Passive Design Strategies for a Sustainable House by Eleni Katrini

LAM RESIDENCE 6623 Birchwood Boulevard Pittsburgh PA

Passive Design Strategies for a Sustainable House Eleni Katrini [Andrew ID: ekatrini]

A | SITE ANALYSIS 0.1 Building, Location

0.2 Climate Data 0.3 Winter Site Plan 0.4 Summer Site Plan 0.5 Winter and Summer Indoor Sun Penetration 0.6 Surface Drainage Analysis 0.7 Vegetation Analysis

B | ANALYSIS OF EXISTING BUILDING FORM AND ORGANIZATION

0.8 Programming Table 0.9 Existing organization of plans

C | REDESIGN OF SITE, PROPOSALS 1.0 Revised Plans

1.1 Improved site plan for outdoor living 1.2 Perspective view of the proposal

D | HEATING+ENVELOPE ANALYSIS 1.4 Thermal boundaries

1.5 Exterior walls 1.6 Basement walls 1.7 Surfaces adjacent to garage 1.8 Floors 1.9 Roof 2.0 Heat loss spreadsheet+charts

E | TOTAL HOME ENERGY 2.2 Heating

2.3 Domestic Hot Water [DHW] 2.4 Cooling+Gas appliances 2.5 Lighting 2.6 Appliances 2.7 Total costs 2.8 Total Consumption 2.9 Electricity+Gas bills

F | RETROFIT FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION

3.2 Reducing infiltration losses 3.3 Using setback thermostat 3.4 Zoning the house 3.5 Window night insulation 3.6 Switching off appliances 3.7 Replacing fridge 3.8 Dimmering lights 3.9 Low flow showerheads 4.0 Energy changes after retrofits 4.1 Cost changes after retrofits

G | PASSIVE SOLAR STRATEGIES 4.3 Suntempering redesign

4.4 Passive solar heating

H | CONCLUSIONS

contents

In the first part of the analysis, the building mass, the site location, the form and organization of space are studied. Mapping the topography of the site as well as the vegetation lead to further recommendations regarding the existing building. A | SITE ANALYSIS 0.1 Building, Location

0.2 Climate Data 0.3 Winter Site Plan 0.4 Summer Site Plan 0.5 Winter and Summer Indoor Sun Penetration 0.6 Surface Drainage Analysis 0.7 Vegetation Analysis

B | ANALYSIS OF EXISTING BUILDING FORM AND ORGANIZATION

0.8 Programming Table 0.9 Existing organization of plans

C | REDESIGN OF SITE, PROPOSALS 1.0 Revised Plans

1.1 Improved site plan for outdoor living 1.2 Perspective view of the proposal

site analysis +design proposals

1 00

The residence is situated in the Squirrel Hill neighbourhood in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and it has three occupants. The plot is of 5640 sqft, with a facade of 49 ft on Birchwood Boulevard. The front porch and the backyard are facing South and North accordingly. On the West and East of the plot there are neighboring residences. Across Birchwood Avenue, the house has the view of trees. The topography of the site is very intense with a height difference of 48 ft from the south to the north facade. The house has two floors and a basement. The total living area is 2813 sqft. Due to the topography, the basebent is on the level of Birchwood Boulevard and the backyard goes up to the level of the first floor. On the basement only secondary uses are placed such as the garage, the laundry, the venting system and the water heater. All the glazing of the house is placed on the North and South facades, and there is only one window on the East facade. On the first floor, there are the more social spaces of the house, such as the living room, kitshen, dining room etc, and on the second floor there are the more private spaces, the bedrooms. Behind the backyard lays a great clump of trees which take up almost half of the plot. These trees are deciduous. There are also some trees in front of the house which are evergreens.

building location 01









  

   





DECEMBER windrose



 Difference between Solar Time and Local Mean Time The climate in Pittsburgh has warm and humid summers and cold winters. The lowest average temperature is 30 °F in January, and the highest 73 °F on July. That means we need to generate mechanisms both for protection for the cold and take into consideration the shading in order to protect the building from overheating during summer. The latitude of Pittsburgh is 40 ° and the longtitude 79°. The daylight hours during the winter are about 10 and during the www.jaloxa.eu summer 15.5. The humidity and the low temperatures during the winter reduce drastically the comfort hours during the year. 20

5 0

-5

-10 -15

-20 Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Jan

Month

JUNE windrose

Equation of Time [mins]

A very important factor in Pittsburgh climate is the strong West winds during the winter. The summer winds blow from SouthWest. In that way, our building must be over protected from the West and at the same time let the valuable SouthWest winds to pass through the plot.

climate data 02

the trees cut down the velocity of the wind

strong West winds

Sunniest wind protected spot of the plot

winter site plan 03

the trees cut down the velocity of the wind

South-

West winds

WINDIEST sun protected spaces

summer site plan 04

2nd floor

1st floor

BATHROOM BATHROOM

MASTER BEDROOM

BEDROOM 3

OFFICE

KITCHEN

DINING ROOM

LIVING ROOM BEDROOM 1

BATHROOM

BEDROOM 2

WINTER SUN PENETRATIONS

2nd floor

1st floor

BATHROOM BATHROOM

MASTER BEDROOM

OFFICE

BEDROOM 3

KITCHEN

DINING ROOM

LIVING ROOM BEDROOM 1

BATHROOM

BEDROOM 2

WINTER SUN PENETRATIONS

Big window in the living room Connection of dining room with backyard Good South North orientation Great vegetaition

Dark office space Dark corridor on the 2nd floor North orientation of master bedroom Lack of shadow in the backyard during the summer

window sun penetrations 05

1150

1125

the intense topology of the site leads the drainages water directly towards the house

surface drainage study 06

deciduous trees with canopies between 15-35 ft and heights that reach 35 ft.

small deciduous tree 6 ft tall with a canopy of 5 ft.

Yule Tree [evergreen] Height: 8.50 ft Canopy:11.50 ft

Yule Trees [evergreens] Height: 3.5-6 ft Canopy: 2.5-5 ft

vegetation analysis 07

Special Occasions

0-3

0.6-2

Kitchen

124

Living

Daily, All day

1-3

1.5-3

0.6-2

Office

100

Living

Daily, All day

1-3

1.8

0.6-2

Support

Guest

1-2

0.6-2

Corridor+Stairs

137

Circulation

Daily, All day

1.5

0.6-2

Master Bedroom

192

Living

Daily, Night

0-1.2

Bedroom 1

161

Support

Rarely

0-3

0.9

0.6-2

Bedroom 2

130

Living

Daily, All day

Bedroom 3

131

Support

Daily

0-3

0.9

0.6-2

M.Bathroom

Support

Daily, All day

1-2

0-1.2

Bathroom Corridor+Stairs Garage

35 161 575

Support Circulation Support

1 3 1-2

1-2 1.5 1.5

0-1.2 0.6-2 0.6-2

Storage

230

Support

Daily, All day Daily, All day Leaving/Arriving at house Daily

1-3

1.5

0.6-2

Corridor+Stairs

110

Circulation

Daily

1.5

0.6-2

SPACE TITLE Living Room Dining Room Kitchen Office WC Corridor+Stairs Master Bedroom Bedroom 1 Bedroom 2 Bedroom 3 M.Bathroom Bathroom Corridor+Stairs Garage Storage Corridor+Stairs

