6WXGLD 3V\FKRORJLFD 8.6: V
720$6= 3586,ē6.,1 ,QVW\WXW 3V\FKRORJLL 8QLZHUV\WHW .DUG\QDåD 6WHIDQD :\V]\ĔVNLHJR Z :DUV]DZLH
)(120(12/2*,&=12 .217(.672:( 32'(-Ä?&,( '2 %$'$1,$ :2/12Ä?&, : 36<&+2/2*,, Phenomenological-contextual approach to study freedom in psychology Abstract
Freedom as a subject of academic research in psychology has always been confined to a space regarded as difficult to explore. Since the beginning of psychology as a branch of science, the discussion of freedom has been fragmented. The adoption of a specific repertoire of methodological and philosophical assumptions has ignited interest in the topic and issues of freedom. The history of freedom being present in psychology is an ongoing struggle between different paradigms regarding the nature of this subject and its associated methods of examination. During the nineties of the last century, there was a shaping of the direction referring to the achievements of humanistic psychology, as emphasizing the importance of subjective human experience. The authors of this approach, taking care of a methodological workshop and conducting a series of empirical studies, have proposed a new approach to the study of freedom in psychology. The most important achievement of the phenomenological-contextual approach was to draw attention to the possibility of exploring in scientific research the phenomenon of freedom in psychology that has been rejected as a matter of the intersection of science and philosophy. .H\ZRUGV IUHHGRP SHUVRQDOLVWLF SHUVSHFWLYH SKHQRPHQRORJLFDO FRQWH[WXDO DSSURDFK :352:$'=(1,(
3RPLPR GRW\FKF]DVRZ\FK XVLOQ\FK L QLH]OLF]RQ\FK VWDUDÄ&#x201D; ZROQRÄ&#x17E;Ăź MDNR GRÄ&#x17E;ZLDG F]HQLH Z\VWÄ&#x160;SXMÄ&#x2026;FH SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP Z NRQWHNÄ&#x17E;FLH F]ĂĄRZLHND ]GDMH VLÄ&#x160; E\Ăź SU]HG PLRWHP Z\PDJDMÄ&#x2026;F\P SRGHMPRZDQLD NROHMQ\FK SUyE EDGDQLD Z QDXFH &KRFLDÄŞ SRGHMPRZDQR UyÄŞQRURGQH ]GDQLHP DXWRUD WHJR DUW\NXĂĄX QLHXGDQH SUyE\ LQNRU SRURZDQLD JR Z SU]HVWU]HÄ&#x201D; ]UyÄŞQLFRZDQ\FK SHUVSHNW\Z EDGDZF]\FK GRVWÄ&#x160;SQ\FK $GUHV GR NRUHVSRQGHQFML WRPDV] SUXVLQVNL#RS SO
1
720$6= 3586,ฤ 6.,
[2]
Z QDXFH NWyUHM SU]\NรกDG Z SRVWDFL SRGHMฤ FLD SR]QDZF]HJR ]RVWDQLH SRQLฤชHM ]DU\ VRZDQ\ F]ฤ ฤ รผ EDGDF]\ QDGDO RGF]XZD VZRLVW\ QLHGRV\W WHM SUREOHPDW\NL Z SV\ FKRORJLL 3V\FKRORJLD PDMฤ FD ]D SU]HGPLRW VZRLFK EDGDฤ F]รกRZLHND QLH PRJรกD SRPLQฤ รผ ]DJDGQLHQLD MHJR DNW\ZQRฤ FL ZROLFMRQDOQHM -HGQDN MDN SRGNUHฤ ODMฤ QLHNWyU]\ ED GDF]H %DHU .DXIPDQ %DXPHLVWHU SV\FKRORJRZLH Gฤ ฤช\OL GR XQLNDQLD WHM WHPDW\NL WDN GรกXJR MDN WR PRJรกR E\รผ PRฤชOLZH Eฤ Gฤจ WHฤช GRNRQ\ZDOL ZLHOX F]ฤ ฤ FLHM PQLHM QLฤช EDUG]LHM XGDQ\FK SUyE UHGHยฟQLFML ZROQRฤ FL DOER X]QDZDOL SUREOHP ZROQRฤ FL MHฤ OL QLH ]D S\WDQLH RVWDWHF]QLH ยฟOR]RยฟF]QH WR SU]\QDMPQLHM XPLHV]F]RQH JG]LHฤ PLฤ G]\ SV\FKRORJLฤ D ยฟOR]Rยฟฤ 'ZHFN 0ROGHQ &HOHP QLQLHMV]HJR DUW\NXรกX MHVW ZVWฤ SQH RPyZLHQLH L ZVND]DQLH SRGVWDZRZ\FK ]DรกRฤชHฤ VรกDER GRVWฤ SQHM Z ฤ URGRZLVNX SROVNLFK EDGDF]\ NRQFHSFML EDGDQLD ]DJDG QLHQLD ZROQRฤ FL 3RGHMฤ FLH WR PRฤชQD RNUHฤ OLรผ PLDQHP IHQRPHQRORJLF]QR NRQWHN VWRZHJR : MHJR REUฤ ELH Z\PLHQLรผ QDOHฤช\ GZD ZDฤชQH QD]ZLVND 1D]ZLVNR 0DO FROPD :HVWFRWWD NDQDG\MVNLHJR EDGDF]D LQVSLUXMฤ FHJR SRZVWDQLH WHJR SRGHMฤ FLD NWyUHJR PHWRGฤ EDGDZF]ฤ RNUHฤ OLรผ PRฤชQD MDNR IHQRPHQRORJLF]QR QDUUDF\MQฤ 'DรกD RQD SRGVWDZ\ GR UR]ZLMDQLD WHJR SRGHMฤ FLD QD JUXQFLH SROVNLHM SV\FKRORJLL 'UXJLH QD]ZLVNR ยฑ .U]\V]WRID 0XG\QLD D ยฑ NWyU\ MHVW DXWRUHP PHWRG\ IHQRPHQRORJLF]QR NRQWHNVWRZHM :F]Hฤ QLHM MHGQDN ]RVWDQLH ZVND]DQ\ NRQWHNVW PHWRGRORJLF]Q\ NWyUHJR REHFQRฤ รผ SUHGHVW\QRZDรกD GR SRMDZLD QLD VLฤ UyฤชQ\FK VSRVREyZ EDGDQLD ZROQRฤ FL Z SV\FKRORJLL DNDGHPLFNLHM 0(72'2/2*,&=1< .217(.67 %$'$ฤ :2/12ฤ &, : 36<&+2/2*,,
=DVDGQLF]\P SRZRGHP IUDJPHQWDU\F]QRฤ FL SUREOHPDW\NL ZROQRฤ FL Z SV\FKROR JLL ZLG]LDQHM ]D]Z\F]DM MDNR QLHXGDQH SUyE\ EDGDZF]H SRSU]HG]DQH ]DPLDQฤ ZRO QRฤ FL MDNR SU]HGPLRWX EDGDฤ QD SRMฤ FLD ]EOLฤชRQH FKRFLDฤช QLH UyZQR]QDF]QH E\รก\ RSUyF] WRZDU]\V]ฤ FHJR SRMฤ FLX ZROQRฤ FL QDG]QDF]HQLD VSRU\ NWyUH RG SRF]ฤ WNX LVWQLHQLD SV\FKRORJLL MDNR G\VF\SOLQ\ QDXNRZHM ]DFLฤ ฤช\รก\ QDG GHF\]MDPL GRW\F]ฤ F\PL SRGHMPRZDQLD SUREOHPDW\NL UyฤชQ\FK REV]DUyZ ]MDZLVN Z W\P UyZQLHฤช ZRO QRฤ FL :VSyรกF]Hฤ QL EDGDF]H QLH SRGGDMฤ MXฤช SRG G\VNXVMฤ SRJOฤ GX ฤชH ]D NDฤชG\P VSRVREHP XSUDZLDQLD QDXNL ]D NDฤชGฤ NRQFHSFMฤ F]\ WHRULฤ ORNXMฤ VLฤ SHZQH PLO F]ฤ FH ]DรกRฤชHQLD SR]DQDXNRZHM QDMF]ฤ ฤ FLHM ยฟOR]RยฟF]QHM QDWXU\ 7H ]DรกRฤชHQLD QLH Vฤ SR]QDZF]R QHXWUDOQH 7U]ySHN 3U]\Mฤ FLH RNUHฤ ORQHJR UHSHUWXDUX ]DรกRฤชHฤ PHWRGRORJLF]Q\FK L ยฟOR]RยฟF]Q\FK NLH UXMH QD VSHF\ยฟF]QH MDVQR RNUHฤ ORQH GRELHUDQLH PHWRG\ GR VZRLฤ FLH NRQFHSWXDOL ]RZDQHJR SU]HGPLRWX 7D SHUVSHNW\ZD SU]\Mฤ WD GOD IXQGDPHQWyZ GDQHM NRQFHSFML SV\FKRORJLF]QHM ZSรก\ZD QD WR FR =\EHUWRZLF] QD]\ZD UHร HNWRUHP SRznania 7R MDN VWHUXMHP\ UHร HNWRUHP QDV]HJR SR]QDQLD MDN SURZDG]LP\ ZLฤ ]Nฤ ฤ ZLDWรกD Sรก\Qฤ FHJR ] WHJR VWUXPLHQLD ]DOHฤช\ RG MHJR XVWDZLHQLD ZREHF SU]HGPLRWX SR]QDQLD 7R RZH ]DรกRฤชHQLD ยฟOR]RยฟF]QHM L PHWRGRORJLF]QHM QDWXU\ ORNXMฤ QDV] UH ร HNWRU =DZV]H MHGQDN SR]QDMHP\ MDNฤ ฤ W\ONR F]ฤ ฤ รผ U]HF]\ZLVWRฤ FL MDNLฤ MHM IUDJ PHQW NRQNUHWQฤ VWURQฤ 3U]\Mฤ FLH VSHF\ยฟF]QHJR VSRVREX NRQFHSWXDOL]DFML SU]HG PLRWX L ]DVWRVRZDQLH RNUHฤ ORQHM PHWRG\ MHJR SR]QDQLD SR]ZDOD Z\FLฤ รผ ] REV]DUX PRฤชOLZ\FK ]DLQWHUHVRZDฤ EDGDZF]\FK SHZQฤ PQLHM OXE EDUG]LHM VSyMQฤ FDรกRฤ รผ NWyUD QLH MHVW MHGQDN MHG\Qฤ PRฤชOLZฤ
