The Giant - Architecture Master Thesis by Eldin Babic

Eldin Babić Supervisor: Prof. Florian Hertweck & Dr. Marija Marić

University of Luxembourg Master in Architecture, European Urbanisation and Globalisation

11.05.2021

Table of Content

p.07

0. Abstract

p.08 p.08

1. Personal Discourse

p.10

2. Project Location

p.16

3. Pre-Industrial Period/ Socio-Economic conditions

1.1. Witnessing the transition

p.16 3.1. General Overview p.18 3.2. Local Economy and Trade p.22 3.3. Humans of Rozaje p.25 3.4. Housing Typologies

p.38

4. Period of Industry Development/ A new Beginning

p.39 p.41 p.45 p.49 p.56

4.1. General overview 4.2. The Factory 4.3. Industry & Socio-spatial changes 4.4 NewUrbanism 4.6. 1981, Golden Age

p.66 5. Period After GIR`s Bankruptcy/ The end of fairy tale p.66 p.68 p.70 p.72 p.78 p.80 p.88 p.94 p.98

5.1. General overview 5.2. The beginning of conflict and collapse of dreadms 5.3. Shutting down production 5.4. An ecnonomic nightmare 5.5. In search of New Economy 5.6. The collapse of the industry and the built environment 5.7. Analysis of the built environment 5.8. Current State 5.9. Survey- What to do with the factory? Citezns` Opinion

p.104 6. Project Themes p.105 p.111 p.124 p.134 p.150 p.160 p.166 p.172 p.176

6.1. Approach 6.3. Reuse- The River 6.4. Reuse - The Land 6.5. Reuse - The Buildings 6.6. Life outside = Life Inside 6.7. Labour - Craftsmanship 6.8. Craftsman Unions 6.9. Housing- Affordable & Co-Living 7.1. Production Process

p.194 7. Annex p.196 8. Bibliography

Fig. 0

Key Words

Abstract

Rozaje, a small city located in the Nort-Eastern part of Montenegro will witness many different social and political changes, different rullers during the history and many transitions. As is usually the case in the hilly Balkans, every transition is accompanied by war and many other social turbulences. And every war is accompanied by the collapse of the political and social order, the collapse of the economy and culture. And after the war, a “new life” begins, new conditions, new opportunities and new values are created. And then follows a period of consolidation, slight progress, and a failed attempt to keep the pace with Western European trends and values.

00.

Based on this, the project is developed around three main Themes: Reuse, Labour and Housing. Each of the Theme aims to address different questions and issues related to the Revitalization of the former industrial zone. By defining different themes, which are complementary and related to each other, the intention is to better structure and organize the further development of the project proposal. The Themes emerged as a result of intensive research and analysis of the given topic, but also as a result of personal interests, motivations and beliefs related to architecture. The Theme of Reuse aims to address the question of adaptive reuse and revitalization of unused spaces, buildings, land. But also to propose new solutions that will regenerate the nature and urban structure of the city. A special accent of this topic is the revival of the lost connection between the city and the urban zone, as well as the reconnection of various fragments of the city into one coherent and continuous whole.

The last transition that took place on Balkan soil was the breakdown of Yugoslavia, which was followed by a bloody war. The war, which lasted for more than 10 years, left lasting consequences that are still present, 20 years after the end of the war. In addition to huge human casualties, the war left behind a devastated economy, the collapse of industry and an unstable socio-political and cultural life. So, the same fate happened in my hometown, Rozaje. Once a very prosperous industrial city, with a specially developed wood processing industry, experienced an economic collapse caused by the war and international sanctions.

The Theme of Labour is related to the question of Crafts and Craftsmanship, which, the same time, represents the historical identity of the city. With the revitalization of crafts and craftsmanship the aim is to address the negative effects that the collapse of industry has left on the labour in the city. The intention is to create new visions and opportunities based on local resources and local knowledge, thus creating a new economic system that will benefit the city.

The Wood Processing Factory (Gornji Ibar) was the backbone of the economic development of Rozaje, contributing ot the overall quality of life in the city. The factory is located in the central part of the city, and after the cessation of functioning, it becomes a huge unused space, which hindered further urbanization and developmenty. Today, the factory remains only the collective memory of the citizens of the “giant” that was the backbone of the city’s development.

Finally, the Theme of Housing suggests alternative solutions to the city’s unfavorable housing conditions. With the shortage of housing units as well as poor financial conditions, resolving the housing issue is one of the main problems facing the citizens of Rozaje. The aim of the project is to address this topic with new creative and alternative solutions whose main principle is accessibility and affordability.

The colapse of the industry cased the colapse of the economy, which is followed by social, political, as well as cultural stagnation. This situation lead to the exodus of the local population. Bad economic conditions has forced the people to leave their homes and seek for a better future in the countries of Western Europe. However, the former industrial zone posess a tremendous potential to, once again, become the catalyst of the quality urban, social and economic life. According to this, the main objective of the project is revitalization of the former industrial zone, followed by the rehabilitation of overall urban and social picture of the city. Instead of `tabla rasa` or start from scratch approach, idea was to encourage a non-violent transformation of the urban void that allows local residents, workers and visitors, to define and become part of the new urban ecosystem. 7

Personal Discourse

Fig. 1

1995, Rozaje, Montenegro

Fig. 2

01.

2021, Rozaje, Montenegro

1.1. Witnessing the Transition

With the collapse of industry, the city is losing its economic stability, leading to a drastic drop in standards and quality of life. All this results in unfavorable living conditions, which further lead to mass migrations of the local population. Such a large number of people move to more developed cities in Montenegro, such as Podgorica or Budva, while most of the local population goes to Western European countries. Almost every family in Rozaje has at least one member who, due to poor economic conditions, lack of opportunities and vision, left the city and started living in another city or country.

“Gornji Ibar” has become just a collective memory of all the inhabitants of the town of Rožaje for, as people usually call them, “happier times”. The very name of the project “The Giant” is actually a metaphor that the inhabitants of this city usually use to express the importance that the wood processing factory (GIR) had in all aspects urban and social life of Rozaje. During my childhood, while playing with friends in abandoned hangars and factory polygons, I imagined how polygons could become large football fields and abandoned hangars and silos observation posts and tribunes. Growing up, I wanted “Gornji Ibar” to become a new populated area of the city where people would be able to build their homes and large buildings.

Some of the people who left the city were my neighbors, my childhood friends whose fathers mostly worked in the largest factory in my hometown, a wood processing factory, which was forced to stop production due to the economic collapse and the international embargo on the export of goods. Growing up next to the “Gornji Ibar (GIR)” wood processing factory, I witnessed the most turbulent events in the work of the factory, the reduction of production volume, the dismissal of workers and the final closure of the factory. As well as the post-closure period of devastation, destruction and dying the last memories of the “Giant”, which was once the backbone of the city’s development, strong economy and stability.

The abandoned industrial space, located in the heart of the city, has always evoked in me the attention, motive and vision for new opportunities for my city, triggering me to think about the great potential that the location itself has. Studying architecture gave me the opportunity to experience and see this space in a different way, to understand the real value of the site. And my vision and desire for the transformation of the “Gornji Ibar” has remained constant. 8

I was especially inspired by coming to Luxembourg and studying on the campus in Belval, which is located in the area of a former steel factory. Astonished by the fact that the old factories, which used to be places where heavy industrial activities took place, could become libraries, museums or cultural centers, it challenged me to think and imagine all the abandoned buildings and sites of the former wood factory being transformed, thus creating new opportunities, adding new values and becoming the driving force of the future development of the city. My desire, which dates back to my childhood, materializes through this master thesis. Thus, this thesis represents a set of my wishes, ambitions and visions on how to make my city a better place to live and how to contribute to improving the quality of life of my fellow citizens, my family, relatives and friends.

1997, Rozaje, Montenegro

2021, Rozaje, Montenegro

Project Location

The project is located in Rozaje, a small mountainous town in the north of Montenegro. Throughout its history, various invaders and civilizations have changed in Rozaje, so we can find the remains of the Illyrian fortress from the period 425-485 AD, as well as the remains of churches from the Byzantine period. The most common is the legacy of the Ottoman Empire, which remained in the area of Rozaje for several centuries and thus left an indelible mark on the culture and tradition of the city. Even today, there are many examples of Ottoman architecture and tradition, and the most obvious examples are old houses and mosques inspired by the motifs of Ottoman architecture.

02.

Even though there are no preserved documents that could say with certainty the period of formation and creation of the city, it is certain that the city witnessed many historical events, and sometimes actively participated in them. Rozaje was first mentioned as a city in Turkish writings from 1585, however, based on various testimonies and archeological sites, it can be concluded that life in this area was present long before 1585. The city experienced significant development during the 18th century, when trade intensified, and as the city is located at the crossroads of, then, very important trading centers Novi Pazar (Serbia) and Peja (Kosovo), the economy and trade experienced tremendous progress.

Fig. 3

drawing: author

With the development of the economy and trade in the city, the development of infrastructure, communication, as well as social and cultural changes intensified. The local population began to develop various crafts and skills, at the same time, livestock and agriculture became the main economic activity of this city until the formation of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

became the backbone of the development and modernization of society and the city. With the development of the wood processing industry in the city, whose 66% of the territory is covered by forests, the city experienced a strong and rapid economic development, thus becoming one of the fastest growing minicipality. This growth trend continued until the 1990s, until the collapse of Yugoslavia and Yugoslav economy.

With the formation of Yugoslavia a new era of industrialization begins, as well as the period of economic, ideological and cultural changes. In 1948, a wood processing factory, “Gornji Ibar” (GIR), was founded in Rozaje, which

Thus, the Rozaje history and economic development can be divided into three periods: Pre-Industrial period, Period of industrial development and Period after the collapse of industry.

Rožaje

Fig. 4

drawing: author

Pre-Industrial Period 1900-1948

Period after GIR`s Bankruptcy 1992-20..

Period of Industry Development 1948-1992

Pre-industrial Period 1900-1948

Socio-Economic conditions

Fig. 5

1927, Rozaje, Montenegro

3.1. General Overview

As already explained in the previous text, Rozaje was an underdeveloped and relatively poor city in the period before industrialization. The main economic activity of that time was cattle breeding, as well as trade and crafts. However, the unstable political and economic situation in the region and beyond, as well as unsustainable production and economy, did not allow for significant progress of the city. All of this has resulted in economic stagnation, as well as minimal investment in infrastructure, culture and education. People in that period relied on local resources, and food and other household necessities were mostly sourced from the nearby big cities and trading centers. Dissatisfaction with the economic situation and a very difficult life occasionally led to protests and riots, sometimes ending with armed conflicts. All this speaks of extremely difficult conditions, as well as the impossibility of establishing a sustainable economic model that would lead to prosperity, thereby improving the social and economic situation in the city. The natural resources available to the city were not sufficient for any significant economic development in that period. Rozaje was part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in the period from 1918-1945. Since the industrial centers in the country were located in larger and capital cities, smaller cities like Rozaje were neglected and there was no ambition for their development and modernization. Smaller cities were satellites of the larger economic and industrial agglomerations from which labor was drawn. Extremely centralized economic model, where the main focus of state interests and development was on large and already developed cities, did not give much hope for new opportunities and development of rural areas and underdeveloped cities. 16

Fig. 6

03.

1935, Rozaje, Montenegro

Data source: mek.gov.me

Drawing: Author

Municipality

Development Index

Pljevlja

52.60

Žabljak

41.54

Bijelo Polje

81.41

Rožaje

42.14

Nikšić

100.36

Cetinje

68.14

Podgorica

110.17

Bar

83.31

Ulcinj

78.54

Fig. 7

Development Index of Montenegrin Municipalities Low Medium High

3.1.1. Development Index

Based on the data of the Ministry of Economic Development of Montenegro, Rozaje was one of the most underdeveloped cities in Montenegro in the period before industrialization that started after WW2. As already mentioned, the economy was largely centralized and the focus was on large cities such as Niksic and Podgorica, which were the industrial centers and drivers of the country’s economy. Socio-cultural events in the country were also reserved only for more developed cities. In this way, an imbalance of development, as well as a large gap between cities and the social structure of the country was created. This developmental segregation took the form of “economic apartheid” which, consciously or unconsciously, was present during the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. (Slobodan Vukovic, p.461) 17

3.2. Local Economy and Trade

Agriculture Commerece Industry Public Service The Structure of the Workforce in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia 1 dot = 100 workers Data source: census, 1931; Milos Popovic

Fig. 8

Drawing: Author

3.2.1. Macro Context

Before the Second World War, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was a predominantly agricultural country, while industrial centers were located in the capitals, as well as important cultural and historical centers. The poor and relatively underdeveloped country, on whose soil several major wars took place in a short period of time, did not offer too many opportunities for more significant development of the economy of local communities. In one such situation, people were engaged in animal husbandry and agriculture, while trade was mainly conducted with the aim of providing basic foodstuffs. Constant political turmoil, as well as an uncertain future, created a monotonous economic picture, as well as the great dissatisfaction of the people who demanded better living conditions. Although composed of six states, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was very poorly connected in terms of infrastructure, as evidenced by the fact that in certain cities highways were constructed only after the end of World War II. 18

Fig. 9

Forest Area Meadows

Agriculture and Forestry in Rozaje, 1930`s Data source: OSM

Drawing: Author

3.2.2. Micro Context

As the situation in the country was unfavorable, the economic prosperity of small local communities such as Rozaje was an imaginary notion. The local population was mainly engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry. A large number of pastures, as well as fertile land in the river foothills, enabled people, despite the poor economic situation in the country, to provide basic means of subsistence. Livestock, as the leading branch of the economy, was extremely important as the livestock products, such as meat and cheese, was mainly used for trade and exchange for food or house equipment, as well as construction materials. Furthermore, as flour and salt were not available on the local markets, people exchanged meat and dairy products in larger trading centers. Sheep and goats were mainly raised, and the average number of cattle per household was 4. (rozaje.me, 2011)

10 km

Fig. 10

Drawing: Author

The diagram shows the main economic activities in the city before industrialization

Fig. 11

Drawing: Author

Local artisans used locally available materials to produce items from the house, furniture, as well as tools and aids for agriculture and livestock. 20

Serbia

Kosovo Fig. 12

Forest Area Meadows Trade Routes

10 km

Agriculture and Forestry in Rozaje, 1930`s Data source: OSM

Drawing: Author

3.2.3. Trade

As the city is positioned at the crossroads between important trade centers in Kosovo (Peja) and Serbia (Rozaje), so trade was of great importance and enabled the normal functioning of the local population. There were several localities in the city where poultry, food products, but also household products were traded. The trade took place on certain days, most often on Fridays, when people from nearby villages and towns came to Rozaje with the aim of selling or exchanging various types of products. The tradition of gathering and trading on Fridays continues today. Due to the fact that the city was infrastructurally connected with nearby cities in Serbia and Kosovo, people often traveled in order to obtain basic foodstuffs and exchange goods. This interaction of the population with larger cities has contributed to the development of new skills and crafts, so the locals were more and more engaged in the manufacture of craft products such as household items, furniture, and various tools for cultivating the land. With the expansion of production and the development of new skills, new economic opportunities are emerging and trade is becoming increasingly diverse. 21

3.3. Humans of Rožaje (1930`s)

Fig. 13

Man

Women

Fig. 14

Population Growth in Rozaje (from 1930 to 2021) Data source: rozaje.me

Drawing: Author

3.3.1. Demographic Characteristics

This tradition has persisted even today, as evidenced by the fact that Rozaje is one of the few municipalities in Montenegro that has a positive natural growth of the population (MONSTAT, 2021). Strong belief in tradition has contributed to the preservation of positive population growth despite the negative economic numbers. According to the data of the Ministry of Social Welfare of Montenegro, Rozaje has managed to keep the epithet of the youngest municipality in the country throughout history until today. later, with the industrialization of the city, such a young population structure will contribute to great social progress and positive economic change.