SW X

S X X

X X X X X X

X X X

X X

X X X X X X

N NW

X X

X X X X X X X

0-2

SPACE PRIORITY 1 2 1 1 3 3 1 2 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 3

summer winter

H, C + V H, C + V H+C H+C H, C + V H, C + V H+C H, C + V

X X

summer X winter

H+C

H+C H+C H+C H+C H+C

LIABILITIES

Living

ASSETS

121

H/V/C H+C

TEMP

Dining Room

INTERNAL LOADS ENV INTERESTS TV+equipment Big window with street view [S] Double sliding door to backyard [N] Appliances Window to backyard [N] Computes+equip Double sliding door to backyard [N] Window with street view [S] Window with street view [S] Window with view to backyard [N] Window to backyard [N] Computer Windows with street view [S] and to East side Window to backyard [N] Window to backyard [N] Front Door [S] Door to street [S] Laundry Window to East appliances -

TEMP

CLO 0.6-2

MET 1.5-3

#PEOPLE 3

SUN

TIME IN USE Daily, All day

SUN

SPACE USE Living

WIND

Sq FEET 281

WIND

SPACE TITLE Living Room

programming table 08

advantages disadvantages -The house in general has good orientation [South-North] and fairly good distribution of space. -A great part of the house is protected from the West winds due to the neighboring houses. -It has a very strong topology with great height differences [46 ft]. The morphology of the plot leads the water towards the building envelope. Moreover it makes it eliminates the possibilities for different placements of the house on the site.

birdâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s eye view

-Even if the plot has two facades on two different streets Birchwood and Landview, due to the topography, it only relates to the first one. There is no kind of connection with Landview road. -During the summer, the outdoor living space is not naturally shaded and extra shading is needed [eg umbrelas]. -The rooms which are placed on the North part of the house, especially on the second floor are slightly dark. Among these are the office and the master bedroom.

1st floor OFFICE

2nd floor KITCHEN

DINING ROOM

master bedroom

bedroom 3

corridor LIVING ROOM bedroom 1

bedroom 2

existing organization of plans 09

suggestions

first diagrammatic drawings of plans

Firstly, important goal for the interior layout would be to take advantage of the whole South facade and eliminate the dark spaces of the house. For that reason, I would convey the staircase, which is a secondary space, towards the North and I would bring the office towards the South facade. The office is a space that needs ambient natural light, and especially in the Lam residence is a place which is oftenly used. Based on those changes, the entrace of the house turns to the side of the house. That would not cause any problem as the family tends to use its backyard and backdoor as the entrance to the space. On the second floor, the tactic of presuming upon the Southern light is again used. Three of the bedrooms, among which are the mostly used; the Master Bedrooom and the daughterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s bedroom, turn towards the South. The fourth bedroom which is not commonly used and the secondary spaces [bathrooms, stairs] are moved to the North. Moreover the bedrooms do not face any problem of privacy, as across Birchwood street they have they view of trees. As far as the site is concerned, my main concern is to ensure the protection of the house from winter west winds. That is why I choose to push the house slightly towards the North, to get as much as possible protection from the neighboring house. The new postition of the stairs would also create a buffer zone that will protect the North West corner of the building. Moreover, a number of evergreen trees should be planted on the West side, for winter wind protection.

water

Finally, it would be wise if a small overshoot of the ground was created on the North in order to channel the water coming down from the site away from the house.

wind

revised plans 10

improved site plan for outdoor living 11

perspective view of proposal 12

In the second part of the analysis, the building envelope is analyzed into its assemblies and their resistance is calculated. Afterwards the total heat losses of the building are calculated. D | HEATING+ENVELOPE ANALYSIS 1.4 Thermal boundaries

1.5 Exterior walls 1.6 Basement walls 1.7 Surfaces adjacent to garage 1.8 Floors 1.9 Roof 2.0 Heat loss spreadsheet+charts

heating+ envelope analysis

2 13

2nd FLOOR

2 B

8 2 A

section AA

1st FLOOR

A 1 6 B

Basement

4 B

section BB

Building’s envelope

The residence’s building envelope is built by several materials and in order to understand and calculate its heat losses we need to take a good look at the construction details. On the first and second floor we have timber construction and the basement walls are built of insulated concrete blocks [8’]. The finish materials used are brick, wooden shingles and slates on the roof. For the walls foam sprayed insulation [polyurethane] is used, for the basement slab polystyrene [9’] and for the roof two layers of mineral wool [9’+4’]. The construction details studied are: 1. Exterior wall [brick finish] 2. Exterior wall [wooden shingles] 3. Exterior basement wall [concrete blocks+brick finish] 4. Walls below grade 5. Interior wall [buffer zone through garage] 6. Floor [above garage] 7. Floor [above air] 8. Slab below grade [basement] 9. Roof

thermal boundaries 14

Exterior Walls 1_BRICKS AREA: 84.26*2.3+[8.24+9.37]*2.635= 193.798+46.40 =240

Area weighted R Value: 77% x 25.135+23%x 7.64 = 19.3

1. Exterior Wall [brick finish] 3’ Face Brick Vapor Barrier 1’1/2 Air Gap 1/2” Plywood 3’ Foam Sprayed insulation 1/2” Gypsum Board

Outside Air Film 3’ Face Brick Vapor Barrier 1’1/2 Air Gap ½” Plywood 3’1/2 Foam Sprayed Insulation 3’1/2 Stud ½” Gypsum Board Inside Air Film Total

R [BTU/hFoft2]

Rstuds [BTU/hFoft2]

0.17 0.33 0.00 1.00 0.63 21.875 0.45 0.68 25.135

0.17 0.33 0.00 1.00 0.63 4.38 0.45 0.68 7.64

Area weighted R Value: 77% x 25.135 + 23% x 7.64 = 19.35 + 1.75 = 21.10 BTU/hFft2

Exterior Walls 1_BRICKS AREA: 84.26*2.3+[8.24+9.37]*2.635= 193.798+46.40 =240

Area weighted R Value: 77% x 25.135+23%x 7.64 = 19.3

Wooden shingles Vapor Barrier 1/2” Plywood 3’ 1/2” Foam Sprayed insulation 1/2” Gypsum Board

Exterior Walls 2_WOODEN SHINGLES AREA: 11.135*2.635=29.340 M2 = 315.81 ft2 R [BTU/hFoft2] Rstuds [BTU/hFoft2] Area weighted R Value: 77% x 25.135+23%x 7.64 = 19.3 Outside Air Film 0.17 0.17 3’ Face Brick 0.33 0.33 2. Vapor Exterior shingles] BarrierWall [wooden 0.00 0.00 1’1/2 Air Gap 1.00 1.00 ½” Plywood 0.63 0.63 3’1/2 Foam Sprayed Insulation R [BTU/hF 21.875 oft2] Rstuds [BTU/hF 3’1/2 Stud 4.38 oft2] ½”Outside GypsumAir Board 0.45 0.45 Film 0.17 0.17 InsideShingles Air Film 0.68 0.68 Wooden Siding 0.97 0.97 Total 25.135 7.64 Vapor Barrier 0.00 0.00 ½” Plywood 0.63 0.63 3’1/2 Foam Sprayed Insulation 21.875 3’1/2 Stud 4.38 ½” Gypsum Board 0.45 0.45 Inside Air Film 0.68 0.68 Total 24.775 7.28