> @
)(120(12/2*,&=12 .217(.672:( 32'(-ĝ&,( '2 %$'$1,$ :2/12ĝ&, : 36<&+2/2*,,
2ZH ¿OR]R¿F]QH ]DáRĪHQLD REHFQH Z SV\FKRORJLL UR]VWU]\JDá\ DUELWUDOQLH UyZ QLHĪ R ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLX WHPDW\Ną ZROQRĞFL 0RĪQD SRZLHG]LHü ĪH KLVWRULD REHFQR ĞFL SUREOHPDW\NL ZROQRĞFL Z SV\FKRORJLL WR G]LHMH ]PDJDĔ UyĪQ\FK SDUDG\JPDWyZ GRW\F]ąF\FK QDWXU\ SU]HGPLRWX L PHWRG MHJR EDGDQLD 2GPLHQQH URG]DMH ¿OR]R ¿L QDXNL XF]HVWQLF]\á\ Z IRUPRZDQLX EDGDZF]\FK ]DLQWHUHVRZDĔ Z SV\FKRORJLL D QLHSU]\VWDZDOQH GR VLHELH SDUDG\JPDW\ VFKHPDW\ P\ĞOHQLD ĞFLHUDá\ VLĊ Z SV\ FKRORJLL MDNR QDXFH 63Ï5 1$785$/,=08 = $17<1$785$/,=0(0 2 32'67$:< :63Ïà&=(61(- PSYCHOLOGII
Naturalizm i antynaturalizm WR SRMĊFLD NWyUH SR UD] SLHUZV]\ ]RVWDá\ XĪ\WH SU]H] 3RSSHUD GOD RNUHĞOHQLD RGPLHQQ\FK VSRVREyZ XSUDZLDQLD QDXNL 1DXND VWR VXMąFD PHWRG\ LQGXNF\MQH L Z]RUXMąFD VLĊ QD QDXNDFK SU]\URGQLF]\FK Z\ND]\ZD áDE\ VNáRQQRĞü GR SU]\MPRZDQLD Z]RUFD QDWXUDOLVW\F]QHJR ]DĞ QDXND SU]HFLZQD Z]RURZDQLX VLĊ QD QDXNDFK SU]\URGQLF]\FK KRáGRZDáDE\ Z]RUFRZL DQW\QDWXUDOL VW\F]QHPX 3RG]LDá WHQ QLH RGQRVL VLĊ GR QDXNL Z RJyOH ,VWQLHMH RQ MHG\QLH Z RE V]DU]H QDXN VSRáHF]Q\FK L KXPDQLVW\F]Q\FK 3U]HGVWDZLFLHOH QDWXUDOL]PX JáRV]ąF ĪH SDUDG\JPDW\ PHWRGRORJLF]QH VWRVRZD QH Z SU]\URGR]QDZVWZLH RERZLą]XMą Z QDXNDFK VSRáHF]Q\FK L KXPDQLVW\F]Q\FK RNUHĞODMą W\P VDP\P QLHMDNR VWRVXQHN GR SU]HGPLRWX QDXN R F]áRZLHNX 1DWXUD OLVWD ]JDG]D VLĊ ĪH ÄSU]HGPLRW EDGDĔ QDXN KXPDQLVW\F]Q\FK MHVW >«@ WUXGQLHMV]\ L EDUG]LHM ]áRĪRQ\ QLĪ VWUXNWXU\ NWyU\PL ]DMPRZDá\ VLĊ NODV\F]QH WHRULH ¿]\F] QH -HGQDNĪH UyĪQLFD WD MHVW Z]JOĊGQD L XOHJD Z SHZQ\P VHQVLH ]DWDUFLX SU]HG PLRW EDGDĔ ZVSyáF]HVQ\FK G\VF\SOLQ ¿]\F]Q\FK MHVW QD RJyá UyZQLHĪ QLH]PLHUQLH VNRPSOLNRZDQ\´ 6XFK V =DWHP MHĞOL SU]HGPLRW QDXN R F]áRZLHNX QLH UyĪQL VLĊ ]DVDGQLF]R RG SU]HGPLRWX QDXN SU]\URGQLF]\FK WR ]DVDGQ\P MHVW VWRVR ZDQLH SRNUHZQ\FK OXE MHG\QLH RGSRZLHGQLR ]PRG\¿NRZDQ\FK L SU]\VWRVRZDQ\FK PHWRG &R ZLĊFHM SRJOąG\ QDWXUDOL]PX áąF]\ VLĊ ] SRVWĊSHP QDXNRZ\P ]ZáDV] F]D ] UR]ZRMHP WHFKQRORJLF]Q\P 7U]ySHN &DáNLHP QLHSU]\SDGNRZR WHRULH QLHNWyU\FK SV\FKRORJyZ DNFHSWXMąF\FK WĊ ¿OR]R¿Ċ PLDá\ SURZDG]Lü GR RSUDFRZD nia technologii zachowania 6NLQQHU $QW\QDWXUDOLĞFL RSRQRZDOL ZREHF WDNLHM SURSR]\FML SHUFHSFML ĞZLDWD 2GU]XFD OL ]DáRĪHQLH R MHGQRĞFL QDXN L EURQLOL QLHSRZWDU]DOQRĞFL SU]HGPLRWX RUD] QDU]ĊG]L EDGDZF]\FK SU]\ SRPRF\ NWyU\FK WHQ SU]HGPLRW EDGDQR Z QDXNDFK KXPDQLVW\F] Q\FK L VSRáHF]Q\FK =GDQLHP DQW\QDWXUDOLVWyZ Z\MDĞQLDQLH ]MDZLVN Z QDXNDFK KX PDQLVW\F]Q\FK L VSRáHF]Q\FK SRZLQQR E\ü RGPLHQQH RG Z\MDĞQLDQLD SU]\URGQLF]H JR ]DĞ VWRVRZDQLH SRGREQ\FK QDU]ĊG]L SURZDG]LáRE\ GR QLHXSUDZQLRQHM UHGXNFML ]MDZLVN VSRáHF]Q\FK ]DPLDVW GR Z\MDĞQLDQLD LFK VSHF\¿NL L RGPLHQQRĞFL 6XFK 7DN Z\UDĪRQ\ DQW\QDWXUDOL]P ]ZLą]DQ\ E\á SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP ] KHUPHQHX W\Ną 'LOWKH\D L MHJR QDVWĊSFyZ 'LOWKH\ D 'LOWKH\ E 'LOWKH\ 1DWRPLDVW QDWXUDOL]P áąF]RQR ] SRVWXODWDPL PHWRGRORJLL SR]\W\ZL]PX ORJLF]QH JR JG\Ī RQH QDMEDUG]LHM RGG]LDáDá\ QD NV]WDáW QDXN R F]áRZLHNX Z W\P SV\FKROR JLL D VDP SR]\W\ZL]P XF]\QLá QDWXUDOL]P MHGQ\P ]H VZ\FK KDVHá V]WDQGDURZ\FK 7U]ySHN -DN SRGNUHĞOD .UDVQRGĊEVNL FKRFLDĪ ]PLDQĊ Z QDXNDFK R F]áRZLHNX UR]SRF]Ċá\ VLHGHPQDVWRZLHF]QH VSRU\ R NV]WDáW VDP\FK QDXN SU]\URG
720$6= 3586,ฤ 6.,
> @
QLF]\FK WR ZรกDฤ FLZ\ VSyU R QDXNL KXPDQLVW\F]QH UR]SRF]ฤ รก VLฤ GRSLHUR Z GUXJLHM SRรกRZLH ;,; ZLHNX NLHG\ WR SV\FKRORJLD MDNR QDXND GRSLHUR FR RGG]LHOLรกD VLฤ RG ยฟOR]RยฟL : UDPDFK ]DU\VRZDQHJR MHG\QLH SRZ\ฤชHM VSRUX NWyU\ WUZDรก SU]H] G]LHVLฤ FLROH FLD UyZQLHฤช SV\FKRORJLD EXGRZDรกD SDUDG\JPDW Z ]DNUHVLH NRQFHSWXDOL]DFML SU]HG PLRWX L Z\ERUX PHWRG\ EDGDZF]HM =DUyZQR QDWXUDOLVW\F]QH MDN L DQW\QDWXUDOL VW\F]QH SRGVWDZ\ ]DRZRFRZDรก\ Z SV\FKRORJLL VSHF\ยฟF]Q\P XNLHUXQNRZDQLHP QD SU]HGPLRW SR]QDQLD L GRSURZDG]Lรก\ GR VWZRU]HQLD RNUHฤ ORQHJR ]DSOHF]D PHWRG ED GDZF]\FK 3V\FKRORJLD ED]XMฤ F QD ]DSUH]HQWRZDQ\P SRZ\ฤชHM VSRU]H Z\SUDFR ZDรกD GZD JHQHUDOQH SRGHMฤ FLD GR EDGDQLD ZROQRฤ FL 1DXND WD RG PRPHQWX VZRMHJR SRZVWDQLD SU]\MPRZDรกD ]DรกRฤชHQLD QDWXUDOL]PX $VSLURZDรกD GR E\FLD MHGQฤ ] QDXN SU]\URGQLF]\FK ] RGSRZLDGDMฤ Fฤ LP SURFHGXUฤ L PHWRGRORJLฤ 1DWXUDOLVW\F]QD SHUVSHNW\ZD Eฤ Gฤ FD RG VDPHJR SRF]ฤ WNX SHUVSHN W\Zฤ SU]HZDฤชDMฤ Fฤ VWZRU]\รกD QXUW EDGDZF]\ Z SV\FKRORJLL NWyU\ PRฤชQD RNUHฤ OLรผ PLDQHP IXQNFMRQDOQHJR 3V\FKRORJLD NWyUD ]RULHQWRZDรกD VLฤ QD EDGDQLH GDMฤ F\FK VLฤ VSURZDG]Lรผ GR REVHUZDFML ]DFKRZDฤ OXE SURFHVyZ Py]JRZ\FK RGU]XFLรกD SUR EOHPDW\Nฤ ZROQRฤ FL SRGGDMฤ F Z Zฤ WSOLZRฤ รผ MHM LVWQLHQLH OXE ORNXMฤ F Mฤ Z VIHU]H WHUPLQyZ WHRUHW\F]Q\FK NWyUH WUXGQR SRGGDZDรก\ VLฤ SURFHGXU]H RSHUDFMRQDOL]DFML WHUPLQyZ WNZLฤ F\FK Z GZyFK SODQDFK ฤช\FLD SRWRF]Q\P L WHFKQLF]Q\P 5RVQHUR ZD =D RGSDUFLH ]DU]XWX R RSyฤจQLHQLH Z UR]ZRMX SV\FKRORJLD PXVLDรกD ]DSรกDFLรผ Z\ VRNฤ FHQฤ 2GU]XFLรกD FDรก\ EDJDฤช SU]HGPLRWRZ\ GRW\F]ฤ F\ Z\REUDฤจQL FRG]LHQQH JR GRฤ ZLDGF]HQLD L ZDUWRฤ FL NWyUH QLH SRGGDZDรก\ VLฤ RSLVRZL L HNVSORUDFML ]D SR PRFฤ QRZ\FK PHWRG ]DNRU]HQLRQ\FK Z GHWHUPLQLVW\F]QHM ZL]ML ฤ ZLDWD %DGDF]H KRรกGXMฤ F\ QDWXUDOL]PRZL GRNRQDOL FDรกNRZLWHJR UR]F]รกRQNRZDQLD F]รกRZLHND L MHJR SV\FKLNL QD SRMHG\QF]H F]ฤ ฤ FL JG\ฤช W\ONR UHGXNFMD L XSURV]F]HQLH GR SR]LRPX HOH PHQWDUQHJR GDZDรก\ QLH]QDQH GRWฤ G PRฤชOLZRฤ FL EDGDZF]H