Electrical Mirror Jan Issue 2022 by Icon Media Group

January 2022

Pages 142

Volume XI, Issue VII

English.Monthly.Date of Publication 5th of Evergy Month

COVER STORY - I

ASSESSMENT OF REMNANT LIFE OF AGING TRANSFORMERS WITH CASE STUDIES. COVER STORY - II

CONDITION MONITORING AND DIAGNOSIS OF POWER TRANSFORMERS

P.K. Pattanaik (Author)

K.K. Murty (Author)

Dr. Rajesh K. Arora (Author)

Dr. L. Ashok Kumar (Author)

Genset

Renewable Energy

Earthing

Case Study of the Month

Power Grid

Testing & Measuring

Wires & Cables

80/-

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|| January 2022 ||

ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

January 2022

Pages 142

Volume XI, Issue VII

80/-

English.Monthly.Date of Publication 5th of Evergy Month

COVER STORY - I

EDITOR’S DESK

ASSESSMENT OF REMNANT LIFE OF AGING TRANSFORMERS WITH CASE STUDIES. COVER STORY - II

CONDITION MONITORING AND DIAGNOSIS OF POWER TRANSFORMERS

P.K. Pattanaik (Author)

K.K. Murty (Author)

Dr. Rajesh K. Arora (Author)

Dr. L. Ashok Kumar (Author)

Genset

Renewable Energy

Earthing

Case Study of the Month

Power Grid

Testing & Measuring

Wires & Cables

Editor

Ms. Alka Puri

Sub Editor

Roopal Chaurasia Shipranshu Pandey

Editorial Advisor

Priyanka Roy Chaudhary

Design & Production Pankaj Rawat Mukesh Kumar Sah

National Business Head

Subhash Chandra Email: s.chandra@electricalmirror.net

Business Head - West & South

Pradeep Kumar Email: pradeep.k@electricalmirror.net

Sr. Manager Sales

Neha Chauhan neha@electricalmirror.net

Business Development Manager Sunil R Shirsat sunil@electricalmirror.net

Sales & Marketing Hemant Chauhan Dinesh Kumar

Manager-Subscription

Praveen Kumar Email: subscribe@electricalmirror.net All rights reserved by all events are made to ensure that the information published is correct; Electrical Mirror holds no responsibility any unlikely errors that might occur. Printed, published and owned by Usha, Published from 13/455, Block No. 13, Trilok Puri, Delhi110091 and printed at Bright Tree, C-40, Gate No.-4, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase-II, New Delhi-110020. e-mail: brighttreesolutions@gmail.com Editor : Ms. Alka Puri

Dear Readers! The Electrical Mirror team wishes all of its readers a prosperous New Year. With the start of 2022, we hope that everyone stays healthy and that this year brings new opportunities for everyone. The electricity sector in India is undergoing a tremendous transformation that has altered the industry's perspective. India's power demand is still being driven by sustained economic expansion. The Indian government's aim on achieving 'Power for All' has sped up capacity addition in the country. India, being the world's fifth largest power producer in terms of installed capacity, is requesting an increase in the market for power and distribution transformers. By the end of 2020, the country's total installed capacity was estimated to be 375.323 GW, according to the Ministry of Power. In the future, government programmes like as the Deendayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY) to reinforce and improve sub-transmission distribution infrastructure in rural areas may result in a higher need for distribution transformers. In addition, the Integrated Power Development Scheme (IPDS), which is designed to meet the power needs of metropolitan areas, increases the demand for transformers. The power transformers market has been divided into four categories: 5.1 to 50.0 MVA, 50.1 to 160 MVA, 160.1 to 350 MVA, and over 350 MVA. The distribution transformers market has been divided into three categories based on power output (up to 100 KVA, 100.1 to 315 KVA, and 315.1 to 5000 KVA). For this edition of Electrical Mirror, our team has prepared several industry-related articles, such as Transformers, Power Grids, Testing and Measuring Instruments, Wires and Cables, Earthing, Gensets, and so on, as well as interviews with industry leaders to gain a better understanding of their respective industries.

Happy Reading!!! Please give us your feedback at editor@electricalmirror.net For more details check out our website: www.electricalmirror.net and you can also visit our facebook page https://m.facebook.com/electricalmir/

Editor

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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

INTERVIEW

60 Mr. imTEyAz SiddiqUi Managing Director (ALTANOVA & Doble India) Regional Sales Director - GCC

INTERVIEW

Altanova India Pvt. Ltd.

68 Mr. Honey Raza

sales head

INTERVIEW

SoliS india

70 Mr. Dileep Kumar Managing Director

DIRAK India

Cover Story I - Transformer Assessment of remnant life of aging transformers with case studies.

Cover Story II - Power Transformer Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis of Power Transformers

Case Study of the Month Various case studies on operation and control schemes for grid sub-station contd….

Focus: Power Grid

Modernization and Digitization in Power Grid Sub-Stations – The Prime tool for Multi Objective Optimization Methods.

Focus: Testing & Measuring Testing & measuring: Indian & Global Market- Comparative Analysis

Focus: Wires & Cables Wires & Cables: Latest Trends

Focus: Earthing Significance of Soil Resistivity & Earth Electrode (Earthing/Grounding System) Resistance Measurement- Practical Aspects

C Sameer Wagh - Cheif GM Commercial T +912137673200 E Sameer.wagh@meccalte.in

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Mecc Alte India Pvt. Ltd. Plot No.1, Talegaon Dhamdhere, S.O., Tal. Shirur, Dist. Pune - 412208, Maharashtra, India

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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

INTERVIEW

106

Focus: Genset Electrical power is fulfilled using conventional & non-conventional sources of energy in India

80 Mr. Navin Goliya Director

116

INTERVIEW

Kusam ElECtriCal industriEs ltd.

86 Mr. Dheeraj Dev Managing Director

Focus: Renewable Energy Development of India's Renewable Energy Industry in the Last Year and the Road Ahead

Press Release

INTERVIEW

H D WIRE (P) LTD

Press Release

PRODUCT LINE V A MARATHE

All types of Capacitor Raw Material

18 Vilas Marathe

Press Release

102

Mr. Milan Shah Vital Electrocomp

Press Release

6) 7)

11) 12) 13) 14)

INTERVIEW

Press Release

15) 16) 17)

104 Mr. Laxmikant nathuram Trivedi

Press Release

Chief Managing Director

Event Diary

124

Guest Article Narrow Width Aluminium Foil

Paper Masking Tape

MPP Smart Capacitor

Product Info Paper Masking Tape

PET Film

Vacuum Interrupter

Inert Gas Capacitor

Metal Top

Tin Plated Copper Wire

Product Info

V A MARATHE

Slitting Machine & Rewinder

High Voltage Fuse

129

Coper Based Tin Plated Steel Wire

130

Vacuum Metallizer Machine

Vacuum Circuit Breaker

Vacuum Contactor

An ISO 9001:2015 Certified Company 216, Kanara Business Centre, A Wing, Off. Ghatkopar-Andheri Link Road, Laxmi Nagar, Ghatkopar (East), Mumbai 400 075, India. Tel: +91-22-25008845/46 Fax: +91-22-25007474. Mob: +91-98200 83472 Since 1978 E-mail: vilas@vamarathe.com / vam279@gmail.com / vam279@hotmail.com

Company Profile 132

000

Vikarsh Stampings India PVT. LTD.

Plain Aluminium Foil from China Hazy Polypropylene film from Japan Plain Polypropylene film for metallisation PXE Oil from China Metallised film / Paper from South Korea Condensor / Capacitor Tissue Paper (Dielectric Paper) from U.S.A. Vaccum Metallizer Machine, Slitting Machine & Rewinder Masking Tape from China Plain Polyester ( PET) Film from China Copper based Tin Plated Steel Wire from China Tin Plated Copper wire from China Metal Top from China Inert Gas Capacitors (PFC Capacitors), Smart Capactiors in MPP Film, from China Vacuum Interrupter and Vacuum Contactor from China Vacuum Circuit Breaker from China High Voltage Fuse from China Vacuum Load Breaking Switch from China

Manufacturers’ Pepresentatives & Agents

Press Release

Capacitor Grade Al. Foil

Press Release

8) 9) 10)

Director

Press Release

We are in a position to offer all types of Capacitor Raw Material required to Manufacture Capacitors / Condensors such as :

20 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

Press Release

e are the indenting agents working as Overseas Manufacturers’ Representatives and Agents and in that capacity, we represent various Foreign manufacturers for their various products. We are the 3rd generation and Mr. Vilas Marathe has an experience of 43 years working in this field and ar e very well versed in this field. We are situated in Mumbai which is the business/ Economic capital of India.

October-November 2021

Electrical & Power Info

Estd. 2002

Advertisement Index

www.electricalpowerinfo.com

Company Profile 134

136 138

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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

Change of trends during the year in the

Wires & Cables industry

Press Release

Mr. Shreegopal Kabra, Managing Director & Group President, RR Global “The wires and cables industry in India witnessed a significant growth of 10% in last year. Having always been an essential part of the manufacturing industry and with the added impetus provided by the recently introduced government initiatives, the wires and cables industry is now set to record a growth of 10-15% in 2022. With the country’s increased focus on various sectors such as infrastructure, healthcare and affordable housing, the demand for wires and cables have increased significantly. A recent report by KPMG highlights that India’s manufacturing GVA grew to Rs. 16.9 lakh crore in FY20 at an average growth rate of 9.7 per cent since FY12. The industry is further backed by strong government-led initiatives such as the PLI scheme, Atmanirbhar Bharat, 100 Smart Cities etc. which is paving way for the industry to grow and create more job opportunities for this sector as well. Furthermore, according to a recent report, the real estate industry is all set to reach a market size of $1 trillion by 2030 and will contribute 13 per cent to the GDP by 2025. This indicates a larger growth potential for the wires and cables industry and the ability to cement its name in the global manufacturing industry.” EM

Budget Expectations from Goldi Solar Mr. Bharat Bhut, cofounder and director of Goldi Solar

“Solar will play a key role in reaching net-zero emissions target by 2070. Incentives and targeted policies for manufacturers of solar raw materials need to be introduced to ensure a strong and self-reliant domestic solar manufacturing ecosystem. Focus should also now be on creating skilled professionals in cell and wafer manufacturing. Further, the government must provide capital subsidies or tax credits for the establishment of R&D centers to reduce reliance on outsourced technology.” EM

Mr. Dinesh Aggarwal, Joint Managing Director, Panasonic Life Solutions India “This year 2021 was majorly affected due to the high intensity of the second wave. It has been a tough year on all businesses, though we are seeing an upswing in the manufacturing and services sectors. During Covid our complete focus was on employee well-being, business recovery, and increased engagement. We have set ourselves an ambitious goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2030.We also worked towards creating products and technologies that can provide more comfort, safety and energy savings to our customers. Panasonic Life Solutions India has had a major convergence of IoT appliances and devices on our integrated platform (MirAIe) and has moved many steps ahead in this year to redefine the future of automation with built in AI for homes and commercial buildings. We have also taken very significant steps towards providing energy management and building management systems. This year we have successfully launched many new series of products including Ziva range of Switches and UNO Plus Switchgear series which highlight safety and security. Additionally, our solar business took a big leap in domestic market and exports and while we augmented our range of modules, we also added solar inverters to our range and will soon introduce residential solar kits for rooftops in our portfolio of sustainable solutions. In 2021 we have shown consistent resilience and in 2022 while we will continue to provide products aligned with the market demand, our focus will remain to contribute towards the sustainability and clean energy goals of India”. EM

Year-End Quote 12

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ABB India wins in “Smart Factory” and “Manufacturing Excellence” categories at the Frost & Sullivan India awards

Press Release

• ABB India won the Gold Award for Manufacturing excellence in the Engineering Sector - Large Business, and is among the top three in the Smart Factory Awards • The Bangalore factory plays a key role in manufacturing a vast range of ABB’s Smart Power portfolio and is a showcase for ABB innovations in Industry 4.0 and the factory of the future.