Exterior Walls 2_WOODEN SHINGLES AREA: 11.135*2.635=29.340 M2 = 315.81 ft2

Area weighted R Value: 77% x 25.135+23%x 7.64 = 19.3

Outside Air Film Exterior Walls Basement [ground up] Wooden Siding Shingles Vapor Barrier ½” Plywood 3’1/2 Foam Sprayed Insulation 3’1/2 Stud ½” Gypsum Board Inside Air Film Total

R [BTU/hFoft2]

Rstuds [BTU/hFoft2]

0.17 0.97 0.00 0.63 21.875 0.45 0.68 24.775

0.17 0.97 0.00 0.63 4.38 0.45 0.68 7.28

Area weighted R Value: 77% x 24.775 + 23% x 7.28 = 18.58 + 1.674 = 20.25 BTU/hFft2

exterior walls Exterior Walls Basement [ground up]

3. Exterior Basement Wall [concrete blocks+brick finish] R [BTU/hFoft2] Outside Air Film 3’ Face Brick Vapor Barrier 1’ Air Gap 4’ Insulated Concrete Block Inside Air Film Total

0.17 0.33 0.00 1.00 3.90 0.68 5.08

Exterior Walls Basement [ground down] R [BTU/hFoft2]

3’ Brick Face Vapor Barrier

Vapor Barrier 8’ Insulated Concrete Block Inside Air Film Total

0.00 8.61 0.68 9.29

1’ Air gap 4’ Concrete Block Polyurethane fill

Interior Walls –Garage Area weighted R Value= 77% x 23.625 + 23% x 6.13= 18.19+1.41

Outside Air Film ½” Gypsum Board 3’1/2 Foam Sprayed Insulation 3’1/2 Stud ½” Gypsum Board Inside Air Film Total

R [BTU/hFoft2]

Rstuds [BTU/hFoft2]

0.17 0.45 21.875 0.45 0.68 23.625

0.17 0.45 4.38 0.45 0.68 6.13

Vapor Barrier Polyurethane fill R [BTU/hFoft2]

8’ Concrete block Outside Air Film 3’ Face Brick Vapor Barrier Subgrade Basement Slab 1’ Air Gap 4’ Insulated Concrete Block Inside Air Film Total Inside Air Film Rubber Floor tile 4’ Concrete Slab Exterior Walls Basement [ground down] 9’ Polystyrene Total

0.17 0.33 0.00 1.00 3.90 0.68 5.08 R [BTU/hFoft2] 0.68

4. Walls0.05 below Grade 0.32 31.05 32.10 R [BTU/hFoft2]

Vapor Barrier 8’ Insulated Concrete Block Inside Air Film Total

0.00 8.61 0.68 9.29

basement walls

Interior Walls –Garage Area weighted R Value= 77% x 23.625 + 23% x 6.13= 18.19+1.41

Outside Air Film ½” Gypsum Board 3’1/2 Foam Sprayed Insulation 3’1/2 Stud ½” Gypsum Board

R [BTU/hFoft2]

Rstuds [BTU/hFoft2]

0.17 0.45 21.875 0.45

0.17 0.45 4.38 0.45

Interior Walls –Garage Area weighted R Value= 77% x 23.625 + 23% x 6.13= 18.19+1.4

5. Interior Wall [buffer zone through garage]

Outside Air Film ½” Gypsum Board 3’1/2 Foam Sprayed Insulation 3’1/2 Stud ½” Gypsum Board Inside Air Film Total

R [BTU/hFoft2]

Rstuds [BTU/hFoft2]

0.17 0.45 21.875 0.45 0.68 23.625

0.17 0.45 4.38 0.45 0.68 6.13

Area weighted R Value: 77% x 23.625 + 23% x 6.13 = 18.19 + 1.41 = 19.6 BTU/hFft2

1/2” Gypsum Board 7’ Mineral Wool Subgrade Basement Slab 1/2” Wooden Subfloor

FIRST FLOOR

Carpet R [BTU/hFoft2] Inside Air Film Rubber Floor tile 4’ Concrete Slab 9’ Polystyrene Total

0.68 0.05 0.32 31.05 32.10

1/2” Gypsum Board Vapor Barrier

GARAGE SPACE

1/2” Gypsum Board

Floor over Garage

77% x 25.76 + 23% x 12.81=19.83+2.95=22.77

6. Floor [above garage]

Inside Air Film Carpet Wooden Subfloor 7’ Mineral Wood 7’ Joists Gypsum Board Outside Air Film Total

R [BTU/hFoft2]

Rjoists [BTU/hFoft2]

0.68 2.08 0.68 21.7 0.45 0.17 25.76

0.68 2.08 0.68 8.75 0.45 0.17 12.81

Area weighted R Value: 77% x 25.76 + 23% x 12.81 = 19.83 + 2.95 = 22.77 BTU/hFft2

surfaces adjacent to garage

Floor [Second floor extruding volumes] 77% x 25.82 + 23% x 12.97=19.88+2.98=22.86

Inside Air Film Carpet Wooden Subfloor 7’ Mineral Wood 7’ Joists

R [BTU/hFoft2]

Rjoists [BTU/hFoft2]

0.68 2.08 0.68 21.7 -

0.68 2.08 0.68 8.75

Floor [Second floor extruding volumes] 77% x 25.82 + 23% x 12.97=19.88+2.98=22.86

7. Floor [above air in 2nd floor] R [BTU/hFoft2]

Inside Air Film Carpet Wooden Subfloor 7’ Mineral Wood 7’ Joists VinylAir Siding Outside Film Outside Air Film 3’ Face Brick Total Vapor Barrier

Vinyl Siding 7’ Mineral Wool 1/2” Wooden Subfloor Carpet

Rjoists [BTU/hFoft2]

0.68 0.68 2.08 2.08 0.68 0.68 21.7 2 - R [BTU/hFoft8.75 ] 0.61 0.17 0.61 0.17 0.33 0.17 25.92 0.00 12.97

1.00 Area weighted R Value:1’ Air Gap 4’ Insulated Concrete Block 3.90 77% x 25.92 + 23% x 12.97 = 19.88 + 2.98 = 22.86 BTU/hFft2 Roof

Inside Air Film Total

Exterior Walls Basement [ground down] Outside Air Film 4’ Mineral Wood 9’ Mineral Wood Vapor Barrier Air Film Inside 8’ Insulated Concrete Block Inside AirTotal Film Total

0.68 5.08

R [BTU/hFoft2] 0.17 12.40 oft2] R [BTU/hF 0.68 0.00 27.9 8.61 41.15 0.68 9.29

8. Subgrade Slab [basement]

Interior Walls –Garage Area weighted R Value= 77% x 23.625 + 23% x 6.13= 18.19+1.4

R [BTU/hFoft2]

Rstuds [BTU/hFoft2]

0.17 0.45 21.875 0.45 0.68 23.625

0.17 0.45 4.38 0.45 0.68 6.13

Top soil Outside Air Film ½” Gypsum Board 3’1/2 Foam Sprayed Insulation Rubber Floor tile 3’1/2 Stud ½” Gypsum Board Inside Air Film Total

9’ Polystyrene 4’ Concrete Slab

Subgrade Basement Slab

R [BTU/hFoft2] Inside Air Film Rubber Floor tile 4’ Concrete Slab 9’ Polystyrene Total