ร ]ZUyFHQLH VLฤ NX PHWR G]LH LQGXNFML L XVWDODQLX IDNWyZ Z RSDUFLX R GRฤ ZLDGF]HQLHยด *LRUJL V 'RVNRQDรกฤ HJ]HPSOLยฟNDFMฤ SHUVSHNW\Z\ IXQNFMRQDOQHM MHVW EHKDZLRU\]P F]\ SR ZVWDรก\ Z ODWDFK SyฤจQLHMV]\FK QXUW EDGDฤ SURFHVyZ L IXQNFMRQRZDQLD SR]QDZF]H JR &KRFLDฤช GRUREHN W\FK QXUWyZ QLH MHVW SU]H] QLNRJR FK\ED G]Lฤ NZHVWLRQRZDQ\ WR MHGQDN SRU]ฤ GNRZDQLH SU]HIRUPXรกRZDQLH L HPSLU\F\VW\F]QH GRGHยฟQLRZ\ZDQLH ZDUV]WDWX EDGDZF]HJR SV\FKRORJLL Z GXFKX QDWXUDOL]PX SR]EDZLรกR EDGDF]\ PRฤช OLZRฤ FL EDGDQLD V]HUHJX SUREOHPyZ NWyU\FK QLH VSRVyE VIRUPXรกRZDรผ Z Mฤ ]\NX SD UDG\JPDWX QDWXUDOLVW\F]QHJR -DN ZVND]XMH 6WUDฤ 5RPDQRZVND >ยซ@ ร Vฤ WR SUREOH P\ VZRLฤ FLH OXG]NLH Z RGF]XFLX SU]HFLฤ WQHJR F]รกRZLHND ZDฤชQH ER EH]SRฤ UHGQLR ]ZLฤ ]DQH ] ฤช\FLHP L E\QDMPQLHM QLH XQLNDOQH QD SU]\NรกDG SU]Hฤช\FLD JUDQLF]QH G\OHPDW\ PRUDOQH FLHUSLHQLH GRฤ ZLDGF]DQLH VDPRWQRฤ FL L ]DJXELHQLD Z ฤ ZLHFLH SRV]XNLZDQLH VHQVX ,QQH SUREOHP\ ยฑ R FKDUDNWHU]H HJ]\VWHQFMDOQ\P ยฑ WDNLH MDN QD SU]\NรกDG SRF]XFLH WRฤชVDPRฤ FL SRF]XFLH ZROQRฤ FL SRGGDZDQH REUyEFH HNVSH U\PHQWDOQHM XOHJDMฤ NDU\NDWXUDOQHPX Z\SDF]HQLX ]DWUDFDMฤ F VZRMฤ VSHF\ยฟNฤ ยด 6WUDฤ 5RPDQRZVND V -DN SRGNUHฤ OD GDOHM 5RPDQRZVND MXฤช SUyED RSH UDFMRQDOL]DFML ]MDZLVND ZVND]XMH QD SUyEฤ MHJR UHGXNFML RGHMฤ FLD RG LVWRW\ QD U]HF] GRSDVRZDQLD GR PHWRG\
> @
)(120(12/2*,&=12 .217(.672:( 32'(-ฤ &,( '2 %$'$1,$ :2/12ฤ &, : 36<&+2/2*,,
2GSRZLHG]Lฤ QD ]DU]XW\ ZREHF SV\FKRORJLL ]RULHQWRZDQHM QDWXUDOLVW\F]QLH Vฤ QXUW\ NWyUH JHQHUDOQLH QD]ZDรผ PRฤชQD SHUVSHNW\ZDPL SHUVRQDOLVW\F]Q\PL ,FK SUR ZHQLHQFMD MHVW ฤ FLฤ OH DQW\QDWXUDOLVW\F]QD 6ฤ WR SRGHMฤ FLD L NRQFHSFMH SV\FKRORJLL HJ]\VWHQFMDOQHM L IHQRPHQRORJLF]QHM R NLOND G]LHVLฤ FLROHFL PรกRGV]H QLHPQLHM MHG QDN QD]QDF]RQH GDZQ\P VSRUHP Z ยฟOR]RยฟL QDXNL : W\FK QXUWDFK PRฤชOLZH MHVW ED GDQLH IHQRPHQX ZROQRฤ FL 3RGรกRฤชHP SHUVSHNW\Z SHUVRQDOLVW\F]Q\FK E\รกD KHUPHQHXW\ND SURSRQRZDQD SU]H] ยฟOR]Rยฟฤ DQW\QDWXUDOLVW\F]Qฤ 'LOWKH\D D &KRG]LรกR R RGHMฤ FLH RG FDรก NRZLWHJR VNXSLHQLD VLฤ QD PHWRG]LH QDXN SU]\URGQLF]\FK L RGU]XFHQLH Z\MDฤ QLD QLD F]รกRZLHND Z NDWHJRULDFK VWDW\F]QHM MHGQR]QDF]QHM VWUXNWXU\ R ยฟ]\NDOLVW\F] Q\FK ZรกDฤ FLZRฤ FLDFK SURFHVDFK IXQNFMDFK PHFKDQL]PDFK D SU]HQLHVLHQLH XZDJL QD UR]XPLHQLH XVWDOHQLH VHQVX 3RZUyFRQR GR ZL]ML F]รกRZLHND MDNR FDรกRฤ FL &]รกR ZLHN MDNR RVRED NRPSOHWQRฤ รผ SHรกQLD WZRU]\รก VZRMฤ ZรกDVQฤ ELRJUDยฟฤ RSDUWฤ QD SU]\V]รกRฤ FL L SU]HV]รกRฤ FL 7U]ySHN : WHM SHUVSHNW\ZLH SRZUDFDรกD FDรกD VIHUD VXELHNW\ZQRฤ FL F]รกRZLHND MHJR GRฤ ZLDGF]DQLD L SU]Hฤช\ZDQLD 0DF/HRG 3V\FKRORJLD SHUVRQDOLVW\F]QD JRG]LรกD VLฤ QD ]DรกRฤชHQLD ZHGรกXJ NWyU\FK U]HF]\ ZLVWRฤ รผ UR]GDUWD E\รกD PLฤ G]\ VIHUฤ U]HF]\ L VIHUฤ ฤ ZLDGRPRฤ FL F]รกRZLHN ]Dฤ E\รก E\WHP รกฤ F]ฤ F\P Z VRELH SLHUZLDVWHN QDWXUDOLVW\F]Q\ SRGOHJDMฤ F\ SUDZRP ND]X DOQ\P L SLHUZLDVWHN GXFKRZ\ FR R]QDF]DรกR ฤชH VWDZDรก VLฤ SRGPLRWHP VZRMHJR LVW QLHQLD ร RVREฤ OXG]Nฤ MDNR VSHF\ยฟF]Q\P V\VWHPHP ยชฤช\Mฤ FHM FDรกRฤ FLยฉยด 8FKQDVW V . : WHM SHUVSHNW\ZLH ] SRZRG]HQLHP SRVWDZLRQR S\WDQLH R ZROQRฤ รผ &]รกRZLHN MDNR SRGPLRW WUDNWRZDQ\ E\รก MDNR LQWHQFMRQDOQ\ L RWZDUW\ VNLHURZDQ\ QD ]HZQฤ WU] NX LQQ\P OXG]LRP 6LPRQWRQ 2SLV\ZDQ\ E\รก MDNR ]GROQ\ GR IRUPXรกRZDQLD VZRMHJR ฤช\FLD ZHGOH DNFHSWRZDQ\FK SU]H] VLHELH ZDUWRฤ FL L SU]\MPRZDQ\FK VHQ VyZ 7D\ORU 3U]HVWDZDรก\ G]LDรกDรผ DXWRPDW\]P\ ฤ URGRZLVND ]HZQฤ WU]QHJR ฤ ZLDW QLH G]LDรกDรก MHGQR]QDF]QLH GHWHUPLQLVW\F]QLH OHF] SRSU]H] ฤ ZLDGRPRฤ รผ 6WUDฤ 5RPDQRZVND 5]HF]\ZLVWRฤ รผ VWDZDรกD VLฤ GRฤ ZLDGF]DQD SU]Hฤช\ZDQD L LQWHUSUHWRZDQD Z VSRVyE Z MDNL MDZL รกD VLฤ MHJR SRGPLRWRZL Z ฤ ZLDGRPRฤ FL Z MDNL E\รกD SRVWU]HJDQD L SU]HFKRZ\ZDQD Z SDPLฤ FL UR]ZDฤชDQD L NRQFHSWXDOL]RZDQD .UDVQRGฤ EVNL &]รกRZLHN MDNR RVRED SRVWDZLRQ\ ]RVWDรก Z KRU\]RQFLH VZHM PRฤชOLZHM ZROQRฤ FL :ROQRฤ FL ]ZLฤ ]D QHM ] MHJR ฤ ZLDGRP\P Z\ERUHP ZROQRฤ FL UR]XPLDQHM MDNR ฤ ZLDGRPD DNW\ZQRฤ รผ MDNR DNW NUHDFML ZรกDVQHJR ORVX L ฤช\FLD : OLWHUDWXU]H SV\FKRORJLF]QHM SRฤ ZLฤ FRQHM ZROQRฤ FL UR]ZDฤชDQHM ZรกDฤ QLH ] SHU VSHNW\Z\ SHUVRQDOLVW\F]QHM QDSRWNDรผ PRฤชQD SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP SUDFH )URPPD .R]LHOHFNLHJR F]\ )UDQNOD 1LHZLHOH PLHMVFD SRฤ ZLฤ FD VLฤ UR]ZLMDQHPX FLฤ JOH SRGHMฤ FLX GR EDGDQLD ZROQRฤ FL NWyUH SROVNL DX WRU RNUHฤ OLรก Z Encyklopedii Psychologii 6]HZF]XND 0XG\ฤ PLDQHP IHQR PHQRORJLF]QR NRQWHNVWRZHJR -HVW WR SRGHMฤ FLH LQWHUHVXMฤ FH ] XZDJL QD VSRVyE Z MDNL EDGDF]H SRGFKRG]ฤ GR EDGDQLD WUXGQHJR SU]HGPLRWX ZROQRฤ FL MDN L ] XZDJL QD X]\VNDQH GRW\FKF]DV Z\QLNL EDGDฤ
120
720$6= 3586,ฤ 6.,
> @
ร :2/12ฤ รป '2ฤ :,$'&=$1$ยด : 32'(-ฤ &,8 )(120(12/2*,&=12 .217(.672:<0