ABB’s Smart Power factory in Bangalore commanded the manufacturing stage at the Frost & Sullivan’s 17th edition of the India Manufacturing Excellence Awards. The factory bagged the Gold Award for manufacturing excellence in the Engineering Sector, Large Business, and is among the top three in the Smart Factory Awards category. The award for manufacturing excellence won by ABB was based on 250 parameters including customer focus, orderli-ness, internal competence, and supply chain. The smart factory of the year award was based on multiple factors includ-ing, smart manufacturing & IIoT systems, AI & Machine learning, digital modelling for process layout et al. Jayakeerthi A, Sr VP, Electrification Business, ABB India, said, “At ABB, we always believe in being curious about why things are done in a particular way and being courageous to challenge that. This assessment will help us in a great way in the coming years to upgrade and upskill. Thanks to Frost & Sullivan for the time spent at our factory and I appreciate the patience to go into detail on all our processes. Special thanks to all our employees for the hard work and customers who were always

ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

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there to support us.” The Smart Production lines consists of a network of interconnected workstations and machines through to IIoTs, which controls the processes. Industrial Robots working in tandem with mobile industrial robots ensures consistency in pro-cesses and timely transfer of finished goods. ABB’s collaborative YuMi® robot working hand in hand with humans shows a glimpse of the future where man and machine coexist. The smart software takes stock of all sensors & machine data which is used for self-learning which improves precision of future tests. ABB (ABBN: SIX Swiss Ex) is a leading global technology company that energizes the transformation of society and in-dustry to achieve a more productive, sustainable future. By connecting software to its electrification, robotics, automa-tion and motion portfolio, ABB pushes the boundaries of technology to drive performance to new levels. With a history of excellence stretching back more than 130 years, ABB’s success is driven by about 110,000 talented employees in over 100 countries. www.abb.com EM

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Press Release

Tata Power -DDL & Hitachi Energy sign an MoU for nurturing talent pool in the power distribution sector

Partnership to benefit the power sector on a global level

Aim to create skilled manpower in the fields of technology management, engineering and more

In line with its vision to create a large reservoir of qualified and trained manpower in the power distribution sector, Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited, a pioneering power distribution utility, supplying electricity to a populace of over 7 million in North Delhi, signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with global power technology leader Hitachi Energy to conduct trainings in the power distribution sector. This partnership will address the training needs of the power distribution personnel, bringing together the expertise and resources of two industry leaders for the overall benefit of the sector. It will also cater to reforms in India as well as in other countries. The MoU was signed by Mr. Subir Verma, Chief HR, IR and HS, Tata Power-DDL and Mr. Kondalarao Bavisetti, Business Head, Power Consulting, Hitachi Energy India Limited. Commenting on the association, Mr. Subir Verma, Chief HR, IR and HS, Tata Power-DDL said, "Tata Power-DDL is focussed to nurture the talent pools in the power and energy industry by sharing valuable experience and knowledge. This collaboration with Hitachi Energy is a step in the same direction and reflects our intent to help young talent to achieve their potential and the industry to create skilled manpower".

ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

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Speaking on the initiative, Mr. Raja Radhakrishnan, HR Director, Hitachi Energy India Limited said, "Availability of qualified manpower is a major challenge, especially in evolving fields such as power. There is an urgent need to collaborate in areas of engineering, technology and technology management to support the clean energy transition, ensuring the people of India can enjoy reliable and quality power. We are glad to be partnering with Tata Power Delhi Distribution to train and shape future talent." The training programs under the partnership will be designed in accordance with new and emerging technologies and best practices for enhancing knowledge competency. It will aim to bridge the gap between theory and practical, imparting industrial training to students in engineering, technology, science, et al, to make them industry ready. The Joint Capacity Building Training programs would be conducted under the aegis of this MoU wherein Hitachi Energy would contribute from the technology aspects and Tata Power-DDL would contribute from their practical technology deployment experience. EM ||www.electricalmirror.net||

From concept to creation. It is our aspiration and motivation to design proactively new products which will be essential in the future. For this reason, we have been developing, producing and marketing mechanical and mechatronic locking, hinging and connection solutions for industrial enclosure construction in a purposeful and future-oriented manner for more than 25 years. Together, the right solution is also created for your specific application. DIRAK.com

sales@dirak.co.in

7-071

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Press Release

PFC enters pact to finance 350 electric buses in Uttar Pradesh

PFC, a Maharatna company and India's leading NBFC in the power sector, today signed an agreement to lend Rs 275 crore for deployment of 350 electric buses across nine cities of Uttar Pradesh. The agreement was signed with GreenCell Mobility, which is an e-mobility platform supported by Governments of India and United Kingdom to boost adoption of electric vehicles in the country. The buses will be deployed in key cities of UP including Agra, Meerut, Aligarh, Bareilly, Ghaziabad & Mathura. Government of India has launched FAME-II scheme with an allocation of Rs.3500 crore for promotion of adoption of electric buses. Electric buses offer sustainable mobility solutions by tackling challenges of poor air quality and also reducing carbon footprints of the nation. EM

PFC conferred with ‘IEI Industry Excellence Award 2021’

In yet another recognition for excellence in operations, Power Finance Corporation, a Maharatna CPSE and India’s leading power sector focused non-banking financial company has been conferred with the prestigious ‘IEI Industry Excellence Award 2021’. The award was presented by Dr Mahendra Nath Pandey, Hon’ble Minister of Heavy Industries, Government of India. Shri R. Rahman, Executive Director (PR & CSR) and Shri PK Sinha, Executive Director (Projects) received the award on behalf of PFC during the 36th Indian Engineering Congress. The ceremony was held at Vigyan Bhawan in presence of Er. Narendra Singh, FIE, President, Institute of Engineers (India) and Dr. H.O. Thakare, FIE, President- Elect, Institute of Engineers (India). The award recognizes PFC’s dedication to nation building and its major role in the development of the power sector. EM

Improving employee agility and enhancing the impact with workplace automation Following the COVID-19 outbreak, the workspace landscape has changed drastically over the past couple of years. The present-day workspace is evolving at a rapid pace with cultural changes and technological advancements all around. Today, organisations are looking at utilising automation to create efficient, resilient, and flexible supply chains, ease the 20

ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

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accounting and finance processes while making autonomous processing an integral part of their enterprises. Shifting away from traditional approaches and manual processes, businesses are embracing next-generation AI solutions, virtual agents, and customer self-service solutions to build agile, innovative, and adaptable organisations. EM ||www.electricalmirror.net||

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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

Press Release 22

Indian elevator industry in face of exponential growth and exciting possibilities post-pandemic: IEE Expo Mumbai 2022 Amidst the growing opportunities and technological advancements in the elevator space, IEE Expo 2022 will reconnect the elevator industry and realty sector’s elite to initiate business recovery and provide lucrative business opportunities on its showfloors. Elevators play a paramount role in provide quick and easy movement within buildings. Especially in modern high-rise buildings and skyscrapers where it is impossible to take a flight of stairs, high-speed elevators are an absolute necessity. Put simply, elevators are the spine of a building and ensuring a safe and convenient vertical mobility must be the prime objective of all elevator OEMs and manufacturers in the world. Currently, the Indian elevator market stands second in the world and residential sector accounts for nearly 80% of total Indian market which is being further complimented by augmenting realty sales and government’s push towards urban infrastructure development. The rollout of metro projects in India’s marquee cities are one of the peak initiatives that has skyrocketed elevator as well as escalator demand to unforeseen levels. Furthermore, the demand for elevators in the tier 2 cities has drastically increased following the acceptance for high-rises and improvement in the standard of living. The Indian elevator industry is not only growing in the opportunity front, but also on the technological front. Smart elevators have become an integral part of this shift in building design in the post pandemic era. Automation, predictive maintenance and real-time data analysis have taken the comfort and safety of elevators to a whole another level. While there is ample demand in the industry, it is very important

ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

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for builders to choose the right elevator partner, who in turn choose the right components as well as technologies that ensure long-term safety and smooth vertical mobility in their buildings. Several elevator companies have set up their bases in India with the "Make in India" policy. To keep up with the fast-paced lifestyle of people as well as the increasing height of modern residential buildings, it is extremely crucial to manufacture quality high-speed elevators within India.

IEE Expo 2022: The B2B platform to witness latest elevator technology

As a key contributor in meeting the industry objectives and leading developments for the sector, India’s leading trade exhibition for elevators and escalators – IEE Expo (International Elevator and Escalator Expo) is a place where the elevator industry and realty sector’s elite converge under one roof for the purpose of business. Organised by Messe Frankfurt India, the 9th edition of IEE Expo will be held from 16 – 18 February 2022 at Hall 1, Bombay Exhibition Center, for very first-time post-pandemic. The platform has is being supported by Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs Smart City Mission and garnered the support of All India Lift Upliftment Federation (AILUF), Association of Elevator Companies (AOEC), Control Panel and Switchgear Manufacturers’ Association (COSMA), INBAC Association as well ||www.electricalmirror.net||

THINK SAFETY THINK

An ISO 9001:2015 Company 15KV HIGH PERFORMANCE HIGH VOLTAGE DIGITAL INSULATION TESTER WITH PI & DAR MEASUREMENT & PC INTERFACE MODEL - KM 5305IN/KM5310IN/KM 5315IN

IP65

● RATED VOLTAGE : Suitable for Measuring Insulation Resistance in 400KV Substations

● INSULATION RESISTANCE RANGE:

KM 5305IN : 250V, 500V, 1KV, 2.5KV, 5KV.

KM 5305IN : 0.5MW ~ 10TW

KM 5310IN : 250V, 500V, 1KV, 2.5KV, 5KV, 10KV.

KM 5310IN : 0.5MW ~ 20TW

KM 5315IN : 250V, 500V, 1KV, 2.5KV, 5KV.,

KM 5315IN : 0.5MW ~ 30TW

10KV, 15KV.

DIGITAL EARTH RESISTANCE TESTERS MODEL - KM 1520 / KM 2030 / KM 4235ER

KM 1520

KM 4235ER

KM 1520 :

● Earth Resistance : 0-20 / 200 / 2000 Ohm ● Earth Voltage : 0-200V AC (40-500Hz)

KM 4235ER :

KM 2030 : ● Ground Resistance : 0 ~ 01Ω to 2000Ω with 0.01Ω resolution. ● Earth Resistance : 0-20 / 200 / 2000 Ohm ● Earth Voltage : 0-30V

● Earth Soil Resistivity : 0.06~6.28kW.m,

● Earth Resistance : 0~20W / 0~200W / 0~2000W 0.62~62.8kW.m, 6.28~628kW.m,

KM 2030

(r = 2 X p X L X R)

● Earth Voltage : 0.300.0V AC

CLAMP-TYPE EARTH RESISTANCE CURRENT LEAKAGE TESTER MODEL KM 1690 / KM 1790 / KM 1820EX Clamp Ground Resistance Tester KM 1690 / KM 1790

KM 1690 / KM 1790

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LOOP IMPEDANCE TESTER FEATURES :

Flameproof Type Earth Resistance Tester KM 1820EX ● Grounding resistance and circuit resistance test in flammable and explosive area. ● Resistance Range: 0.010Ω ~ 1200Ω ● Clamp Size : 65mmX32mm ● Clamp Opening Size : 32mm ● Data Storage : 99 Unit

MODEL KM-8025 LP

● Loop Impedance Range : 20 / 200 / 2000 Ohm ● Short Circuit Current Range : 20KA / 2000A / 200A ● Voltage Display Measuring Range : 150-260V ● 15mA loop measurement which will not trip ELCBs. ● 3½ Digit 2000 counts LCD with Backlight Display. ● Built in Voltmeter, Earth Tester & Loop/psc Tester.