During the 1930s, Rozaje had only 10,000 inhabitants. Despite the negative economic conditions both in the city and in the country, the trend of population growth in Rozaje was still present. One of the reasons for this contradictory situation is the old tradition and belief of the people of Rozaje of that time, which dates from Ottoman times. People believed that the only way of preservation and survival of a certain people and nation is through the preservation of natural growth. 22

Village

Town

Fig. 14

Population Growth in Rozaje (from 1930 to 2021) Data source: rozaje.me

Drawing: Author

3.3.2. Rural Identity

As the social and economic power of the landlords was tremendous, all the important political and social decisions were made by the city’s most prominent personalities. Decisions often marginalized the rural population and peasants. This pronounced segregation of society actually dates from the Ottoman period, and lasted until the establishment of communism and the Republic of Yugoslavia, when there were a series of reforms that included redistribution of property and the abolition of the feudal system of government, which remained in some parts of Yugoslavia. (Land reform, 1945)

For most of its history, Rozaje has been a rural town, with the majority of the population living in nearby villages, while the rest lived in the town. Considering that until the middle of the 20th century there was a strict social division of the population into a higher class, the so-called beys, and a lower class, peasants. The upper strata of society were mostly landowners, important and prominent social figures, as well as political figures. While, on the other side, rural population which accounted for 60% of the total population, lived and worked on the estates of landowners, which often spread over several thousand hectares.

Fig. 15

1933, Rozaje, Montenegro

Fig. 16

Data source: rozaje.me

Drawing: Author

3.3.3. Households

It is interesting to note that every household were the owner of their properties and houses. There was almost no notion of renting apartments or houses in the city. There was a cult of private property among the population, as well as the fact that every family must be the owner of their own house and property. One family- One house was a principle that was present until the first appearance of collective housing in the middle of the twentieth century.

As already described in section 3.2.1. During its history, Rozaje has remained the youngest municipality in Montenegro, as evidenced by the fact that the average number of household members in the period from 1900-1930 was 6.5. The number of households was only 1525, and the total number of inhabitants according to the 1930 census was 9,898 (MONSTAT). If we look at the family structure in that period, we will see that each household had an average of four children.

As the number of inhabitants was constantly increasing, so did the number of houses, which led to drastic changes in the urban structure of the city, as well as the fragmentation of the urban whole into neighborhoods. Thus, the urban structure of the city is divided into 3 neighborhoods: Kucanska, Zejnelagica and Kurtagica (R. Hadzic, 2011).

However, despite such positive indicators and statistics, as well as great potential in terms of demographic structure, the young population was mostly illiterate and awareness of education was very low. This is evidenced by the fact that the first state educational institution was opened only in 1935 (Ministry of Education of Montenegro). Until that period, education took place mainly in religious schools, mektebs, where imams taught children skills and knowledge. Such an underdeveloped school system and high illiteracy rate prevented any significant social and economic progress of the city.

The houses built in this period were of identical style and manner of construction, as well as similar dimensions, although there were no urban planning regulations that would require something like that. Although random and without prior planning, the urban and architectural appearance of the city was in harmony.

A very traditional way of life, as well as the closedness of society to new trends and opportunities, has resulted in an extremely slow process of modernization and emancipation. 24

3.4. Housing Typologies

TYPE 1 (Standard family house)

Fig. 17

source: Rozaje, A town like no other (book)

TYPE 2 (Upper class house “Kula”)

source: Rozaje, varos kakve vise nema (book)

Fig. 18

3.4.1. Standard Family House

3.4.2. Upper class house “Kula”

This type of house was the most common. The main features of standard types of houses are the identical style and manner of construction, as well as similar dimensions and spatial organization. This type of house has a ground floor and one floor, as well as a very high and spacious attic. The ground floor of the house was usually built of river stone, or other hard materials that were locally available. These stone walls, which were mostly 60cm thick, provided exceptional thermal comfort. Therefore, in one part of the ground floor there was a pantry for food, as well as a pantry for household items. Since the population was mainly engaged in livestock, in the second part of the ground floor there was a stable for cows or horses. On the first floor there was a living room, a kitchen, a hygiene room, as well as a bedroom. All the life activities of the housemates took place on the first floor of the house, which was mostly built of local wood and adobe. Due to heavy snowfall during the winter months, the roofs of the houses are extremely steep and high, and the attic space is mainly used as storage, but also for drying and storing food.

Although the appearance and the way of construction did not differ much from the standard ones, this type of house still had special characteristics and spatial organization. The “Kulas” were mostly of larger dimensions, and often had one or two floors more than standard houses. While in standard houses the ground floor was used as a barn and pantry, in the case of “”Kulas” the ground floor as well as the first floor were used to defend against potential attacks. Thus we can notice the narrow window openings, similar to those on the fortresses, which were used for armed defense. The main reason for the existence of “defensive floors” is the fact that in these houses lived high-ranking landowners, as well as important socio-political figures. The “defensive floors” were also built of stone and had extremely thick walls. Normal living activities took place on the top floor, which has a similar spatial organization as standard houses. The number and size of rooms are larger, which is reminiscent of the luxury and power of a homeowner.

10.00m

5 3 5

9.00m

Fig. 19

main entrance

Ground Floor Plan 1- Entry hall 2- Storage 3- Food storage 4- Cattle stall 5- Horse stall

drawing: author

4 2

1 3

Fig. 20

First Floor Plan 1- Main hall (Resting area) 2- Living room 3- Kitchen 4- Room 5- Shower place 6- Toilet 7. Fireplace drawing: author

River related activities -drinking -irrigation -fishing -cleaning -play and fun

Gardening -vegetables -fruits

Fig. 21 drawing: author

3.4.3. A Story About People and the River

The river represented the identity of the city and its citizens who tied their lives and life activities to the potentials that the river carries. River stone was used as a building material, and the use of this stone can be seen in local houses, and also the stone was used for paving the streets. The land next to the river is extremely fertile and suitable for growing vegetables and fruits, so each house had a garden where potatoes, onions, cabbage, as well as various types of fruit were grown. Due to the underdeveloped road infrastructure, which would connect citizens, the main city axis was the river, which unites and connects all citizens, providing equal opportunities. It is interesting to see how the main social activities take place around the river, and how a natural element like the river becomes the main body of the urban structure of the city.

As resources were limited, the need for an improvised way of life was extremely present. People used nature and local resources to facilitate daily life activities. As the city developed on the banks of the river, the inhabitants of this city were extremely attached and dependent on the potential of the river. Most of the houses had direct access to the river from their gardens, so the river was used for various purposes. Most often people used the river to maintain hygiene, however the river was also used for drinking, irrigation and reflection of seedlings, fishing and food, cleaning as well as entertainment. 28

Roof -storage place -meat drying room

Living Area

Cattle / Craft Room

-Living room -Sleeping room -Kitchen -Toilet -Resting area

-Cattle stall -Horse stall -Food storage -Depot

3.4.4. Building Materials

Forest Area

10 km

Town

Map of Local Forests Fig. 22

Drawing: Author

Given the underdeveloped infrastructure, as well as the economic inability of the local population to procure industrial construction materials, alternative solutions were sought. Due to such a situation, the local population used local and easily accessible materials. In this way, there is a widespread use of stone and wood in the construction of buildings. The stone, which found its application in the construction of residential buildings, houses and towers, was extracted from local rivers. Since the river stone had a naturally processed structure due to erosion, there was no need for further processing, so the stone was used directly from the river for construction purposes. Local stone is also widely used for paving streets as well as decoration.

Wood, as a building material, had a significant application in the construction of houses and other buildings. The local forest fund was a great source of material, so wood was used in all phases of construction. Wood was used as a construction element, but also as a facade and decorative element. As the use and construction of brick building elements was not present, the roofs of the houses were mostly covered with wooden shingles. In this way, a visual harmony was formed between the nature and architecture of the buildings.

Rivers

Town

Map of Local Rivers Fig. 23

Drawing: Author

“

The sums of groups of steep Gothic roofs of Rozaje in the ambience of beautiful pastures are quite different from the picture of groups of roofs, for example in Megève, a town in the French Alps, with slightly sloping gabled roofs. Such an ensemble, ambience or whole could then be included in the list of world heritage sites. Architect Jovan Krunić, 1980`s

10 km

WOODEN SHINGLES ROOF

The wooden roof structure, as well as the wooden shingles roof, are made of local wood from local forests

RIVER STONE

Art: Selver Kardovic Fig. 24

The river stone used to build the ground floor and foundations was extracted from a nearby river

WOODEN BEAMS AND MORTAR

WOODEN BEAMS AND MORTAR WITH THE WOODEN REINFORCEMENT

On the floor above the stone ground floor, wooden beams from local forest areas were used, together with mortar made of earth mixed with straw

One of the first cars in the city

source: E.L. private archive

Fig. 25

Fig. 26

source: E.L. private archive

Period of Industry Development 1948-1992

A New Beginning

Fig. 27

Registration of a forest industrial enterprise ‘”Gornji Ibar (GIR)” Rozaje, 1948

04.

One of the very first photos of a wood processing factory workers

source: gornjiibar-rozaje.webs.com Fig. 28

4.1. General Overview

On July 26, 1948, the wood processing factory “Gornji Ibar (GIR)” in Rozaje was registered in the register of state-owned companies. This date can be marked as a milestone in the development and economic progress of the municipality. With the registration of wood processing factory, the period of industrialization of the city begins, which will significantly affect, and even radically change all segments of life of the citizens of Rozaje.

factory produced semi-finished products and provided raw materials, which were further processed and finalized in other industrial centers throughout the country. However, over time, there is a development and expansion of production, so the factory begins production of final wood products. (gornjiibar-rozaje.webs.com) At the peak of its develpment and production (1981), the factory employed nearly 2,500 workers, had its own bank, controlled catering sector of the city, as well as the complete industrial production of all small and medium enterprises. The products of this company were exported to all countries of the former Yugoslavia, but also to other European countries such as Italy and Greece.

The industrialization of cities began only after the formation of the Federal Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY), after the Second World War. A war-torn, very poor state, it sought to establish a new political and economic order. Yugoslavia based its economy on production and industry. Accordingly, in every city, and even in small communities like Rozaje, several factories operated, while production was based on locally available resources.

The significance of the factory for the development of the city is immeasurable, and the effects of its activities are visible even today, 15 years after the shutdown of production. The wood production factory has thus successfully financed the construction of infrastructure projects, housing units, public institutions, as well as the arrangement and decoration of public city surfaces. With all this in mind, it is not surprising that the local population emotionally and very nostalgically cultivates memories of the once largest producer of wood products in Yugoslavia.

New economic and social opportunities will also affect the development of infrastructure, increased investment in education and culture, as well as new urban and spatial changes that are accompanied by the modernization of society and cities. Small towns are experiencing a renaissance, and there are large migrations from rural areas to the city which lead to the shrinkage of the local villages. The forestry in Rozaje foresaw the felling of forests, the processing of forest and wood-industrial products and, finaly, their sale. At the very beginning of its operation, the 39

Original Master Plan of the Wood Processing Factory (GIR) in Rozaje Fig. 28

Detailed plan of the industrial zone “center” Rozaje Investor: MA Rozaje Planning: Urban Development Planning Center (CEP), Belgrade Serbia Work team: dip.ing.arch. Darko Radovic (Plan development manager) + partners Scale: 1:1000 Year: 1950

source: Municipal Archives of Rozaje

4.2. The Factory

Based on the order of the local government of Rozaje, a detailed plan of the Industrial Zone was made. The Center for Urban Development Planning (CEP), based in Belgrade, Serbia, is in charge of drafting the plan. The leader of the working team and the head of the plan was Architect Darko Radovic.

The industrial zone is located in the central part of the city, thus creating a great contrast with the surrounding urban fabric, given the fact that the urban structure consisted of small buildings. Within the industrial zone, administration buildings, training and craft services, garages for car parking, a gas station for the needs of the factory, as well as factory plants of other industrial sectors related to the wood processing factory are also planned. Although certain facilities have not been built, the plan has been fully implemented.

The construction of the industrial facilities occurred gradually, based on the needs and the workload. Since the initial activity of the factory was only logging and raw wood processing, the priority of construction was the sawmill with accompanying equipment and machinery, as well as auxiliary facilities. As production expanded, other facilities were built. So, with the expansion of production and the beginning of the production of the plywood panels, a factory for the production of panels was built; then a carpentry factory, and as the last and latest building built was a MDF production factory. 41

4.2.1. Workers and Production

Fig. 29

source: E. L. personal archive

Fig. 30

source: rozaje.me

Fig. 31

source: rozaje.me

Fig. 32

source: gornjiibar-rozaje.webs.com

Fig. 33

source: rozaje.me

Fig. 34

source: gornjiibar-rozaje.webs.com

4.2.1. Forests of Rozaje

Fig. 35

Forest Area Meadows Forest Exploatation Areas

10 km

Forest land (Total capacity: cca. 3.350.000m3) Total area: 26.881 ha (66.9% of territory) -Commercial forests: 17.833 ha -Forests for other purposes: 4.120 ha -Private forests: 3.467 ha

Map of forest exploitation for the needs of the Wood Processing Factory Data source: Municipality of Rožaje

Drawing: Author

The total area of forests and forest land of the municipality of Rožaje is 28080 ha, which is 66.9% in relation to the total area of the municipality (41983 ha). (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management).

In order not to disturb the balance and cause a natural imbalance, actions of suspicion and enrichment of the forest fund are regularly carried out, both voluntarily and through municipal initiatives. Forests that were privately owned could only be felled with the consent and permission of the Forest Directorate, which was managed by the Wood Processing Factory (GIR).

The very rich and diverse forest fund has contributed to the improvement of the offer and quality of the products of the wood processing factory. 80% of the forest fund consisted of various types of coniferous trees, while the rest consisted of deciduous trees. Coniferous trees were mainly used for wood production and processing.