: ODWDFK G]LHZLฤ รผG]LHVLฤ W\FK XELHJรกHJR ZLHNX XNV]WDรกWRZDรก VLฤ NLHUXQHN QDZLฤ ]XMฤ F\ GR GRURENX SV\FKRORJLL KXPDQLVW\F]QHM DNFHQWXMฤ F\ ZDJฤ VXELHNW\Z Q\FK SU]Hฤช\รผ F]รกRZLHND $XWRU]\ WHJR SRGHMฤ FLD GEDMฤ F R ZDUV]WDW PHWRGRORJLF] Q\ L SU]HSURZDG]DMฤ F V]HUHJ EDGDฤ HPSLU\F]Q\FK DNFHQWXMฤ UDF]HM KROLVW\F]QH QLฤช DQDOLW\F]QH UDF]HM MDNRฤ FLRZH QLฤช LORฤ FLRZH SRGHMฤ FLH GR EDGDQLD F]รกRZLHND L SU]H MDZyZ MHJR SRGPLRWRZRฤ FL *รกyZQH EDGDQLD MDNLH QDSRWNDรผ PRฤชQD Z W\P SRGHM ฤ FLX GRW\F]ฤ GRฤ ZLDGF]DQLD ZROQRฤ FL Z QDWXUDOQ\FK V\WXDFMDFK ฤช\FLRZ\FK : W\P VSRVRELH NRQFHSWXDOL]RZDQLD ZROQRฤ FL ]Z\NรกR PyZLรผ VLฤ R GRฤ ZLDGF]DQLX ZROQR ฤ FL OXE ZROQRฤ FL NWyUD MHVW GRฤ ZLDGF]DQD SU]H] NRQNUHWQHJR F]รกRZLHND experienced freedom 0XG\ฤ :HVWFRWW 3RGHMฤ FLH WR UHDOL]RZDQH MHVW SU]H] GZyFK SV\FKRORJyZ ยฑ :HVWFRWWD L 0XG\ QLD 0XG\ฤ QDZLฤ ]XMH Z VZRLFK SUDFDFK GR SU]HNRQDQLD QLHPLHFNLHJR SV\FKLDWU\ %ODQNHEXUJD NWyU\ ]DXZDฤชD ฤชH IHQRPHQ ZROQRฤ FL MHVW F]\Pฤ ร FR QLH PRฤชH E\รผ VDW\VIDNFMRQXMฤ FR ]RELHNW\ZL]RZDQHยด FKRรผ ZรกDฤ QLH QD SU]\ZUyFHQLH WHJR ร XNLH UXQNRZDQD MHVW FDรกD SV\FKLDWU\F]QD WHUDSLDยด 0XG\ฤ D V -HGQ\P ] ]D VDGQLF]\FK S\WDฤ MDNLH VWDZLD VLฤ EDGDQ\P MHVW S\WDQLH R NRQWHNVW V\WXDF\MQ\ Z MDNLP F]XOL VLฤ ZROQL R RNROLF]QRฤ FL Z MDNLFK EDGDQL SU]Hฤช\ZDMฤ ZROQRฤ รผ OXE ]QLHZROHQLH 0XG\ฤ 2EDM EDGDF]H FKRรผ UHDOL]XMฤ VZRMH SURJUDP\ EDGDZ F]H Z RGPLHQQ\FK ZDUXQNDFK VSRรกHF]QR NXOWXURZ\FK PDMฤ X SRGVWDZ WH VDPH ]D รกRฤชHQLD D Z\QLNL LFK HPSLU\F]Q\FK SRV]XNLZDฤ RND]XMฤ VLฤ ]ELHฤชQH *G\ VLฤ JD VLฤ GR SRGVWDZ WHRUHW\F]Q\FK WHJR QXUWX EDGDฤ QDG ZROQRฤ FLฤ ]ZUD FD XZDJฤ SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP SU]HNRQDQLH ฤชH QLH PRฤชQD UR]SDWU\ZDรผ S\WDQLD R ZRO QRฤ รผ Z RGHUZDQLX RG V\WXDFML Z NWyUHM RQD MHVW GRฤ ZLDGF]DQD :\UZDQLH ] NRQWHN VWX SRZRGXMH ฤชH ZROQRฤ รผ VWDMH VLฤ ร W\ONR VรกRZHP KDVรกHP DEVWUDNFMฤ , MDN NDฤชGD DEVWUDNFMD ยฑ JG\ SU]HVWDMHP\ Mฤ KLSRVWD]RZDรผ ยฑ RND]XMH VLฤ URG]DMHP ยฟNFML L Mฤ ]\NRZ\P ฤ ODGHP ]DSRPQLDQHJR VNUyWX P\ฤ ORZHJRยด 0XG\ฤ D V 0XG\ฤ ZVND]XMH ฤชH SU]\SLV\ZDQLH UHDOQRฤ FL LVWQLHQLD IHQRPHQRZL ZROQRฤ FL PRฤชH RGE\ZDรผ VLฤ MHG\QLH SU]\ XZ]JOฤ GQLHQLX RNROLF]QRฤ FL MHJR Z\VWฤ SRZDQLD 6Wฤ G Z SLHUZV]\FK V\VWHPDW\F]Q\FK SURJUDPDFK EDGDZF]\FK VWZRU]RQ\FK SU]H] :H VWFRWWD QD SU]HรกRPLH ODW VLHGHPG]LHVLฤ W\FK L RVLHPG]LHVLฤ W\FK Z VHULL Z\ZLDGyZ ]ZUDFDQR XZDJฤ QD ZDUXQNL Z MDNLFK EDGDQL F]XOL VLฤ ZROQL :HVWFRWW = GUXJLHM ]Dฤ VWURQ\ SRMDZLD VLฤ S\WDQLH R PRฤชOLZRฤ รผ JHQHUDOL]DFML Z\QLNyZ EDGDฤ Z W\P SRGHMฤ FLX ,VWQLHMH WDND PRฤชOLZRฤ รผ DOERZLHP ]DรกRฤชRQ\P IDNWHP MHVW QD FR ZVND]XMH 0X G\ฤ ฤชH LGHD ZROQRฤ FL RUD] MHM LQWHUG\VF\SOLQDUQ\ FKDUDNWHU X]DVDGQLD SU]\SXV]F]H QLH ฤชH ZROQRฤ รผ RGZRรกXMH VLฤ GR XQLZHUVDOQ\FK DVSHNWyZ OXG]NLHJR GRฤ ZLDGF]HQLD FR SR]ZDODรกRE\ QD GRNRQ\ZDQLH ZDฤชQ\FK ] SXQNWX ZLG]HQLD WHRULL SV\FKRORJLF] QHM XRJyOQLHฤ MHGQRVWNRZ\FK GRฤ ZLDGF]Hฤ 7R ZรกDฤ QLH WH REV]HUQH NODV\ SU]Hฤช\รผ SR]ZDODMฤ ]DZU]Hรผ Z VRELH QLHMHGQR OXG]NLH GRฤ ZLDGF]HQLH ZROQRฤ FL 3RGREQH SU]HNRQDQLH RGQDMGXMHP\ X :HVWFRWWD NWyU\ SRGNUHฤ OD ฤชH LVWQLHMH PRฤชOL ZRฤ รผ ]LGHQW\ยฟNRZDQLD RNUHฤ ORQHM OLF]E\ NRQFHSFML ZROQRฤ FL QD W\OH REV]HUQ\FK L XZ]JOฤ GQLDMฤ F\FK NRQWHNVW GRฤ ZLDGF]HQLD ฤชH PRฤชOLZH MHVW SU]\SLVDQLH SRG QLH
> @
)(120(12/2*,&=12 .217(.672:( 32'(-ĝ&,( '2 %$'$1,$ :2/12ĝ&, : 36<&+2/2*,,
121
NRQNUHWQ\FK OXG]NLFK GRĞZLDGF]HĔ 2F]\ZLĞFLH QD SHZQ\P SR]LRPLH JHQHUDOL]DFML SHZQH GHWDOH Vą JXELRQH D XQLNDOQH FHFK\ SU]\SLVDQH MHGQRVWNRZHPX GRĞZLDGF]H QLX SRĞZLĊFLü QDOHĪ\ Z LPLĊ XVWDOHQLD SHZQ\FK SRZV]HFKQRĞFL L XRJyOQLHĔ : SR GHMĞFLX W\P ]DXZDĪ\ü PRĪQD ]DWHP SUyE\ JRG]HQLD XMĊFLD NRQWHNVWX Z MDNLP ZRO QRĞü MHVW GRĞZLDGF]DQD FR PRĪH E\ü SRZRGHP QDGPLHUQHJR UR]UyĪQLHQLD W\FK GRĞZLDGF]HĔ ] SRWU]HEą LFK V\VWHPDW\]RZDQLD : SRGHMĞFLX W\P ]ZUDFD VLĊ UyZQLHĪ XZDJĊ QD ]DPLHV]DQLH SRMĊFLRZH MDNLH WR ZDU]\V]\ EDGDQLRP GRW\F]ąF\P ZROQRĞFL Z SV\FKRORJLL -DN SRGNUHĞOD 0XG\Ĕ ÄSRZRGHP ]DPLHV]DQLD MHVW WR ĪH NRQFHSFMH ZROQRĞFL QDMF]ĊĞFLHM PDMą FKDUDN WHU VSHNXODW\ZQR QRUPDW\ZQ\ , QDZHW ZyZF]DV JG\ ]GDMą VLĊ RSLV\ZDü IHQR PHQ ZROQRĞFL L IRUPXáXMą RGSRZLHG]L QD S\WDQLH ÄFR WR MHVW ZROQRĞü"´ de facto Vą ]HVWDZHP SRVWXODWyZ F]\OL SU]\ND]DĔ GRW\F]ąF\FK VSRVREX Ī\FLD L ZVSyáĪ\FLD VSRáHF]QHJR´ D V 7HQ ]DPĊW SRMĊFLRZ\ PRĪH SRZRGRZDü EáąG SU]H VXQLĊFLD Z XG]LHOHQLX RGSRZLHG]L QD S\WDQLH R GRĞZLDGF]HQLH ZROQRĞFL =DPLDVW X]\VNDü LQIRUPDFMĊ MDN ZROQRĞü MHVW RGF]XZDQD RWU]\PDü PRĪQD RGSRZLHGĨ NRQ ZHQFMRQDOQą MDN SRZLQQR VLĊ ]JRGQLH ] QLHNRQLHF]QLH XĞZLDGDPLDQ\P LPSHUD W\ZHP VSRáHF]QR NXOWXURZ\P ZROQRĞFL GRĞZLDGF]Dü F]\P SRZLQQD E\ü 6WąG WHĪ Z SRGHMĞFLX W\P ZLHOH PLHMVFD SRĞZLĊFD VLĊ QD ]ZUyFHQLH XZDJL FKRFLDĪE\ SU]H] NRQVWUXNFMĊ NZHVWLRQDULXV]\ LQVWUXNFMH L SROHFHQLD IRUPXáRZDQLH S\WDĔ GR Z\ZLD GyZ DE\ RGUyĪQLDü SRF]XFLH OXE GRĞZLDGF]HQLH ZROQRĞFL ]DZDUWH QDZHW Z SUR VW\P ]GDQLX NZHVWLRQDULXV]D RG QRUPDW\ZQ\FK L XSRZV]HFKQLRQ\FK Z VSRáHF]QHM SU]HVWU]HQL ]DDNFHSWRZDQ\FK Z]RUFyZ 3UDFH EDGDZF]H 0XG\QLD SRĞZLĊFRQH SUREOHPDW\FH ZROQRĞFL XZ]JOĊGQLDMą P LQ D PRĪH QDZHW ]ZáDV]F]D UHODFMH LQWHUSHUVRQDOQH 6]HURNLH VWXGLD MDNLH SU]H SURZDG]Lá QD SU]HáRPLH ODW RVLHPG]LHVLąW\FK L G]LHZLĊüG]LHVLąW\FK GRW\F]ą P LQ NZHVWLL Ä: MDNLFK RNROLF]QRĞFLDFK LQWHUSHUVRQDOQ\FK OXG]LH F]XMą VLĊ ZROQL"´ %D GDQLD WH NWyUH PLDá\ FKDUDNWHU EDUG]LHM HNVSORUDF\MQ\ QLĪ ZHU\¿NDF\MQ\ VWDá\ VLĊ SRGVWDZą GR Z\NRQDQLD NROHMQ\FK EDGDĔ ZHU\¿NXMąF\FK RWU]\PDQH Z SLHUZV]\P SRGHMĞFLX XRJyOQLHQLD Z SRVWDFL SU\ZDWQ\FK NRQFHSFML ZROQRĞFL 0XG\Ĕ D ]DNáDGD ĪH GRĞZLDGF]HQLH ZROQRĞFL VWDQRZL QLHRGáąF]Q\ DVSHNW NRQG\FML OXG]NLHM -HĞOL VSRMU]Hü QD ]DNUHV WUHĞFLRZ\ WHJR IHQRPHQX WR ZROQRĞü EDUG]LHM GDMH VLĊ Z\UD]Lü SRSU]H] GRĞZLDGF]HQLD MHM SU]HFLZQH WM RVRELVWH SU]HĪ\ FLD ]ZLą]DQH ] SRF]XFLHP ]QLHZROHQLD OXE RJUDQLF]HQLD VZRERG\ G]LDáDQLD 0D WX QD P\ĞOL V\WXDFMH GRĞZLDGF]DQLD NRQLHF]QRĞFL SU]HPRF\ VNUĊSRZDQLD ]DOHĪQR ĞFL L EH]UDGQRĞFL 7R WHQ URG]DM GRĞZLDGF]HĔ VWDQRZL RSR]\FMĊ GR MHGQHJR ] SU]\ MĊW\FK SU]H] 0XG\QLD VSRVREyZ UR]XPLHQLD ZROQRĞFL MDNR ÄXZROQLHQLD VLĊ RG´ ZROQRĞü QHJDW\ZQD 8Z]JOĊGQLHQLH WHJR URG]DMX ZROQRĞFL SRG\NWRZDáR SU]HNR QDQLH R SLHUZRWQRĞFL ZV]HONLFK IRUP RJUDQLF]HĔ ZREHF GRĞZLDGF]HQLD ZROQRĞFL 'OD 0XG\QLD SRWRF]QH LQWXLFMH ĪH ZROQRĞü SRVLDGD SR]\W\ZQH NRQRWDFMH ZRO QRĞü SR]\W\ZQD Z\GDMą VLĊ E\ü SRWU]HEQH Z EDGDQLX WHJR IHQRPHQX MHGQDN QD OHĪ\ ]DáRĪ\ü ĪH ZROQRĞü WUDNWXMHP\ Z\áąF]QLH MDNR SU]HĪ\FLH OXE G\VSR]\FMĊ VX ELHNW\ZQHJR SRGPLRWX UH]\JQXMąF W\P VDP\P ] QRUPDW\ZQHM GURJL GH¿QLRZDQLD ZROQRĞFL 0XG\Ĕ D -DN SRGNUHĞOD ÄSV\FKRORJLD RG GDZQD L ZFLąĪ GRVWDUF]D DUJXPHQWyZ QD U]HF] WH]\ ĪH QDV]H VDPRSRF]XFLH RUD] URG]DM SRGHMPRZDQ\FK OXE QLHSRGHMPRZDQ\FK G]LDáDĔ ]DOHĪą Z RJURPQ\P VWRSQLX RG VXELHNW\ZQHJR LQWHU