Shop No.18, 1st Floor, CIDCO Shopping Complex, Plot # 9, Sector-7, Rajiv Gandhi Marg, Sanpada, Navi Mumbai-400705. Tel : (022) 27754546, 27750662, 27750292 E-mail : sales@kusam-meco.co.in Web. : www.kusamelectrical.com ||www.electricalmirror.net||

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Press Release

as regional support from Delhi Elevator Association, Karnataka Elevator Manufacturers Association, Gujarat Elevator Industrial Association, Karnataka Hydraulic and Elevator Manufacturer's Association, and TEMA - Telangana Elevators Manufacturers Association. The three-day trade exhibition will bring top showcases from elevator brands like Schindler, Bharat Bijlee, NBSL, Arkel, Bestomech, Celikray, City Lifts, DATIS, Esquire, Excella Electronics, Expedite, Genemek, Giovenzana, Hohner Automation, INVT Electric, Jainox, Mahabali Steel, Puretronics, Techtronics among others and serve as a one-stop platform for for realty firms, architects, builders and consultants to explore the best of technologies that will steer future trends in vertical transportation. Excited to meet the industry in-person, Mr Anurag Gupta, Managing Director, Arkel India Pvt Ltd said: “We are excited to participate at IEE Expo 2022 and will be presenting the new Arcube MRL slim family with its new compact and thinner design. The Indian elevator Industry is rapidly growing, and with the sector players coming together after a span of 2 years, it will be interesting to network and witness the latest developments for the ‘new normal’. Apart from showcasing cutting-edge elevator technology from top brands, IEE Expo 2022 will also present potential solutions that can contribute in the overall development in the elevator and escalator market via the E2 Forum 2022 which will take place on 17 February 2022 alongside the expo. The conference will discuss key topics, including: Global and Indian Elevator and Escalator Market Scenario and Latest Trends, Real Estate and Infrastructure Industry: Opportunities, Challenges and Solutions, Latest safety codes and standards for escalator and elevator Industry, Modernization in escalators and elevators in Indian market and Use of elevators for emergency evacuation in high-rise buildings. The forum is being put together along with L’Avenir Elevator Consultancy as the Knowledge Partner. Mr V. Jagadish Kumar, Director, L'Avenir Consultancy Pvt. Ltd said: “Elevator industry is such an integral part of real estate growth. Most elevator companies have set up shop in India with the ‘Make in India’ policy and for the growing sector of tall buildings, it is imperative that they manufacture high speed elevators, here in India making the growth more robust. For this, quality elevator components that are ‘Made in india’ are going to be the key. IEE Expo will help in congregating industry stakeholders on a common platform which can provide new perspective to the delegates representing the industry and at the same time industry feedback is given to the elevator companies for betterment.” The future scope of Indian elevator sector is bright and IEE Expo with its all-encompassing b2b platform will serve as a pivot for the local elevator manufacturers to explore and tap into their immense potential. EM

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Press Release

NTPC receives acknowledgement from UN for its commitment towards clean Energy

NTPC Ltd, India’s largest integrated energy company received a letter of appreciation from Ms. Damilola Ogunbiyi, Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Sustainable Energy for All and UN-Energy Co-Chair, for its efforts and commitments towards the process of Energy Compact. In the letter UN-Energy has acknowledged the commitment of NTPC towards clean energy and welcomed NTPC to into the Energy Compact Action Network NTPC submitted its plans towards Energy Compact which outlines ambitious goals by 2030. NTPC’s leadership will contribute significantly towards the achievement of SDG7. NTPC’s entry into the Energy Compact Action Network makes it an important representative of the Energy Compact process. With its contribution, NTPC has become part of a vibrant Energy

NTPC Tamil Nadu Energy Company Limited pays Second Interim Dividend for FY 2021-22 to NTPC Limited

NTPC Tamil Nadu Energy Company Limited (NTECL), a JV Company of NTPC Limited & TANGEDCO (50:50) paid Second interim dividend of Rs 135,09,30,543/- (net of TDS) for the Financial year 2021-22 towards NTPC’s Limited 50% share. Shri Ramesh Babu V., Chairman, NTECL & Director (Operations), NTPC had presented the Cheque to Shri Gurdeep Singh, Chairman & Managing Director, NTPC on 28th December 2021. Shri C K Mondol, Director (Commercial), Shri U K Bhattacharya, 26

Compact community that strives to deliver transformative action. To provide this community with a platform for interaction, collaboration and knowledge sharing, an Energy Compact Action Network will be launched in early 2022. Supported by UN-Energy, this network will be an important tool for matchmaking, creating synergies, and mobilising additional commitments and action. NTPC Group present installed capacity is 67,907.5 MW (including 13,675 MW through JVs/Subsidiaries) comprising of 49 NTPC stations (23 coal-based stations, 7 gas-based stations, 1hydro station, 18 Renewable projects) and 26 joint venture stations (9 coal based, 4 gas based, 8 hydro, 1 small hydro,2 wind and 2 solar PV). About 13,600 MW of project is at under construction stages. EM

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Director (Projects),Shri Kedar Ranjan Pandu, CEO NTECL, Ms. Nandni Sarkar, Company Secretary, NTPC and Shri Amit Garg, Company Secretary, NTECL were also present on the occasion . The Interim dividend is also been paid to other Joint Venture partner viz. TANGEDCO on its shareholding of 50% in NTECL. The total interim dividend paid to its promoters for the Financial Year 2021-22 is Rs 488 crore which is the highest ever interim dividend paid by NTECL since inception. EM ||www.electricalmirror.net||

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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

Budget 2022 Expectations Hitachi Energy India

Press Release

Infra development:

Capital expenditure toward smart and clean infrastructure including toward railways, power transmission and power grid upgradation - should be enhanced to create a multiplier effect in investments and create new employment opportunities to uplift the economy. Given India’s commitment at the COP26 summit, we can hope to see a massive push for public mobility infrastructure and renewable capacity addition in Budget 2022-23. Although India is making remarkable progress in meeting its ambitious renewable energy target, the public e-mobility space leaves a lot of scope for charging infrastructure. As per an EV industry report, for India’s 2030 EV target the country needs to add 400,000 stations by 2026. Meaning more than 200 charging stations a day.

Climate tech:

To reach net zero emissions by 2070, much higher fiscal support to low-carbon innovation and new climate technologies such as smart charging infrastructure and energy storage will be needed. We look forward to incentives and tax benefits for technology players who are enabling the development of sunrise sectors in India through new technologies -- the Internet of Things (IoT), machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI), Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), and more – and building the local manufacturing ecosystem and supply chain.

Transition financing:

India’s aim to be a manufacturing hub for EVs, data centers, solar PV and green hydrogen. This vision is dependent on energy transition financing. That is vital to improve energy efficiency, enable digitalization of power equipment and for

climate technology to reach scale locally. This will be equally important for the MSME sector which consumes about 30 percent of the energy delivered to formal industrial units. Recent spike in raw material prices, increase in freight charges, and disruptions in the global supply chain can slow the energy transition at a precarious time. Government can assist by promoting demand either through easier access to capital. Also, we expect to see rationalization of import duties especially in energy storage, green hydrogen and carbon capture technologies to help build the local market. Taxes should also be revisited to ensure faster development of the clean energy ecosystem. Discom dues remain elevated despite recent liquidity infusion. We can look for an appraisal of expected reforms and financial performance parameters, especially for renewable IPPs, who will contribute significantly to India’s COP26 goals.

Boost to research and development:

R&D in domains related to the energy transition, especially power quality, smart grids, BESS, green hydrogen, and carbon capture are crucial. Companies investing in the same need to be supported by proactive policies.

Preparedness:

We need corporates, governments and financial institutions to be well aligned on investment and research programs. Only then can we bring new technologies to commercial and climatestabilizing scale as well as upscale existing industrial systems. All said, given the rough start to the year because of Omicron, further pandemic preparedness and collaboration with corporates to facilitate relief and curtailment measures will help India recoup from the third wave faster. EM

An effective hedging mechanism will help reduce volatility and enhance price discovery Energy fuels economic growth and electrical energy is a critical component of every nation’s energy mix. India is no exception. Currently ranked third largest in the world, electricity generation in India has witnessed a remarkable growth, particularly in the last 10 years with overall installed generation capacity increasing at an average annual rate of 8.8 per cent from 2010 to 2020, reaching 370 GW in March 2020.

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The national peak demand has grown at an average rate of 4.4 per cent to reach 184 GW during the same period, according to Central Electricity Authority. The rate of national access increased from 43 per cent in 2000 to about 95 per cent in 2019, according to International Energy Agency’s report ‘India 2020 Energy Policy Review’. EM

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ERDA receives the “IEI Industry Excellence Award 2021”

Press Release

Electrical Research and Development Association (ERDA) by virtue of demonstrating high order of business excellence, has been adjudged as a recipient of the “IEI Industry Excellence Award 2021” by The Institution of Engineers (India). This prestigious award was presented to ERDA by Dr. Mahendra Nath Pandey, Honorable Minister of Heavy Industries, Government of India on the occasion of inaugural function of Indian Engineering Congress at Vigyan Bhavan, New Delhi on 26th December 2021.

in engineering operations and services and their capacity to sustain excellence in a competitive manner. The bench-marks created by the industries in India have included productivity, quality, safety and performance assurance which would give India the rightful place in the global markets.

Electrical Research and Development Association, a not-forprofit professional organisation, established in 1974, was promoted by the Electrical industries and state Utilities with support from Govt. of India through CSIR and grant given by ERDA was adjudged for the award in the category – the Government of Gujarat. ERDA’s technical operations are conducted from head office located in Makarpura, Vadodara “Engineering Services and Consultancy (ESC)”. and Regional Laboratories at Rabale, Navi Mumbai [West], The IEI Industry Excellence Award has been instituted to Gurugram [North] and Rajahmundry [South]. EM recognize industry leaders for their innovation, excellence ||www.electricalmirror.net||

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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

Hitachi Energy’s commentary for the New Year 2022

Press Release

N Venu, MD & CEO, India and South Asia.

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2021 brought fresh fervor toward sunrise sectors such as electric vehicles (EVs), datacenters and renewables Renewable capacity addition is also likely to be ramped up in 2022 Rail electrification, urban metro and regional transport system will also drive growth, bringing in fresh opportunities for us Expect industrial CAPEX to pick up only by the second half of 2022 Need for greater support and stimulus in the power industry

Commentary: 2022 beckons opportunities in the right direction. The two years of Covid-19-led unprecedented disruption has ushered in a faster adoption of and adaptation to digital power technologies in traditional sectors such as transmission works and rail. It has also brought in fresh fervor toward sunrise sectors such as electric vehicles (EVs), datacenters and renewables -- from the government through productivity-linked incentive schemes and from corporates via investment in green businesses.

metro and regional transport system will also drive growth, bringing in fresh opportunities for us.

Opportunities ahead We are seeing green shoots of recovery in core sectors – mainly government-owned metals and oil and gas industries. With India aiming to hit 500 GW in renewable energy by 2030, the pace of development in sunrise sectors will also pick up. Renewable capacity addition is also likely to be ramped up in 2022, meaning a higher requirement for substations, transmission corridors as well as battery energy storage. Rail electrification, urban

globally support the renewable segment, for improving the availability and reliability of hybrid grids.

Since the focus is high on sunrise industries, there is tremendous potential in technology localization in areas such as remote power monitoring, predictive maintenance, EV charging, green hydrogen and energy storage. We are already seeing interest in models such as Energy-asa-Service (EaaS), augmented reality power applications and a shift in customers preference from proof-of-concept (PoC) to proof-of-value (PoV). Building the required Hitachi Energy has had a strong play in metro and know-how and skills will underpin all efforts in our rail, power transmission and renewables this year -- we pivot to cleaner, greener and smarter energy, depending advanced Indian Railways’ mission to achieve net-zero heavily on partnerships with academia. emissions via rail electrification solutions, India’s Power- Likewise, as ESG gains spotlight, industry-wide for-All drive by commissioning one of India's longest collaboration in greening the power infrastructure and UHVDC transmission links from Raigarh to Pugalur, investment in sustainable, eco-efficient and industryas well as provided our technology for a multitude of agnostic power solutions will help India make steady solar and hydro projects alongside to datacenter players progress toward its energy goals. It is also a vastly propelling India’s Energy Transition. untapped market to establish power quality solutions that

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Challenges to overcome Yet challenges ranging from new variants of the Covid-19 virus such as Omicron, high commodity prices, material shortages especially pertaining to semiconductors will likely weigh on market recovery. Businesses may be finding ways to remain competitive in their pricing. This could also strain for some time the market quest ||www.electricalmirror.net||

for fresh investments in sunrise sectors. We expect industrial CAPEX to pick up only by the second half of 2022. Work in progress To put our pledges into action, we need the right set of finance, policies, technology, and environment for encouraging companies to go green, to encourage e-mobility in public transport and to build the hydrogen economy. To achieve scale and speed in the adoption of clean technology, digitalization of the entire value chain in the energy sector and grooming related competencies to make the energy transition a reality are required. This will depend on collaboration and knowledge-sharing across the power value chain.

A reliable framework to facilitate timely payments to various stakeholders in the power value chain, as well as a faster implementation of quality-cum-cost-based selection of manufacturers in critical product procurement could be immediate priorities. Incentivization to set up new factories in sunrise sectors, especially in rural India, is another area that can strengthen the Make-in-India drive as well as promote employment and talent building.