This act protected illegal logging, as well as disturbing the natural balance. Strict regulations, suspicion roads and planned exploitation saved local forests from devastation, even though the physical volume of production in forestry was about 70,000 m3 of logs and other forest assortments per year.. (Gornji Ibar data)

Exploitation and logging was carried out under strict supervision and control. There were certain standards for logging, which were defined by experts, and it was not possible to exploit forests outside the measures provided by law. 44

4.3. Industry and Socio-Spatial Changes

Fig. 36

10 km

Direction of Migrations

Map showing population migrations caused by industrialization Drawing: Author

4.3.1. Migrations

Since the beginning of industrialization in Rozaje, there have been a number of social, political and spatial changes. The most pronounced were the changes in society caused by the improvement of living conditions and more stable economic conditions. The rural structure of the population, which was dominant in the period before industrialization, began to change abruptly after the opening of the first plants of the factory for the production and processing of wood. People are leaving the villages to move to the city and start working in the industrial sector, where working conditions, social protection, as well as economic stability have been guaranteed. The growing influx of inhabitants into the city affects other social aspects, but also the economic and urban image of the city.

Thus, the demand for the construction of new housing units is increasing, which leads to drastic and very radical changes in the urban structure of the city. With industrialization and migration, there is a gradual abandonment of strict social segregation of landlords and social elite on the one hand and villagers on the other. The mass migration of the population from the countryside to the city has contributed to the erasure of this social barrier, and opportunities for social and economic progress have been provided to all. In such an environment, prejudices and boundaries are broken, which has greatly improved the quality of life and paved the way for the modernization of society. 45

Demographic Characteristics

Fig. 37

Data source: rozaje.me

Man

Women

Population Growth in Rozaje (from 1930 to 2021) Fig. 38

Data source: rozaje.me

Drawing: Author

As can be seen in the graph, in the period of industrial development of the city, there is a constant increase in the number of inhabitants, while migrations from the village to the city continue. 46

Drawing: Author

Fig. 39

Changes caused by the migration of the rural population to the city Drawing: Author

4.3.2. Rural-Urban Switch

The industrialization of the state and cities leads to favorable economic developments that lead to drastic changes, and especially when it comes to social conditions. (Slobodan Vukovic, “Strategy” of false peace in the House, p.323)

During this period, there was less and less talk about differences between people (Differences between people in the Balkans mainly brought conflicts and war between people), thus creating a positive social atmosphere that leads to a number of very positive and concrete changes. Culture is gaining in importance, emancipation and the development of underdeveloped environments has been a priority. By investing in art and culture, as well as emphasizing its importance, society becomes more liberal and shows openness to new trends and lifestyles.

In the period of economic progress of Yugoslavia, an active process of modernization of society took place, as the trends of the Western societies become widely accepted. Given that the political system sought the unity between people of different nations and beliefs, as well as to erase divisions among nations and create a healthy social system, it is not surprising that new trends were equally present in both large and small places and cities. 47

4.3.3. New trends

Fig. 40 Relaxed swimmers walk down a street in Piran in 1975. Photo: Nace Bizilj

The changes happened almost simultaneously, in all parts of Yugoslavia, so Rozaje is no exception to all these changes and events. In an extremely short period of time, there are sudden social changes followed with modernization. Sometimes unimaginable things, especially for a conservative and very traditional society, become a part of everyday life. Such rapid change, as well as the willingness of the local population to absorb these changes, is a unique sociological phenomenon. Service industries are experiencing a boom with a new lifestyle; Cafes, restaurants, discos, hotels are becoming the main gathering places of young population. Cultural centers, with their content and activities, encourage arts and creativity. The aim is to follow world trends and cultural trends, so that the formation of various music sections and ensembles, the first rock groups appear (“Martians” Rock Band, 1976), tourist trips and excursions become more frequent. Today, people often remember this period as the “golden age”, considering it the most progressive and most comfortable period.

was a vision in Yugoslavia, those people who “There led it had an idea. These values or phenomena are

something we don’t have today, and it’s natural for people to turn to the immediate past. Neda Knežević (Director of the Museum of Yugoslavia in Belgrade, 2019) 48

4.4. New Urbanism

Wood Processing Factory

Fig. 41

A new urban plan of the city, published in the 1950s Source: Municipal Archives of Rozaje

4.4.1. Great Ambitions

plan. The Institute for Urbanism and Design from Prijepolje, Serbia, was in charge of drafting a new plan. The head of the design team was Architect and Urban Planner Zoran Kuburovic. The new plan envisages the construction of new housing units, both family houses and social housing facilities, which were presented to Rozaje for the first time in this plan. Along with the Industrial Zone, public institutions and administrative facilities are located in the central part of the city.

As the population grew steadily, the need and demand for new housing units, as well as new public, sports-recreational and catering facilities, increased. New infrastructure projects and roads have enabled better connections of Rozaje with other cities in Montenegro as well as neighboring cities in Serbia and Kosovo, but also greater mobility of residents within the municipality.

Unfortunately, this plan was only partially implemented. After the collapse of industry and the breakdown of Yugoslavia, illegal construction has become widespread and there was no mechanism to stop it.

Having in mind the new needs of the city for expansion, the municipality decides to develop a new detailed urban 49

4.4.2. “Youth Work Actions”

Fig. 42 Local volunteers are participating in a work action to build a village school

Fig. 43 Afforestation of local hills, with the aim of enriching the forest fund

Source: Private archive

Work Actions in Yugoslavia

Work Actions in Rozaje

World War II brought huge human sacrifices to Yugoslavia, but also destruction, destruction, complete collapse of the economy and all other spheres of life. After the liberation, it was necessary to start rebuilding and building the country - industry, urban and rural infrastructure, scientific, sports, cultural facilities.

Youth work actions in Rozaje were carried out for the construction of roads, schools, cultural centers, and hospitals. Not only local volunteers but also people from other parts of Yugoslavia took part in the construction. In addition to building facilities of public importance, volunteers participated in the reforestation and enrichment of the municipal forest fund. As the city’s economy and industry depended on the quantity and quality of the forest, “ecological” work actions were often carried out. This raised awareness of the importance of forests, as well as the importance of environmental protection.

The country had to be started from backwardness, and there were not enough material and financial resources. The youth of Yugoslavia, as always in the most difficult moments, was the main participant in that battle for a better tomorrow. Youthful enthusiasm, humanism, ideals, selflessness, self-sacrifice, brotherhood and unity were the driving force

People did not hide their satisfaction and happiness for participating in labor actions because they believed that in this way they had contributed to their country, city and community.

The largest Federal labor actions took place in the period from 1946 to 1952. (Supek, R. 1963)

“Here, at work actions, new people are being trained. Here, new people with new ideas and visions of work are forged and hardened. A working collective is created that is proud of its work, of what it creates with its own hands… ” Josip Broz Tito (President of Yugoslavia, 1959) 50

Fig. 44 Collective Housing Unit

Fig. 45 Socialist-Housing Typology

Drawings: Author

Fig. 46 Apartment Typology

4.4.3. New forms of housing YThe collective form of housing did not appear in Rozaje until the beginning of 1960. As the migration of people from the countryside to the city became more and more widespread, it was necessary to provide enough housing units to meet the growing demand. Until 1960, the only form of housing in the city was a family house of small dimensions, so with the construction of massive residential buildings with 10-12 floors, there is a very radical change

in the visual urban context of the city. Collective housing facilities were financed from state and city funds and were intended mainly for workers in the industrial and public sectors. The apartments were state-owned and were leased only to qualified candidates who had not resolved housing issue. In this way, the aim was to establish quality living conditions for the working class, which was also the focus of political and social action of the state authorities. 51

New Urbanism in Pictures

Fig. 47

source: E. L. personal archive

Fig. 48

source: avlija.me

Fig. 49

source: N. Tahirovic personal archive

Fig. 50

source: N. Tahirovic personal archive

Fig. 51

source: avlija.me

Fig. 52

source: avlija.me

Wood Processing Factory

River Pollution

Rapid Deforestation

River Canalization

100

200km

Map of the impact of industrial production on nature Fig. 53 Drawing: Author

4.5. Between rivers, forests and industry

Industrialization leads to significant economic progress, as well as socio-cultural opportunities. However, industrial production also had its negative effects, which were especially related to the ecological conditions in the city. As industrial production intensified, the market and demand for products grew, so there was a sharp and increased volume of logging. Although there was a strict policy of logging and reforestation, it was still difficult to strike a balance given the huge amounts of trees cut down annually. All this leads to an accelerated deforestation and a negative effect on nature.

Further urbanization and improvement of infrastructure networks leads to additional pollution and segregation of the river. Thus, a new city sewer was built, both for the needs of industry and the needs of local households, and all waste material ended up in rivers. In addition, the urbanization envisages the canalization and rearrangement of the river flow, which led to the construction of retaining walls, which particularly affected the further devastation and segregation of the river. With industrialization and rapid urbanization, the river, which represented the connective tissue and the main urban resource, becomes a foreign body, which completely loses its significance and potential.

Dying rivers However, industrialization and rapid urbanization have had far greater negative effects on local rivers compared to local forests. And especially on the largest city river Ibar, along which the first settlements was formed. As the factory is located right next to the river bank and covers most of the city core, so much of the river flow has become inaccessible and isolated from the rest of the city, and even part of its flow is completely closed and diverted to concrete channels. 54

Fig. 54

source: private archive

Fig. 55

source: private archive

4.6. 1981, Golden Age

Fig. 56

Data source: rozaje.me

In the history of the town of Rozaje, 1981 will be inscribed as the year of the greatest prosperity and economic development. During this period, the economy, thanks to the strong industry of the “Gornji Ibar (GIR)” wood processing factory, reached its peak of success. A number of large projects are being realized, investments in infrastructure, culture, education have led to a drastic increase in the quality of life. All numbers and statistics from this period were at their peak. The population was 20,227, while the number of households was 3,364. The unemployment rate was the lowest in the history of the city, while the number of employees in the industry and production sector was as much as 5,500, the administration employed 2,000 people (Rozaje Municipality data). In addition to the wood processing industry, there is an expansion of other sectors of production, so Rozaje becomes a city with diverse and successful industrial production. A factory for the production of textiles, crystals, decorative paper, and machine elements also operated successfully in Rozaje, and the construction sector was booming. 56

Drawing: Author

Fig. 57 Drawing: Author

20km

Wood Processing Factory (GIR)

Main Activities/ Industries (1981) :

-Number of Workers: ~2.500

-Forestry and Wood Processing -Textil Industry -Crystal factory -Decorative Paper Factory -Domestic Crafts -Tourism and Services -Trade

-Production Capacity: 70.000

(annually)

-No. of Linked Companies: 11

4.6.1. 1981, Wood Industry

For both the city and the wood processing factory, 1981 was the most successful year of business, as evidenced by the 2,500 workers who worked in this factory alone. With an annual production capacity of 70,000 cubic meters, “Gornji Ibar” becomes one of the 20 most successful Yugoslav companies in the wood industry. (gornjiibar-rozaje.webs.com). As the significance of this factory for the complete development and economy of the city was enormous, so the local population used the epithet “Giant” to express their satisfaction and respect for such a successful company. 57

This graph shows the complex structure of the factory, as sectors and companies over which the factory had direct influence and control. Fig. 59 Dara source: gornjiibar-rozaje.webs.com

Drawing: Author

4.6.2. Organisation and Structure of Wood Processing Factory

Workers’ self-management The factory for the production of wood was managed by the workers of that company. This business model is also known as workers’ or socialist self-government.

The complexity and success of the wood processing factory was reflected in the fact that this factory had control over the entire economy and social flows of the city. (see fig. 59.) Investments were not only related to the industry and production sector, but also to other industries. Thus, the catering and tourist sector of Rozaje was fully owned by the wood production factory. By investing in hotel accommodation, restaurants and ski centers, the aim was to diversify the economy as well as to improve the tourist offer of Rozaje. In addition to investing in catering, “Gornji Ibar” also offered a wide range of service activities such as logistics and transport of goods. Other industries, as well as other small and medium enterprises, had various forms of cooperation, such as a direct connection with the factory “Gornji Ibar”. With the construction of new roads and ports, there is an expansion of production and export of goods, so the products of “Gornji Ibar” were exported to European countries, such as Italy and Greece.

What is Worker`s self-management? Self-governing socialism or workers’ self-government was a specific model of organizing the Yugoslav economy and society, from 1949 until its collapse in 1990. Under the slogan of the Factory to the Workers, the Yugoslav Communists introduced self-government in the 1950s, leaving the management of social enterprises to the workers. The Constitution prohibits any kind of socio-economic relations based on class exploitation and property monopoly. (How we controlled ourselves, 2020). The essence of workers ‘self-management is that companies are run by workers’ collectives, which operate independently in each company, independently buy raw materials, determine the type, volume of production, price of products they bring to market, determine their own payroll and profit distribution.

SLOVENIA

SERBIA

KOSOVO

ITALIA PORT BAR

GRECE Fig. 59 Drawing: Author Trade routes of wood products and map of Montenegro Infrastructure

50km

1948 Development Index

Fig. 60 Data source: mek.gov.me

Drawing: Author

Development Index of Montenegrin Municipalities Low

Medium

High

4.6.3. Sixty Successful Years

From the formation of the wood processing factory in 1948, until its final shutdown and liquidation in 2007, the city has experienced huge changes in almost all segments. The prosperity and development of the city can only be linked to the prosperity of industrial production. As already stated and explained in detail in the previous chapters, the changes related to both economic and socio-political circumstances. And thanks to industrialization, an extremely underdeveloped and rural area is becoming one of the leaders in economic progress, which places the city of Rozaje among the middle-developed municipalities at the level of Yugoslavia. (see fig. 61) 60

Municipality

Development Index

Pljevlja

52.60

Žabljak

41.54

Bijelo Polje

81.41

Rožaje

42.14

Nikšić

100.36

Cetinje

68.14

Podgorica

110.17

Bar

83.31

Ulcinj

78.54

1981 Development Index

Development Index

Municipality

84.51

Pljevlja

49.85

Žabljak

91.52

Bijelo Polje

88.34

Rožaje

112.14

Nikšić

82.57

Cetinje

115.97

Podgorica

100.25

Bar

86.87

Ulcinj

Fig. 61

Fig. 62

source: Avlija.me

Fig. 63

source: Avlija.me

Fig. 64

source: Gornjiibar-rozaje.webs.com

Fig. 65

source: avlija.me

Warehouse of Gornji Ibar in Belgrade

Period After GIR`s Bankruptcy 1992-20..

The end of a fairy tale

05.

5.1. General Overview

Additional problems arose in 1991, when the armed conflict in Yugoslavia began. This further deepens the already bad economic situation in the company. All this results in mass layoffs and further reductions in production capacity.

The first turbulences in the business of the Factory occurred in 1986, when the problems in the administrative management and organization of the company started to happen. As workers’ self-management has increasingly proved to be a failed business system, new models are being proposed that would be sustainable and in the interest of all actors. However, the transition to a new operating model leads to conflicts between management, which results in the dismissal of a number of workers. (see.fig.66)

The final blow, which resulted in the clinical death of the factory, occurred in 1992 when the International Community imposed sanctions on Yugoslavia. The sanctions included a ban on exports of goods and raw materials, which led to the collapse of a large number of companies that failed to sell their products. In such an unsustainable business system, production is suspended and bankruptcy is declared. A similar fate befell “Gornji Ibar”.