0.68 0.05 0.32 31.05 32.10

floors 18

9. Roof [through buffer zone of attic]

4’ Mineral Wool 9’ Mineral Wool 1/2” Gypsum Board

Floor over Garage

77% x 25.76 + 23% x 12.81=19.83+2.95=22.77

Inside Air Film Carpet Wooden Subfloor 7’ Mineral Wood 7’ Joists Gypsum Board Outside Air Film Total

R [BTU/hFoft2]

Rjoists [BTU/hFoft2]

0.68 2.08 0.68 21.7 0.45 0.17 25.76

0.68 2.08 0.68 8.75 0.45 0.17 12.81

Floor [Second floor extruding volumes] 77% x 25.82 + 23% x 12.97=19.88+2.98=22.86

Inside Air Film Carpet Wooden Subfloor 7’ Mineral Wood 7’ Joists Vinyl Siding Outside Air Film Total

R [BTU/hFoft2]

Rjoists [BTU/hFoft2]

0.68 2.08 0.68 21.7 0.61 0.17 25.92

0.68 2.08 0.68 8.75 0.61 0.17 12.97

Roof

R [BTU/hFoft2] Outside Air Film 4’ Mineral Wood 9’ Mineral Wood Inside Air Film Total

0.17 12.40 0.68 27.9 41.15

roof 19

Exterior Wall [Brick] Exterior Wall [Wooden Shingles] Exterior Wall [Basement ground up] Interior Wall [Through Garage]

UA-Heat Loss Coefficient Wall Area Window Total R Value U Value [ft²] Area [ft²] Area [ft²] [hFft²/BTU] [BTU/hFft²] [BTU/hF] ΔT [°F] Heat Losses Detail 1 2585.5 229.35 2356.15 21.107 0.047 111.629 55 6139.59 2

315.81

57.44

258.37

20.25

0.049

12.759

701.75

143.8

5.08

0.197

28.307

1556.89

182.61

17.22

165.39

19.6

0.051

8.438

37.5

316.43

2.04 3.03

0.490 0.330

129.505 7.481

55 55

7122.77 411.46

Windows [double glazed 1/2"air space] Doors

264.19 22.67

Roof

988.92

41.15

0.024

24.032

37.5

901.20

Floor [Above air-2nd floor] Floor [Above Garage]

6 7

79.28 52.3

22.86 22.77

0.044 0.044

3.468 2.297

55 37.5

190.74 86.13

25.5

254.40

25.5

406.29

7442.45

Below Grade Floor

Below Grade Walls

INFILTRATION

Total Area [ft²] 344.01 Perimete r [ft] 25.04 13.24

Detail 8 Detail 4 4

ACH 0.5

Modified UA-Heat Loss U Coeff. 0.029 F Value UA-Heat9.976 Loss [BTU/hftF] Coeff. 0.401 10.041 0.445 5.892 15.933 UA-Heat Loss Coefficient 135.317

Heat Heated Capacity Volume 15035.25 0.018

PEAK HEAT LOSS

489.143

25530.10

ANNUAL HEAT LOSS = 24 hours x 5170 DD x 489.143 = 60692863.44 BTU = 60.69 mmBTU

Roof 3% Walls 36%

Infiltration 29%

Floors 2% Doors 2% Windows 28%

Heat Losses Percentages % Walls 9092.45 35.69 Windows 7122.77 27.96 Doors 411.46 1.61 Floors 508.30 2.00 Infiltration 7442.45 29.21 Roof 901.20 3.54 Total 25478.64 100.00

heat loss spreadsheet+charts 20

In this section of the analysis, a complete calculation of the houseâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s peak, monthly and annual loads is presented. The analysis is broken down to heating consumption, domestic hot water, cooling, lighting, appliances and cars. The total costs are also presented and compared to the actual bills of the house. E | TOTAL HOME ENERGY 2.2 Heating

2.3 Domestic Hot Water [DHW] 2.4 Cooling+Gas appliances 2.5 Lighting 2.6 Appliances 2.7 Total costs 2.8 Total Consumption 2.9 Electricity+Gas bills 4.1 Cost changes after retrofits

total home energy

3 21

Heating: Building Load Coefficient 1. UA total for house (BTU/h °F) _583.34_ x 24 = _14000.30__building load coefficient (BTU/day °F) 2. DD base _65 °F. Look up monthly DD at that base or calculate (new DD base– ave temp/month) x days month Heating fuel type 1 _gas_ (choose: gas, oil, electric, other) 3B. heating system efficiency __92.1___% 4. $ _12.25_/mmbtu (total mmbtu from the bills divided by the $ charged), note total costs in 4. may be less than bills if gas is used for DHW, cooking and drying (add all of those columns = bill). Heat Loss BLC = 24 x monthly Coefficient UA [BTU/ HDD [UA] DD] [design T: 65°F] JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

TOTAL

489.143 489.143 489.143 489.143 489.143 489.143 489.143 489.143 489.143 489.143 489.143 489.143

11739.432 11739.432 11739.432 11739.432 11739.432 11739.432 11739.432 11739.432 11739.432 11739.432 11739.432 11739.432

Estimated Heating Load [mmBTU]

1054 986 620 330 186 0 0 0 30 372 600 992

12.37 11.58 7.28 3.87 2.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.35 4.37 7.04 11.65

5170.00

60.69

System Ef- Heating ficiency System Demand [mmBTU] 98.00% 98.00% 98.00% 98.00% 98.00% 98.00% 98.00% 98.00% 98.00% 98.00% 98.00% 98.00%

Cost [$12.25/ mmBTU]

12.63 11.81 7.43 3.95 2.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.36 4.46 7.19 11.88

154.67 144.69 90.98 48.43 27.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.40 54.59 88.05 145.57

61.93

758.66

What is the Btu/ SqFt? _0.0215 mmBTU/sqft____ btu/sqft What is the Btu/ SqFt-HDD heating value? __ 0.0000041 mmbtu/sqft-hdd = = 4.1 btu/sqft-hdd Check the box according to your heating value Passive house = 1 watt house (per sqmeter and hdd metric) = 0.8 Btu/sqft/hdd Best new homes: 2 Btu/SqFt-HDD

x ENERGY STAR® homes: 5 Btu/SqFt-HDD low usage existing homes: 7 Btu/SqFt-HDD medium usage existing homes: 11 Btu/ SqFt-HDD high usage existing homes: 15 Btu/ SqFt-HDD

Heating 22

Domestic Hot Water General Information General Information Gallons of hot water _2057_/month (can be variable) (activity chart) DHW Fuel type _gas_ 5. _2_mmbtu/mo = gallons x .001 mmbtu/gallon (convert to mmbtu) 6. cost/mmbtu= $_12.25_.