To make good on its climate pledges and sustain advancement on its Nationally Determined Contributions, India needs multi-faceted progress. As fast as cleaning the energy supply, it must upscale the grid and transform the devices such as EVs and sectors such as oil and gas, cement and steel -- that rely on it. This will require We need greater support and stimulus in the power next-level planning and collaboration between various industry, including in EV charging infrastructure, and stakeholders – industry, policymakers, civic authorities, faster decision-making on transformational projects. academia, and research – to fine-tune current realities with long-term goals. EM

Hitachi Energy wins orders to speed up the electrification of India’s railways The technology and market leader in power grids will deliver its transformers to Indian Railways, which aims to become a net zero carbon emitter by 2030 Hitachi Energy India Ltd. has won orders exceeding INR 160 crore for its key electric components to support the electrification of the country’s rail routes. As the operator of the world’s fourth largest railway network, Indian Railways strives to achieve 100 percent electrification of broadgauge routes by 2023. The government of India’s electric locomotive manufacturers, Chittaranjan Locomotive Works (CLW) and Diesel Loco Modernisation Works (DMW), part of Indian Railways, placed orders with Hitachi Energy for traction transformers for passenger and freight locomotives in the October-December 2021 period.

system and at Hitachi Energy we are committed to the accelerated electrification and decarbonization of the world’s transportation and rail sectors,” said N Venu, Managing Director and CEO, Hitachi Energy India Ltd. He added, “Indian Railways is a longstanding customer of Hitachi Energy and these orders are further evidence that Hitachi Energy is regarded as a trusted partner of choice for the rail industry. A clean and reliable electric rail network is fundamental for India to build back better, supporting the movement of people and goods whilst reducing the environmental impact.”

The electrification of rail is a key element of India’s drive towards net zero carbon emissions. At the recent UN Climate Change Conference (COP26), India reaffirmed its commitment to shifting to electricity for transport and reducing the economy’s carbon intensity by 45 percent by 2030. Indian Railways’ efforts to electrify all routes by 2023 is an important aspect to achieve these targets.

Traction transformers are critical components in the traction chain that affect both train performance and operator services. More than half the world’s electric locomotives and train sets are powered by Hitachi Energy transformers. The pioneering technology leader has an estimated global installed base of over 30,000 units of these transformers enabling essential train functions such as traction, lighting, ventilation, braking, signaling and communication. EM

“Electricity will be the backbone of the entire energy ||www.electricalmirror.net||

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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

Panasonic Life Solutions India Introduces ‘UNO Plus’ Series a Premium Addition to the Switchgear Portfolio

Press Release

The new range offers advanced security with superior quality, raising the paradigm of energy-efficient and innovative switchgear

Panasonic Life Solutions India, one of the largest manufacturers of electrical construction materials (ECM) in the country, reveals their latest range of premium switchgear, an advanced range of protection devices for quality-conscious Indian consumers. The new UNO Plus range consists of Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB), Residual Current Operated Circuit Breaker (RCCB), and Distribution Boards (DB). The range is backed with the highest ever 7-year warranty, being offered for the first time in India on MCBs (0.5A to 63A), and apart from this UNO Plus range has numerous unique features to boast in the 10kA segment. Speaking on the occasion, Kazuki Yao, Managing Director, Panasonic Life Solutions India said, “The launch of UNO Plus is a significant milestone in our quest towards building a safe, secure, and quality assured product portfolio. This is in line, with our endeavour from the very beginning to magnify our global expertise in the Indian market and enrich our portfolio. The UNO Plus range has been developed with Japanese Technology by the best of Japanese and Indian Minds. With this launch, we further aim to extend our innovative offerings to the metro and tier-2 cities, expand our presence across the country, while increasing our market share in new territories. We are committed to India’s Development and this product will be manufactured at our facilities in Haridwar, Atmanirbhar Bharat”. Commenting on the launch, Dinesh Aggarwal, Joint Managing Director, Panasonic Life Solutions India said, “At Panasonic, we have always believed to be consistent in doing better, this has led us to a commitment to offering the best of comfort, safety, and class apart services and solutions. We are targeting safety-conscious consumers, builders, electrical contractors, and other influencers who believe in installing quality products. The all-new UNO Plus

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Switchgear series has been designed to provide utmost security and safety while maintaining quality and superior design to ensure a well-rounded finish. The range is ideal for all our stakeholders and, we are excited about the initial market response. This is the first product that has been pre-booked before the launch”. Panasonic Life Solutions India is committed to growth and development in India for all customer segments. The company has invested close to 30 Million INR in research & development, and state-of-the-art machinery for this exquisite range of Switchgear protection devices. The range will be manufactured at the Haridwar facility in India. Presently, the product has been launched in the Central and Southern parts of India and soon will be launched in Eastern,

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Western and Northern India, respectively, before the end of FY2021. Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB): • Optimum Security: The MCB range has been engineered to provide optimum security to electrical appliances in two types of faults with utmost reliability. 1) Overload Fault Protection - It protects from overcurrent caused by overload conditions of electrical equipment. 2) Short Circuit Fault Protection - Using advanced technology, these circuit breakers ensure that premises are protected from short circuits faults due to the overcurrent of faulty electrical circuits. • Design Excellence: Designed & manufactured with superior class engineering plastic, this range prevents abnormal heating and resistance against strong impacts with a highly reliable mechanism. Line load reversibility, Safety shutters, Larger terminal Size of 35SQmm, Breathing channels, Higher energy efficiency, Label indicators With Rohs and CE conformance make this product is the best in class to ensure the Highest safety and Ease of installations. Residual Current Operated Circuit Breaker (RCCB): Uno Plus RCCB is designed with high reliability in case of residual currents caused by direct contacts or indirect contacts. • Designed to Disconnect: The RCCB range has been designed with high reliability to disconnect the electrical load from

the supply mains, which saves human life from residual currents caused by direct or indirect contacts. • Uno Plus RCCB with 30 mA is used for human life protection in the common household. • Uno Plus RCCB with 100 mA and 300 mA are used in industrial loads for saving human life due to residual currents. Uno plus RCCB Comes with Bi connect termination, Larger terminal size, Visual on/off indication with Rohs and CE Conformance. Distribution Boards (DB): • Protection with Elegant Design: The Distribution Boards are created with a new dimension of protection. With its stylish colour and elegant design, it will blend perfectly with any interior décor. • Flexibility and Safety: The UNO Plus DB offers the dual advantage of Flexibility and Safety, enabling safe and efficient distribution of electrical power. With its anti-rust nature, superior finish, premium quality and state-ofthe-art techniques, the UNO Plus DB will be the choice for every home, office, and industry. Conformance to IP43, IP54 makes it a unique offering for the Prevention of Dust & Water, while conformance to IK09 ensures Impact Resistance. EM

NSPCL pays Second Interim Dividend for FY 2021-22 to NTPC Ltd.

NTPC SAIL Power Company Limited (NSPCL), a jpint venture (J.V) Company of NTPC Limited & SAIL (50:50) paid second interim dividend of Rs 45 crores/- (net of TDS) for the Financial year 2021-22 towards NTPC Limited’s 50% share. Shri Debasish Chattopadhyay, CEO, NSPCL had presented the Cheque to Shri Gurdeep Singh, Chairman & Managing Director, NTPC on 29th December 2021. Shri A K Gautam, Director (Finance), Shri D K Patel, Chairman NSPCL & Director (HR), NTPC, Shri Ramesh Babu V, Director (Operations), NTPC, Shri C K Mondol, Director (Commercial), NTPC, Shri U K Bhattacharya, Director ||www.electricalmirror.net||

(Projects), NTPC, Ms. Alka Saigal, Director (NSPCL) & General Manager (Internal Audit), NTPC, Ms. Nandini Sarkar, Company Secretary, NTPC and Shri N K Gupta, CFO, NSPCL were also present on the occasion. The Interim dividend is also being paid to other Joint Venture partner viz. SAIL on its shareholding of 50% in NSPCL. The total interim dividend paid to its promoters for the Financial Year 2021-22 is Rs 150 crore. NSPCL has paid a total dividend of Rs. 1540 crores since inception. EM

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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

Press Release

MCX - MIKROTEK CENTER OF EXCELLENCE offers certified courses in “Die Technology”

“MIKROTEK’s “CENTER OF EXCELLENCE” in short called MCX is a unique initiative which is first of its kind in the wire and cable industry. MCX aims to impart theoretical and practical training in die maintenance activities to technicians working in wire drawing departments. Most cable companies are expanding and upgrading their old machines with the latest technology. With the arrival of high speed multi-wire drawing machines, it is a challenge to run these drawing machines efficiently at rated speeds and with no or less wire breaks, which is the objective of every plant manager. Having the best drawing machines, good quality lubricants and good quality copper, the focus then shifts to providing “ good quality” drawing dies. To support their wire drawing operations, most cable companies also have their own “in house” dies shops, hence it becomes all the more important to have skilled and trained die shop technicians who can maintain die inventory efficiently as per specification. Mikrotek has realized that there is a considerable scope for upskilling “ die shop” technicians. Hence, Mikrotek has come up with this “revolutionary” idea and has created a “ MIKROTEK CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE” ( MCX). The objective of MCX is to impart training to die shop technicians across the globe. Under MCX, Mikrotek has set up a state of art workshop and a training center with modern teaching tools near Bangalore, India. MCX is headed by a full time coordinator supported by two supervisors. Experienced experts from the industry visit MCX to conduct special classes or present case studies.

MCX offers following two certified programs:

“FOUNDATION COURSE”: This course is targeted at fresh technicians who are interested and keen to work and make career in die maintenance work shops. As the name suggests, this course focusses on fundamentals of dies, die making and die maintenance. This course is conducted over three weeks. 34

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At the end of the course, technicians are required to take tests, following which a certificate is awarded. “REFRESHER COURSE”: This course is for technicians who already have experience in die maintenance and are already engaged in die maintenance activities. At the end of this course, the technicians would have refreshed their knowledge, improved their skills and would have been trained in latest tools and techniques. The duration of this course is for one week. At the end of the course, technicians are required to take tests, following which a certificate is awarded.

The course curriculum mainly includes the following:

1) Introduction to PCD, ND, SSCD and Tungsten carbide drawing dies, extrusion tools, enameling dies, bunching, stranding and compacting dies, 2) Die profile and its importance, 3) Die Visual and dimensional inspection, 4) Die wear pattern, 5) Die repolishing schedule, 6) Effective usage of die working machines, 7) Die repolishing and resizing, 8) Die inventory control, 9) Diamond selection chart, Important formulae, Matched elongation sets, 10) Introduction to lean and 5s. Both courses are offered for a nominal fee with sharing accommodation near the MCX center Successful technicians are Industry ready and will be able to inspect and decide if the dies need to be re polished or resized and will ensure quality dies are strung up in the drawing machines. Trained die shop technicians means drawing machines operating at rated speeds, good wire surface, least number of wire breaks, longer die life and less metal dust. EM ||www.electricalmirror.net||

NTPC awards India’s first Green Hydrogen Microgrid Project

The project will be one of world’s largest Green Hydrogen Microgrid Project NTPC Ltd, India’s largest integrated energy company has awarded project of ‘Standalone Fuel-Cell based Micro-grid with hydrogen production using electrolyser’ at NTPC Simhadri (Andhra Pradesh). This will be India’s first Green Hydrogen based Energy Storage Project and one of world’s largest. It would be a precursor to large scale hydrogen energy storage projects and would be useful for studying and deploying multiple microgrids in various off-grid and strategic locations of the country. The hydrogen would be produced using the advanced 240 kW Solid Oxide Electrolyser by taking input power from the nearby Floating Solar project. The hydrogen produced during sunshine hours would be stored at high pressure and would be electrified using a 50 kW Solid Oxide Fuel Cell. The system would work in

a standalone mode from 5 PM to 7 AM. This unique project configuration is designed in-house by NTPC. This unique project for India would open doors for decarbonising the far-off regions of the country like Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir (J&K) etc., hitherto dependent on diesel generators. The project is in-line with the vision of the Hon’ble Prime Minister for becoming carbon neutral by 2070 and making Ladakh a carbon-neutral territory. NTPC ltd present installed capacity is 67,907.5 MW (including 13,425 MW through JVs/Subsidiaries) comprising of 47 NTPC stations (23 coal-based stations, 7 gas-based stations, 1 hydro station, 1 small hydro, 14 solar PV and 1 wind-based station) and 26 joint venture stations (9 coal based, 4 gas based, 8 hydro, 1 small hydro 2 wind and 2 solar PV). EM