In 1989, there was a reduction in production capacity, due to lower demand for wood raw materials, high competitiveness, and increasing use of synthetic and artificial materials. The reduction in production leads to a large reduction in the budget of the wood processing factory, which forced the management to abandon a series of projects that were envisioned for the expansion of production and competitiveness. Thus, the plan to open a factory for the production of furniture was abandoned, which aimed to introduce final wood products in addition to semi-finished products. Also, another project that was abandoned was the construction of a ski center on Mount Hajla.

After the end of the war and the cessation of international sanctions, there were several failed attempts to revitalize production through various government projects and stimulus loans. Also, attempts at privatization generally had a negative outcome. In 2003, the factory officially declared bankruptcy, and only 4 years later the company was liquidated.

By abandoning ambitious plans to expand production, as well as failed attempts to ensure successful operations within existing capacities, the factory faced a tremendously difficult economic situation. That this is an extremely turbulent period for the operation of the factory is also shown by the fact that in a very short period of time a large number of directors have changed, as well as the entire management and administration. (Gornjiibar-rozaje.webs.com). 66

Fig. 65 data source: Rozajski Zbornik 16 Drawing: author

5.2. The beginning of conflict and the collapse of dreams

Fig. 66

Joel Robine / AFP / Profimedia 1991

In 1991, armed conflicts broke out in Yugoslavia, which later escalated into a general civil war that took over 150,000 lives, left ruined states and destroyed dreams and the future. I do not want to argue about the causes, the culprits, nor to audit the events of the war. However, what is a fact that we are still facing today are the consequences that the war left, which are still relevant today.

The industry was particularly hard hit, which, due to international sanctions and embargoes, was forced to suspend production, which eventually resulted in bankruptcy and factory closures. This fate befell most factories in Montenegro, which were the engine of the state economy. Due to the fear of war, a huge number of people moved to the countries of Western Europe, and so the exodus of the population occurred. This was especially felt in small communities such as Rozaje, where mass emigration took place.

In addition to social disturbances, the rise of nationalism, chauvinism and extremism, on one hand, there is a collapse of the economy, closure of factories and production, which will later lead to mass migration and emigration. (Radio Free Europe, 2000)

As a final product of the war, with huge human casualties, there is a complete collapse of the economy, production and industry, a large number of people lose their jobs, and culture and social life are marginalized.

A similar scenario of economic collapse, as well as socio-political circumstances, occurred in all countries of the former Yugoslavia.

And I tell you: “Let the seas sink down,

let the glaciers crash down, let eternal snows melt down and still let the rain fall unstopped, let there be lightning and thunders storms, just let there be no war. Đorđe Balašević - Just let there be no war, 1987 (Part of the lyrics of a song by a famous Yugoslav singer-songwriter. The song called for peace and love) 68

Fig. 67

source: Graphic News

5.2.1. International Sanctions Under the influence of international sanctions, there was a great economic crisis in the country and the appearance of hyperinflation. The sanctions had a devastating effect on the economy of this country. The period of sanctions in this country is remembered for the drastic decline in living standards and the shortage of basic foodstuffs, medicines and energy. All this has led to an increase in crime in the country, especially smuggling. The decision of the International Community to ban the commercial source of goods and raw materials by sea, land, and air has caused devastating effects on industry and the economy. (see fig. 67) Thus, the wood production factory in Rozaje, unable to market and sell its products on the international market, was forced to suspend production. This decision resulted in bankruptcy and the final shutdown of production. 69

5.3. Shutting down production

Fig. 68 Map gradual closing down of industrial production

150

250 m

1992 - Polywood elements production factory 1999 - Door & Window production factory 2003 - Sawmill facilities 2005 - MDF & Polywood production factory Drawing: Author

5.3.1. Last Moments

As sanctions became more and more widespread and negatively affected industry and the economy, so did the gradual cessation of industrial production in Rozaje. The first to be hit was the wood processing industry. Due to the inability to maintain competitiveness and liquidity of operations, the factory decides to reduce production and lay off part of the workers.

production at a much smaller capacity, as well as failed attempts at privatization. However, the factory and the city did not experience a revitalization of production. With the shutdown of the wood production industry, not only did the city of Rozaje lose, but so did the entire state of Montenegro. The inability to preserve and enable production tells us about incompetence, as well as a lack of ambition to create new opportunities and create a new future.

Accordingly, first to be shut down was the Pollywood elements production factory, and then the rest of production facilities experienced the same fate. As already mentioned, there have been several attempts to restart 70

source: Vijesti.me

Fig. 69 Protest of former workers of the Wood Processing Factory

5.3.2. Dissatisfaction, Protests

After the final and official closure and liquidation of the factory in 2007, a large number of people who worked in the wood processing factory lost their jobs. The already difficult situation caused by the war led to an even more difficult situation after the collapse of the industry. Workers lose the right to social protection, while a large part of wages remains unpaid. Workers’ rights are politically marginalized, and their fate becomes uncertain. As the economy collapsed and unemployment rose, former workers in the industrial sector failed to secure even the basic means of subsistence. As dissatisfaction was growing due to the new situation, as well as political ignoring of workers’ problems, there were protests and expressions of dissatisfaction in the streets. Workers are demanding payment of back wages, as well as the right to a pension and insurance. However, all this escalates into political conflicts and quarrels, at the end, workers got nothing from their demands but promises from political figures that their problems will be resolved. . Unfortunately, even today, the problems of the workers of “Gornji Ibar” have not been solved. 71

5.4. An economic nightmare

Rožaje UNEMPLOYMENT RATE

58.5%

Fig. 70

Data source: ZZZCG

<15% 15-20% 20-25% 25-30% 30-35% 35-40% 40-45% >50%

Image: Author

“Rozaje should be a municipality with developed entrepreneurship, agriculture, wood processing and tourism, based on the principles of environmental protection and sustainable development. Under the leadership of professional local self-government, natural resources should be used efficiently and attractive conditions offered to attract new investments.” (Strategic development plan of the Municipality of Rozaje, 2013)

However, not only in the municipality, but also at the state level, investments in industry and production have been kept to a minimum. There have been a number of failed privatizations, as well as political corruption which lead to the destruction of the remaining factories. The new state policy is turning to tourism and basing its economy on service activities, thus trying to attract foreign investors. As the main tourist destinations in Montenegro are located in the South of the country, the main capital investments are focused on the development of municipalities in the south of the country, while investments in the Northern part of the country are minimized. This is evidenced by the fact that the annual budget of Budva (Municipality in the South of the country) is 33 million euros. The population of Budva is 22,061. While the annual budget of Rozaje (Northern Montenegro) is only 8 million euros, and the population is 22,964.

This is the introductory word of the state development plan of the municipality from 2013, however, this remains just a word, while in reality there is a completely different picture. Namely, the current indicators and the factual situation show that Rozaje is the least developed and poorest municipality in Montenegro. (Ministry of Economic Development in Montenegro) There are several factors for such a negative economic image of the city. The main reason is the collapse of an economic system that was based on production and industry, and the inability to establish a new economic system that would create new jobs and provide new opportunities. As all social and economic flows in the city were related to the industrial sector, including the tourism and catering sector, the city in a short period of time loses all economic factors that contributed to the development of the city and offered jobs.

Employment rate in Rozaje (16%)

Unemployment rate in Rozaje (58.5%)

Fig. 71 Employment and Unemployment rates by municipalities Data source: ZZZCG Image: Author

5.4.1. Development Index 2021

Municipality

Development Index

Pljevlja

78.47

Žabljak

89.89

Bijelo Polje

64.68

Rožaje

52.60

Nikšić

93.40

Cetinje

91.09

Podgorica

122.11

Bar

100.36

Ulcinj

Data source: mek.gov.me Drawing: Author Fig. 72 Development Index of Montenegrin Municipalities

Low

Medium

High

Economic polarization of the State

As already explained in the previous text, with the aim of improving the tourist offer, the main state investments are directed to the Southern municipalities, while the northern part of the country remains in the background. This is best illustrated by a map of the municipal development index (see fig. 72) , which clearly shows the imbalance in the degree of development between the north and the south of the country. This polarization of the state economy to the northern and southern hemispheres leads to a series of negative social reactions. Caused by the poor economic situation, low employment rates, and lack of state and municipal ambitions, there is a mass exodus of the population to the capital Podgorica, cities in the south of the country, while most of the population of Rozaje goes to Western Europe. (MANS, 2019). 74

83.31

5.4.2. Mass Emigration, Destination: Western Europe

Source: Vijesti.me Fig. 73 Mass migrations of the population to the countries of Western Europe

Source: private archive Fig. 74 “Here is your home” is the name of a mural near the bus station, which is a response to mass migrations and an attempt to encourage people not to leave their homeland.

I would like to stay in my city, with my “family and my friends. Speak my language,

grow old in the place of my childhood. However, by staying here (Rozaje) I would do injustice to myself and my career. That is why I go where I can achieve a successful career and normal living conditions. I. Pepic, a young Architect who left Rozaje in 2019

Emigration Crisis

There are several factors that influenced the mass exodus of the Rozaje population that began in 1992, and the trend of emigration continues today. First of all, the main reason for the emigraition was the war in the former Yugoslavia. Fearing war, large numbers of people went to Western European countries, mostly to Germany, but also to Luxembourg, Sweden and the Netherlands. However, in addition to the war, extremely unfavorable economic conditions that have lasted for two decades have forced people to leave their homes and search for their future and career in more developed countries.

younger population, as evidenced by the fact that as many as 70% of young people do not plan to continue their lives and careers in Rozaje. Although aware of the very bad situation and the mass exodus of the population, the political powers are not doing anything to stop the outflow of the population. Particularly interesting is the term that has been used more and more lately, and that is “brain drain”. Academically educated members of society fail to make significant progress in their careers, while young graduates find it difficult to get a job after graduation, this factual situation leads to the departure of professional staff to Western European countries, where there is a demand for professional, especially medical, staff. extremely high.

As the economic status quo continues after the collapse of the industry, fewer and fewer people see the opportunity to link their careers and future to Rozaje. The trend of emigration has become especially popular among the 75

5.4.3. Population growth stagnation

Man

Fig. 75

Women

Population Growth in Rozaje (from 1930 to 2021) Data source: rozaje.me

Village

Drawing: Author

Fig. 76

Town

Population Growth in Rozaje (from 1930 to 2021) Data source: rozaje.me

Drawing: Author

5.4.4. Current Indicatiors

Due to the fact that an increasing number of inhabitants are leaving the city, so is the stagnation of population growth. Although the demographic conditions in the city are favorable, which means that natural increase is constant and positive. However, a large number of people emigrate annually, especially young people. After the constant positive growth of the population in the period of industrial prosperity, which reached its maximum in 1981, and which can be linked to positive economic conditions, there is a sudden stagnation, and even a decline in population. (see Fig. 75)

Currently, the municipality has 22,964 inhabitants, while the working age population is 8105. The city has an extremely young population structure, which still represents a large but untapped potential. The number of jobs as well as the number of registered workers is constantly declining. While a large number of workers work on the black labor market. (Employment Service, Montenegro).

Villages are becoming particularly vulnerable, as the main financial income of the villagers has been livestock and agriculture, which are increasingly losing importance. Thus, there are increasing and accelerated migrations between the village and the city. The young part of the population leaves the villages to settle in the city and try to pursue a career, while in the villages remains a predominantly unproductive workforce. Moreover, it is the rural population that is migrating en masse to the countries of Western Europe, so that the villages become empty and abandoned.

Unfortunately, all these indicators negatively affect the quality of living standards, social protection is at a very low level, while workers’ rights are reduced to a minimum.

Data source: rozaje.me Drawing: Author Fig. 77 Demographic and Labour Data

5.5. In search of a New Economy

The part of the local population that decided to stay and continue their career and life in Rozaje, was forced to look for and create new life opportunities. Thus, private companies are established, which are engaged in various types of activities. (see fig. 78) First of all, there is an increase in the number of service activities, but also companies for felling and wood processing. Small-capacity craft jobs are becoming more present, while agricultural activities and livestock farming are declining. As a large number of residents worked in the wood processing industry, it is not surprising that the wood industry is still the most represented today. (Strategic development plan of the Municipality of Rozaje, 2013)

Fig. 78 Data source: rozaje.me

However, the main problem here is that the degree of product finalization is relatively low, so materials with a low degree of processing are sold primarily. Trade, as well as other service activities, have been growing slightly in the last 10 years. The number of people working in the administration is extremely high (1050) in relation to the number of inhabitants, as well as in relation to the number of workers in the industry and production sector (1721). Thus, the almost equal number of employees in the administration and industry sector is a negative indicator of the economic situation in the city given the fact that industry and production should be the drivers of the economy.

Drawing: Author

5.5.1. Trade and Export Routes

Fig. 79

0 Main export routes of rough wood

Map showing major export and trade routes Data source: rozaje.me Drawing: Author Forest Area Meadows Town

The main export of goods of the municipality of Rozaje refers to the export of semi-processed, as well as raw materials such as wood. Wood is mostly exported to Albania and Kosovo, while a smaller part is exported to Serbia. The main procurement of supplies and raw materials is from neighboring municipalities in Serbia (Novi Pazar) and Kosovo (Peje), so it can be said that the economy and functioning of local companies depends on the procurement of raw materials from these cities. The reason for more intensive trade and procurement of materials from neighboring countries, and not from Montenegro, is the drastic difference in prices, which greatly affects the prices of final products, but also their sales. 79

10 km

5.6. The collapse of the industry and the built environment

Fig. 80 Housing development after the collapse of the industry

150

250 m

Single family housing built before 2000 Single family housing built after 2000 Collective Housing

5.6.1. Rapid and wild urbanization

Drawing: Author

With the cessation of production and industrial activities that resulted in the final shutdown of the factory, a large and dysfunctional urban void emerges in the central core of the city. Thus, the cessation of production had a negative effect not only on the economy and social conditions, but also on further urbanization and development of the city.

Most of the new settlements and residential buildings built on the territory of Rozaja, after the collapse of the industry were built illegally. As there was no political will and capacity to put an end to illegal construction, the city’s urban structure was completely devastated and dysfunctional. Newly built residential buildings are mostly family houses, very simple in appearance, without aesthetic and architectural values. (see fig. 82) It should also be emphasized that most of the buildings in the transition period were built without the involvement of architects. The facilities were built according to the personal preferences and wishes of the investors. And as the rules and regulations of urbanism were not respected, the dimensions of the building varied depending on the budget, as well as the available land area. In the end, we have one dysfunctional and disharmonious urban whole, and all this has left lasting consequences that prevent the normal functioning of the city.