122
720$6= 3586,ē6.,
> @
SUHWRZDQLD V\WXDFML 5R]XPXMąF Z W\P NLHUXQNX PRĪQD SRZLHG]LHü WDNĪH LĪ WR F]\ L QD LOH F]XMHP\ VLĊ ZROQL OXE RGF]XZDP\ GH¿F\W ZROQRĞFL ]DOHĪ\ RG VXELHN W\ZQHM LQWHUSUHWDFML ZáDVQHM V\WXDFML ZáDVQ\FK SUDZ L PRĪOLZRĞFL´ 0XG\Ĕ V : EDGDQLDFK XZLGDF]QLD VLĊ ]DWHP SU]HNRQDQLH ĪH RED DVSHNW\ ZROQRĞFL QHJDW\ZQ\ ± ZVND]XMąF\ QD RNROLF]QRĞFL LVWQLHMąFHJR ]QLHZROHQLD L SR]\W\ZQ\ ± UHDOL]RZDQLD DWUDNF\MQ\FK FHOyZ Vą ]H VREą IXQNFMRQDOQLH ]áąF]RQH L EDGDQLD Z\ F]HUSXMąFH ]DNUHVRZR GRĞZLDGF]DQLH ZROQRĞFL SRZLQQ\ DQDOL]RZDü RNROLF]QRĞFL REX DVSHNWyZ 3RQDGWR GR VZRLFK EDGDĔ HNVSORUDF\MQ\FK 0XG\Ĕ SU]\MPXMH GRV\ü VSHF\¿F] Qą GH¿QLFMĊ ZROQRĞFL ]D]QDF]DMąF ĪH ÄF]áRZLHN MHVW ZROQ\ MHĞOL F]XMH VLĊ ZROQ\ ± WDN GáXJR MDN GáXJR F]XMH VLĊ ZROQ\´ D V 7D GH¿QLFMD ZVND]XMH QD ZDĪQ\ DVSHNW SRGHMPRZDQHM SUREOHPDW\NL 8ZLGDF]QLD VLĊ WX ]QyZ ]DáRĪHQLH R VX ELHNW\ZQRĞFL SU]HMDZyZ Ī\FLD SRGPLRWRZHJR 1DZHW MHĞOL EDGDF] GRSUDFRZXMH VLĊ SHZQHM NRQFHSFML Z W\P ]DNUHVLH L NRQFHSFMD WD PRJáDE\ SU]HF]\ü DNWXDOQLH GR ĞZLDGF]HQLX ZROQRĞFL WR SLHUZV]HĔVWZR PD ZáDVQH SRF]XFLH EDGDQHJR D QLH IDNW\ ]DáRĪRQH Z SU]\MĊWHM WHRULL 3yĨQLHMV]H EDGDQLD ZHU\¿NDF\MQH 0XG\QLD RSDUWH Vą QD ]UĊEDFK NRQFHSF\MQ\FK X]\VNDQ\FK ] LQWHUSHUVRQDOQHJR DVSHNWX GRĞZLDGF]DQLD ZROQRĞFL JG]LH Z\UyĪQLD WU]\ VNáDGQLNL GRĞZLDGF]DQHM ZROQRĞFL 6ą QLPL SRMĊFLD mocy, niemocy i przemocy .RQNUHWQH URG]DMH GRĞZLDGF]HĔ MDNRĞFLRZR RG VLHELH RGPLHQQH GRĞZLDGF]HQLD ZROQRĞFL EąGĨ WHĪ ]QLHZROHQLD SR]ZDODMą VLĊ NODV\¿NRZDü QD SRGVWDZLH UyĪQ\FK ]H VWDZLHĔ W\FK WU]HFK NDWHJRULL SRMĊFLRZ\FK 'RĞZLDGF]HQLH PRF\ MHVW UyZQR]QDF]QH ] GRĞZLDGF]HQLHP VSUDZVWZD ZSá\ZX L PRĪOLZRĞFL RGG]LDá\ZDĔ QD U]HF]\ZLVWRĞü ]HZQĊWU]Qą L ZHZQĊWU]Qą 3U]HPRF WR GRĞZLDGF]HQLH SU]HZDJL L MHM Z\NRU]\VWD QLD ]DĞ QLHPRF WR GRĞZLDGF]HQLH EH]UDGQRĞFL Z V\WXDFML NWyUHM MHGQRVWND QLH MHVW Z VWDQLH ]DDNFHSWRZDü 0XG\Ĕ -DN GDOHM SRGNUHĞOD ÄRSUyF] SáDV]F]\]Q\ KRU\]RQWDOQHM Z\]QDF]DQHM SU]H] V\QRQLP\ SRMĊFLD ªPRJĊ© L MHJR VHPDQW\F]QH RSR]\FMH GOD RSLVX SU]HĪ\ü ]ZLą]DQ\FK ] GRĞZLDGF]HQLHP ZROQRĞFL L ]QLHZROHQLD SRWU]HEQH Vą MHV]F]H GZD NOXF]RZH SRMĊFLD WM ªFKFĊ© L ªPXV]Ċ© RUD] LFK RSR]\ FMH 1DOHĪ\ VąG]Lü ĪH Z SáDV]F]\ĨQLH ZHUW\NDOQHM ZV]\VWNLH SU]HĪ\FLD RUD] SRJOąG\ GRW\F]ąFH QDWXU\ ZROQRĞFL L ]QLHZROHQLD SR]ZDODMą VLĊ RSLVDü OXE VSURZDG]Lü GR NRPELQDFML W\FK WU]HFK SRMĊü ZUD] ] LFK QHJDFMDPL´ V , WDN Z VFKHPDFLH ÄFKFĊ´ ±ÄPRJĊ´ FKRü ÄQLH PXV]Ċ´ ]DZLHUD VLĊ GRĞZLDGF]HQLH ZROQRĞFL SR]\W\Z QHM SRQLHZDĪ GRĞZLDGF]DP ZyZF]DV XF]XFLD ]DDQJDĪRZDQLD Z WR FR Z\NRQXMĊ Z\QLNDMąFHJR ] DWUDNF\MQRĞFL WHJR F]HJRĞ GRĞZLDGF]HQLH ÄFKFĊ´ L PDP SRF]XFLH Z SHZQHM PLHU]H NRQWUROL QDG W\P Z FR VLĊ DQJDĪXMĊ GRĞZLDGF]HQLH ÄPRJĊ´ EH] XF]XFLD MDNLHMNROZLHN NRQLHF]QRĞFL WHJR F]HJRĞ GRĞZLDGF]HQLH ÄQLH PXV]Ċ´ 6FKH PDW ÄPXVLDáHP´ ± ÄQLH PXV]Ċ´ L ÄQLH FKFĊ´ ]DZLHUD ]DNUHV GRĞZLDGF]HQLD ZROQRĞFL QHJDW\ZQHM DOERZLHP GRĞZLDGF]DáHP QLHNZHVWLRQRZDOQHM NRQLHF]QRĞFL WHUD] MHVW RQD MHG\QLH HPRFMRQDOQLH QLHDNFHSWRZDQą SU]HV]áRĞFLą Z NWyUą QLH FKFĊ L QLH PXV]Ċ MXĪ VLĊ DQJDĪRZDü SRQLHZDĪ QLH MHVW WR GOD PQLH DWUDNF\MQH 0XG\Ĕ D SRGNUH ĞOD ĪH GRĞZLDGF]HQLH ]QLHZROHQLD ]DZLHUD VLĊ Z VFKHPDFLH ÄFKFĊ´ ± ÄQLH PRJĊ´ OHF] ÄPXV]Ċ´ OXE ÄQLH FKFĊ´ ± ÄPXV]Ċ´ ± ÄQLH PRJĊ´ =JRGQLH ] W\P VFKHPDWHP PRĪQD ]DGDü S\WDQLH R SU]\URVW ZROQRĞFL .LHG\ WDND V\WXDFMD PRĪH PLHü PLHMVFH" 2WyĪ ]GDQLHP 0XG\QLD MHĞOLE\ IDNW\F]QLH FDá\ IH
> @
)(120(12/2*,&=12 .217(.672:( 32'(-ฤ &,( '2 %$'$1,$ :2/12ฤ &, : 36<&+2/2*,,
QRPHQ ZROQRฤ FL RSLV\ZDรผ SU]\ Xฤช\FLX W\FK WU]HFK SRMฤ รผ WR OXG]LH RGF]XZDOLE\ ร Z]URVWยด ZROQRฤ FL JG\ Z]UDVWDรกDE\ PRW\ZDFMD W\SX ร FKFฤ ยด OXE QDVLODรกR VLฤ SU]H NRQDQLH R VXELHNW\ZQHM NRQWUROL QDG W\P FR VLฤ ]DPLHU]D ]URELรผ OXE VLฤ UREL D ZLฤ F SU]HNRQDQLH W\SX ร PRJฤ ยด OXE JG\ ] MDNLFKฤ SRZRGyZ PDODรก\E\ RNROLF]QRฤ FL NWy UH Z\PDJDรก\E\ RG F]รกRZLHND GRฤ ZLDGF]DQLD W\SX ร PXV]ฤ ยด ,QVSLUDWRUHP WHJR SRGHMฤ FLD MHVW :HVWFRWW -HJR PHWRGฤ QD]ZDรผ PRฤชQD IHQRPH QRORJLF]QR QDUUDF\MQฤ : MHJR SUDFDFK QDSRW\NDP\ QD FKDUDNWHU\VW\F]QH GOD SR GHMฤ FLD IHQRPHQRORJLF]QR NRQWHNVWRZHJR ]DรกRฤชHQLD GRW\F]ฤ FH EDGDQLD ZROQRฤ FL :HVWFRWW QDฤ ZLHWODMฤ F SUREOHPDW\Nฤ ZROQRฤ FL SRVLรกNXMH VLฤ SRMฤ FLHP ร QDUUDFMLยด ]D]QDF]DMฤ F ฤชH ]QDF]HQLH NWyUH F]รกRZLHN SU]\SLVXMH GRฤ ZLDGF]DQHM ZROQRฤ FL MHVW XPRFRZDQH Z NRPXQLNRZDQ\FK LQQ\P QDUUDFMDFK MDNLFK RQ VDP L LQQL GRNRQXMฤ E\ QDGDรผ JHQHUDOQ\ VHQV VZRMHPX ฤช\FLX 7H QDUUDFMH Z NWyU\FK OXG]ND ZROQRฤ รผ ]GD MH VLฤ E\รผ QHJRFMRZDQD NRQVWUXRZDQD L SUDNW\NRZDQD RGE\ZDMฤ VLฤ Z VSRรกHF]Q\P L KLVWRU\F]Q\P NRQWHNฤ FLH :HVWFRWW 7H ]QDF]HQLD SLV]H :HVWFRWW ร QLH LVW QLHMฤ SR]D NRQWHNVWHP OXG]NLHM NRPXQLNDFMLยด V : MHJR SUDFDFK SU]H ZDฤชD ]DWHP SUyED XRJyOQLHQLD QDUUDFML R GRฤ ZLDGF]DQHM ZROQRฤ FL RVyE EDGDQ\FK 3\WDQLH R GRฤ ZLDGF]HQLH ZROQRฤ FL FR MHVW FKDUDNWHU\VW\F]QH GOD SRGHMฤ FLD NRQ WHNVWRZHJR QDSRW\ND SHZQฤ SU]HV]NRGฤ 