NTPC in pact with Greater Noida Authority to supply of Refused Derived Fuel

NTPC Ltd, India’s largest integrated energy company in an endeavour towards a sustainable development, signs an Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority (GNIDA) for supply of ‘Refused Derived Fuel’ (combustible fraction of the municipal solid waste). As per the MoU, GNIDA will be supplying 20 Tonnes per Day (TPD) of Refused Derived Fuel (RFD) to NTPC for period of ten years. This initiative will help NTPC to demonstrate an environmentfriendly technology to produce green power and chemical from RDF and is planned under the theme of ‘NETRA Green Campus’ where the campus will have 24*7 Green Power from Solar PV, Battery Storage, H2 and RDF. The Refused Derived Fuel (RDF) shall be fed into Oxy-Steam Gasification plant to produce syngas which after cleaning will be fired in Gas Engine to generate 400 KW of green power. In second stage of the project the syngas shall be upgraded to produce liquid fuel/methanol/hydrogen-H2. NETRA (NTPC Energy Technology Research Alliance) is the R&D wing ||www.electricalmirror.net||

of NTPC that focuses itself towards developing and demonstrating technologies for carbon capture, green hydrogen and methanol production using CO2 from its power plant. NTPC Group present installed capacity is 67,907.5 MW (including 13,675 MW through JVs/Subsidiaries) comprising of 49 NTPC stations (23 coal-based stations, 7 gas-based stations, 1hydro station, 18 Renewable projects) and 26 joint venture stations (9 coal based, 4 gas based, 8 hydro, 1 small hydro,2 wind and 2 solar PV). About 13,600 MW of its project is at under-construction stages. EM

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Press Release 36

Microtek, the leader in the power product market of India has announced the launch of its new and exciting range of inverters and home UPS series. What sets Microtek apart from other players in the intensely competitive power industry is the company's focus on designing inverters and home UPSs that are high on technology features and quality. The new range of inverters and UPSs launched demonstrates the latest technological advancements that help to save electricity besides offering the best output in power backup. “The new ranges of products being launched today besides providing electricity saving benefits are also aesthetically appealing. We as a company is focused on continuous research and development (R&D) work so that we can introduce market-leading products. If industry and the government are in sync, India can meet its energy efficiency and climate change targets,” said Subodh Gupta, Chairman & Managing Director, Microtek International. Some of the products launched today include the new LUXE LCD Home UPS series at the event. This UPS range comes with an in-built microcomputer that promises to always keep your homes illuminated even during the power cuts. It boasts of a smart LCD display that shows you the running load status, backup time status and battery charging time. The capacity of this series ranges from 800 VA in 12V to 1600 VA in 24V SW in pure sine wave technology. The company also announced the launch of its imerlyn premium UPS series. The UPS series has heavy load handling capacity and adds to the beauty of your home with its stunning looks. Its 5-stage battery charging mechanism keeps the battery healthy and also provides longer battery life. The product offers high voltage surge protection, re-settable circuit breaker, high and standard charging option for quick battery charging and high peak current handling and thermal protection apart from other features. There are two

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Microtek launches state-of-the-art energy-efficient range of inverters and home UPSs All India ranges available under the imerlyn series that includes Advanced Digital (850 12V DG, 1050 12V DG, 1250 12V DG & 1850 24V DG) models and Pure Sine wave (850 12V SW, 1250 12V SW & 1850 24V SW) models. “Today we are launching a wide range of UPS’ in the Indian market like SmartHybrid UPS series. It is a perfect combination of Digital and Sine wave technologies that give you the best of both worlds, noiseless performance and more loads handling capacity. The other efficient UPS launched series are Superpower, Heavy Duty with the capacity of running heavy loads & energy efficient model – Energy Saver. It has inbuilt energy efficient transformer for better performance in energy saving” added Gupta. The price of the new product range starts from MRP INR Rs. 6240 and the products are already will be available through the company’s vast distribution network across India. With the new product launch, the company expects to capture an additional 10% market share of the Indian inverter and UPS market. EM

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Kirloskar Brothers Limited wins ‘India’s Most Ethical Company’ Award incorporated in 1920, KBL is the flagship company of the $ 2.1 billion Kirloskar Group. KBL has established the Ethics Committee and appointed Head Ethics Counsellor and Regional Ethics Counsellors for all of their manufacturing locations that look after the implementation of the Code of Ethics. All KBL employees are trained in the organisation’s anti-corruption policies and procedures through Code of Ethics. Every year, the group conducts an online certification come affidavit module which is mandatory for all employees to go through.

Kirloskar Brothers Limited (KBL), a world leader in providing fluid management solutions, has won the prestigious ‘India’s Most Ethical Company’ Award for the ‘Ethical Company in Industrial Manufacturing’ category by CMO Asia. CMO Asia is an independent and not-for-profit body guided by the Advisory Council. The India’s Most Ethical Company’ Award reaffirms KBL’s core belief and philosophy of conducting business with a moral responsibility in tandem with a conscious driven approach. KBL is one of the world’s best and biggest pump manufacturing companies with an expertise in engineering and manufacture of systems for fluid management. Established in 1888 and

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Ms Rama Kirloskar, Joint Managing Director, Kirloskar Brothers Limited, said the ‘India’s Most Ethical Company’ Award is a reflection of the honesty with which KBL conducts its business. “Since our inception, we have always been driven by our values; we nurture and are accountable to all our shareholders in maintaining and increasing their wealth. KBL’s Code of Ethics is a guideline for employees while addressing legal and ethical issues that come up during any employee’s journey of business dealing for KBL,” she said. As per the process of the KBL Code of Ethics eLearning Module, employees need to complete a multiple-choice question test based on the Code of Ethics of the company. These mandatory tests were devised and rolled out in January 2013. There are four sections, such as compliance, business conduct, relationship and enforcement. The process helps employees in being aware of their responsibilities vis-à-vis the company’s Code of Ethics established in December 2009. This latest award is yet another feather in the KBL cap, as the company was also honoured by World CSR Congress 2014 Award under the category ‘India’s Most Ethical Company in the Industrial Manufacturing’. EM

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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

Press Release

• • • •

Kirloskar Brothers Ltd. launches mini range pumps AARNA

AARNA mini pumps are highly efficient and are available in 0.5 hp and 1.0 hp variants The pumps are of superior quality and higher resistance against corrosion as they are Cathodic Electro Deposition (CED) coated Its advanced electrical design and wide voltage range operability offer protection against voltage fluctuations The pump will enable water supply to feed water to RO plants, domestic water supply, construction sites, car washing and as lawn sprinklers

Kirloskar Brothers Limited (KBL), one of the global market leaders in fluid management solutions and services has launched AARNA a new mini range pump in an event held at the Kaniyur manufacturing plant. Speaking on the occasion Ms. Rama Kirloskar, Joint Managing Director, KBL said, “Kirloskar has always been on the forefront for using its cutting- edge technology for manufacturing high-end pumps. As part of another progressive step, we have launched AARNA, a highly efficient pump for domestic use. It has the most advanced design and is compact and light weight with enhanced safety features.” Ms. Kirloskar also informed that AARNA pumps have been built to stand the test of time, thus ensuring the buyer of its long-lasting dependable operation. AARNA mini pump is available in 0.5 hp and 1.0 hp variants. The newly launched mini range pump from KBL offers an array

Nabinagar Power Generating Co. Limited (NPGC) declared interim dividend for the FY 2021-22

Nabinagar Power Generating Co. Limited (NPGC), a wholly owned subsidiary of NTPC Limited, declared interim dividend of Rs. 100 Crore for the FY 2021-22. Shri Ramesh Babu V., Director (Operations) & Chairman NPGC had presented the cheque for interim dividend to Shri Gurdeep

ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

of features like superior quality and higher resistance against corrosion. It has Cathodic Electro Deposition (CED) coating and provides five times more protection over conventional painting, resulting in longer life. The advanced electrical design and wide voltage range operability offer protection against voltage fluctuations from 180-260 volts thereby reducing chances of motor burning. The mini pump has a Thermal Overload Protector (TOP) for protecting the motor from overloading and preventing it from burning and its advanced electrical design will help to give more output with lesser electricity consumption. AARNA mini pumps are available in two variants and are designed to ensure higher efficiency at an optimum cost. These pumps are suited for water supply to overhead tanks in bungalows, gardens and fountains. It can also be used to feed water to RO plants, domestic water supply, construction sites, car washing and as lawn sprinklers. EM

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Singh, Chairman & Managing Director on 31st December, 2021. Shri A.K.Gautam, Director (Finance), Shri D. K. Patel, Director (HR), Shri U.K. Bhattacharya, Director (Projects), Smt. Nandini Sarkar, Company Secretary NTPC and Shri Manish Kumar, Company Secretary NPGC were also present on the occasion. EM

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Ginlong Technologies (Solis) Awarded ‘Best Companies to Work For In Asia’

Ginlong technologies (Solis) was awarded ‘Best Companies to Work For In Asia’ after competing with hundreds of companies in different fields. This glorious coronation is to commend the contribution of the enterprise talent management system construction and value improvement, affirming the

achievements of Ginlong Technology (Solis) in the core value of talent management, performance management, incentive system, and other aspects. ‘‘As a world-renowned solar inverter manufacturer, Solis knows that the development of technology and maintaining a competitive edge is closely linked to talent,’’ said Lucy Lu, Assistant General Manager and Marketing Director of Ginlong Technologies (Solis). ‘’The engagement of employees is particularly important for the success and sustainable growth of any company. Solis’s global mission statement, "Developing Technology to Power the World with Clean Energy" focuses to plan brand development strategies tailored to local market characteristics.” We are honored to receive this award, recognizing Solis for its commitment to providing valuable employment opportunities to its employees and for delivering employee engagement and satisfaction. Solis is also looking forward to discovering more talent to explore the infinite possibilities of smart solar creating a green, beautiful and zero-carbon future. EM

Innovation: A Smart Aquarium Monitor to Assess Marine Health Having a fish aquarium is a trendy affair. People have an aquarium as an eye-pleasing tool or just as a hobby. Compared to pets like dog and cat, Fishes need more intensive care since they live in water. We enjoy observing the aquarium but take minimal care of it. If it is not well maintained, it affects the health of the fish. The bacteria’s and impurities in the existing aquarium create a threat for the life of fishes and could kill them. The health of the aquatic creatures directly depends on the water quality. Therefore, it is critical to closely monitor water conditions and improve the aquarium tanks' water quality. Another challenging duty is hand-feeding fish. If the owner is busy, the chances of him forgetting to feed the fish is very high. The innovation: Marine Health system utilizes the sensors to drive the actuators in real-time. It also has an intelligent fish feeding mechanism such that the fish is neither over nor underfed. The system will monitor the temperature, pH value, and turbidity, alert you when required, and feed your pet regularly. It will reduce the manual effort needed for the aquarium management process, and the owner can spend more time watching the aquarium. Working Mechanism The primary device is connected to the controller board, ||www.electricalmirror.net||

including components like Analog pH Meter, DS18B20 Water Proof Temperature Sensor Probe, 16x2 LCD I2C ,Real time clock, turbidity sensor and 180 degree metal Servo motors which are connected on the controller analogue and digital pins.The pH of a liquid solution using a gravity pH sensor which is used to measure the acidity of a liquid. The temperature probe will measure the tank water temperature, and it will be controlled accordingly as per the season. At the same time, Turbidity indicates the water quality by detecting suspended particles in water by measuring the light transmittance and scattering rate, which changes with the amount of total suspended solids (TSS) in water. As the TTS increases, the liquid turbidity level increases and the results of the sensors are displayed on I2C Module LCD would show can the values of the temperature, turbidity and Ph. level on the Screen which is attach at the outer body. To add to the fish's eating habits, we have integrated the real timer clock with the motor, so every 4-5 hours, required grams of food grains drop into the water tank. With the device, we can get all the safety parameters that are needed to maintain marine species life. This Project is prepared by Parth Shah, Assistant Professor and Manager, Makerspace, along with Mr. Arjun Anilkumar (MIPD Student at Makerspace) EM || January 2022 ||

ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

Windergy India 2022

Press Release

Wind is the Answer to Climate Change Challenges

Windergy India 2022, tradefair and conference for the wind energy sector will be organised from 27 – 29 April 2022 at Pragati Maidan, New Delhi. Supported by Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India and organised by, Indian Wind Turbine Manufacturers Association (IWTMA) along with PDA Trade Windergy India 2022, is the only comprehensive trade event for the wind energy sector. The Hon'ble, Prime Minister. Shri Narendra Modiji at COP26 UN Climate summit in Glasgow, announced India’s five-point climate action plan, which he described as “panchamrit (five values)”, is set to give a firm push to India’s plans for increasing renewable energy and India will achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2070. The Indian Prime Minister also made it clear that rich countries will have to provide $ 1 trillion in climate finance to the developing world to achieve its climate change mitigation targets, while speaking out in support of vulnerable island nations that are in the danger of submerging because of rising sea levels. Amply supported by Union and State Governments– the industry has an annual manufacturing capacity of 10000 MW of wind turbines, which can be ramped up to 15000 MW. It has also achieved about 80% indigenisation, which is in line with the “Make in India” initiative, thus significantly contributing to the rural economy. With these encouraging developments, the trade fair and conference supported by the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA), India Energy Storage Alliance (IESA), Indian Wind Power Association (IWPA), Independent