As the factory is located in the central part of the city, the development and urbanization of the center was limited, and with the increase in population, the need for new housing units and the expansion of the city grows. However, the very position of the factory, as well as the large area it covered, represented a kind of prevention of urban expansion of the city along the valley of the river Ibar. Thus, new settlements mostly sprouted in the vicinity of the factory, in the new settlements mostly employed workers of “Gornji Ibar (GIR)” lived. 80

Fig. 81 Collective Housing The first collective housing was introduced in the early 1960s

Fig. 82 Single Family Housing 90% of all housing in Rožaje are family houses. The vast majority were built illegally

Drawing: Author

5.6.2. Households and Housing 2021

Fig. 83

Data source: rozaje.me

Drawing: Author

The demographic structure of the city is very deceptive and is directly related to the economic situation in the city. The structure of households in Rozaje has been constantly changing throughout history. Before the period of industrialization, the average number of members per household was 6.5, while today the number is much lower and amounts to 4.11. (Rozaje Municipality official data) The reasons for the decrease in the number of household members can be related to several factors, however, the biggest factor is the worse economic conditions that have been present in the last two decades. With the decline of the economy, there is a decline in standards but also the comfort of housing. The total living space per capita is constantly declining, and the reason for this is the unfavorable housing situation, especially when it comes to accessibility. Young married couples do not decide on significant family expansion due to very unfavorable living and economic conditions. Currently, a total of 6,676 housing units have been registered in Rozaje, but this number does not reflect the real situation, given that a large number of housing units were built illegally. 82

Fig. 84

Number of Households - Growth Rate Data source: rozaje.me Drawing: Author

Fig. 85

Population Growth in Rate (from 1930 to 2021) Data source: rozaje.me Drawing: Author

5.6.3. Population Growth Vs Housholds Growth

Extremely interesting is the fact that, despite the negative and very slow trend of population growth, the number of households is constantly increasing. This seemingly very contradictory fact has its own explanation. Namely, as explained in the previous text, during the transition period caused by the wars in the former Yugoslavia, as well as the collapse of industry, there is a continuous emigration of the local population to the countries of Western Europe. Although the indicators are clear and show that more people are born in Rozaje than die, that number is in conflict with the real situation and the main reason is mass emigration. The trend of population emigration is still present

today, while the intensity depends on the given economic conditions in the country and the city. However, despite the fact that the number of inhabitants has not changed drastically in the period of almost 20 years, the number of households has increased drastically. The reason for this situation is the fact that the majority of the local population that has moved abroad owns and invests in real estate in the Rozaje area. In this way, almost every emigrant family owns their house in Rozaje. These facilities are often abandoned during most of the year. This will be explained in more detail below. 83

5.6.4. Occasional Settlers

NUMBER OF PEOPLE LIVING IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES

~5000

Fig. 86

Diagram explaining Data source: rozaje.me

Most of them are owners of houses in Rozaje, which they visit only during the summer holidays

Most months of the year, houses remain empty because homeowners return to foreign countries

NUMBER OF ABANDONED/ EMPTY APARTMENTS

992

Drawing: Author

5.6.5. Youth` housing struggle

Although there are no exact data on the number of inhabitants living abroad, official data show that the number is close to 5,000. However, in reality this number could be much higher. What is interesting is the influence of the temporary population on the shaping of the urban structure of the city. Although they work and live in foreign countries, most emigrant families own or invest in the construction of real estate in Rozaje. However, the houses remain empty for most of the year, they are used only during the summer months during the collective holidays, which the emigrants mostly spend in Rozaje. (see fig. 86) It is estimated that the number of housing units that are abandoned or empty is close to 1000. (Vijesti.me)

Based on survey data published by Eurostat on the topic `Average age at which young people leave the parental household, by selected country (2018)` Montenegro is at the very top. (see fig. 87) The young population leaves the parental home, only after 32.8 years on average. This number is significantly higher in Rozaje, where solving the housing issue for young people has become an extremely complex and almost impossible mission. The reason for this is, first of all, a very high unemployment rate among the young population, as well as very low incomes and average wages.

This specific phenomenon of nomadic life a affects the urban development of the city. This phenomenon is especially prevalent in villages, which have experienced an exodus both due to rural-urban migration and due to emigration abroad. So like temporary cities (ie. Burning Man Festival, USA) the villages are inhabited, during the summer months, during the holidays, while the rest of the year the houses remain empty and the villages abandoned.

Thus, a young married couple, who have only one minimum monthly salary of 222 euros as a source of income, needs close to 20 years to buy a 60-square-meter apartment worth 51,000 euros (see fig. 88). (Ministry of Finance and Social Welfare Montenegro) 84

@StatistaCharts Fig. 87

Source: Eurostat

AGE STRUCTURE IN ROZAJE AGE

POPULATION

0-19

8.121

35.4%

20-59

12.144

52.9%

2.699

11.8%

60 and more

Aging index 0.26

Fig. 88

MINIMUM WAGE

AVERAGE SQUARE METER PRICE IN ROZAJE

222,00 €

850,00 €

Economic and Social indicatiors Data source: mps.gov.me Drawing: Author

THE AMOUNT OF MONEY NEEDED TO BUY A 60M2 APARTMENT

51.000 €

5.6.6. The Evolution of one family house in Rozaje

Fig. 89

This diagram shows an alternative way of solving the housing issue of young people in Rozaje. By transforming the floors into housing units, one house becomes a shelter for two, three and sometimes four families. Drawing: Author

4 one house = 4 apartment

5.7. Analysis of the Built Environment

Fig. 90 Drawing: Author Map of the Amenities/ Services Distribution Education Facilities Collective Living Public Institutions Comercial, Services Mixed Use Industrial Facilities Religious Buildings

5.7.1. Distribution of Amenities/ Services

The facilities of public institutions, such as schools, cultural centers, city municipalities, museums are located in the central city center. Along with the Public, there are a number of commercial facilities as well as facilities that provide service activities. As foreseen in the detailed urban plan From 1950, the industrial zone consisted of one urban unit, while the other urban unit consisted of the central urban zone. These two zones are surrounded by a ring of residential buildings. The average distance from residential areas to public institutions and major city amenities is 15 min. 88

150

250 m

Fig. 91 Drawing: Author Major Pedestrian Routes

5.7.2. Movements of people The main routes of movement of the local population are concentrated in the central part of the city, where the main city institutions and amenities are located, along with commercial and catering facilities. With the cessation of industrial production, the part of the city in which the industrial zone is located becomes a foreign body of the urban whole. The industrial zone thus represents an urban void, without events and content. People rarely enter this part of the city, so all social, cultural and economic events of the city are reduced to a narrow city core. City life is thus extremely centralized, leading to an imbalance between different urban zones. As the social focus of the population is reduced to the city center, so the main investments take place in this part of the city. 89

150

250 m

Fig. 92 Drawing: Author Major Gathering Points

5.7.3. Urban Focus

In addition to the prevous map, this map shows the main gathering places of the local population that are directly related to the distribution of the main city activities and facilities. We can notice that the space of the industrial zone remains separate from all major city events and activities. In this way, unintentional segregation of urban zones is formed, which further leads to an uneven distribution of social activities and an extremely fragile urban whole. 90

150

250 m

Fig. 93 Drawing: Author

150

250 m

5.7.4. An Urban Island

tells its own story and history, happy moments, transition, decay and shutdown. Gornji Ibar is an inseparable part of the history of the city. Gornji Ibar is a pillar of the city’s development and will testify to “happy times” when Rozaje products reached as far as America, and the people will still have the epithet “Giant”.

Having previous analyzes in mind, we conclude that with the cessation of industrial production comes a series of events that will shape both the economic and social as well as the urban image of the city. The constant recording of negative economic statistics, for which, the main reason is the collapse of the wood processing factory “Gornji Ibar”, leads to unstable social conditions, as well as negative effects on the urban structure of the city.

Despite the fact that the Industrial Zone is separate and isolated, as well as a barrier to further urbanization of the city, the wood processing plant has the capacity and potential to provide a solution to the negative socio-cultural and economic image of the city.

Due to the fact that almost two decades after the shutdown of industrial production, there was no revitalization or reurbanization, nor the resumption of production, this part of the city becomes a new entity that functionally and spatially does not cohabit with the rest of the urban fabric. Thus isolated and separated from all city events and activities, this part becomes an “Urban Island” that preserves its successful and glorious history. The factories, which once employed thousands of workers, stand proudly and resist the ravages of time and oblivion. Each square meter 91

Fig. 94 Drawing: Author

Factory Current State 92

Fig. 95 Axonometric view of the Industrial Zone that shows the current ownership of the factory Buildings- Owned by the Government Land- Municipality Owned Drawing: Author

5.8. Current State / Photographs

The Site- Industrial Facilities

Fig. 96

Photograph: Author

Fig. 97

Photograph: Author

The Site- Open Spaces

Fig. 98

Photograph: Author

Fig. 99

Photograph: Author

The Site- Ambience

Fig. 100

Photograph: Author

Fig. 101

Photograph: Author

Fig. 102

Photograph: Author

Fig. 103

Photograph: Author

5.9. Survey - What to do with the factory? Citizens` Opinion

Z. Agovic, Sociologist “The area of the Gornji Ibar represents the subjective and objective image of our society. Subjectively, it represents our society and the state in which we find ourselves. However, objectively, the area of Gronji Ibar represents a great potential that the city has and that needs to be used.” Z. Agovic

A. Fazlic, Hair stylist “For me, the entire industrial zone is a great potential that needs to be used to place everything that the city lacks in that area.” A. Fazlic “....sports fields, skate parks, recreational areas, shopping centers, all this could be located in the Industrial Zone.” A. Fazlic

E. Babic, Mathematician “The city lacks recreational green spaces. Young people are less and less interested in sports because sports and recreational fields are not available. The park is also another item that this city lacks so this space could be used to form green spaces.” E. Babic

D. Fetahovic, Architecture Student “All socio-cultural events in the city take place in one space, the city is too centralized and it is necessary to create different contents in different parts of the city and the area of Gornji Ibar is ideal for that.” D. Fetahovic

E. Muric, Young entrepreneur “New jobs would be provided when some kind of smaller production would be revived, and at the same time the city needs new housing units, but there is not enough land available, so this space would be ideal for housing units.” E. Muric

H. Kardovic, Vocational High School Teacher “It is necessary to encourage young people to start crafts and production. They usually don`t see any perspective in doing this business, however the revitalization of the factory might offer them new visions and perspectives.” H. Kardovic

5.9.1. What to do with the factory? - Municipal Plan

Fig. 104 Detailed Urban Plan “Center 2” Medium density housing areas Surfaces for mixed purposes Areas for central activities Areas for education and social protection Areas for industrial production Areas of public use

According to the new planning solution for the revitalization of the industrial zone called “Center 2”, the parcelling of the terrain is planned, as well as the demolition of most of the industrial facilities. The construction of new housing units is planned, in order to meet the needs for high demand, as well as the construction of educational institutions, commercial facilities. Based on the project, it is envisaged that industrial production will be partially maintained, while public areas will be reduced to a minimum.

the city. With the construction and sale of apartments, only investors would gain, while the city and citizens would lose the most. The solution envisaged by the project does not take into account the sentimental and historical significance of the industrial zone, so they propose the demolition of most industrial facilities. On the other hand, demolition creates huge costs, and loses the unique opportunity to add new functions that would be in the service of improving the living standards of citizens by revising and rehabilitating existing facilities.

Unfortunately, with this solution, the city does not get much. By parcelizing and selling municipal land to investors, the city would lose great potential to improve the quality of life, as well as the economic opportunities in the

In the end, the project solution envisages a new and dysfunctional whole, which would not change the current 100

Investor: Municipality of Rozaje Project: “URBANPROJEKT” AD- Cacak, Serbia Project Director: CE Andreja Andric Project Planner: Arch. Zorica Sretenovic Year: 2017

-state of the “urban island” much. The solution does not offer a return of life back to the site and the synergy of the industrial zone with the rest of the city, but on the contrary, it segregates and creates a sense of a closed entity within the urban whole.

101

What to do with the factory?

Urban Regeneration Today, Tomorrow. Forever?

Project Themes

Reuse

Permaculture

Labour

Craftsmanship

Housing Affordable Co-Living

104

06.

6.1. Approach

nization, and actions aimed at revival of a building, district or a town devastated in various aspects, also economic and social “ (Pawłowska and Swaryczewska 2002). Based on this, we can conclude that the topic of revitalization in architecture is extremely broad and can be viewed in several ways, but also to have several different approaches.

The project is based on three main themes, which are related to each other and aim to create a coherent and structured narrative on which the final project solution is based. The three main themes are Reuse, with the subtheme Permaculture, Labor with the subtheme Craftsmanship and Housing with the subtheme affordable and co-living. These topics arose as a result of previous analyzes and observations of the historical and urban context of the city and industrial production, as well as on the basis of economic, social and cultural characteristics of the city. In addition, personal desires, interests, ambitions and beliefs related to architecture will shape these three themes into a coherent project proposal.

The revitalization of the former wood processing factory in Rozaje refers not only to the revitalization of the existing facilities and the complete industrial zone, but also to the rehabilitation and re-establishment of the connection between the city and the people and the industrial zone. This includes the formation of a coherent and continuous urban whole, as well as the rehabilitation of activities and the introduction of new content aimed to bring life back to the area of the former industrial zone. The special emphasis of the project is on preserving the industrial identity of the city, but also the valorization of the potential that the industrial zone has with the aim of raising standards and quality of life in the city, forming new economic models and opportunities and new housing strategies based on affordability and accessibility.

In order to define the personal hypothesis and narrative related to three different topics, further analysis and research of academic texts, books, projects are related to these topics. After forming the general idea for each topic individually, the next step refers to the implementation of individual hypotheses on the project solution. In this way, the complexity and diversification of the project is achieved, as well as the approach to problems from several different angles and the consideration of several different aspects.

In the end, my goal is to use this project solution to set a starting point around which new opportunities and new visions for my city might develop. This project also aims to present to the citizens of Rozaje, but also to city officials and politicians, that by revitalizing, not demolishing the existing, the city and citizens get much more opportunities to improve the quality of life, which will bring new visions and new perspectives.

The goal and main topic of the project is the revitalization of the industrial zone. The term revitalization in architecture has been in use for many years, and is especially present when it comes to the revitalization of former industrial plants, as well as industrial zones. There are several different interpretations of the concept of revitalization in architecture, and one of the interpretations is as follows: “Today the revitalization is defined as a many-sided effort including revaluation, restoration, reconstruction, moder105

6.2.

Reuse/ Adaptive Reuse

“There is no longer a casual relationship between buildings and their content, their use, and, of course, their very improbable meaning. Space and it`s usage are two opposed notions that exclude one another, generating an endless array of uncertanties.” Bernard Tschumi (Architecture and Disjunction)

“Economy can also mean refurbishing what is already there” JeanPhilippe Vassal

“Transformation is the opportunity of doing more and better with what is already existing. The demolishing is a decision of easiness and short term. It is a waste of many things—a waste of energy, a waste of material, and a waste of history. Moreover, it has a very negative social impact. For us, it is an act of violence.”Anne Lacaton

“Reuse, regenerate, revert, recover, rehabilitate, revitalize, relocate, restore before new construction, adding value to what exists.” n’UNDO (architectural research office)

106

Fondazione Prada (OMA)

Villa Industria (mecanoo)

Gent Oude Dokken (OMA)

The CaixaForum (Herzog & de Meuron)

Zeche Zollverein (OMA)

Reuse Projects Worldwide

Palais de Tokyo (Lacaton & Vassal)

Streetmekka Viborg (EFFEKT)

Casa Mediterráneo (Manuel Ocaña)

Residential Building (Studio Macola)

6.2.1. General Overview

The notion of Addaptive reuse is a common notion when it comes to the revitalization of the former industrial sites. Throughout the World, there are many different addaptive reuse projects of various scales. Small scale and “boutique” projects such as Fondazione Prada by OMA or the Zeitz Museum of Contemporary Art Africa by Thomas Heatherweck; As well as large scale transformation of the former industrial sites like Zeche Zollverein in Essen, once Europe`s largest coal mine, and now the place that accomodates various activities and projects designed by some of the World`s most prestigious architects.