DHW Load [mmBTU] 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Total Domestic Hot Water Cost [$12.25/mmBTU] 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5

TOTAL

294

Activity

Gallons per use

Clothes Washing Showering Bathing Automatic Dishwashing Preparing Food Hand Dishwashing Several

# of total times per month x 4 = 128

20 20 12

x 72 x 6 x 2

= = =

1440 120 24

x 35

175

x 30

120

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

average HOT Water Usage

Preparing Food 9%

Clothes Washing 6%

Hand Dishwashing 6%

Several 2%

Bathing 6% Showering 71%

50 2057

Domestic Hot Water [DHW] 23

Cooling General Information 7. Monthly CDD or cooling hours/month (variable by month) Equipment SEER rating _13_ BTU/wh Unit Capacity _24000_ BTUh (note: 1 ton = 12,000 BTU/hrs) (if window units add all together) 8. Monthly cooling system demand in kwh/CDD _1.84_ = unit capacity in BTU/hr divided by (SEER in BTU/wh x 1000 wh/kwh) 9. Cost $ 12.25/mmBTU = $ 0.042/kwh Monthly CDD JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

0 0 0 0 0 30 186 124 0 0 0 0

TOTAL

340

System Demand factor [kWh/CDD]

Monthly Cooling System Demand [kWh]

0 0 0 0 0 1.84 1.84 1.84 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 55.2 342.24 228.16 0 0 0 0

Total Cooling Cost per month [$0.042/ kWh] 0 0 0 0 0 2.3 14.4 9.6 0 0 0 0

625.6

26.3

Appliances with Gas Oven: 16,000 Btu x 15 h/mo = 24,000 Btu = 24 mBtu/mo Stove: 2,250 Btu [per burner] x 30 h/mo = 67,500 Btu = 67,5 mBtu/mo Total gas use from oven+stove: 91.5 mBtu/mo Cost: $12.25 /mmBtu Total cost from Oven+Stove use: 0.0915 mmBtu/mo x $12.25 /mmBtu = $1.12 per month

Cooling+ gas appliances 24

Lighting Energy Use Type Incandescent Lights Compact Fluorescent [CFL]

Fluorescent

Room

Quantity

Living room

8 7

Average Lamp Wattage [W] 40 15

Average Hours/month 60 150

Total [Wh/ month] 19200 15750

Kitchen Office Corridor WC Stairs Bedroom 1 Bedroom 2 Bedroom 3 M.Bedroom Bathrooms Corridor Exterior Basement

8 4 4 2 8 3 5 3 4 4 4 10 6

15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 20

200 200 80 60 80 60 160 60 120 90 60 120 80

24000 12000 4800 1800 9600 2700 12000 2700 7200 5400 3600 18000 9600

TOTAL

148350 148.35 kWh/mo

10. [Total Wh/mo] / 1000 = 148.35 kWh/mo 11. Electricity Cost: $ 0.173 / kWh 12. Monthly Lighting Cost = 148.35 kWh/mo x $ 0.173 / kWh = $ 25.66 13. Year Lighting Cost = 12 x $ 22.23 = $ 307.92

Lighting 25

Appliance Energy Use Quantity Air Cleaner Furnace Fan Large Refrigerator Small Refrigerator Microwave Dishwasher Coffee Machine Toaster Washer Dryer Computer Computer Monitor Laptop Printer TV DVD Player Television Projection Sound System Fan Ceiling Vacuum Cleaner Iron Blender Hair Dryer

1 1 1

Average Wattage [W] 50 375 62.5

Average Hours/ month 300 150 720

Total [Wh/ month] 15000 56250 45000

720

25920

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1000 1200 1200 1000 5800 5200 80 80

20 10 10 10 6 6 300 300

20000 12000 12000 10000 34800 31200 24000 24000

3 1 1 1 1

20 180 24 22 170

270 30 240 45 120

16200 5400 5760 990 20400

1 8 1 1 1 1

200 80 1000 1000 200 1500

60 120 15 15 10 8

12000 76800 15000 15000 2000 12000

TOTAL

501720

12. [Total Wh/mo]/1000 = 501.72 kWh/mo 13. Electricity Cost: $ 0.173/ kWh Monthly Cost = APPLIANCE LOAD x ELECTRICITY COST =501.72 kWh/mo x $ 0.173/mo = $ 86.79 Yearly Cost = 12 x Monthly Cost = 12 x $ 86.79 = $1041.5

AUTO Energy Use Car = 11 gallons / week = 44 gallons/month x 0.125 mmBTU/gallon = 5.5 mmBTU/month 14. Total mmBTU : 66 per year 15. Average $/gallon = 3.36 Average $/mmBTU = 26.88 Total Cost = $ 1774

Appliances +cars 26

Total Monthly Energy Use [excluding cars] GAS Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total

$ Heating $ Cooling $ Domestic $ Appliance* Estimated Hot Water* Total $ Gas 154.67 0 24.5 1.12 180.29 144.69 0 24.5 1.12 170.31 90.98 0 24.5 1.12 116.60 48.43 0 24.5 1.12 74.05 27.29 0 24.5 1.12 52.91 0.00 2.3 24.5 1.12 27.92 0.00 14.4 24.5 1.12 40.02 0.00 9.6 24.5 1.12 35.22 4.40 0 24.5 1.12 30.02 54.59 0 24.5 1.12 80.21 88.05 0 24.5 1.12 113.67 145.57 0 24.5 1.12 171.19 758.66

26.3

294

13.45

1092.41

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Actual Gas Bills 159.25 175.2 91.88 61.25 24.5 0 36.75 18.38 24.5 42.88 43.44 238.9

Total

917

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

25.66 25.66 25.66 25.66 25.66 25.66 25.66 25.66 25.66 25.66 25.66 25.66

86.80 86.80 86.80 86.80 86.80 86.80 86.80 86.80 86.80 86.80 86.80 86.80

112.46 112.46 112.46 112.46 112.46 112.46 112.46 112.46 112.46 112.46 112.46 112.46

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Actual Electric Bills 149.47 121.10 85.11 97.57 103.80 124.56 155.70 190.00 129.75 103.80 108.00 155.70

Total

307.92

1041.57

1349.55

Total

1524.562

ELECTRIC $ Lighting $ Appliances

Estimated Total $ Electric

Total Costs 27

Heating Cooling

Lighting

Domestic Hot Appliance Water

Totals

57,015

Annual Kwh 18,145

625.6

1,780.2

7032

6216.1

33,799.2

61.93

2.13

6.1

21.2

115.4

53.7%

1.9%

5.3%

20.8%

18.4%

100%

BTU/sqft

Annual mmbtu Percentage of Total Energy (%)

energy consumption

Roof 3%

DHW 21%

heat losses Walls 36%

Infiltration 29%

Heating 54%

Appliances 18%

Floors Doors 2% 2% Lighting 5% Cooling 2%

Windows 28%

Retrofit Measures As we can see from the charts the biggest part of energy consumption is due to heating, appliances and domestic hot water. Moreover the major heat losses of the house are due to walls, windows and infiltration. Hence, the retrofit measures proposed will try to balance the above problems in the house. The possible retrofit measures are: 1. Reducing infiltration losses 2. Using setback thermostats 3. Zoning the house 4. Night insulation for the windows 5. Replacing the windows with Low e double glazed 6. Install dimmers to reduce light usage 7. Replacing appliances to more energy efficient ones [refrigerator, washer, dryer] 8. Replacing the light bulbs to LED 9. Replacing faucets 10. Extra insulation to walls next to the garage 11. Shutting down computes during the night

total energy consumption +retrofit measures 28

electricity bills 29

gas bills 30

In the fourth part of this report, 8 retrofits are proposed in order to reduce the energy consumption of the house. All or certain of them can be undertaken within the next year. All of them are easy to do and they donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have labor costs. All the recommendations can be realized by the clients. Instructions are given were needed. For every retrofit proposal, specifications, costs, payback and energy reduction is given. F | RETROFIT FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION

retrofit for energy conservation

4 31

1 [$24.15]