2Wyฤช S\WDQLH ZSURVW ร F]\ XZDฤชDV] ฤชH WZRMH ]DFKRZDQLH MHVW DXWHQW\F]QLH ZROQH"ยด ZSURZDG]D EDGDQ\FK Z ]DNรกRSRWDQLH FR XMDZQLD VLฤ F]ฤ VWR Z SRVWDFL XF]XFLD ZHZQฤ WU]QHJR NRQร LNWX 'RSLHUR S\WDQLH ร : MDNLFK RNROLF]QRฤ FLDFK F]XรกHฤ VLฤ ZROQ\"ยด SR]ZDOD RGVรกRQLรผ ]DVNDNXMฤ FH ERJDF WZR GRฤ ZLDGF]Hฤ E\FLD ZROQ\P -DN MXฤช ]RVWDรกR ZVSRPQLDQH MHVW WR W\SRZH X]DVDG QLHQLH SU]HNRQDQLD ฤชH GRฤ ZLDGF]DQLH ZROQRฤ FL QLJG\ QLH MHVW PRฤชOLZH SR]D RNUHฤ OR Q\P ZHZQฤ WU]Q\P XNรกDGHP RGQLHVLHQLD GDQHM MHGQRVWNL NWyUD Eฤ Gฤ F SRGPLRWHP SU]Hฤช\ZD L RGF]XZD ZROQRฤ รผ Z SHZQHM V\WXDFML SRGGDQHM LQG\ZLGXDOQHM LQWHUSUHWD FML 1LH Z\VWDUF]\ WZLHUG]L :HVWFRWW GRNRQDรผ NRQFHSWXDOL]DFML ZROQRฤ FL SRG MHGQฤ GHยฟQLFMฤ L ร SRSURVLรผ OXG]L DE\ ]D]QDF]\OL QD VNDOL ร MDN ZROQLยด VLฤ F]XMฤ Z V\WXDFML Z\UDฤจQHJR QDFLVNX OXE ร ]D MDN EDUG]R ZROQHJRยด XZDฤชDMฤ DNWRUD Z ODNRQLF]QLH RSL VDQHM LQWHUSHUVRQDOQHM LQWHUDNFMLยด V %DGDQLH ZROQRฤ FL Z\PDJD V\VWH PDW\F]QHJR SRV]XNLZDQLD QDWXUDOQ\FK ZDUXQNyZ GRฤ ZLDGF]DQLD ZROQRฤ FL : SRZ\ฤชHM SU]\WRF]RQ\P F\WDFLH QLHWUXGQR RGQDOHฤจรผ SREU]PLHZDMฤ Fฤ Z RJy OH Z SRGHMฤ FLX IHQRPHQRORJLF]Q\P NU\W\Nฤ WHRULL UHDNWDQFML L DWU\EXFML NWyUH ]GD QLHP :HVWFRWWD QLH Vฤ XGDQ\PL SUyEDPL ]PLHU]HQLD VLฤ ] SUREOHPDW\Nฤ ZROQRฤ FL = MHGQHM VWURQ\ WHRULD UHDNWDQFML SRGNUHฤ OD :HVWFRWW ]DSURSRQRZDรกD VXURZH RJUDQLF]HQLH UyฤชQRURGQRฤ FL GRฤ ZLDGF]DQLD ZROQRฤ FL SRSU]H] SU]HQLHVLHQLH IHQR PHQX Z ODERUDWRU\MQH ZDUXQNL ] GUXJLHM ยฑ WHRULH DWU\EXFML XSURฤ FLรก\ GRฤ ZLDGF]H QLH ZROQRฤ FL VSURZDG]DMฤ F MH GR VSRVWU]HJDQHM PRฤชOLZRฤ FL Z\ERUX :DUXQNLHP SRF]XFLD ZROQRฤ FL QLH MHVW DQL EUDN ]HZQฤ WU]Q\FK SU]HV]NyG L RJUDQLF]Hฤ DQL WDNฤชH SRVLDGDQLH SHรกQHM NRQWUROL QDG V\WXDFMฤ 'RNRQ\ZDQLH Z\ERUyZ L SRGHMPRZDQLH GHF\]ML PRฤชH E\รผ SRF]ฤ WNLHP GRฤ ZLDGF]HQLD ]DUyZQR ZROQRฤ FL MDN L ]QLHZROHQLD , RED PRPHQW\ ZFKRG]ฤ Z ]DNUHV GRฤ ZLDGF]DQLD ZROQRฤ FL : Z\QLNDFK EDGDฤ HNVSORUDF\MQ\FK MDNLH SU]HSURZDG]Lรก :HVWFRWW ]DU\VRZX MH VLฤ SHZLHQ NV]WDรกW ZROQRฤ FL 2Wyฤช EDGDF] VSURZDG]D UyฤชQRURGQH GRฤ ZLDGF]HQLD ZROQRฤ FL NWyUH RWU]\PDรก ] EH]SRฤ UHGQLFK Z\ZLDGyZ L ]DVWRVRZDQHJR NZHVWLRQD
720$6= 3586,ē6.,
[10]
ULXV]D GR NLONXQDVWX SáDV]F]\]Q ] NWyU\FK ZDUWR Z\PLHQLü WH QDMLVWRWQLHMV]H 7H SáDV]F]\]Q\ Z\]QDF]DMą REV]DU NWyU\ REHMPXMH ZV]\VWNLH GRĞZLDGF]HQLD ZROQRĞFL /XG]ND ZROQRĞü GRĞZLDGF]DQD MHVW Z NRQWHNĞFLH EUDNX UyĪQRURGQHJR QDFLVNX RERZLą]NX RGSRZLHG]LDOQRĞFL SURFHGXU NRQWUROL QDG]RUX $OH GRĞZLDGF]HQLH ZROQRĞFL SRMDZLD VLĊ UyZQLHĪ Z NRQWHNĞFLH LVWQLHMąF\FK PRĪOLZRĞFL ]DDQJDĪRZD QLD VLĊ Z XSUDJQLRQH DNW\ZQRĞFL :ROQRĞü PRĪH E\ü RGF]XZDQD QLH W\ONR Z RNR OLF]QRĞFLDFK EUDNX QDFLVNX F]\ SRVLDGDQLD PRĪOLZRĞFL DOH UyZQLHĪ SRMDZLDü VLĊ Z V\WXDFML Z\NRQ\ZDQLD DNW\ZQRĞFL NLHG\ F]áRZLHN DQJDĪXMH VLĊ Z F]\QQRĞü NWyUą FKFH Z\NRQDü 7H WU]\ SáDV]F]\]Q\ Z\GDMą VLĊ E\ü QDMLVWRWQLHMV]H :HVWFRWW ZVND]XMH UyZQLHĪ ĪH OXG]LH F]XMą VLĊ ZROQL Z RNROLF]QRĞFLDFK DXWRHNVSUHVML ZH ZQĊWU]QHJR SRF]XFLD EH]SLHF]HĔVWZD EUDNX QLHSHZQRĞFL RJUDQLF]HĔ ]DDQJDĪR ZDQLD Z\]ZDĔ :HVWFRWW -HVW WR Z ]DVDGQLF]\ VSRVyE QRZH SRGHMĞFLH Z ]DMPRZDQLX VLĊ SUREOHPDW\Ną ZROQRĞFL Z SV\FKRORJLL V]F]HJyOQLH MHĞOL VSRMU]\P\ QD REHFQRĞü SUREOHPDW\ NL ZROQRĞFL Z GRPLQXMąF\P ZVSyáF]HĞQLH Z SV\FKRORJLL DNDGHPLFNLHM QXUFLH SR ]QDZF]\P XJUXQWRZDQ\P WUDG\FMDPL QDWXUDOLVW\F]Q\PL =DXZDĪ\ü QDOHĪ\ ĪH Z QXUWDFK SR]QDZF]\FK NWyUH QLH Vą PRQROLWHP SRGVWD ZRZD UROD Z VWHURZDQLX OXG]NLP G]LDáDQLHP SU]\SLVDQD MHVW SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP IXQNFMRQRZDQLX PHFKDQL]PyZ UHJXODF\MQ\FK XPLHV]F]RQ\FK QD VXEĞZLDGRP\P SR]LRPLH 'RNRQXMH VLĊ ZLĊF RSHUDFMRQDOL]RZDQLD SRMĊFLD ZROQRĞFL SU]\SLVXMąF Z SHZQ\FK SU]\SDGNDFK IXQNFMH NLHURZQLF]H SHUFHSFML XZDG]H OXE UyĪQ\P V\V WHPRP SDPLĊFL -HĞOL ]DWHP FKRG]L R VIHUĊ OXG]NLHM DNW\ZQRĞFL FHORZRĞFLRZHM Z QXUWDFK SR]QDZF]\FK GRNRQXMH VLĊ VXEVW\WXFML ZROQRĞFL SU]H] NRQVWUXNW\ QDZLą ]XMąFH GR SRF]XFLD VDPR NRQWUROL VSUDZVWZD F]\ WHĪ DXWRQRPLL :ROQRĞü MHĞOL MXĪ JG]LHĞ SRMDZLD VLĊ WR SRMĊFLH QDOHĪ\ GR VIHU\ VSRVWU]HJDQLD QLH EĊGąF UHDOQą 3V\ FKRORJLD SR]QDZF]D FKFąF XZROQLü VLĊ RG WHRUHW\F]Q\FK RJUDQLF]HĔ VWDUHJR SRMĊ FLD ]ZLą]DQHJR ] MHJR V]NRGOLZą NRQRWDFMą L XNU\W\PL ]DáRĪHQLDPL SRSDGD Z MHJR QLH GR UHSUH]HQWRZDQLH NWyUH VNXWNXMH ]LJQRURZDQLHP GRW\FKF]DVRZHJR GRURENX Z WHM G]LHG]LQLH :\GDMH VLĊ ]DWHP ĪH QDMLVWRWQLHMV]\P RVLąJQLĊFLHP SRGHMĞFLD IHQRPHQRORJLF] QR NRQWHNVWRZHJR MHVW SRQRZQH ]ZUyFHQLH XZDJL QD PRĪOLZRĞü PHWRG\F]QHJR ED GDQLD GRĞZLDGF]DQLD IHQRPHQX ZROQRĞFL Z SV\FKRORJLL =GDQLHP EDGDF]\ ] SR GHMĞFLD IHQRPHQRORJLF]QR NRQWHNVWRZHJR ZROQRĞFL QLH PRĪQD UR]áRĪ\ü QD F]ĊĞFL SLHUZV]H UHGXNXMąF Mą GR SURFHVyZ UHJXOXMąF\FK F]\QQRĞFL SV\FKLNL OXG]NLHM NWy U\FK ]DGDQLHP MHVW ]DSHZQLHQLH XNáDGRZL ¿]\F]QR SV\FKLF]QHPX QLH]DNáyFRQHM SUDF\ EąGĨ WHĪ SU]\ZUDFDQLH UyZQRZDJL MHĞOL Z\VWĊSXMą GHVWDELOL]XMąFH SU]HV]NR G\ :ROQRĞü MHVW GRĞZLDGF]HQLHP QLHSRG]LHOQ\P L UHDOQ\P 3RGHMĞFLH IHQRPHQR ORJLF]QR NRQWHNVWRZH DE\ XQLNQąü ]DU]XWX ĪH EDGD NRQVWUXNW ]H VIHU\ F]\VWHM DEV WUDNFML ¿NFML RGWZDU]DQHM Z ĞODGDFK SDPLĊFLRZ\FK IRUPXáXMH ZDUXQNL EU]HJRZH ]DWHP RNROLF]QRĞFL MHM Z\VWĊSRZDQLD 6WąG S\WDQLH R ZROQRĞü X]XSHáQLDQH MHVW S\ WDQLHP R ]DNUHV RNROLF]QRĞFL Z MDNLFK IHQRPHQ WHQ MHVW GRĞZLDGF]DQ\ :\GDMH VLĊ ĪH SUyED GRSUHF\]RZDQLD IHQRPHQX ZROQRĞFL SRSU]H] NRQWHNVW VSURZDG]D GR ĞZLDGF]DQLH ZROQRĞFL QD SR]LRP QD NWyU\P SLHUZRWQLH IXQNFMRQRZDáR VXELHNW\Z QHJR SU]HĪ\FLD -DN ]D]QDF]D :HVWFRWW ZROQRĞü QLH MHVW GDQD OXE SU]\G]LHORQD ]H ZQĊWU]QLH 2F]\ZLĞFLH SHZQH ZDUXQNL PRJą E\ü XPRĪOLZLRQH OXE Z\FRIDQH SU]H]
