on observation, the aim was to develop a system capable of providing reliable data that are in 90% based on measurements (accurate data) supporting preparation of objective certifications. In 2016, AXS won Audi Hungaria’s international tender for procurement of ergonomic expert systems with its Ergonomic Evaluating System and with this brought Digital Ergonomics into being. AXS Ergonomic Evaluating System is an integrated unit of two items. Using AXS Motion Digitizer System, all kinds of movement, as well as the power impulses on hands,
30 Elektor Industry 2/2021 www.elektormagazine.com
Figure 1: Motion digitizer unit collecting data.
can be precisely digitally recorded. Ergonomic evaluation can be practically automatically — just on site of recording — performed on the basis of data using AXS Ergonomic Evaluating Software.
Motion Digitizer System The motion digitizer unit is a sensor net which consists of 18 units suitable for collecting data necessary to ergonomic analyses and with which body movements can be digitally recorded continuously (Figure 1). The system’s speciality is that there is no need for magnetic orientation to determine spatial positions of every single sensor and this way it can function reliably in any industrial environment. The patented process of AXS determines the actual position of a body from angles made by sensors in relation with each other. Data of sensors are collected by the central unit that makes a datafile suitable for processing and which can be loaded in processing software either through Wi-Fi access or from an SD card. Insoles and gloves (can be connected to sensor net) contain pressure sensors that record power impulses that happen on the given surface (Figure 2). The sensor net is fixed on the cooperating person using a specially developed sensor-cloth. This cloth was tested regarding work safety and it can be safely worn also in operating workplaces.
Elektor infographic By Robert van der Zwan (Elektor)
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impressive for years to come. Why is this? The answer is: because the variety in applications for wireless sensors is staggering, from traffic optimization to air pollution to car theft. Yes, there is some overlap with other
What is so striking when portraying the global sensor market? That wireless sensors represent by far the most significant part of this market. But it is not only that. Expected growth rates for wireless sensors look very
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markets, such as the markets for industrial and robotic sensors. But wireless sensors form a league of their own. (Source: Fortune Business Insights)
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Smart Sensors Can Do Anything
2019
Smart sensors can take on any task, judging from the different types of intelligent sensors currently available on the market. While local intelligence on the edge of the Internet will drive demand for smart sensors, touch sensors and image sensors will also continue to grow in importance. In addition, smart gas sensors have a unique role to play. They have to be both extremely sensitive and accurate to determine NOx and CO2 emissions. After all, climate change is a hot topic that demands undisputed facts.
2027 (Source: Allied Market Research, Fortune Business Insights)
32 Elektor Industry 2/2021 www.elektormagazine.com
BACKGROUND
Distortion Measurement at 10 MHz Using Filters and a Spectrum Analyzer
By Alfred Rosenkränzer (Germany)
When it comes to high-precision signal measurement, you must stick with time-proven techniques. This article describes how to measure distortion at a frequency of 10 MHz. That’s close to the upper limits of the audio range, right? But joking apart, if you can make a good job of handling 10 MHz signals, you can then also measure audio signals correctly. The latter is even easier, because spectrum analyzers for the audio region already have the right filters fitted. At 10 MHz you must roll up your sleeves and go hands-on.
Take the following scenario: you need a low-distortion op-amp for a project. You’ve identified a promising candidate and have even bought an evaluation board fitted with this IC from the supplier. Now you want to know what this amplifier does in reality and measure its distortion characteristics. According to the datasheet, the undesired
signal components produced by this op-amp at a signal frequency of 10 MHz and a signal level of 0 dBm lie in the region of –70 to –80 dBc (decibels relative to the carrier). Fair enough but what precisely does this mean?
Clarification First off, a level of 0 dBm corresponds to 223 mVrms, or with sinewave signals to 632 mVpp, into a load of 50 Ω. But that’s not the only term we need to explain.
Figure 1: Spectrum of the 10-MHz signal from the signal generator, measured directly with the spectrum analyzer.
34 Elektor Industry 2/2021 www.elektormagazine.com
What does THD actually mean? We’re referring to the acronym of Total Harmonic Distortion, which specifies the ratio of the sum of the powers of a number of harmonic signal components relative to the signal (carrier), that is to say simply a specific level ratio that indicates the total unwanted (disorderly) products in relation to the wanted signal. The THD is usually stated in the unit dBc, where the ‘c’ stands for carrier. How many harmonics should be considered is a matter of definition. In the MHz range it’s the first and second harmonics that dominate principally; the third and fourth usually still figure well within the spectrum and the remainder frequently play no significant role. For this reason we confine our attention to the levels of the first four harmonics in practice. In the audio domain things can be different, on account of the increased quality demands for audiophile hardware (with 24-bit A-to-D conversion and 192 kHz sampling rate, etc.). Therefore, significantly more harmonics tend to be considered in audio electronics. Consequently a given THD value always includes an indication of
REVIEW
Joy-IT PSG9080 DDS Function Generator By Harry Baggen (The Netherlands)
Looking for an affordable DDS function generator? You already have a choice of various models for around €100. But then you mustn’t set your expectations too high. If you desire a little more quality and a sturdy housing, then the price will quickly go up. The new PSG9080 from Joy-IT fits exactly in between: it offers quite a few features in an attractive enclosure and is nevertheless still very affordable. We gave the newcomer a try.