5 Pack Dap 00816 SIDE WINDER Crystal Clear 10.1-oz [Siding & Window Sealant]

>>application1

> Outsanding UV Resistance+Low temperature application > Great Adhesion > Extreme flexibility and paintability 50 linear feet per pack >> 250 linear feet in total If assigned on all windows and doors 240 ft needed for both inside+outside application. For better sealing, also apply if there is any other possible crack in your house. Common places to look for cracks at are: mail chutes, electrical+gas service entrances, cable tv+phone lines, outdoor water faucets, dry vents’ passage, vents and fans.

caulk

INSTRUCTIONS: 1. Surface must be clean and dry 2. Hold the gun at consistent angle of about 45 degrees+apply on cracks. 3. Apply continuously without starting and stopping

2 [$7.78]

Pemko 17ft. System-V Weatherstrip Tape-Roll [Clear] > Effective barrier around a door or window opening > Easy installation: fold, peel and stick > Flexible, compressible self-adhesive For all the doors+windows we will need 120 linear ft of weatherstrip. Each package contains 17ft that cost $7.78. That is why we will need 7 packets for the cost of $54.46 INSTRUCTIONS: 1. Apply to a clean, dry surface. Best applied at temperatures between 40º-90º F. 2. Peel paper backing while positioning System-V weatherstrip in place so that the”V” compresses when door is closed. Stick it in place.

Pemko 36” Door Bottom Sweep [w/Vinyl-Dark Bronze Anodized] > Fills up to 1 in. gaps > Seals against air, dust, water+sound > Provided with stainless steel fasteners Install on exterior front door to minimize air leakage from the bottom part

[$7.78]

INSTRUCTIONS: 1. Trim Door Bottom sweep to 1/16” longer than trimmed housing profile on each end 2. Close door+position it along outside bottom edge of door to make contact with threshold 3. Drill pilot holes in door at marks 4. Secure it with supplied screws

weatherstrip

>>payback+energy savings 12 Pack_Dap Side Winder 9 x 17ft System V weatherstrip 1 x Door Bottom Sweep Labor TOTAL COST

$24.15 $54.46 $7.78 $86.39

20% Infiltration Reduction New Infiltration UA: 108.25 BTU/hF Annual Energy Saved: 3.35 mmBTU Annual Dollars Saved: $41.14 PAYBACK: 25 months [$86.39 / $41.14 = 2.1] Roof 3% Walls 36%

Infiltration 29%

Floors Doors 2% 2% Windows 28%

reducing infiltration losses 1. Sketches from: “Weatherize your home-Caulk and weatherstrip” (DOE/GO-102001-1172, FS203, April 2001)

[$69.99]

Honeywell RTH2520B 7-Day Programmable Thermostat > Large backlit display and soft-touch button interface. > Precise temperature control of +/-1째F. > 7 day programming with 4 programmable periods per day. > Includes 3 interchangeable Decor faceplates to enhance Decor (titanium, charcoal, taupe). > Features Furnace Filter Change Indicator and Early Start Function. > Warranty: 1 year limited warranty > Product Size (LxWxH): 6.5 x 1.75 x 8.75

>>Instructions for DIY installation

>>New Heating Degree Days o

New Design temperature based on 12 hours of 65 F and o 12 hours of 55 F during the night + hours away from home o

[12 x 65 F + 12 x 55 F] / 24 = 60 F New HDD: 4256

>>payback+energy savings 7-Day Programmable Thermostat Labor

$69.99 -

TOTAL COST

$69.99

Current HDD: 5170 New HDD: 4256 New Annual Heat Loss: 49.96 mmBTU Annual Energy Saved: 10.72 mmBTU Annual Dollars Saved: $131.44 PAYBACK: 6.5 months [$69.99 / $131.44 = 0.53] DHW 21%

17.6% decrease

Appliances 18%

Heating 54%

in energy consumption for heating

Lighting 5% Cooling 2%

using setback thermostat 33

>>Zoning In the house there are two empty bedrooms due to the fact that some of the family’s children are not living there anymore. Moreover, due to the fact that the stair that goes down to the basement is not enclosed, attention should be given to the utility and storage room. Those four spaces of the house should be always closed and their temperature maintained at 50oF. The area of those spaces is 543.15 sq ft and it is the 26.8% of the total conditioned area. [2024 sq ft]

basement

utility room

GARAGE unconditioned

[$139.9]

Honeywell RTH2520B 7-Day Programmable Thermostat Installing two thermostats one for the normally conditioned spaces [12 hours of 65°F+12 hours of 55°F], and one for the unused spaces [constant 53°F]

>>New Heating Degree Days storage

The design Temperature for normally conditioned spaces is: o o o [12 x 65 F + 12 x 55 F] / 24 = 60 F And the New HDD for that temperature: 4256

1st floor

OFFICE

KITCHEN

DINING ROOM

The design Temperature for unused spaces is: 53 F And the New HDD for that temperature: 2472 The unused spaces occupy the 26.8% of the whole house. New weighted Annual Heat Loss: [(73.2% x UA x 4256)+(26.8% x UA x 2472)]x24 = 44.35 mmBTU

>>payback+energy savings LIVING ROOM

2 x 7-Day Programmable Thermostat Labor

$139.9 -

TOTAL COST

$139.9

2nd floor master bedroom

bedroom 3

New Annual Heat Loss: 44.35 mmBTU Annual Energy Saved: 16.34 mmBTU Annual Dollars Saved: $200.16 PAYBACK: 8.5 months [$139.9 / $200.16 = 0.69]

corridor

DHW 21%

bedroom 1

bedroom 2

27% decrease

Heating 54%

Appliances 18%

Lighting 5% Cooling 2%

in energy consumption for heating

zoning the house 34

[$1,691.26]

Panel Quilts [Ecru] > 5-layer composite, tracked and completely sealed movable insulating shade. > Secured on all sides by Velcro brand hook and loop fasteners, manual rollup. > Availaible in Room Darkening or Light Filtering in the same price and efficiency. For bedrooms the room darkening are more appropiate and for the rest of the house the light filtering. > Replacement of parts and fabrics is also possible. > Inhabitants need to lift them up every morning and put them down in the evening. [Closed from approximately 8pm to 7am] Noise Reduction 35% R Value for a double pane window with Window Quilt: 5.88 Effective U Value of the window: U= [(Uclosed x HRSclosed) + (Uopen x HRSopen)]/24= = [(0.17 x 12) + (0.49 x 12)] /24= 0.3433

>>payback+energy savings 11 Quilt Panels for all windows of the house Labor TOTAL COST

$1,691.26 $1,691.26

New Annual Heat Loss: 55.80 mmBTU Annual Energy Saved: 4.81 mmBTU Annual Dollars Saved: $59 PAYBACK: 28.5 years [$1,691.26 / $59 = 28.5] Reduction in heat losses through windows Roof 3%

DHW 21% Walls 36%

Infiltration 29%

Heating 54%

Appliances 18%

Floors Doors 2% 2% Windows 28%

Lighting 5% Cooling 2%

window night insulation 35

[$9.99]

Switching OFF appliances/ Using outlet surge strips > In the house there are three laptops, one desktop and one monitor that are switched on almost all day long. By switching them off during two or three hours per day when they are not needed, we will manage to reduce the energy load from the appliances. > Moreover, a really important factor is for the inhabitants to learn unplugging their appliances during the time their not being used, especially during the night. In that way the total amount of energy is minimized as the standby power is eliminated. Just because unplugging all the appliances every night and plugging them in again in the morning is not a practical thing to do, buying outlet surge strips is really helpful. Grouping your appliances together, depending their use, and plugging them in the same strip is proposed. So we would have the following groups of appliances: 1. Microwave, coffee maker, toaster 2. Computer, Computer monitor, printer 3. TV, DVD player, sound system