[11] )(120(12/2*,&=12 .217(.672:( 32'(-ฤ &,( '2 %$'$1,$ :2/12ฤ &, : 36<&+2/2*,,
]HZQฤ WU]QH ZREHF F]รกRZLHND VLรก\ QLHPQLHM MHGQDN WR F]รกRZLHN GHF\GXMH R ]QDF]H QLX W\FKฤชH ]DSURSRQRZDQ\FK PX ZDUXQNyZ 7R QLH RWDF]DMฤ FH F]รกRZLHND ZDUXQ NL SR]ZDODMฤ PX QD GRฤ ZLDGF]DQLH ZROQRฤ FL OHF] MHJR VXELHNW\ZQD RFHQD W\FKฤชH ZDUXQNyZ -HVW WR QRZH SRVWDZLHQLH SUREOHPX ZROQRฤ FL Z NWyUHM NRQWHNVWXDOQLH NV]WDรกWXMH VLฤ GRฤ ZLDGF]HQLH ZROQRฤ FL DOH WR F]รกRZLHN PD SUDZR Z\ERUX NRQWHN VWX GRฤ ZLDGF]HQLD ZROQRฤ FL D QLH PHFKDQL]P\ SV\FKLF]QH UR]SRU]ฤ G]DMฤ F]รกRZLH NLHP GDMฤ F PX OXE RGELHUDMฤ F PRฤชOLZRฤ รผ GRฤ ZLDGF]HQLD ZROQRฤ FL : SU]\SDGNX S\WDQLD R ZROQRฤ รผ LVWRWQD MHVW UyZQLHฤช NZHVWLD UROL OXG]NLHM ฤ ZLD GRPRฤ FL Z IXQNFMRQRZDQLX F]รกRZLHND : QXUWDFK SR]QDZF]\FK QDGDO SDQXMH SU]H NRQDQLH ฤชH SRV]XNLZDQLH PLHMVFD GOD ฤ ZLDGRPRฤ FL GRRNUHฤ ODQLH IXQNFMRQRZDQLD F]รกRZLHND SU]H] ฤ ZLDGRPH P\ฤ OL FHOH LQWHQFMH QDOHฤช\ GR JU]HFKyZ JรกyZQ\FK ED GDF]\ NWyU]\ VSU]HQLHZLHU]\OL VLฤ QXUWRZL SR]QDZF]HPX Z SV\FKRORJLL DNDGHPLF NLHM ,QQ\P LVWRWQ\P ]DJDGQLHQLHP MHVW NZHVWLD SRGPLRWRZRฤ FL =DWHP SRMDZLD VLฤ S\WDQLH R SRGPLRW UR]JU\ZDMฤ F\FK VLฤ SURFHVyZ UHJXODF\MQ\FK L SU]HWZDU]DQLD LQ IRUPDFML -DN SRGNUHฤ OD 7U]ySHN RED WH S\WDQLD ZVSyรกF]Hฤ QLH ]QyZ QDELHUDMฤ ]QD F]HQLD SU]\ZRรกXMฤ F NRQWHNVW GDZQHJR VSRUX PLฤ G]\ GHWHUPLQL]PHP D LQGHWHUPL QL]PHP 1DZHW Z SV\FKRORJLL SR]QDZF]HM SRMDZLD VLฤ SU]HNRQDQLH ฤชH ฤ ZLDGRPH JR GRฤ ZLDGF]DQLD VSUDZVWZD L ZROQRฤ FL QLH PRฤชQD QDGDO LJQRURZDรผ JG\ฤช MHVW WR GRฤ ZLDGF]HQLH FHQWUDOQH -HGQDN SV\FKRORJLD SR]QDZF]D QDGDO Z\GDMH VLฤ SRPL PR SRGHMPRZDQLD WHJR SUREOHPX QD QRZR RGPDZLDรผ WHPX GRฤ ZLDGF]HQLX SU]\ SLVDQLD UROL VSUDZF]HM : UDPDFK SV\FKRORJLL SR]QDZF]HM ZVND]XMH VLฤ ฤชH LVWQLH Mฤ NRQNOX]\ZQH GRZRG\ QD U]HF] XMฤ รผ GHWHUPLQLVW\F]Q\FK X]QDMฤ F\FK ฤ ZLDGRPฤ ZROฤ ]D LOX]Mฤ :DJQHU =GDQLHP -RKQD %DUJKD QLH PD ฤชDGQ\FK GR ZRGyZ NWyUH X]DVDGQLDรก\E\ XPLHV]F]DQLH JHQHURZDQ\FK ]DFKRZDฤ Z UHODFML SU]\ F]\QRZR VNXWNRZHM ] ZROQฤ ZROฤ 3RGDMฤ F SU]\NรกDG\ QLHฤ ZLDGRPLH SRGHMPRZD Q\FK GHF\]ML ]DXWRPDW\]RZDQLD SURFHVyZ XP\VรกRZ\FK NWyUH Vฤ RGSRZLHG]Lฤ QD QLH ]DZV]H UHMHVWURZDQH ERGฤจFH ฤ URGRZLVNRZH QS PLPRZROQH G]LDรกDQLD Z SR VWDFL SU]HQRV]HQLD U]HF]\ G]LDรกDQLD EH] XSU]HGQLHJR SODQX VXJHUXMH UROฤ JรกyZQLH QLHฤ ZLDGRP\FK SURFHVyZ 3RGHMฤ FLH IHQRPHQRORJLF]QR NRQWHNVWRZH ZVND]XMH ฤชH XP\VรกX OXG]NLHJR QLH PRฤชQD EDGDรผ MHG\QLH QD SR]LRPLH RSHUDFML IRUPDOQ\FK DOH QD SR]LRPLH Z\ฤชV]\P :LHOX SURFHVyZ SV\FKLF]Q\FK QLH GD VLฤ VSURZDG]Lรผ GR RSHUDFML QD V\PERODFK F]\ VLHFLDFK DNW\ZDFML =MDZLVND ฤ ZLDGRPRฤ FL UR]XPLHQLD SRGPLRWRZRฤ FL Vฤ VDPR LVWQH L VWDQRZLฤ SRGVWDZฤ OXG]NLHM SHUFHSFML Vฤ GyZ GHF\]ML LQWXLFML 3RPLPR U]H NRPHM SU]HZDJL MDN VXJHUXMฤ QXUW\ SR]QDZF]H QLHฤ ZLDGRPHJR SU]HWZDU]DQLD LQ IRUPDFML OXG]LH GR]QDMฤ SRF]XFLD ฤ ZLDGRPHJR ZSรก\ZX L X]QDMฤ ZROQRฤ รผ VZRLFK G]LDรกDฤ : SRGHMฤ FLX IHQRPHQRORJLF]QR NRQWHNVWRZ\P SRMDZLD VLฤ S\WDQLH R VWDWXV WHJR GRฤ ZLDGF]HQLD L R HZHQWXDOQ\ XNรกDG RGQLHVLHQLD Z NWyU\P WR GRฤ ZLDGF]HQLH MHVW SU]Hฤช\ZDQH L LQG\ZLGXDOQLH LQWHUSUHWRZDQH :HVWFRWW EDGDMฤ F ZROQRฤ รผ PR FXMH Mฤ Z NRPXQLNRZDQ\FK SU]H] F]รกRZLHND QDUUDFMDFK 0XG\ฤ ]DS\WD R RNROLF] QRฤ FL ZROQRฤ รผ WUDNWXMฤ F Z\รกฤ F]QLH MDNR SU]Hฤช\FLH OXE G\VSR]\FMฤ VXELHNW\ZQHJR SRGPLRWX : SRGHMฤ FLX IHQRPHQRORJLF]QR NRQWHNVWRZ\P Z\HNVSRQRZDรผ QDOHฤช\ MHV]F]H MHGQฤ ]DOHWฤ 2Wyฤช GRW\FKF]DVRZH Z\QLNL EDGDฤ ZVND]XMฤ ฤชH GRNRQ\ZDQLH Z\ER
720$6= 3586,ฤ 6.,
[12]
UyZ L SRGHMPRZDQLH GHF\]ML E\ZD RND]Mฤ GR SU]Hฤช\ZDQLD ]DUyZQR ZROQRฤ FL MDN L ]QLHZROHQLD 3RF]XFLH ZROQRฤ FL L ]QLHZROHQLD Z\VWฤ SXMH F]ฤ VWR Z UyฤชQ\FK ID]DFK WHM VDPHM ]รกRฤชRQHM DNW\ZQRฤ FL :VND]XMฤ QD WR SUH]HQWRZDQLH SRZ\ฤชHM Z\QLNL ED GDฤ 0XG\QLD 0LHMVFH SRF]XFLD ]QLHZROHQLD SRMDZLDMฤ FHJR VLฤ Z WUDNFLH UHDOL]DFML WUXGQHJR G]LDรกDQLD ]DVWฤ SXMH SRF]XFLH ZROQRฤ FL JG\ G]LDรกDQLH ]RVWDQLH X]QDQH ]D ]DNRฤ F]RQH 3UH]HQWRZDQH SRZ\ฤชHM VWDQRZLVNR IHQRPHQRORJLF]QR NRQWHNVWRZH VWDรกR VLฤ Z GXฤชHM PLHU]H LQVSLUDFMฤ GOD SRGMฤ FLD NROHMQ\FK EDGDฤ Z ]DNUHVLH VSRVREyZ UR ]XPLHQLD L NRQFHSWXDOL]RZDQLD ZROQRฤ FL SU]H] DXWRUD QLQLHMV]HJR DUW\NXรกX .RU]\ VWDMฤ F ]H ZVND]yZHN PHWRGRORJLF]Q\FK MDN L IRUPXรกRZDQ\FK Z\W\F]Q\FK GRW\ F]ฤ F\FK UR]XPLHQLD ZROQRฤ FL SU]\JRWRZDรก RQ ZรกDVQ\ NZHVWLRQDULXV] GR EDGDQLD VSRVREyZ NRQFHSWXDOL]DFML ZROQRฤ FL R QD]ZLH kwestionariusz PKW (Prywatne .RQFHSFMH :ROQRฤ FL MDN UyZQLHฤช SU]HSURZDG]Lรก QD MHJR SRGVWDZLH EDGDQLD HPSL U\F]QH NWyUH SU]\QLRVรก\ ZLHOH LVWRWQ\FK GDQ\FK GRW\F]ฤ F\FK VSRVREyZ UR]XPLH QLD ZROQRฤ FL %,%/,2*5$),$