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|| January 2022 ||

Power Producers Association of India (IPPAI), National Institute of Wind Energy (NIWE), Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI), Skill Council for Green Jobs (SCGJ), World Wind Energy Association (WWEA), National Small Industries Corporation (NSIC), , REAR – Renewable Energy Association and The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) is expected to bring the complete eco system of the wind sector together. The exhibition is set to have more than 100 plus companies displaying latest products, technologies and services. The focus of the Conference organised alongside the Trade Fair with Wind Independent Power Producers Association (WIPPA) and Vasudha Foundation would be on “Power of the wind: India’s Driver to Net-Zero” in addition to policy & regulations related discussions. Windergy India conference includes high-level keynote speeches, thought-provoking panel discussions, special addresses and technology presentations. The high level and power packed conference happening alongside the exhibition is expected to be inaugurated by Shri. R. K. Singh, Minister of Power and New & Renewable Energy, Government of India and The Danish Ambassador His Excellency Freddy Svane, amidst other dignitaries and industry stalwarts. The attendees can gain by meeting over 150 companies displaying their product, solutions and technology prowess at the show. With 2 days of intense deliberations along with the 3-day exhibition, it offers unmatched networking and business opportunities for participants. EM

||www.electricalmirror.net||

ITC reaffirms its commitment to India’s bold new Climate Targets, commissions first offsite Solar Plant in Tamil Nadu

Initiative to contribute to ITC’s target of meeting 100% of its Electricity requirements from Renewable Sources by 2030

• ITC was recently rated at the ‘Leadership Level’ with scores of ‘A-‘ for both Climate Change and Water Security by CDP, one of the most reputed independent global platforms for disclosures on environmental impacts

ITC Limited, one of India’s leading multi-business conglomerates and an acknowledged exemplar in sustainability, has commissioned its first offsite solar plant in Dindigul, Tamil Nadu. The 14.9 MW solar plant, built at an investment of Rs 76 crores, will help reduce CO2 emissions over the course of its lifetime. The plant has already helped ITC to achieve the rare feat of meeting 90% of its electricity requirement from renewable sources in the state of Tamil Nadu.

are an integral part of our low carbon strategy aimed at making a meaningful contribution to a net zero economy”.

This new project is in line with ITC Chairman Mr. Sanjiv Puri’s ‘Sustainability 2.0’ Vision, a comprehensive goal-based agenda which raises the bar for sustainability performance. This bold Vision calls for inclusive strategies that can support even more livelihoods, pursue newer pathways to fight climate change, support circular economy and enable transition to a net zero ecosystem. As a part of this Vision, ITC plans to meet 100 percent of the entire grid electricity requirements from renewable sources by 2030 and contribute meaningfully to combat the threat of climate change.

Renewable energy powers twenty factories, nine hotels, and six office buildings of ITC in Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Bihar, Haryana, West Bengal, and Punjab. In 2018, ITC became the first private sector entity to wheel renewable energy across states through the Inter-State Open Access mechanism. Currently, ITC’s 46MW Wind power plant in Andhra Pradesh supplies power to over 15 ITC establishments in 8 states. This has led to a higher renewable energy utilization for the company.

ITC’s renewable portfolio comprises 138 MW of wind power plants and 14 MW of Solar plants with 53MW of additional solar capacity under execution. Currently, projects are also underway in other sources of renewable energy like biomass boilers. The Company has made investments of over Rs. 1000 crores in renewable energy assets to date.

Spread over a sprawling fifty-nine acres, the solar plant in Tamil Nadu is built with the latest in solar technology and complies with all national and international standards on design and safety. The unit will generate over twenty-two million units of renewable energy annually for ITC’s hotels, food manufacturing plants, paper manufacturing facility, and printing and packaging factories in Tamil Nadu.

Besides investing in new renewable energy assets, ITC, as part of its Sustainability 2.0 agenda aims to achieve a 50% reduction in specific emissions and a 30% reduction in specific energy consumption by 2030 over a 2014-15 baseline. Such efforts in decarbonizing energy consumption through low-carbon energy solutions will be met through large-scale digitalisation and R&D Commenting on this new project, Mr Sanjiv Rangrass, initiatives, cross-sectoral collaborations, and partnerships. Group Head – ITC Life Sciences & Technology, Central ITC is an exemplar in environment stewardship. The Projects, EHS & Quality Assurance, ITC Ltd. stated, “At ITC, Company was recently rated at the ‘Leadership Level’ with we have relentlessly pursued a mission for environmental scores of ‘A-‘ for both Climate Change and Water Security stewardship through a gamut of large-scale endeavours by CDP, one of the most reputed independent global that comprehensively address the threat of climate change. platforms for disclosures on environmental impacts. EM Our large-scale investments in renewable energy assets ||www.electricalmirror.net||

|| January 2022 ||

ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

PG Electroplast Limited Begins

LED TV Manufacturing

Press Release

• Spread across 100,000 square feet, the production capacity of the facility is half a million units annually. • The company has begun servicing 2 customers in the new product business

PG Electroplast Limited (PGEL) has begun manufacturing LED Televisions for two customers at its Greater Noida facility. It has an installed capacity of 500,000 units of televisions with screen sizes up to 70 inches. It is a fully integrated facility with SMT lines for PCB Assembly, Clean Room for LCM Module Assembly, Final Product Assembly and Plastic Moulding. Commenting on the occasion, Mr. Vikas Gupta, Managing Director (Operations)- PGEL said, “Televisions have been a large part of PG’s history and legacy, and it gives us great pleasure to announce that PG has re-entered the

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|| January 2022 ||

business of manufacturing TVs. The government’s vison for an Atmanirbhar Bharat and support to the industry has been immense. We identified a lot of synergies for TV manufacturing with our existing businesses, and see this vertical as a good opportunity to scale up our electronics business.”

About PG Electroplast Ltd. PG Electroplast [NSE:PGEL] is a trusted one-stop solution provider for Electronic Manufacturing Services (EMS) and contract manufacturing to most leading consumer durable and electronics brands in India. The company has one of the biggest capacities in Plastic Injection moulding and has capabilities across the value chain in Original Equipment Manufacturing (OEM) and Original Design Manufacturing (ODM) products like Washing Machines, Room ACs, Air-Coolers and LED TVs. Safe Harbor Certain statements in this release concerning our future growth prospects are forward-looking statements, which involve a number of risks, and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those in such forward-looking statements. We do not undertake to update any forward-looking statement that may be made from time to time by us or on our behalf. EM ||www.electricalmirror.net||

||www.electricalmirror.net||

|| January 2022 ||

ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

Transformers

ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

|| January 2022 ||

||www.electricalmirror.net||

Assessment of remnant life of aging transformers with case studies. Synopsis:

The useful life of equipment of AC and DC sub-stations has been declared as 25 years through a notification issued by the Central Electricity Authority, vide Govt. of India’s notification no. L-1/236/2018/ CERC-Dated 7th March 2019, however as regards the Power Transformers, it is assumed to be 35-40 years. Un-foreseen failure of Generator Step-up Transformers, ICTs (Inter-connecting Transformers) or other Step-down Transformers in an EHV Grid-network result into system disturbance or cascade Trippings. Such contingencies call for un-scheduled load-trimmings / shedding which in turn give rise to colossal loss of revenue to the Generating, Transmission & the Distribution Utilities and also dissatisfaction amongst the Industrialists and consumers at large. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to obviate such situations and safe-guard the Grid-system from the aforesaid disturbances and losses. Such unforeseen incidences generally take place due to failure of the very old transformers in the system. Therefore, it is essential to assess the remaining serviceable life for rendering faithful service by all such Transformers which have rendered continuous service over 20 years in a Grid system and to timely replace them with new ones, if not found serviceable. Following criteria was adopted by the M.P. State Transmission Utility for selection of all such aging transformers for assessing the health-status thereof;

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• rendered continuous service for more than 20 years, • deterioration trend in IR and PI values. • DGA showed increasing trend in the key gases and also increasing trend in CO and CO2 gases with reference IEC 60599. • percentage of relative water saturation in the transformer oil: > 15 % [2], • DP value <250. The Authors have narrated the methodology to assess the health-status of the aging transformers. While assessing the same, if health-status of any of them was found deteriorated and approaching towards end of its life, was recommended for removal from service and to be replaced with a healthy transformer.

2.0 Key words and expansion of abbreviations.

DGA (Dissolved Gas Analysis), Furan2-Furaldehyde (2FAL)), DP (Degree of Polymerization),

3.0 Introduction.

Since the State Transmission Utilities are the end users, therefore it is not necessary to know the test procedure of each of parameters mentioned in the synopsis from (i) to (iii), however calculations pertaining to the parameters mentioned in (iv) and (v) shall be explained and shall be calculated for case studies.

|| January 2022 ||

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Transformers

4.0 Causes for deterioration of both solid and liquid insulations;

4.1 Deterioration in overall insulation is attributed to the following: • Improper monitoring and maintenance of the breathing system. • Increase in moisture contents in the oil above 20 ppm. • Continuous over loading of transformers beyond 80 °C to 140 °C leads to loss of life to half for every 6 °C beyond 80 °C as stipulated in the IS: 2026 (Part-7):2009 (IEC equivalent IEC 60076-7:2005) [3], resulting in a fall in DP value nearing 200. • Sustaining many through faults conditions. • Sustaining switching and Lightening surges. • Improper/irregular maintenance practices.

5.0 Percentage of water saturation in oil;

The quantity of dissolved and dispersed water in mineral oil is significant for two reasons: (i) presence of polar water molecules in the mineral oil adversely affects the dielectric properties of the mineral oil, and (ii) the amount of moisture in the oil can be reflective of amount of moisture in the paper insulation. The solubility in mineral oil is temperature-dependent and aciditydependent. Therefore, a statement as mg/kg of water in the oil without temperature information would not be adequate. The calculation of percentage of water saturation {(moisture /mg) / (kg of water at saturation)} x 100, in other words (ppm of water/So) has greater significance as it indicates the possibility of free water formation in the oil. [4] 5.1 Free water in oil: ” Free water” that exists in the form of droplets if the water content in oil exceeds the saturation level. In cellulose materials, free water may exist in macropores. In addition, following are the basic reasons for increasing the water contents in oil [5]: a) Residual moisture in the thick structural components not removed during factory drying-out or moistening of insulation surface during assembly. b) Inhaling atmospheric air through fused silica-gel while oil volume shrinks during cold and moist nights and during off-peak hours of the day, resulting into poor dielectric strength of oil. c) Aging (decomposition) of cellulose and oil. Table 1 gives general guidelines for interpretation of data expressed in % of saturation [2] % Of water saturation in oil

Condition

0-5

Dry insulation

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6-20

Moderate to wet. Lower numbers indicate fairly dry to moderate levels water in insulation, whereas values towards the upper limit indicate moderately wet insulation.

21-30

Wet

>30

Extremely wet

Table1. interpretation of data expressed in % of saturation [2].

6.0 Formula for solubility of water in oil and specimen calculation [6];

Log10SO = (-1567/K) +7.0895. Where: • SO is the solubility of water in mineral oil. • K is the absolute temperature in Kelvins (OC+ 273). • OC is the oil temperature in Celsius at the time of sampling % saturation=((ppm of water)/So)×100 6.1 Specimen calculation for % saturation; Water content = 16ppm, Temperature of top oil = 30°C Temperature in Kelvin = 30°C + 273 = 303 K, Log10 So = (-1567/303) + 7.0895 = -5.1716 +7.0895 = 1.9197. So = 101.9197 So = 82.775, Therefore % saturation = (16/82.775) x 100 = 19.32 %

7.0 Solid insulation in the transformer;

The soft wood Kraft paper is a major solid dielectric material used for conductor wrappings, barrier boards, spacers and clamps (in compressed or resin-bonded forms). The major constituents of the soft wood craft paper are cellulose (80 %), hemi cellulose (12%) lignin (about 8 %) and some mineral substances. The structural formula of cellulose is as shown in the Fig. 1.