>>payback+energy savings 3 Outlet surge strips Labor

$29.97 -

TOTAL COST

$29.97

Annual Energy Saved: 192.756 kW Annual Dollars Saved: $33.34

>>Standby mode savings http://standby.lbl.gov/summary-table.html Average Average Wattage Hours/month [W] while Total swiched off [Wh/month] Appliance No not used Microwave 1 300 3.15 945 Coffee Machine 1 300 1.35 405 Computer 1 100 4.55 455 Computer Monitor 1 100 1.945 194.5 Laptop 3 45 25 3375 Printer 1 50 5 250 DVD Player 1 300 6.38 1914 TV 1 40 24.35 974 Sound System 1 300 2.755 826.5 TOTAL 9339

PAYBACK: 10.5 months [$29.97 / $33.34 = 0.898]

Energy savings in appliances

7% decrease in

DHW 21%

Heating 54%

Appliances 18%

energy consumption of appliances

Lighting 5% Cooling 2%

switching off aplliances 36

GE 25.3ft3 Side-by-Side Refrigerator with Thru-the-Door Ice + Water [CleanSteel] > External electronic temperature controls that let you quickly + easily adjust the internal temperature without opening the door. > Thru-the-door ice and water dispenser. Child lock helps prevent unsupervised or unintentional use. > GE water filtration. > Humidity-controlled crisper >Keeps produce fresh longer to minimize waste. Snack drawer allows for quick, easy access to favorite foods. > Adjustable gallon-size door bins. > Provides controlled defrosting to protect frozen food from freezer burn. > Generous freezer storage. Includes 4 wire shelves, 5 door shelves and a storage bin to create plenty of space to organize frozen food. > Keeps coils clean and simplifies maintenance. > Deluxe quiet design. Reduces unnecessary operating noise in the kitchen. This new bigger EnergyStar qualified fridge is going to replace the two old ones, that increase significantly the energy load from appliances.

[$1,034.99]

>>specifications Warranty Terms - Parts

1 year

Total Capacity (ft3) 25.3 Capacity: Freezer (ft3) 9.8 Capacity: Fresh-Food (ft3) 15.5 Energy Consumption (kWh/year) Estimated Yearly Operating Cost ENERGY STAR Qualified

469 $50

>>payback+energy savings GE 25.3ft3 Side-by-Side Refrigerator Labor TOTAL COST

$1,034.9 $1,034.9

Annual Energy Saved: 382.04 kW Annual Dollars Saved: $66.09 PAYBACK: 15.5 years [$1,034.9 / $66.09 = 15.6]

Energy savings in lighting DHW 21%

Heating 54%

Appliances 18%

6.5% decrease in

energy consumption of appliances

Lighting 5% Cooling 2%

replacing fridges 37

[$21.67]

Lutron Skylark Contour CFL/LED Dimmer Lutron 1-Gang Wallplate [WHITE] > Installation of dimmers in the living room, kitchen, dining room, office and the master bedroom. [Total: 5] The other two bedrooms are not being used on a daily basis, and the daughterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s room does not have a ceiling lamp, only side lamps. > The dimmers will be able to adjust a total of 23 CFL lamps in the house. >The dimmers wil reduce the light wattage 40% > Possibility of adjusting light according to activity within the room

>>payback+energy savings 5 Lutron Skylark Contour CFL Dimmer 5 Lutron 1-Gang Wallplates Shipping costs Labor TOTAL COST

$91.80 $16.55 $9.50 $117.85

Annual Energy Saved: 375 kW Annual Dollars Saved: $64.87 PAYBACK: 21.5 months [$117.85 / $64.87 = 1.81]

Energy savings in lighting DHW 21%

Heating 54%

Appliances 18%

21% decrease in

energy consumption in lighting

Lighting 5% Cooling 2%

dimmering lights 38

x2 [$32.05]

Moen one-function eco-performance showerhead [crome] > chrome finish > ecoâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;performance > oneâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;function full spray > meets WaterSense criteria to conserve water without sacrificing performance > limited lifetime warranty > maximum gpm: 1.75 gpm ( 6.65 l/min) over 2.5 gpm of regular showerheads.

>>payback+energy savings 2 Moen one-function eco-performance showerheads Labor TOTAL COST

$64.10 $64.10

Annual Gallons of water Saved: 12 x 432 = 5184 gallons Annual Energy Saved: 5.184 mmBTU Annual Dollars Saved: $63.5 PAYBACK: 1 year [$64.10 / $63.50 = 1.01]

Preparing Food 9%

Clothes Washing 6%

Hand Dishwashing 6%

21% decrease in

Several 2%

water consumption

Bathing 6% Showering 71%

low flow showerheads 39

Exterior Wall [Brick] Exterior Wall [Wooden Shingles] Exterior Wall [Basement ground up] Interior Wall [Through Garage]

Detail 1

Wall Area Window [ft²] Area [ft²] 2585.5 229.35

Total Area [ft²] 2356.15

ΔT [°F] 55

Heat Losses 6139.59

315.81

57.44

258.37

20.25

0.049

12.759

701.75

143.8

5.08

0.197

28.307

1556.89

182.61

17.22

165.39

19.6

0.051

8.438

37.5

316.43

2.91 3.03

0.343 0.330

90.696 7.481

55 55

4988.30 411.46

Windows [double glazed 1/2"air space] Doors

264.19 22.67

Roof

988.92

41.15

0.024

24.032

37.5

901.20

Floor [Above air-2nd floor] Floor [Above Garage]

6 7

79.28 52.3

22.86 22.77

0.044 0.044

3.468 2.297

55 37.5

190.74 86.13

25.5

254.40

25.5

406.29

5953.75

Below Grade Floor

Below Grade Walls

Detail 8 Detail 4 4

ACH 0.5

INFILTRATION

Total Area [ft²] 344.01 Perimeter [ft] 25.04 13.24 Heat Heated Volume Capacity of 15035.25 0.018

Modified UA-Heat Loss U Coeff. 0.029 UA-Heat 9.976 F Value Loss [BTU/hftF] Coeff. 0.401 10.041 0.445 5.892 15.933 UA-Heat Loss Coefficient 108.250

PEAK HEAT LOSS

423.267

ANNUAL HEAT LOSS

21906.93

[(73.2% x UA x 4256)+(26.8% x UA x 2472)]x24 = 38.37 mmBTU

heating cost

Estimated Estimated Heating Heating Heating Heating System System BLC = 24 x BLC total= HDD 24 x total HDD Cost Load Load Demand Demand UA [73.2%UA x 4256[73.2% + x 4256 + System System [$12.25/ [mmBTU] [mmBTU][mmBTU] [mmBTU] [BTU/DD] 26.8% [BTU/DD] x 2472]26.8% x 2472] Efficiency Efficiency mmBTU] Heat Loss Coefficient Heat Loss [UA] Coefficient [UA]

TOTAL

UA-Heat Loss Coefficient R Value U Value [hFft²/BTU] [BTU/hFft²] [BTU/hF] 21.107 0.047 111.629