%DFKHODUG * .V]WDรกWRZDQLH VLฤ XP\VรกX QDXNRZHJR SU]\F]\QHN GR SV\FKRanalizy wiedzy obiektywnej. *GDฤ VN 6รกRZR 2EUD] 7HU\WRULD %DUJK $ - )UHH :LOO LV 8Q QDWXUDO : - %HDU - & .DXIPDQ 5 ) %DX PHLVWHU $UH ZH IUHH" 3V\FKRORJ\ DQG )UHH :LOO 1HZ <RUN 2[IRUG 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV %HDU - .DXIPDQ - & %DXPHLVWHU 5 ) ,QWURGXFWLRQ 3V\FKRORJ\ DQG )UHH :LOO : - %HDU - & .DXIPDQ 5 ) %DXPHLVWHU $UH ZH IUHH" 3V\FKRORJ\ and Free Will 1HZ <RUN 2[IRUG 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV 'LOWKH\ : D 2 LVWRFLH ยฟOR]RยฟL. : : 'LOWKH\ 2 LVWRFLH ยฟOR]RยฟL :DUV]DZD 3Dฤ VWZRZH :\GDZQLFWZR 1DXNRZH 'LOWKH\ : E 7\S\ ฤ ZLDWRSRJOฤ GyZ L LFK UR]ZLQLฤ FLH Z V\VWHPDFK PHWDยฟ ]\F]Q\FK : : 'LOWKH\ 2 LVWRFLH ยฟOR]RยฟL :DUV]DZD 3Dฤ VWZRZH :\GDZQLF WZR 1DXNRZH 'LOWKH\ : %XGRZD ฤ ZLDWD KLVWRU\F]QHJR Z QDXNDFK KXPDQLVW\F]Q\FK *GDฤ VN 6รกRZR 2EUD] 7HU\WRULD 'ZHFN & 6 0ROGHQ ' & 6HOI 7KHRULHV 7KH &RQVWUXFWLRQ RI )UHH :LOO : - %HDU - & .DXIPDQ 5 ) %DXPHLVWHU $UH ZH IUHH" 3V\FKRORJ\ DQG )UHH Will 1HZ <RUN 2[IRUG 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV )UDQNO 9 ( Homo patiens.:DUV]DZD ,QVW\WXW :\GDZQLF]\ 3$; )URPP ( 8FLHF]ND RG ZROQRฤ FL :DUV]DZD &]\WHOQLN )URPP ( 6HUFH F]รกRZLHND :DUV]DZD :URFรกDZ 3Dฤ VWZRZH :\GDZQLF WZR 1DXNRZH *LRUJL $ Psychologia jako nauka empiryczna uprawiana z ludzkiej perVSHNW\Z\ 3RGHMฤ FLH IHQRPHQRORJLF]QH %LDรก\VWRN 7UDQV +XPDQD +DEHUPDV - 7HRULD G]LDรกDQLD NRPXQLNDF\MQHJR 5DFMRQDOQRฤ รผ G]LDรกDQLD D UDFMRQDOQRฤ รผ VSRรกHF]QD :DUV]DZD 3Dฤ VWZRZH :\GDZQLFWZR 1DXNRZH .OHLQ 3 :HVWFRWW 0 5 7KH FKDQJLQJ FKDUDFWHU RI SKHQRPHQRORJLFDO SV\FKRORJ\ Canadian Psychology
> @ )(120(12/2*,&=12 .217(.672:( 32'(-ฤ &,( '2 %$'$1,$ :2/12ฤ &, : 36<&+2/2*,,
.RFK 6 3V\FKRORJLD ZREHF SRMDZLDMฤ F\FK VLฤ NRQFHSFML ZLHG]\ : 7 : :DQQ %HKDZLRU\]P L IHQRPHQRORJLD 5yฤชQH XMฤ FLD ZVSyรกF]HQHM SV\chologii. .UDNyZ :\GDZQLFWZR 8QLZHUV\WHWX -DJLHOORฤ VNLHJR .RSLฤ VND 9 :VSyรกF]HVQD PรกRG]LHฤช ZREHF SUREOHPX ZROQRฤ FL 7RUXฤ :\ GDZQLFWZR (GXNDF\MQH $NDSLW .R]LHOHFNL - .RQFHSFMH SV\FKRORJLF]QH F]รกRZLHND :DUV]DZD ฤฉDN .R]LHOHFNL - Psychotransgresjonizm. Nowy kierunek psychologii. :DUV]D ZD ฤฉDN .UDVQRGฤ EVNL = Rozumienie ludzkiego zachowania. :DUV]DZD 3Dฤ VWZR Z\ ,QVW\WXW :\GDZQLF]\ 0DF/HRG 5 % )HQRPHQRORJLD :\]ZDQLH GOD SV\FKRORJLL HNVSHU\PHQWDO QHM : 7 : :DQQ %HKDZLRU\]P L IHQRPHQRORJLD 5yฤชQH XMฤ FLD ZVSyรกF]HVQHM psychologii. .UDNyZ :\GDZQLFWZR 8QLZHUV\WHWX -DJLHOORฤ VNLHJR 0HOH $ 5 3V\FKRORJ\ DQG )UHH :LOO $ &RPPHQWDU\ : - %HDU - & .DXIPDQ 5 ) %DXPHLVWHU $UH ZH IUHH" 3V\FKRORJ\ DQG )UHH :LOO 1HZ <RUN 2[IRUG 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV 0XG\ฤ . D 2 GRฤ ZLDGF]DQLX ZROQRฤ FL L ]QLHZROHQLD Z UHODFMDFK LQWHUSHU VRQDOQ\FK. : . 0XG\ฤ =GDU]D VLฤ ฤชH P\ฤ OLP\ .UDNyZ :\GDZQLFWZR 3URIH VMRQDOQHM 6]NRรก\ %L]QHVX 0XG\ฤ . E 3U]HQLFRZDQ\ F]รกRZLHN F]\OL NU\W\ND SRJOฤ GyZ % ) 6NLQQH ra. : . 0XG\ฤ =GDU]D VLฤ ฤชH P\ฤ OLP\ .UDNyZ :\GDZQLFWZR 3URIHVMRQDOQHM 6]NRรก\ %L]QHVX 0XG\ฤ . :ROQRฤ รผ : : 6]HZF]XN Encyklopedia psychologii.:DUV]D ZD )XQGDFMD ร ,QQRZDFMDยด 0XG\ฤ . 3U\ZDWQH NRQFHSFMH ZROQRฤ FL L LFK SV\FKRORJLF]QH NRQVHNZHQcje 5HIHUDW Z\JรกRV]RQ\ QD (XURSHMVNLP 6\PSR]MXP 6RPDWRWHUDSLL 0XG\ฤ . 2 VSRVREDFK UR]XPLHQLD RVRELVWHM ZROQRฤ FL L RGSRZLHG]LDOQR ฤ FL : 3 3LRWURZVNL 3U]HPRF L PDUJLQDOL]DFMD 3DWRORJLH VSRรกHF]QHJR G\VNXUsu. :DUV]DZD ฤฉDN 0XG\ฤ . 0LHMVFH QDXNL L SV\FKRORJLL Z NXOWXU]H ]GRPLQRZDQHM LGHRORJLฤ ZROQHJR U\QNX 3V\FKRORJLD 6SRรกHF]QD 3LQN 7 The Psychology of Freedom &DPEULGJH 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV 3RSSHU & 5 /RJLND RGNU\FLD QDXNRZHJR :DUV]DZD $OHWKHLD 5RHGLJHU + / *RRGH 0 . =DURPE ) 0 )UHH :LOO DQG WKH &RQWURO RI $FWLRQ : - %HDU - & .DXIPDQ 5 ) %DXPHLVWHU $UH ZH IUHH" 3V\FKRORJ\ and Free Will 1HZ <RUN 2[IRUG 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV 5RVQHURZD + '\OHPDW\ SRMฤ FLD ZROQRฤ FL SUyED ZSURZDG]HQLD DQDOLW\F]nego. :DUV]DZD ,QVW\WXW )LOR]RยฟL L 6RFMRORJLL 6FULYHQ 0 3RJOฤ G\ QD QDWXUฤ F]รกRZLHND : 7 : :DQQ Behawioryzm L IHQRPHQRORJLD 5yฤชQH XMฤ FLD ZVSyรกF]HVQHM SV\FKRORJLL .UDNyZ :\GDZQLFWZR 8QLZHUV\WHWX -DJLHOORฤ VNLHJR 6LPRQWRQ ' . :LOOLQJ &UHDWLRQ 7KH <LQ DQG <DQJ RI WKH &UHDWLYH /LIH : - %HDU - & .DXIPDQ 5 ) %DXPHLVWHU $UH ZH IUHH" 3V\FKRORJ\ DQG )UHH Will 1HZ <RUN 2[IRUG 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV
720$6= 3586,ฤ 6.,
> @
6NLQQHU % 3R]D ZROQRฤ FLฤ L JRGQRฤ FLฤ :DUV]DZD 3Dฤ VWZRZ\ ,QVW\WXW :\GDZQLF]\ 6RORPRQ 5 ,Q GHIHQVH RI IUHHGRP American Psychologist 6WUDฤ 5RPDQRZVND 0 3V\FKRORJLD VHQVX MDNR DOWHUQDW\ZD ZREHF SV\FKR ORJLL PHFKDQL]PyZ UHJXODF\MQ\FK =HV]\W\ 1DXNRZH 8QLZHUV\WHWX -DJLHOORฤ skiego 6XFK - 6SyU QDWXUDOL]PX ] DQW\QDWXUDOL]PHP R PHWRGฤ QDXN KXPDQLVW\F] Q\FK : - 6XFK :VWฤ S GR PHWRGRORJLL RJyOQHM QDXN 3R]QDฤ :\GDZQLFWZR 1DXNRZH 8QLZHUV\WHWX $GDPD 0LFNLHZLF]D 7D\ORU &K Human agency and language &DPEULGJH 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV 7U]ySHN - 3UREOHP ZROL 0Lฤ G]\ DQWURSRORJLฤ ยฟOR]RยฟF]Qฤ D SV\FKRORJLฤ mechanizmรณw regulacyjnych. .UDNyZ 7RZDU]\VWZR 1DXNRZH ร 6RFLHWDV 9LVWX ODQDยด 7U]ySHN - )LOR]RยฟH SV\FKRORJLL 1DWXUDOLVW\F]QH L DQW\QDWXUDOLVW\F]QH SRGVWDZ\ SV\FKRORJLL ZVSyรกF]HVQHM .UDNyZ :\GDZQLFWZR 8QLZHUV\WHWX -D JLHOORฤ VNLHJR 7U]ySHN - :ROQRฤ รผ HJ]\VWHQFMDOQD D SV\FKRORJLF]QH UR]XPLHQLD ZROQRฤ FL Analiza i Egzystencja 8FKQDVW = 3UREOHP SRGPLRWRZRฤ FL Z XMฤ FLX SV\FKRORJLF]Q\P 3U]HJOฤ G Psychologiczny :HJQHU 0 ' 6HOI LV PDJLF : - %HDU - & .DXIPDQ 5 ) %DXPHLVWHU $UH ZH IUHH" 3V\FKRORJ\ DQG )UHH :LOO 1HZ <RUN 2[IRUG 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV :HVWFRWW 0 )UHH ZLOO DQ H[HUFLVH LQ PHWDSK\VLFDO WUXWK RU SV\FKRORJLFDO FRQVHTXHQFHV Canadian Psychological Review :HVWFRWW 0 7RZDUG SV\FKRORJLFDO VWXGLHV RI KXPDQ IUHHGRP Canadian Psychological Review :HVWFRWW 0 The Psychology of Human Freedom. 1HZ <RUN 6SULQJHU 9HU ODJ :HVWFRWW 0 )UHHGRP DQG &LYLOL]DWLRQ ZKHQ PRUH LV OHVV Canadian Psychology =\EHUWRZLF] $ Przemoc i poznanie. 7RUXฤ :\GDZQLFWZR 8QLZHUV\WHWX 0LNRรกDMD .RSHUQLND