Figure 1. Structural formula of cellulose (C6H10O5) n. [7]

Three most common degradation factors for cellulose have been identified and they are thermal, oxidative, and hydrolytic. When cellulose is subjected to a temperature of 200°C, the beta linkages (glycosidic bonds) tend to break and open the glucose molecule rings and thereby lose mechanical strength. The by-products of this reaction are [7]: ||www.electricalmirror.net||

• free glucose molecules, • moisture, • CO & CO2, • organic acids. The presence of oxygen promotes oxidation and cellulose molecules have a tendency to oxidize. The reaction of oxidation on the cellulose causes the glycosidic bond to weaken and it can cause scission of the cellulose molecule chain. The oxidation of hydroxyl produces carbonyl (aldehydic) and carboxyl (acidic) compounds. Moisture is also a by-product of this oxidative reaction. The moisture produced as explained above is also transferred to the oil.

8.0 FURANS:

10.0 Formulae-Furan contents Vs DP-:

Some Scientists of Transformer Chemistry had innovated equations to calculate DP value with the help of quantity of 2 FAL in ppm or ppb found in the mineral oil in the serving Transformer. The DP is evaluated through following different models (mathematical equations) innovated by the Scientists of Transformer Chemistry as depicted in figure 3., however, there had been lot of debates on selection of a particular model for establishing the relationship between the Furan and the DP value? [8],

Figure3: Models innovated by the scientists of Transformer chemistry

Note:

ppm = Parts per million = 1/106 ppb = Parts per billion =1/109, 1ppm =1000 ppb. 10.1 2FAL Vs DP value using different models; Furan

Degree of Polymerization

2FAL in ppm

Chengdong

Stebbin

De Pablo

Pahavan pour

0.01

1003

1316

806

799

0.1

717

1031

798

785

0.5

517

831

763

732

Figure 2: Molecular structure of 2FAL. [7]

431

745

724

675

9.0 Evaluation of mechanical properties of Insulating paper:

2.5

318

631

628

546

232

545

514

415

146

459

378

280

409

298

211

The mechanical properties of insulating paper can be established by direct measurement of its tensile strength or Degree of Polymerization (DP). These properties are used to evaluate the Life expectancy of a Transformer. Direct measurement thereof is not practically possible for the in-service transformers as ||www.electricalmirror.net||

w w w. e l e c t r i c a l m i r r o r. n e t

As stated in paragraph 7.0, the byproducts of paper insulation (cellulosic insulation) degradations are; CO, CO2, moisture, organic acids, and free *glucose molecules. The free *glucose molecules further degrade into aromatic components known as FURANS. Following are the Furans, (1) 5H2F (5-Hydroxymethyl-furaldehyde) is an unstable compound and can decompose further into other furans as follows: (2) 2-Furaldehyde (2FAL) (3) 5 Methyl-2-Furaldehyde (5M2F) (4) 2-Acetyl furan (2ACF) (5) Furfuryl alcohol (2-FOL) However, all the above components except 2 FAL are not very stable under operating conditions in the transformers. Their life-span is a few months only, thereafter they degrade into 2 FAL which remains stable for several years. The molecular structure of 2-Furaldehyde (2FAL) is shown in Figure 2.

analysis of paper insulation for its DP value requires removal of a few strips of paper from the aging Transformers. The learned scientists of Transformer- Chemistry have innovated that “when cellulose molecules de-polymerize (break into smaller lengths or ring structures) chemical compounds known as furans are formed” Finally, all the other components degrade to Furan:2Furaldehyde (2FAL) which remains stable for years together.[7]

Table 2: 2 FAL vs DP value using different models [8] || January 2022 ||

ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

The graphical representation of the equations mentioned in paragraph no.7.0 with the data from table 2 are as shown in the Figure 4.

11.1 Graphical Representation of the values shown in the table3

Transformers

Figure 5: Graphical Representation of the values shown in the table 3.

Figure 4: graphical representation of Furan vs DP of different scientists.[8]

11.0 Remnant-life of Transformers in % with reference to Furan (2 FAL) and DP value;[9]

Since, it is difficult to obtain paper samples for evaluation of the DP from in-service EHV Transformers, the method of estimation of the DP and the remaining/residual life of the Transformers is assessed, by measuring the Furan content 2 FAL (2-Furaldehyde) in ppm/ppb in the Transformer oil of the Transformers. Percentage remnant life of the Transformers with respect to DP value is as shown in the Table 3, it is almost in line with the Chengdong’s model. 2 FAL (ppb)

Estimated Degree of Polymerization (DP)

% of Remnant life.

Interpretation

800

100

Normal aging

130

700

292

600

654

500

1464

400

1720

380

2021

360

2374

340

2789

320

3277

300

3851

280

4524

260

5315

240

6245

220

7337

200

Accelerated aging

Excessive aging Danger Zone

High risk of failure End of life of paper

Ref: An introduction to the Half Century Transformer by The Transformer Maintenance Institute. S.D. Myers Co. 2002.

Table 3.[9] 48

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DP range

Remarks

>900

No detectable paper degradation.

900-610

Mild to minimal paper aging.

600-460

Significant paper deterioration but still away from critical point.

450-360

Paper is starting to approach critical condition, suggest resampling in 1-2 year’s-time.

350-260

Paper is approaching the critical condition. Suggest re-sample within 1-year to reassess condition.

250-200

Paper is near or at the critical condition. Recommend that the transformer be taken out of service as soon as possible and thoroughly inspected. Paper samples can be taken from portion for direct DP testing.

<200

Tests Indicates extensive paper degradation exceeding the critical point. Strongly recommend that the transformer be taken out of service immediately and visually inspected.

Table 4.This table is as per I.A.R. Gray,of Transformer Chemistry Services,may be treated as complementary to table 3.[10]

12.0 Criteria for selection of old transformers for evaluating % remnant life;

• Transformers which have served for more than 20 years. • Deterioration in IR and PI values. • DGA showed increasing trend in the key gases and also increasing trend in CO and CO2 gases with reference IEC 60599. • Water saturation in oil if found >*15 % [2]. • DP value <250. *Note: this figure is selected looking at Table 1, indicating guidelines for interpretation of % saturation of water in oil.

13.0 Selection of transformers for evaluating % remnant life;

A sample list of a few old transformers that have rendered continuous service for over 20 years with the calculated RS % at sampling temperature is shown in Table 5. ||www.electricalmirror.net||

No.

Substation name

Name of transformer

Transformer serial No.

Water content

132 KV S/s Patan

40 MVA 132/33 KV BBL

132 KV S/s Patan

20 MVA 132/33 KV GEC

132 KV S/s VFJ

40 MVA 132/33 KV BBL

132 KV S/s VFJ

Temp.

Calculated R.S. %

Remarks

40 MVA 132/33 KV BBL

132 KV S/s Patan

20 MVA 132/33 KV GEC

132 KV S/s Patan

132 KV S/s VFJ

40 MVA 132/33 KV BBL

132 KV S/s VFJ

5 MVA 33/11 KV Kirloskar

132 KV S/s VFJ

5 MVA 33/11 KV Kirloskar

132 KV S/s VFJ

5 MVA 33/11 KV Accurate

132 KV S/s VFJ

5 MVA 33/11 KV Accurate

132 KV S/s VFJ

132 KV S/s Kymore

16 MVA 132/33 KV NGEF

132 KV S/s Kymore

16 MVA 132/33 KV NGEF

132 KV S/s Kymore

20 MVA 132/33 KV BHEL

6004548

15.60

CAL at 50 °C

132 KV S/s Kymore

5 MVA 33/11 KV UE

183775

21.95

CAL at 50 °C

220 KV S/s Jabalpur

40 MVA 220/132 KV BHEL

6004131

11.56

CAL at 50 °C

220 KV S/s Jabalpur

40 MVA 220/132 KV BHEL

6004129

12.94

CAL at 52 °C

in °C

(ppm)

Table 5: A sample list showing transformers which have served for more than 20 years with moisture contents of the oil at the sampling temperature.

13.1 Case study 1;

The transformer in Sr, no.7; 20 MVA 132/33 kV BHEL transformer bearing Sr. no.6004548 at 132 kV S/S, Kymore. 13.1.1 Calculation of % of solubility of water in oil; Log10So =(-1567/K) +7.0895, Where; • So is the solubility of water in mineral oil, • K is the absolute temperature in Kelvins (°C + 273), • °C is the oil temperature in Celsius at the time of sampling, • % saturation = (ppm/So) x 100, • Oil temperature = 50 °C and moisture content in the oil 27 ppm, • K = 50 + 273 = 323 °K Therefore, Log10 So = (-1567/323) +7.0895 = 2.2382 SO = 102.2382 = 173.06135, Therefore, % saturation = ppm/So x 100 = (27/173.06135) x 100 = 15.601 % Since *15.601% > 15 %, this transformer is identified for removal from the system. ||www.electricalmirror.net||

*Note: 15 % saturation of water in oil was taken as the benchmark for selection of old transformers for evaluating the remnant life. 13.1.2 Furan Analysis Report; It’s 2 FAL was reported to be 3570 ppb, the DP is around 260 as per Chengdong’s curve ie the % remnant life is 19%. 13.1.3 Recommendation; • Since % saturation of water in oil was 15.601%, • % Remnant life found to be 19%in the range of high risk of failure. Looking to above, this Transformer was strongly recommended for removal from the System.

13.2 Case study 2;

Transformer at Sr.no.10; 40 MVA, 220/132 KV, BHELTransformer bearing sr.no.6004129 at 220kV S/S Jabalpur. 13.2.1 Calculation of % of solubility of water in oil; Log10So =(-1567/K) +7.0895, Where: • So is the solubility of water in mineral oil, • K is the absolute temperature in Kelvins (°C + 273), • °C is the oil temperature in Celsius at the time of sampling, • % saturation = (ppm/So) x 100, • Oil temperature = 52 °C and moisture content in the oil 24 ppm, • K = 52 + 273 = 325 °K Therefore, Log10 So = (-1567/325) +7.0895 = 2.268 SO = 102.268 = 185.353, Therefore, % saturation = ppm/So x 100 = (24/185.353) x 100 = 12.94% Therefore % saturation is within the bench mark of 15%. 13.2.2 Furan Analysis Report; Its 2 FAL was reported to be 1520 ppb, the DP is around 380 as per Chengdong’s curve ie the % remnant life is 46% indicating accelerated ageing. 13.2.3 Recommendation; (i) Since % saturation of water in oil was 112.94%, (ii) % Remnant life found to be 46 % in the range of accelerated ageing. Looking to above, this Transformer was recommended for continuance in the circuit, however, monitoring of condition should be done every year.

13.3 NOTE;

(i) The concentration of Furanic component 2 FAL gives an indication of the condition of paper in terms of degree of polymerization, while rate of change of furan concentration can indicate the rate of aging of paper. || January 2022 ||

ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

Transformers

(ii) High concentration of 2 FAL (2 Furaldehyde) is an indication of aged cellulosic insulation. (iv) Average DP value of new kraft paper is 1,000 to 1,200. Breaking down of cellulose during manufacturing and transformer drying process brings down the DP value to 800. (v) DP value < 200 indicates extensive loss of paper degradation approaching the critical value ie threat of failure of the aged transformer. Some of the specimen pictures are depicted in the figures 5(a) & (b), 6, 7and 8.

(i) Figure 5: (a) Insulation structure of healthy paper. (b) depicts structure of paper when the DP value fall down to <200.

(ii) Figure 6: Deterioration of paper DP value <200 in the Distribution Transformer windings.

(iii) Figure 7: Showing effect of DP value<200 in a Power transformer.

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(iv) Figure 8: Showing effect of DP value<200 in a Power transformer.

(i) The main advantage of using this technique as a diagnostic tool is that these FURAN compounds are degradation by-products specific to paper which are soluble in the Transformer Oil but cannot be produced by the oil itself. It can be used as complementary test in conjunction with % saturation of water in oil.

14.0 Flow chart of paper insulation degradation;

Figure 9.