Cost [$12.25/ mmBTU] Air Cleaner Furnace Fan 423.267 TOTAL 10158.41 423.267 10158.41 3778 38.38 3778 98% 38.38 39.16 98% 479.73 39.16 479.73 Refrigerator Microwave lighting Dishwasher Type Room Quantity Average Lamp Average Total Coffee Machine Wattage [W] Hours/mo [Wh/mo] Toaster Incandescen 8 24 60 11520 Washer t Lights Dryer Compact Living room 7 9 Computer Fluorescent 150 9450 Computer Monitor [CFL] Kitchen 8 9 200 14400 Laptop Office 4 9 200 7200 Printer Corridor 4 15 80 4800 DVD Player WC 2 15 60 1800 Television Projection Stairs 8 15 80 9600 TV Bedroom 1 3 15 60 2700 Sound System Bedroom 2 5 15 160 12000 Fan Ceiling Bedroom 3 3 15 60 2700 Vacuum Cleaner M.Bedroom 4 9 120 4320 Blender Bathrooms 4 15 90 5400 Iron Corridor 4 15 60 3600 Hair Dryer Exterior 10 15 120 18000 TOTAL Fluorescent Basement 6 20 80 9600 TOTAL 1580

Quantity

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 1

appliances

Total [Wh/month] Total without Average standby Hours/mon hours[Wh/mon th th] 50 300 15000 15000 375 150 56250 56250 54.28 720 39083 39083 1000 20 20000 19055 1200 10 12000 12000 1200 10 12000 11595 1000 10 10000 10000 5800 6 34800 34800 5200 6 31200 31200 80 250 20000 19545 80 250 20000 19805.5 20 270 16200 12825 180 30 5400 5150 22 45 990 352 170 120 20400 20400 24 240 5760 4786 200 60 12000 11173.5 80 120 76800 76800 1000 15 15000 15000 1500 10 12000 12000 1000 15 15000 15000 1500 8 12000 12000 461883 453820

Average Wattage [W]

energy changes after retrofits 40

Heating Cooling Lighting

Domestic Hot Water

Appliance

Totals

Annual Kwh 11242.4

625.6

1,171

5713.5

5,445.8

24198.4

38.4

2.13

4.00

19.5

18.6

82.6

46.5

2.6

4.8

23.6

22.5

100

Annual mmbtu Percentage of Total Energy (%)

40,810 BTU/sqft

infiltration 27% walls 42%

floors 2% roof 4% doors 2%

revised heat losses after retrofits

windows 23% Appliance 22%

Heating 46%

Domestic Hot Water 24% Lighting 5%

GAS costs

GAS Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total

Cooling 3%

revised energy consumptions after retrofits ELECTRIC costs

$ Domestic Estimated Total $ Heating $ Cooling Hot Water* $ Appliance* $12.25 Gas 0.00 19.91 1.12 21.03 0.00 19.91 1.12 21.03 0.00 19.91 1.12 21.03 0.00 19.91 1.12 21.03 0.00 19.91 1.12 21.03 2.30 19.91 1.12 23.33 14.40 19.91 1.12 35.43 9.60 19.91 1.12 30.63 0.00 19.91 1.12 21.03 0.00 19.91 1.12 21.03 0.00 19.91 1.12 21.03 0.00 19.91 1.12 21.03 479.73 26.30 294.00 13.45 278.62

$ Estimated ELECTRIC $ Lighting $ Appliance Total Jan 20.25 78.51 98.76 Feb 20.25 78.51 98.76 Mar 20.25 78.51 98.76 Apr 20.25 78.51 98.76 May 20.25 78.51 98.76 June 20.25 78.51 98.76 July 20.25 78.51 98.76 Aug 20.25 78.51 98.76 Sept 20.25 78.51 98.76 Oct 20.25 78.51 98.76 Nov 20.25 78.51 98.76 Dec 20.25 78.51 98.76 Total 243.00 942.12 1185.12

costs changes after retrofits 41

In this section recommendations are proposed for a passive solar heated home. The solar redesign consists of two actions: suntempering and passive heating. Passive strategies not only make your house more comfortable, but also they are using free solar energy. G | PASSIVE SOLAR STRATEGIES 4.3 Suntempering redesign

4.4 Passive solar heating

passive solar strategies

5 42

UAH = 357.754 BTU/h F UG = 0.343 BTU/h F ft2 USW = 0.197 BTU/h F ft2

Suntempering Calculations

ATW = 564.2 ft2 Area of South Wall: 435.4 ft2 Area of South Glazing: 128.8 ft2 o

ti = 65 F o

to = 28 F [Stein Reynolds pg 1561 table c19] IS = 129.46 BTU/ft2 [357.75 + 0.343xAg + 0.197 x (564.2-Ag)] (65-28)= 129.46 x Ag (357.75 + 0.343Ag + 111.15 -0.197Ag) x 37 = 129.46Ag (468.9 + 0.146Ag) x 37 = 129.46Ag 17349.3 + 5.402Ag = 129.46Ag 17349.3 = 124.06Ag Ag =

139.8 sqft adding: 11 sqft

The area of the existing windows is 128.8 sqft, so 30.6 sqft should be added. On the first floor, on the south side of the house there is a WC, the stairs and the living room. In the living room would be the only place where we could add glazing but there is already a big window with glazing area of 56sqft. On the second floor however, the two bedrooms that are on the south side are slightly dark. As we have mentioned already in the first part of this report, on the redesign proposals, extra window area is needed in those two bedrooms. Hence, 11 sqft should be added in the glazing area of each bedroom.

+5.5 sqft on each window

suntempering 43

Sunspace B2 | Attached | 90/30 | PCM | Opaque Retrofit Total UA = 423.267 BTU/hF UAH= 357.754 BTU/hF SSF = Solar Savings Fraction = 27 LCR = Load to collector ratio = 40

>> South Glass needed for passive solar heating up to 27% of the load:

214.65 sqft

MASS CALCULATIONS 27% of TOTAL LOAD = 5914.87 BTU Goal: 25-30 BTU/ft3/F mass per sqft of glass in order to meet the 27% of the load BiO PCM: M91>> 91 BTU/ ft2 >> 65 sqft of PCM needed Area of wall adjacent to sunspace: 47.18 sqft >> floor: 17.82 sqft

Product: BiO PCM M91

Performance of PCM

Mass+Glazing Calculations for SunSpace

GLAZING CALCULATIONS

passive solar heating 44

IMPORTANT DETAILS: [PCM on all the adjacent wall and on part of the floor] [Operable Honeycomb on the glass facade of the sunspace to prevent from overheating as well as for night insulation] {Operable casement windows for air input and exhaust] [Panel Quilt on the window for night insulation]

detail of sunspace in section

sunspace section 45

location of the sunspace on the first floor [Providing heat in order to minimize the load of the big living room] [Due to the big existing window and the big glazing facade of the sunspace the view is not compromised]

Perspective view from outdoors. Metal or wooden structure holds the sunspace in order for the car to access the garage.

sunspace plan | perspective 46

As it is obvious by the end of this project, a comfortable and energy efficient home does not need dramatic changes. By simple methods and practices, we can have a house that takes advantage of the natural resources and that at the same time offers us as much comfort as possible depending on our climate. Most of the times, the first cost of changing our own house is not that significant, or the payback is within reasonable limits. However, even with all the appropriate changes, we should not forget that the most important responsibility of having a sustainable home is maintenance and proper use of our own space. Being able to achieve maximum comfort in your house and lower bill costs by saving energy, should definitely mean that you are a clever man!

project conclusions 47