The practice of valuing and preservation of industrial heritage is especially common in Europe, as many large scale industrial sites have been transformed into new city districts.

In addition to this, as Bernard Tschumi, in his book Architecture and Disjunction suggests, there is no longer a casual relationship between buildings and their content and usage. Having this in mind, we can conclude that what was once the industrial building, used for wood processing, or steel casting, can now become a library, food market, cultural center, without spatial and organizational contradiction with the original function of the building. Furthermore, recent winners of the Pritzker Prize 2021, Lacaton and Vassal, whose architectural practice is mostly based on the principle “reuse before adding something” (Anne Lacaton 2018), emphasize the importance of reuse, and its possitive impact on economy and society.

According to this, it`s very important to understand and evaluate what are the values that we poses and how these values will benefit the city, the people, the economy. Existing values should be understood as a resource that we can use to get the most out of it.

Having everything previously stated in mind, It is important to look, see and understand what we have in our hands and therefore think about new visions and solutions, new layers that will be superimposed over the existing structure, building or site, thus improving the quality, and adding new values.

Therefore, I started looking on what are the biggest assets of the former industrial zone for wood processing in the city of Rozaje; and how to use this existing values and potentials in order to reuse, transform and improve them.

Industrial heritage, and abandoned industrial sites are not seen anymore as a weakness and threat, but as a bit potential that can positively contribute to all urban, social, economic and cultural aspects of the city and society. 107

6.2.2. Main Site Values

Land - Municipality Owned (total area: 12.5 ha)

Drawing: Author Fig. 105

Facilities- Owned by the Government

Drawing: Author Fig. 106

108

Drawing: Author Fig. 107

River - Common Asset

Land, Buildings, River

Earth, Buildings and Rivers represent the major values of the site, which, by revision, regeneration, revitalization and adding new values, can lead to the improvement of social, cultural and urban characteristics of the city. By detailed observation and analysis of all aspects, these three elements are closely related to the main theme and intention of this project, which is the revitalization of the industrial zone, as well as establishing a link between the dismantled fragments of the city and creating a coherent whole.

Industrial facilities, which are currently in extremely poor condition, have a negative impact on the visual identity of the city, but also on the environment, while at the same time representing great potential for the development of new urban activities and values. And finally, the river, which is one of the most important natural elements of the city, whose value and potential have been neglected. By revitalizing and rehabilitating the rivers, it is possible to reconnect the city into one coherent and uninterrupted urban whole.

The industrial land represents a great potential that can contribute to the creation of new opportunities but also to the improvement of the urban life of the city. 109

6.3. Reuse - The River

The town of Rozaje is a mountain town, with a high level of precipitation, a harsh winter climate and mild and rainy summers. For this reason, there are a large number of rivers in Rozaje. The main and largest is the river Ibar. This river originates at the foot of the Hajla mountain, and its course stretches through the entire territory of the city of Rozaje. The first settlements were formed on the banks of this river. Due to its potential, historical importance but also ecological benefits for the city and the environment, the river Ibar is an inseparable part of the city. part of the city’s identity, but also a natural element that extends throughout the city and thus connects all urban fragments into one whole.

Throughout history, the river has been used in various ways, so before the industrialization, the citizens were very related to the river, where major life and city activities took place. The river became marginalized and separated from the city during the period of industrialization, and the effects that the industry had on the rivers are still present today. However, as already mentioned, the river is an inseparable

Revitalization and regeneration of the river creates the possibility of rebuilding the connection between the industrial zone and the city, which arose due to the collapse of industrial production. 110

111

6.3.1. River Today

Fig. 108

source: private archive

Fig. 109

- Poluted -Segregated -Canalized -Unsafe

How we killed the River? The condition of the river today is largely caused by the effects of industrial production and operation. So today the river is extremely polluted, and the main reason is the wastewater that ends up in the river, as well as other types of waste that the local population dumps into the river. In addition, the river is canalized and surrounded by high walls that makes the river inaccessible, thus reducing the interaction between people and the river. Although the river flows through the central core of the city, people very often avoid closer contact with the river, and the reason is of course pollution, lack of content and activities along the river, insecurity and disconnection from the main city “points of attraction”. All this leads to a situation where the river has become a foreign body in whose enormous potential remains trapped. 112

source: private archive

6.3.2. River Before

Fig. 110

source: Avlija.me Fig. 111

source: N. Tahirovic archive

- Clean -Accessible -Safe -Part of the city

River, People, Permaculture

natural world and pre-industrial sustainable societies ... ”(David Holmgren 2002). According to this, David Holmgren suggests that new developments in a post-industrial society should be based on pre-industrial principles of life and action.

However, the river was not always a closed entity, polluted and segregated. Namely, as explained in Chapter 3.4.3. in the period before industrialization, the river was the main point of connection of all citizens, but also the place where the main life activities took place. Thus, the river was once used for maintaining hygiene, irrigating agricultural land, feeding livestock, but also for entertainment and recreational activities. As the river was extremely clean and unpolluted at that time, it was used for drinks and food preparation.

Therefore, learning from the past and having in mind present potentials, the intention is to revive pre-industrial sustainable principles and activities by valorizing the existing conditions at the same tine. Based on the ideas and principles of permaculture, presented by David Holmgren, the intention is to use the tremendous potential of the river in order to bring activities to the project site, reconnect the site with the existing urban fabric thus revitalizing the interaction of people and the river.

Given the current picture and condition of the river, as well as the historical context and potential that the river possesses, the idea of river revitalization is based on a statement made by David Holmgren in his book Principles and Pathways Beyond Sustainability, which reads: “The idea behind permaculture principles is that generalized principles can be derived from the study of both the113

6.3.3. River revitalization Worldwide

Fig. 112

Program: Redevelopment of the Seine’s bank as part of the project Seine Ouest-Rive Gauche, within the eco-district Flaubert Landscape architect: Atelier Jacqueline Osty & associés Location: Petit-Quévilly and Rouen, Seine-Maritime (76), France Planning: project studies: 2009-2011, construction: 2012-2013 Area: 12.5 hectares in a future eco-district of 31 ha,

114

Fig. 113

Siene River Revitalization

The process of decontamination and revitalization of rivers, which have been destroyed and polluted by the impact of industrial production, is today a topic that is gaining in importance around the world. Thus, river revitalization projects are realized with the aim of improving urban and social life, as well as with the aim of ecological regeneration. One example is the regeneration of the Seine River in France. This project is especially interesting because it refers to the revitalization of the river along the former port and industrial zone. The project puts a special focus on the revitalization of nature in the city, accordingly, along with the preservation of existing biodiversity, it is also important to create biodiversity. Various activities along the river are introduced, such as recreational, sports activities, service activities, but also urban gardening. In addition, the project seeks to preserve the importance of industrial heritage and to valorize the former industrial production area. The project was designed by Atelier Jacqueline Osty & associés. 115

6.3.4. Revive the River

116

Industrial Area Urban Fabric Open space activities along the river Fig. 114 Drawing: Author

A new layer of life along the river

With the aim of establishing and restoring the connection between the city and the industrial zone, as well as the city and the river, the idea is to activate and revitalize the river. The river, as already explained, was the common value of all citizens, which connected the various city neighborhoods into one whole. Based on that, it is planned to reorganize and valorize the banks of the river Ibar, introduce new activities, decontaminate the river, as well as ensure accessibility and interaction of all citizens with the river. 117

Retail

Bike Paths

Park

Sport and Recreation

Fishing

Fig. 115 Drawing: Author

118

Small Shops

Recreation

Workshops

Cathering

The River as a catalyst for a New Urban Evolution

The new activities relate to trade, catering, sports and recreation, which include sports fields, skate parks, bicycles and running tracks. Furthermore, by proposing various forms of cultural events, as well as educational content, the aim is to enrich social and cultural life. In this way, the river again becomes an attractive gathering place for all citizens, thus connecting the fragmented urban structure of the city. New activities along the river bank will also lead to a connection between the industrial zone and the rest of the city. In this way, life and activities will return to the industrial site, which will create new opportunities and add new values for the city. 119

6.3.5. River revitalization in an urban context

Fig. 116 Drawing: Author

120

0 121

150

250 m

Fig. 117

Drawing: Author

6.3.6. “Cities for People”

As Jan Gehl in his book Cities for people states, “First we shape the cities, than the cities shape us” (Jan Gehl 2018); by transforming and reshaping the river, the city will have the opportunity to revitalize the lost connection between different neighbourhoods as well as fragments of the city caused by the industrialization and disjunction of city`s zones. However, not only the reconection of different city fragments will occur but also the introduction of new activities and content along the river will reshape the socio-cultural as well as economic aspects in the city. This will help in decentralization of the city`s main amenities and more importantliy bring life and activities back to the segragated and abandoned areas of the city such as the industrial zone. New actions and activities will bring new possibilities, especially when it comes to the revitalization of the abandoned industrial zone. On the other hand, by reviving the river the process of de-polution and healing of the nature will happen. River, once poluted, walled and enclosed will meet with the city and people again. 122

Fig. 118

Drawing: Author

“If you see a city with many children and many old people using the city’s public spaces it’s a sign that it’s a good quality place for people.” (Jan Gehl 2018)

“Social activities include all types of communication between people in the urban space and require the presence of other people. If there is life and activity in the urban space, it becomes a place for numerous social exchanges. If the city space is empty, nothing happens.” (Jan Gehl 2018)

123

6.4. Reuse - The Land

Land is one of the greatest values of the former industrial zone. Currently, the huge potential of the land is captured and unused. Total area of industrial land, which is in Municipal ownership. is 120,500 square meters. With the cessation of production and other activities, this part of the city is abandoned, and over time there is further devastation of land. However, land is the greatest resource of a city. And the current plan of the Municipality of Rozaje, which seeks to parcelize and sell municipal land to private investors, would cause a great loss and thus miss the opportunity to improve the quality of life and create new conditions for city development. Therefore, it is necessary to preserve land as a public good of all citizens, but also to valorize the tremendous potential it has. 124

Fig. 119

Drawing: Author

Land - Municipality Owned (total area: 12.5 ha)

125

6.4.1. The Land Today

Fig. 120

Photograph/drawing: Author

Fig. 121

Photograph/drawing: Author

Today, the land is completely abandoned, there are only occasional gatherings of the youth population that use large fields for football or other sports activities. However, most of the time the land remains unused and abandoned. 126

6.4.2. Productive Urban Landscapes Worldwide

Fig. 122 Urban Farming; Detroit, USA

Source:planradar.com

Fig. 123 Saint Gilles, Brussels

Source: dw.com

As the link between the city and the industrial zone is re-established by the introduction of open public activities, the idea is to establish more productive landscapes that will encourage cultivation and production, which creates the possibility of land reuse.

Today worldwide, public areas, unused urban spaces, city parks, are becoming places of production and cultivation of fruits and vegetables, which is available to all citizens. In this way, the quality of public spaces, as well as the interaction between people is improved, but also awareness of the importance of environmental protection and organic food production and consumption is raised.

Based on Bill Mollison’s statement in Introduction to Permaculture, “Urban landscapes should be full of food and other useful plants rather than useless ornaments, providing an antidote to this dysfunctional aspect of our culture.” (Bill Mollison 1991) the idea is to revitalize the untapped potential of industrial land by introducing urban agriculture. 127

6.4.3. Productive Urban Landscapes, Rozaje

Fig. 124

Photograph: Author

“We use everything we grow for our family. But if we happen to have a large quantity then we sell at the local market.” A. Kurtagic

“I manage to grow peppers and parsley that I sell at a local grocery store. From the sale of these two products alone, I earn about 130 euros a month.” S. Dacic

Examples of urban agriculture also exist in Rozaje, and agricultural activities take place on both private and public estates. In discussion with the locals engaged in the urban gardening, I found out that the benefits of growing fruits and vegetables are manifold.

In addition to the financial, there is also the health benefits of private food cultivation, given the fact that most fruits and vegetables from local producers are grown without the use of pesticides and chemicals. With all this in mind, the benefits of urban agriculture are manifold, both for the city and for local households. Therefore, it is necessary to encourage and create conditions for urban gardening.

First of all, one of the main benefits is the financial aspect. Namely, by growing vegetables and fruits, one family manages to provide fresh products during most of the year, which significantly reduces monthly food expenses (A. Kurtagic 2021) In addition, by selling fresh products to local markets, one family can earn up to 200 euros a month. (S.Dacic 2021) This is an extremely significant financial supplement, bearing in mind that the minimum wage in Rozaje is 222 euros. 128

6.4.4. Land Leasing

Rent the Land /150-300 m2 max. 2 years

Vegetable Growing

“Fruits belong to all and the land to no one” The idea and the main objective is to reactivate and revive the land of the former industrial zone through cultivation and urban agriculture. In addition, the goal is for the land to remain the property of the city and all its citizens, while the value and potential that the land offers are of general importance to the entire community. Just as Jean-Jacques Rousseau says “You forget that the fruits belong to all and that the land belongs to no one.” A certain part of the industrial land, which is owned by the municipality, will be offered for lease to the local population, who do not have the capacity, or do not have enough of their own land, to start the agricultural production and cultivation. Land lease will be possible for a maximum of two years, with the possibility of contract extension. While the leased area may vary based on the availability of land but also the budget of the tenant.(see fig. 125 and 126)

Fruit Growing

In this way, the local population will be able to grow fruits and vegetables, both for personal and commercial purposes. While the industrial land will become productive and enrich the quality of the life in the city. In addition, a certain part of the land will be intended for community gardening, where special emphasis will be on cooperation, sharing, improving interaction and social life among the local population. Products of community gardens will be common and shared value of all citizens, and participation and cultivation will be open to everyone.

Flower, Mashroom Growing Fig. 125

129

Drawing: Author

Land Leasing

The land owned by the municipality will be rented to the locals for the agriculture and permaculture related activities

130

Fig. 126

Drawing: Author

Land - Municipality Owned (total area: 12.5 ha) Urban Farming 131

6.4.5. Productive Urban Landscapes, Luxembourg

Fig. 127

Source: Google Earth

A similar example of the municipality’s lease of land for agricultural and cultivation purposes is found in Eschsur-Alzette, Luxembourg. Land plots intended for rent are located within the city’s largest park, close to the central railway stations. The local population is able to lease a certain part of the land for the purpose of growing food. In addition to the land, the tenant also received a smaller facility for storing tools. There is also a market for the sale of fresh fruits and vegetables nearby, where growers are able to sell their products to customers.