Joy-IT has a nice, small function generator in its line-up, the JDS6600, priced a little over a €100. We already tested this generator over a year ago and our conclusion then was that you get quite a bit for your money, but the housing and the mechanical construction, in particular, left quite a bit to be desired. It appears that Joy-IT took this feedback to heart with its bigger brother that we will take a look at here, the PSG9080. While it costs about double that of the JDS6600, in return you receive a greater frequency range, more options and a clearly better housing with a sturdy front panel, bigger display and a built-in mains power supply. Here is a brief summary of the PSG9080’s salient features. Two signal outputs can be used independently or linked together. A maximum frequency of 80 MHz (sine), for other waveforms such as square and pulse a range of 30 MHz is indicated. The sampling-
40 Elektor Industry 2/2021 www.elektormagazine.com
rate is at 300 Msamples/s. The D/A-converter has a resolution of 14 bits. Many modulation options, sweep and VCO functionality and programmable wave shapes up to 8192 points. There is also a built-in frequency/pulse counter with a range up to 100 MHz. Furthermore, the generator can be operated from a PC.
Nice Enclosure The PSG9080 is supplied in a substantial box in which we also find the mains power cord, USB cable and two different types of BNC cables. The enclosure for the generator is remarkably light — after all, the entire enclosure is made from plastic and the power supply is a switch-mode variant. But the enclosure is nicely finished. It feels quite sturdy and is fitted on the front and back with rubberlike protective edges. As a result, the instrument remains steady on the table, despite its slight weight, and it does not move away
NEWS
CAN FD Connection via Ethernet The PCAN-Gateway product family from PEAK-System is designed for the transmission of CAN messages over IP networks. With the PCAN-Ethernet Gateway FD DR, the German company releases a new model that supports the modern CAN FD in addition to the classic CAN standard. Two high-speed CAN interfaces enable the connection of CAN FD buses with data bit rates of up to 10 Mbit/s. The connection to the IP network is established via Ethernet. An AM5716 Sitara processor provides the required performance. If a CAN bus is equipped with a PCAN-Ethernet Gateway FD DR, a LAN interface is all that is needed to access the CAN bus with one or more computers. A conventional CAN interface is not required.
When using two gateways, distant CAN buses can be connected via an IP network. The limiting factor of the maximum CAN bus length does not apply. The configuration of the PCAN-Gateway product family is implemented in the same manner as a common Internet router via a web interface. Status information and settings for the communication interfaces, message forwarding, and filters are available. Alternatively, a JSON interface allows configuration via software. www.peak-system.com 210238-01
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Sensors & Measurement 43
Wall of Fame Elektor International Media is proud to present its Wall of Fame! We partner with top electronics companies – from global parts suppliers to device manufacturers – to promote exciting products and services that power high-tech innovation.
44 Elektor Industry 2/2021 www.elektormagazine.com
The companies listed on this month‘s Wall of Fame offer electrical engineers, makers, and students a wide range of indispensable tools and solutions for developing next-generation electronics projects and products.
Your logo could be here. Please call +49 (0)241 955 09 178
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Sensors & Measurement 45
store www.elektor.com
The Elektor Store Never expensive, always surprising The Elektor Store has developed from the community store for Elektor’s own products like books, magazines, kits and modules, into
that we ourselves are enthusiastic about or that we simply want to try out. If you have a nice suggestion, we are here (sale@elektor.com).
a mature webshop that offers great value for surprising electronics. We offer the products
Our main conditions: never expensive, always surprising!
Raspberry Pi Pico (with pre-soldered Headers) Price: €9.95
www.elektor.com/19568
JOY-iT JT-RD6006 DC Power Supply (360 W)
Price: €89.95 Member Price: €80.96 www.elektor.com/19564
48 Elektor Industry 2/2021 www.elektormagazine.com
Our Contributors
Advertisers
AXS Motionsystem
Würth Elektronik eiSos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
The Digital Ergonomics Is Here!
Thomas-Krenn.AG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Mouser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Harry Baggen
PEAK-System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Joy-IT PSG9080 DDS Function Generator
SIGLENT Technologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 AXS Motionsystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Stuart Cording (Elektor)
MultiCB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Moving maintenance from preventative to predictive with ML
Andrea Garrapa MCU Machine Learning With Edge Impulse
Carlo Gavazzi Smart Test and Programming Device for IO-Link Sensors
November 2020 | www.elektormagazine.de
lektor innovate
> launch > trade
Keysight Technologies High-Performance Handheld Microwave Analyzer
Production Methods & Components
Helmuth Lemme BACKGROUND STORY Abo. Nam ea con etur ecae num int ullit, culparciur
Four Groundbreaking Sensor Innovations
BACKGROUND STORY Abo. Nam ea con etur ecae num int ullit, culparciur
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PEAK-System
INTERVIEW Unternehmer Jason Long über Schulungen im EmbeddedBereich
CAN FD Connection via Ethernet 20 Andit perio. Ut ped magnate mi sam, aute sincto con rero ipiet
52
42 Andit perio. Ut ped magnate mi sam, aute sincto con rero ipiet
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Alfred Rosenkränzer Measuring the Harmonic Distortion
Next Edition SIGLENT Technologies Test & Measurement Solutions for Power Electronics Design
Thomas-Krenn.AG Free LoRa Development Kits
Daniele Valanzuolo The Technical Evolution of Sensors
Würth Elektronik eiSos MEMS Sensor Modules with Integrated Algorithms
Robert van der Zwan Infographics
50 Elektor Industry 2/2021 www.elektormagazine.com
The 3/2021 issue of Elektor Industry magazine is our special edition for productronica, a leading trade fair for development and production of electronics, which takes place in Munich from November 16th to 19th. Background reports and news from all areas of electronics production come from companies, industry specialists, Elektor editors and freelance authors. The Elektor Industry issue 3/2021 will be published on November 11th, 2021. Subject to change.