132

Community Gardening in Esch-sur-Alzette

Fig. 128

Source: CAROLERECKINGER

Fig. 129

Source: CAROLERECKINGER

“The garden is a public place where residents and everyone can come to share and learn,” (Norry Schneider, Transition Minett)

133

6.5. Reuse - The Buildings

Finally, as the last and one of the most important potentials of the industrial zone, are the industrial facilities. Industrial facilities are built gradually and depending on the needs of production. The first facilities that were built were plants for cutting and processing wood. As production capacity grew, and so did product diversification, new plants were opened, such as a Polywood panel production factory, door and window production factory, and finally an MDF panels production factory. Analyzing the architecture of buildings, we can see that most buildings are built of prefabricated structural elements. The structural elements are mostly made of steel, and the reason for the use of steel is the need to provide a continuous space so that production can run smoothly. In addition to steel, precast concrete elements were also used. Some facilities were built entirely using precast concrete.

In order to better understand the architectural and constructive characteristics of the characteristics, as well as the historical context, I analysed individualy each building in order to better understand the value and potential they posses. The adaptive reuse of the buildings will give us the chance to rething again the buildings after the detailed analysis, to understand their potentials and deficiencies, and then act accordingly by adding or removing some layers, thus giving a new life and a new value that will impact and benefit the city and citizens.

Despite the use of prefabricated elements, all industrial facilities have a separate visual identity, which gives a special effect to the entire industrial zone. Today, industrial facilities are abandoned, while most are in very poor condition and are in danger of collapsing. 134

Fig. 130

Drawing: Author

Facilities- Owned by the Government

135

6.5.1. Building Catalog

MDF/ Polywood production factory The factory for the production of MDF and plywood is the newest of all industrial plants. Very high quality products are sold throughout Europe. The factory is completely built of prefabricated concrete elements. Architecturally, the building is a summary of beautifully composed repetitive concrete elements, making for a massive and robust visual identity.

Fig. 133

Photograph: Author

136

Fig. 134 Drawing: Author

137

Door & Window production factory

This factory is characterized by steel construction, prefabricated concrete walls, as well as extremely spacious halls in which mass production of wooden doors and windows took place. Especially interesting are the oval roofs that give a special character to the buildings.

Fig. 135

Drawing: Author

Fig. 136

Photograph: Author

Fig. 137

Photograph: Author

138

Fig. 138 Drawing: Author

139

Storage Facilities

Warehouses were mostly built of steel structural elements. They were built to meet the large needs of the factory for the disposal and storage of materials. Classic recurring gabled roofs give a specific visual character to these buildings.

Fig. 139

Drawing: Author

Fig. 140

Photograph: Author

Fig. 141

Photograph: Author

140

Fig. 142 Drawing: Author

141

Polywood elements production factory

Like most others, this factory is built of steel structural elements. The factory was expanded and upgraded, with the expansion of production. Elements for polywood panels were produced in this factory, which were further processed in the factory for the final production of polywood panels. The architectural characteristics of this plant are very interesting, and especially the spatial arrangement of the various production facilities that create one interesting architectural whole.

Fig. 143

Drawing: Author

Fig. 144

Photograph: Author

Fig. 145

Photograph: Author

142

Fig. 146 Drawing: Author

143

Sawmill Facilities

One of the first buildings of the wood processing factory was a sawmill. This facility was used for cutting and processing logs. The raw wood is then processed and cut for different purposes and needs as well as different dimensions. A certain part of the raw wood was used for the needs of the factory, for the production of semi and final products. The factory is built of steel structural elements, very simple architectural appearance. Next to the factory there are a large number of silos that were used to store wooden thorns.

Fig. 147

Drawing: Author

Fig. 148

Photograph: Author

Fig. 149

Photograph: Author

144

Fig. 150 Drawing: Author

145

Warehouse

This warehouse is made for the purpose of depositing raw material. The building is built of prefabricated steel structural elements

Fig. 151

Drawing: Author

Fig. 152

Photograph: Author

Fig. 153

Photograph: Author

146

Fig. 154 Drawing: Author

147

Log Crane

The crane was used for sorting, moving and unloading logs. As the primary function of the factory was the processing of logs, so the crane was of great importance for the normal functioning of production. Due to its dimensions and massiveness, as well as aesthetic characteristics, this crane represents the landmark of the industrial zone

Fig. 155

Drawing: Author

Fig. 156

Photograph: Author

Fig. 157

Photograph: Author

148

Fig. 158 Drawing: Author

149

6.6. Life outside = Life inside

6.6.1. Condition the Reuse

With the return of life and activities in the area of the industrial zone, new opportunities and visions are being created for the complete rehabilitation and adaptive reuse of former industrial facilities. The return of life and the re-establishment of the connection between the industrial zone and the city arose as a reaction of society to the valorization and rehabilitation of the river, but also of industrial land for agricultural purposes. Like the principle of action = reaction, life and activities in the field will create the conditions for revitalization and reuse of industrial facilities. In this way and in this course, there will be a chain reaction of adaptive reuse of all industrial plants that will be correlated with actions in the field and in the city. Industrial facilities possess a tremendous potential that will accommodate missing city`s amenities, and thus improve the quality of life in the city. (see fig. 159) 150

Fig. 159 Drawing: Author

6.6.2. Agro- Hub

Based on the previously explained principle, the agro-hub is created as a reaction to intensive agricultural activities on industrial land. With the increase of production, demand and supply, but also interest, there is a need for facilities that will be used for trade and storage of products that are cultivated in the field. In addition to trade, there is a need for service and other commercial activities, as well as educational content that would provide training and improvement of skills for agricultural production.

strial land for agricultural production will be able to rent a stand in the market to sell their products. In addition, other city food growers will have the opportunity to rent available stands and thus improve their sales and availability.

In this way, in order to meet the need for new plants, it is necessary to use the potential of existing industrial facilities and with their revitalization to enable new activities. Thus, the factory that was once used for the production of MDF and Polywood panels, becomes the city’s Agro-Hub.

In addition, within the Agro-Hub, a space is planned where education and training of local farmers will take place, but also of the locals that wants to start growing and cultivating fruits and vegetables. Also, administrative offices and food storage and processing facilities are envisaged as part of the new spatial reorganization. (see fig. 160 and 161)

In addition to the market, Agro-Hub also has restaurants and cafes, which will also use local products to prepare food and drinks. Local growers will be able to supply these cafes and restaurants with fresh products.

The large and spacious hall of this factory will become the place of the city market, where farmers who rent indu151

5 6 9

8 7

Fig. 160 Drawing: Author

152

Agro-Hub Rozaje

Ground Floor Plan 1. Fish Farming 2. Fish Market 3. Leisure 4. Cathering services 5. Marketplace 6. Entrance Hall 7. Training/ Education 8. Logistics/food processing 9. Urban Farming 0

50 153

100m

Agro-Hub Rozaje

Agro-Hub Axonometric View Agro-Market Training / Education Zone Cafe/ Restaurants Zone Fig. 161 Drawing: Author

154

155

Inside the Agro-Hub Fig. 162 Drawing: Author

156

157

6.6.3. Agro-Hub`s Big Bang effect

Food supply and distribution Fig. 163 Drawing: Author

158

Agro-Hub will affect the entire agriculture of the city. All local producers will have the opportunity to easily sell their products and become more accessible to the local population. Also, growers of fruits, vegetables, mushrooms, honey, dairy and meat products have a greater opportunity to become more accessible not only to the local population but also to local markets, local restaurants. Furthermore, Agro-Hub will form a supply chain with fresh and organic products for local markets and restaurants. This will create an “economic ecosystem” that will contribute to the improvement of all segments of life. 0

10 km 159

6.7

Labour - Craftsmanship

Photograph: Author

Fig. 164

6.7.1. General Overview

The issue of work and workers has long been one of the most important topics when it comes to social and economic opportunities in the city. As mentioned earlier, after the collapse of the industry in the city there is a drastic decline in the number of employees. The trend of declining number of jobs is still present today and the main reason for such a situation is the lack of production, which is a driver of economic progress and generator of jobs. In such a situation, there are mass migrations of the local population to the more developed cities of Montenegro, and most of all, to the countries of Western Europe.

The practice of valuing and preservation of industrial heritage is especially common in Europe, as many large scale industrial sites have been transformed into new city districts. The former industrial zone, however, offers great potential for the development and revitalization of crafts, and thus the improvement of labor and workers issue in the city. The revitalization of crafts and handicraft production provides an opportunity for the revitalization of certain industrial plants, which will serve as a catalyst for positive change when it comes to local production and craftsmanship.

Currently, the main economic activities in the city are privately run service businesses. While the city, which was once recognizable for its crafts and craftsmen, loses that epithet, and experiences the extinction and slow disappearance of crafts and handicraft production.

In this way, through the theme of Labor, the issue of crafts and craft identity of the city will be addressed. 160

The modern world has two recipes for arousing the desire to work hard and well. One is the moral imperative to do work for the sake of the community. The other recipe invokes competition: it supposes that competing against others stimulates the desire to perform well, and in place of communal cohesion, it promises individual rewards. (Richar Sennett, The Craftsman)

161

6.7.2. Small Scale Craftsman

SHOEMAKER

“I mostly do custom-made shoes or do repairs. I had a plan to expand my business and only make my own products but the interest in custom footwear is not great.” A. Fetahovic

“I wish the interest was greater, I could teach the youth this craft. They know how to use social networks so they would sell their products better.” A. Fetahovic Fig. 165

Photograph: Author

TAILOR

“I sell my products and creations mostly during holidays and various events. I would like to improve my business and sell my collection..” F. Bajrovic

Fig. 166

Photograph: Author

GLAZIER

“I think this craft is endangered, i am the only glass cutter in this area. It is necessary to support the craft profession to teach the youth crafts.” S. Dacic

Fig. 167

Photograph: Author

162

6.7.3. Medium Scale Craftsman

Fig. 168

Photograph: Author

Fig. 169

Photograph: Author

CARPENTER - FURNITURE PRODUCTION “The money that comes from the hand made products is very slow. While big companies produces 10 bedrooms in one week I need 10 days to produce only one. ” R. Babic

Fig. 170

Photograph: Author

Fig. 171

Photograph: Author

CARPENTER - DOOR PRODUCTION “Although we are very rich in forests, we mainly supply wood from neighboring municipalities. It is necessary to use local resources as much as possible, so the price of the product would be lower.” N. Babic 163

6.7.4 S and M craftsman

Catching the words of local craftsman:

Opportunities, Difficulties, Visions

Namely, the big problem of medium-capacity craftsmen is, along with expensive and relatively inaccessible raw materials, the problem of “slow money”. To produce a handmade kitchen from wood, it takes 14-15 days of intensive work, however due to high competition and mass furniture manufacturers, the prices of handmade do not differ much from the prices of kitchens made of prefabricated elements.

In order to better understand the opportunities, conditions, difficulties of the craftsmanship in the city, I visited several local craftsman and producers of small and middle production capacity. Discussing with them, I noticed that the negative sides of the craft business are much bigger and more pronounced than the positive sides. There are a number of negative factors that affect craft production in the city. Thus, local craftsmen face problems such as high raw material prices, the inability to compete on the market due to industrial and mass production, as well as great difficulties in reaching customers and expanding the business.

Accordingly, based on the previous statement, we should mention the observation of Richard Sennett in the book The Craftsman “... It is not about quick transactions or easy victories. That slow tempo of craftwork, of taking the time you need to do something well, is profoundly stabilizing to individuals. ” (Richard Sennett 2008)

Also, there are a number of medium-capacity craftsmen in the city, especially furniture manufacturers. One of the furniture manufacturers is my father as well as my uncle. Although I am relatively familiar with the opportunities, possibilities as well as obstacles of this business, talking to my father and uncle helped me to better understand the state of the craft in the city.

Richard Sennett, advocates and encourages craft production and support of craftsman. According to Richard, it is necessary to appreciate and nurture crafts in order to revive and bring new value to the craft production. 164

6.7.5. Grand Bazar of Istanbul

“Our modern economy privileges pure profit, momentary transactions and rapid fluidity. Part of craft’s anchoring role is that it helps to objectify experience and also to slow down labor. It is not about quick transactions or easy victories. That slow tempo of craftwork, of taking the time you need to do something well, is profoundly stabilizing to individuals.” Richard Sennett (The Craftsman) Based on this, it is extremely important to respect and support the value and quality of craft works. Only in that way will the craft gain in importance and add new value to the craft products.

Fig. 172 Source: Nilufer Saglar Onay The plan of Grand Bazaar (Cezar, 1983)

One of the famous examples in which crafts, art, customers, producers, practice and theory are in constant cohabitation, is the Istanbul Grand Bazaar which was built in the period 1455-1481. In the Grand Bazaar there are over 4000 sops, craft shops, studios, as well as various other activities. According to Richard Sennett “History has drawn fault lines dividing practice and theory, technique and expression, craftsman and artist, maker and user modern society suffers from this historical inheritance.” (Richard Sennett, 2008) However, the Grand Bazaar is a place where this division is not present. Accordingly, since the Middle Ages, when the Bazaar was built, until today, cohabitation and cooperation among craftsman, merchants and buyers is present. 165

6.8. Craftsman Unions

The industrial plants of the former wood processing factory provide an ideal opportunity to materialize this idea. In this way, there will be a revitalization and valorization of the industrial zone, but also the creation of new economic and social opportunities in the city. By rehabilitating crafts in a certain area of the former wood processing factory, the original function of the factory which is is craft production and wood processing will be retained and respected.

Based on the Grand Bazaar model of functioning, my goal is to form a Craftsman Union in order to improve working conditions and cooperation, as well as accessibility and better competitiveness in the market. The Union of Craftsmen will represent a set of different producers, different capacities and activities. Thus, local artisans will be able to collaborate with each other, share materials, support and learn from each other. In addition, with the formation of the union, the city craftsmen will gather around one association that will provide more opportunities for the expansion of production and business. In addition, local craftsmen will be able to, in cooperation with the local craft school, provide education and training to young craftsmen, as well as offer a place to perform mandatory internships within the school curriculum.

Currently Crafts and Craftsmans operate very isolated and disconnected from each others

earthenware stone carving knife making glazier

carpentry tailor

shoemaker silversmith

Fig. 173 Drawing: Author

166

Instead of working sepparately and in small formats the idea is to bring the crafts and craftsman together and thus create strong Craftsman Unions for better promotion and revitalization of the craftsmanship

knife making

silversmith coopersmith

glazier carpentry shoemaker tailor earthenware stone carving

Fig. 174 Drawing: Author

167

6.8.1. Craftsmanship-Hub

Small Crafts Spaces for rent

Production spaces

Craftsmans unions Cooperatives Exhibition spaces

Craftsmanship-Hub is a place of valorization and materialization of the idea of the Craftsmen-Unions. On the place of a former factory for the doors and windows production, as well as nearby warehouses, craftsman units will fill the spaces of large and empty industrial halls (see fig. 175) Craftsman units will be prefabricated and flexible facilities of various dimensions, which local craftsmen will be able to rent depending on their needs and production capacity.

Furthermore, craftsmen of medium production capacity will be able to rent larger craft units, as well as showroom spaces where they will be able to exhibit and sell their products. In addition,manufacturers who already have production facilities but not an exhibition space will be able to rent a “showroom” units and thus become more accessible and improve sales of their products.

In addition to production, craftsman will be able to sell their products in the same place. In this way, a certain sort of “shopping mall of handicraft products” is formed, which will be more accessible to the local population.

Space and space functions provide a high degree of flexibility, so the colaboration and co-working of several manufacturers is possible, while the space is modified depending on production capacity. 168

Fig. 175

In addition, within the Craftsmanship Hub, there are also large spaces for the “Crafts Expo” which will encourage the promotion of craftsmen and their products through various exhibitions and festivals. The “Crafts Expo” will bring together both local and regional craftsman and producers.

Drawing: Author

Land - Municipality Owned (total area: 12.5 ha) Urban Farming Industrial Buildings

Craftsmanship Hub provides new opportunities and perspectives for the progress of local craftsmen. In addition, the Craftsmanship Hub provides the opportunity for collaboration, sharing, accessibility, education, training, as well as the opportunity for stable business and expansion of production. 169

Craftsmanship-Hub

S scale craftsmanship M and L scale Craftsmanship Showrooms / Expo Fig. 176 Drawing: Author

170

2 4 3

Ground Floor Plan 1. Showroom 2. Production Area 2a. Cooperatives 3. Showroom- External Producers 4. Showroom + Workshop 5. Expo 6. Small Crafts 7. Open Expo Area 8. Leisure - Park 0

25 171

50 m

Housing - Affordable & Co-Living

6.9.

6.9.1. General Overview

Development and rehabilitation of the industrial zone took place gradually. The process begins with the revitalization of the river and the formation of new activities that will connect the industrial zone and the city, but also restore activities and life in the abandoned industrial zone. This is followed by the process of reuse of industrial land, where the renting of industrial land for the purposes of urban agriculture is proposed. Furthermore, by the revitalization of industrial facilities, brings new visions and perspectives to the site and the city.

All this has created a very unfavorable housing situation. Due to the lack of political will, but also the lack of awareness, the local population, in search of alternative solutions, has established its own system for solving the housing issue. This system has already been discussed in Chapter 5.6.6. (see fig. 89) Family houses are the main form of housing in Rozaje, however, one family house usually contains several apartments that are intended for other family members who decide to form their own family. This system is completely contrary to the law, but also to the urban rules and regulations of the city. In addition,this way of living leads to the significant reduction of the life quality. This alternative type of housing is widespread and very relevant today.

The final step in revitalizing the industrial zone is the development of affordable housing. This program seeks to form a new housing system, which is based on accessibility but also on the principles of Co-Living. The current housing situation in Rozaje is extremely unfavorable. First of all, unfavorable financial conditions of the local population leads to the inability of solving the housing issue. This problem is especially present among young people. In addition, the insufficient number of housing units, as well as the small number of available land for the construction of new apartments, is another problem that the city is facing.

On the other hand, the huge demand, but also the large deficit of housing units in the city, has led to a drastic increase in real estate prices that the local population is unable to afford. By maintaining the status quo and not solving this problem, unfavorable housing conditions will become even worse.

The practice of valuing and preservation of industrial heritage is especially common in Europe, as many large scale industrial sites have been transformed into new city districts. 172

6.9.2. Alternative Housing Forms

The topic of housing has always attracted architects. Although the essence of housing is the same in all parts of the world, as well as the basic standards of housing, architects still decide to create alternative forms of housing through experimentation and creative ideas that will not affect the quality of life, but will bring new opportunities that will be of great importance for the city and the people at the same time.

Fig. 177

The Colonnade Condominiums / Paul Rudolph / 1980

So almost all architects “tried themselves” in this, we can say, special discipline of architecture. Le Corbusier with his Maison Radieuse project, Paul Rudolph with Trailer Apartments, Safdie Architects withHabitat 67, James Wines with Highrise of Homes, are just some of the examples where architects have tried to present new ways of living. Some of these projects have become iconic buildings that serve as inspiration even in the present times. The trend of searching for alternative housing solutions has become particularly intense in the last few decades, due to less and less land available for construction, an increasing number of inhabitants and rising prices per square meter.

Fig. 178

Highrise of Homes / James Wines / 1981

Also today, some architects like Alejand Aravena, who won the 2016 Prizker Architectural Award, have focused their architectural practice on finding alternative housing solutions based on affordability, especially to those structures of society that are unable to solve the housing issue. One such project is the Villa Verde Housing project in Chile. This project present an alternative and very interesting housing typology which emerged as an intention to permanently solve housing issue of the forestry factory workers. Thus, a team of architects, led by Alejandro Araven, proposed an innovative typology in which the future tenant inhabits half of the house that contains all the necessary facilities, while the other half remains unbuilt until the owner decides to build it. (see fig. 179) Therefore, the topic of alternative housing today preoccupies most architects, who, with their innovative solutions motivate and inspire many cities to become more affordable and improve the quality of living.

Fig. 179

Villa Verde Housing / Alejandro Aravena / 2010

173

6.9.3. Alternative Housing Forms in Yugoslavia

Fig. 180

Source: Architect’s Archive

Socialist Housing Block Podgorica, Montenegro 1980s Architect: Mileta Bojović Urban Planner: Vukota Tupa Vukotić

6.7.1. General Overview

The development of residential architecture in the period of socialism in Yugoslavia had the greatest intensity during the 1960s and 1970s, when hundreds of thousands of apartments were built throughout the country. Great progress in construction was accompanied by habitological research which was directed towards finding optimal housing solutions for the new formation of living conditions in socialist society.

In socialist Yugoslavia, the issue of housing was of great importance. As the state system was oriented towards the working class, resolving the workers’ housing issue was a priority. The development and planning of housing facilities was an exclusively state issue and the only investor could be the state. In this way, a large number of apartment blocks were built in Yugoslavia, and the apartments were state-owned and allocated to the working class on lease and for a certain duration. These are the so-called “Social Apartments”.

The aim was to maximally “package” housing units in buildings, all the way to the limits of acceptable spatial minimum for users, and at the same time to establish more humane housing patterns. Innovative theoretical ideas mostly originated from leading habitat centers, and then spread to congresses, conferences, exhibitions and architectural competitions.

The social housing stock was divided into dwellings obtained for use by enterprises, solidarity dwellings and staff dwellings allocated to employees in deficit activities, while private housing included living in built or purchased own real estate and living in subletting. Due to such circumstances, the apartment itself appears as a double reality - on the one hand, as a social good that is assigned to an individual for use, and on the other hand as a commodity. (Dj. Alfirevic & S. Simonovic 2018)

Quality design solutions were mostly obtained at architectural competitions, which, among other things, served to test and verify theoretical principles and new concepts of housing patterns on specific examples. 174

6.9.4. New Alternatives

Number of units according to the budget 1 family/ person max 4 units

Fig. 181

Buy 3 / Rent 1 or Buy 4 - Build 2 Later build 4

Drawing: Author

Affordable Co-Living in Rozaje The structure of the new housing developments will be built using wood from local forests. Processing, assembly and construction of the structure will be performed by local craftsmen and wood processors. (see fig. 182)

Regardless of size, population, economic power, natural and other characteristics, today every city in this world is in need of alternative and affordable housing solutions. For example, in Luxebmourg, a country with one of the highest standards in the world, housing problems are one of the most important socio-political and economic issues. State policy is focused on finding new solutions in order to create the most favorable and affordable housing conditions.

The structure is a wooden grid 3 meters wide, 2.8 meters high that extendst along the entire length of the building. The number of floors varies between 2 and 5. After the construction of the structural grid, each family or individual is able to, depending on the budget, rent a maximum of 4 units of their choice and organization for the maximum duration of 80 years.

Although Rozaje is far below Luxembourg in economic and social terms, the problem of inaccessibility, high prices and lack of housing units is common. Thus, it is necessary, depending on the context and opportunities, to propose new and alternative solutions.

Each unit represents an area of 25 square meters, which the owner decides to build, rent or leave unbilt, until the budget allows to construct it. In this way, a large number of alternatives and possibilities are provided in accordance with the financial status of an individual or family.

The available land for new construction in the city, as well as in the industrial area, is very limited. Therefore, the alternative solution is to use huge roof areas of industrial facilities for the development of new housing units. This alternative solution also prevents further land use and the expansion of the city, which negatively affects nature.

Priority for resolving the housing issue is given to young married couples, young entrepreneurs, as well as young graduates. 175

7.1. Production Process

of logs to local wood processors and craftsmen, using alternative 1 Transport transport solutions

3 Preparation and installation of wooden structural elements 176

2 Wood processing by local craftsmans

Fig. 182

Drawing: Author

4 Preparation and installation of prefabricated wooden walls for the construction of housing units 177

7.1.1. Assembling the Structure

Architectural detail showing the assembly of a wooden beam and a column with the help of a steel profile

Fig. 184 Drawing: Author

178

Fig. 183

Drawing: Author

Architectural detail showing the mounting of a new wooden structure on top of the existing concrete structure of the industrial building

Fig. 185 Drawing: Author

The wooden structural grid is made of local wood materials, processed by local craftsman and assembled by local construction workers. This system encourages and supports the local economy and the local workforce. 179

7.1.2. Assembling Housing Units

Prefabricated wood elements (wall, floor, window, furniture) are produced by local craftsmans

Different Types and Alternatives of Housing Units:

Type 1 (2 units 50m2)

Type 2 (3 units 75m2) 180

of the prefabricated 2 Transportation to the site

Fig. 186 Drawing: Author

d elements from the factory

of prefabricated elements according to type of hous3 Assembly ing units

Fig. 187 Drawing: Author

floor 1

Type 3 (1 unit 25m2)

floor 2

Type 4 (2 units 50m2 duplex) 181

And many other alternatives...

7.1.3. Living Together

Flexible = Diversified

-gardens for growing fruits and vegetables that are maintained and used by all tenants take place in the common courtyard, in addition to the this there are various recreational and sports activities such as basketball courts, table tennis, children’s playgrounds, rest benches , picnic tables etc. Various activities contributes to the quality of life, thus establishing better relations and interaction, but also better cooperation, interconnection and sharing among tenants.

Flexible design, as well as the possibility for the buyer to decide the number and organization of housing units depending on the personal budget, creates an very diversified and chaotic but, at the same time, harmonious plan. In this way, the monotonous and classical approach of repeating the same housing units on all floors of the building is broken. The flexibility of the space is reflected in the fact that the tenant is able to, based on their preferences, decide on the layout of space, furniture, and even the size of the windows based on several previously prepared planning solutions by the architect. In this way, the final plan actually becomes a catalog of different types of apartments that characterize each tenant individually at the same time.

This alternative solution achieves a high quality of living space without further consumption and devastation of the land. In addition, due to its flexibility, this model can be applied to other industrial plants in the city and thus provide a sustainable model for solving the housing problem. With an 80-year lease policy, the municipality remains the only one of its own housing units

With the aim of improving the quality of life of all the inhabitants, various activities are located in the common central courtyard of the building. Accordingly, common182

Floor Plan

15 m Legend of Apartments

1. Building Entrance

2 Units Apartment

2. Shared Courtyard

2 Units Apartment (Duplex) 3 Units Apartment 2 Units Apartment 4 Units Apartment (Duplex) 1 Unit Apartment Fig. 188 Drawing: Author

183

Inside a Housing Unit Fig. 189 Drawing: Author

184

185

Agro-Hub, New Housing Developments and Surrounding area Fig. 190 Drawing: Author

186

187

7.1.4. New Urban Ecosystem

In this section we see how different activities, starting with river activities, urban agriculture, market, administration, apartment units, common areas, central garden, cohabit and complement each other and thus create a new urban ecosystem that contributes to the development and improvement of city life. The industrial zone is no longer a separate entity but an integral part of the city that contributes to the quality of life, economy and living environment. 188

Section of Agro-Hub, New Housing Developments and Surrounding area Fig. 191

189

Drawing: Author

Perspective view of the Agro-Hub, New Housing development and Urban Farming Fig. 192 Drawing: Author

190

191

7.1.5. “The Giant” Today, Tomorrow, Forever

The revitalization of the industrial zone is taking place gradually in accordance with the urban and social needs, but also the economic possibilities of the city. Thus, in the final phase, there is a complete revitalization and rehabilitation of industrial plants and industrial land. In order to improve and stimulate the economy based on local products and production, it is important to provide adequate education and training and thus encourage the participation of young people in this process. With this in mind, the Educational-Hub is proposed, which will consist of a craft and agricultural school. Young people who decide to engage in a craftsmanship or agriculture, will have the opportunity to improve skills and knowledge through various programs. Doing the practice along very skilled craftsman and producers at Agro-Hub or Craftsmanship-Hub will significantly help them to improve the skills, but also expand their contacts. After graduation, young people will have the opportunity to become part of the Craftsmanship-Union, which will provide them with production space for free for two years. In this way, young people will have the opportunity to improve and expand their business through the opportunities provided by the Craftsmanship Hub. In addition, the project proposes a new Cultural Center that aims to improve the social and cultural life of the city. In the conversation with the locals, primarily the young population, as one of the main negative characteristics in the city is the lack of social and cultural events, as well as places for gathering, recreation and sports activities. In addition, insufficient mechanisms and a very weak policy of protection of culture and cultural property of the city, led to the devastation of old houses, traditions, as well as other historical values of the city. Therefore, the new cultural center aims to promote, rehabilitate and preserve the culture of the city, but also to improve social life through various forms of activities and events. Industrial land, once sealed and unused, is now becoming full of life and activities through the improvement and development of green and public areas and the revitalization of nature. One of the city’s rivers, which flows under industrial buildings and land, is now becoming part of the city again, decontaminated and accessible to all citizens. The new public spaces provide quality spaces for recreation, sports, culture, catering. In this way, the former wood processing factory becomes the backbone of quality social, cultural and economic life, as well as an integral part of the city’s urban structure, putting man and nature in the forefront.

Master Plan of the Industrial Zone Agro-Hub Craftsmanship-Hub Education and Training-Hub Cultural Center

Fig. 193 Drawing: Author

192

0 193

100 m

07.

Annex

The process of model making in my father’s workshop

Fig. 194

Photograph: Author

Fig. 195

Photograph: Author

Fig. 196

Photograph: Author

194

Fig. 197

Photograph: Author

Fig. 198

Photograph: Author

Fig. 198

Photograph: Author

195

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The Giant - Architecture Master Thesis

Articles inside

5.6. The collapse of the industry and the built environment

5.2. The beginning of conflict and collapse of dreadms

3.2. Local Economy and Trade

4.4 NewUrbanism

5.8. Current State

5.9. Survey- What to do with the factory? Citezns` Opinion

4.1. General overview

5.7. Analysis of the built environment