10.0 Conclusions;

(i) The Power Transformers up to 400 kV level are in existence since >3 decades in the POWERGRID, NTPC, NHPC and the State Transmission and the Generation Utilities etc. These Utilities may think of identify deteriorating Life expectancy using the criteria of (a)more than 20 years of continuous service, (b) deteriorating IR and PI values, (c)Increasing trend in key Gases and CO & CO2 in subsequent DGA (d) % saturation of water in oil >15% (e) RLA studies of such Power Transformers and take measures to replace the same timely which shall obviate the Grid from disturbances/deficit of power/collapse in case of ||www.electricalmirror.net||

un-aware failure of such large transformers. (ii) Degree of Polymerization (DP) is used to evaluate the Life expectancy of a Transformer through Furan analysis. Direct measurement of DP is practically not possible for the in-service transformers as analysis of paper insulation for evaluation of DP value requires removal of a few strips of paper from the aging Transformers. Therefore, the analysis of oil for furan contents is a “Non-invasive test”. (iii)This test should be included in the Transformer’s maintenance schedule at least once in 2-years and data should be reviewed in conjunction with DGA, fluid insulation tests and maintenance history. (iv)The main advantage of using this technique as a diagnostic tool is that these FURAN compounds are degradation by-products specific to paper only which are soluble in the Transformer Oil but cannot be produced by the oil itself.

11.0 References;

1) Notification issued by the Central Electricity Authority, vide

Govt. of India’s notification no. L-1/236/2018/CERC-Dated 7th March 2019 2) IEEE standard 62-1995, chapter 6.3.12 3) IS: 2026 (Part-7):2009 (IEC equivalent IEC 60076-7:2005). 4) IEEE Std C57.152-2013 guide for Diagnostic field testing of fluid filled Power Transformers, Regulators and Reactors. 5) CIGRE report 349, Working Group A2, 30 June 2008. 6) IEEE-C57-106- 2002 Guide-for-Acceptance-andMaintenance-of-Insulating-Oil-in-Equipment. 7) IEEE Std. C57.152-2013, IEEE guide for diagnostic field testing of fluid filled power transformers, regulators and reactors (Annex-E) 8) Nkosenye Sidwell Metetwa-Research paper “Accuracy of Furan analysis in estimating DP in power transformers. 9) An introduction to the Half Century Transformers by the Transformer Maintenance Institute, Myers Co, 2002. 10) I.A.R. Gray, Transformer Chemistry Services: Evaluation of Transformer Solid Insulation.

Authors

(1) K.K.Murty (Principal Author)

(i) He holds a Bachelor’s degree (Hons) in Electrical Engineering obtained from the University of Jabalpur in the year 1968. (ii) He served in MPEB/ MPPTCL (from 05/1970 to 03/2003). (iii) He was a former Chief Engineer and Head of Department (Testing & Commun.) in M.P. Power Transmission Co. Ltd. Jabalpur (India). (iv) He worked as an Advisor (Testing) at SOUTHCO, a DISCOM in the State of Odisha, (from 2004 to 2006) (v) He was a metering consultant to M. P. Electricity Regulatory Commission. (from 2006-2007) (vi) He was the Course Director for the Graduate Electrical Engineering Trainees at the Training Institute of MPPTCL, Jabalpur. (from 2007 -2008) (vii) He was empaneled as an Expert Professionals at the Central Power Research Institute (CPRI), Bangalore, (from 2008 to 2012). (viii) He has published many technical articles in the national and international journals and presented technical papers at various national and international conferences pertaining to the Power Transformers and other equipment of power sector. (ix) He is a member of India’s Society of Power Engineers (MSPE), a Fellow of Institution of Engineers, India (FIE), a Chartered Engineer (CE) and a member CIGRE’ India. (x) He had been awarded a plaque by the Institution of Engineers (India), Kolkata, in Oct. 2015, in recognition of his eminence and contribution to the profession of Electrical Engineering at the National level. (xi) He is empaneled in the Consultants Corner of Transformers Technology (USA).

D.C. Jain

(i) He holds the Bachelor’s degree in Engineering, B.E. (Electrical). (ii) Retd. Chief Engineer (Testing & Commun.), M.P. Power Transmission Co. Ltd. Jabalpur. (Served in MPSEB & MPPTCL, Jabalpur for 37 years). (iii) As the Chief Engineer (T&C) looked after Operation & Maintenance of 320Nos. EHV Sub-Stations with a fleet of nearly 750 Transformers and also was responsible for execution of Testing & Commissioning works of the EHV S/Ss in the State of M.P. (iv) Empaneled in the Consultants Corner of Transformers Technology (USA). (v) Senior consultant for Solar-Energy Parks.

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Anand Tiwari

Santosh Bagade

Retd., Superintending Engineer M.P. Power Transmission Co. Ltd. Worked in the distribution wing of the erstwhile M.P. Electricity Board and one of its successor entities, M.P. Power Transmission Co. Ltd. He has shouldered many responsibilities successfully in the Corporate Office of the Executive Director, East Zone DISCOM and he had proved to be an asset to the M.P. East Zone DISCOM. He had made his presence felt in the M.P. Power Transmission Co. Ltd. too.

Santosh Bagade, holds a Bachelor’s degree in Electrical Engineering obtained from Government College of Engineering Karad under Shivaji University Kolhapur, Maharashtra in the year 2007.He has experience of almost 14 Years in the field of Testing and commissioning, Operation & Maintenance of EHV Substations up to 400 kV. Currently working in a Decentralized Solar PV Based Power Projects as Senior Engineer.

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Power Transformers

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Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis of Power Transformers Dr L Ashok Kumar Professor, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore askipsg@gmail.com I. NTRODUCTION Power transformers are important and expensive equipment in electric energy networks. The majority of these devices have been in service for many years under different environmental, electrical, and mechanical conditions. In addition to the costs associated with equipment repair or replacement, the capital loss of an accidental power transformer outage is often counted in million dollars for output loss only. Because of this economic motivation, online monitoring and diagnosis (M&D) systems are of benefit to predict fault conditions and maintenance of the high voltage transformers. The selection of the monitoring functions is determined mainly by two goals, the faults must be promptly recognized, so that the operator can avoid critical conditions and the maintenance work is carried out only, if the condition of the plant requires it. The processing of the measured values represents a further aspect. Monitoring is a component of the service concept of the manufacturer. As direct expectation to a diagnostic system, the following terms are important: • extension of the remaining useful life of the transformer

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• improvement of loading possibility of the transformer • higher availability and service reliability • condition-based maintenance and repair • prevention of loss and destruction Diagnosis contains interpretation of data to determine the current condition of a transformer. The diagnostic task has an important influence on the overall maintenance cost as well as on reliability and availability. The use of advanced technologies has the potential to greatly reduce the time and increase the accuracy of transformer diagnostics. There are many different techniques for diagnostic purposes, such as: Expert Systems, Case-Based Reasoning (CBR), Model-Based Reasoning (MBR), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Fuzzy Logic, Knowledge-Based Systems and Genetic Algorithm. All the technologies have their advantages and disadvantages. In most cases they cannot work alone to solve the diagnostic problems and have to complement each other to form an integrated solution. Figure 1 shows the block diagram of M&D system for power transformers.

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III. FAILURE CAUSES

Fig. 1. Block diagram of monitoring and diagnosis system for power transformers

Power Transformers

II. ACTUAL SITUATION

A transformer consists of several independently working components. These components are windings and cores as electric and magnetic active parts in which voltage is induced and magnetic flux is guided. Additionally several bushings, insulating oil and tank, tap-changers and coolers are required. A survey of the age structure of transformers from a large German utility clearly shows in Figure 2 that the transformer majority are approaching or exceeding the age of 25-35 years. This situation is more or less similar in many industrialized countries.

Fig. 2. Age structure of transformers

Regarding the information of Fig. 2 the main point in monitoring and diagnosis is the increase of the failure rate with increasing years of service. Fig. 4 shows the typically curve whereby a punctual revision causes a shift of the failure rate of approximately 5 years.

Fig. 3. Example of failure rate as a function of transformer age

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The premature and unexpected failures in transformers can be caused through the following stresses: • electrical • electromagnetic • dielectric • thermal • chemical stresses Statistics show that the most frequent causes followed by long outage damages are in tap changer, active component and in bushings, according table I.

TABLE I. FAILURE CAUSES OF POWER TRANSFORMERS WITH DOWN-TIMES MORE THAN 1 DAY.

Tap changer

40 %

coil + core

35 %

bushings

14 %

vessel

accessories

A. Electrical Causes Inside the transformers, insulation systems (made of insulating oil and cellulose), can be locally overstressed, whereby the aging process of the insulating system will be accelerated, leading to acid generation and pollution in the oil, an increase in the water content, gas and mud formation. As a consequence, the breakdown voltage will decrease. The increase in water can lead to an acceleration of the depolymerisation of the cellulose. Paper aging process, depends primarily on temperature and water content 5. The existence of oxygen will also remarkably increase the rate by as much as 2.5 to 10 times normal. Fig. 4 depicts the relation between relative depolymerisation velocity and the water content and temperature.

Fig. 4. Relative depolymerisation velocity at different water content and temperature ||www.electricalmirror.net||

IV. TOOLS FOR MONITORING AND DIAGNOSIS

Various tools and methods for monitoring and diagnosis of high voltage power transformers are actually available. Basically, they can be divided into: • traditional diagnostic methods that have been used for many years • new methods that range from methods that are starting to be used and • methods that are still at the research stage Some examples of traditional methods are: Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA), Insulating oil quality, Power factor testing, winding resistance, and thermograph. New methods include online PD testing, recovery voltage measurement, tap changer monitoring, internal temperature measurement, on-line power factor measurement, dielectric spectroscopy, and winding deformation detection. Some of these mentioned methods are implemented using software systems, which gives more definite indications of ||www.electricalmirror.net||

transformer problems than conventional analysis. The use of software can improve the reliability and provide facilities to analyze the test data. It can also be used to extract information and knowledge that is not available and not visible from the data directly using advanced information technology methods such as Data Mining. The advancement in artificial intelligent (AI) modeling techniques has enabled power engineers and researchers to develop useful artificial intelligent software for diagnosing transformer faults. Artificial neural network or ANN approaches are used for DGA method. Fuzzy logic concept is another AI technique in power system associated with the uncertainty of changing power operational condition, numerous power system configurations, imprecise information input by human operators, disturbances and faults. Expert systems have been proposed to manage knowledge processing. An expert system is a computer program that performs a complex decision making task within a particular narrow problem domain that is normally done by a human expert. It is based on the idea of taking the knowledge from a specialist and expressing it in an appropriate representation to exploit the knowledge in the same way as the human expert does and above all with the same result. The use of expert systems for transformer diagnosis offers the potential of reducing the overhead required by substations for the maintenance of transformers.

V. TRANSFORMER CONDITION MONITORING

Harmonics within distribution network degrade network performances as well as power quality, including transformer heating. Condition monitoring avoids unwanted risk to transformers. Condition monitoring is part of condition-based maintenance (predictive maintenance). Condition based maintenance analyses the tendency of the equipment as the base of decisions. Condition based maintenance reduces maintenance and workforce and increases the equipment capabilities. Benefits of this method include maintenance cost reduction; operation interruption avoidance; service quality and safety increments; and the transformer lifetime prediction. Some existing condition monitoring methods require some parameters to decide transformer performances. Method in requires gas dissolved analysis, partial discharge analysis, clamping pressure transformer turns and health index. However, in reality, those parameters are difficult to measure as measurement tools are limited and there are too many transformers to measure periodically. Online condition monitoring and analysis in requires insulating oil and transformer turns temperatures. Condition monitoring through CAD simulation is not suitable for PLN as it requires data of moisture content, load vibration, and clamping pressure. Method discussed in needs gas chromatography device. Online measurement which || January 2022 ||

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B. Electromagnetic Causes High forces acting on the coil, which can lead to a deformation, can be caused e.g. by a short-circuit in the network. These deformations can lead to the insulation paper breaking in particular with aged papers. The consequence is first the generation of partial discharge and finally the total breakdown. C. Dielectric Causes The quality of the paper insulation in a transformer depends on the polymerization degree (number of the glucose rings and chains) of the paper. During aging process, the chains are up-smelled consisting of glucose rings and develop water, gases (CO, CO2), groups of carboxyl’s (organic acids). The ageing speed depends thereby on different parameters such as temperature, water content, oxygen content, number and kind of temperature cycles and material properties. D. Thermal Causes As a thermal cause, the losses result from the demagnetization of the core (eddy current losses) and the Ohm's resistance of the coil inevitably. Heating up and cooling processes of the insulation with high temperature gradient, represent additional load of the insulation system which influences the life span of the transformer insulation. E. Chemical Causes Organic acids are developed as aging by-products of the solid and liquid insulation, which attack in particular the paper insulation and accelerates the aging. In addition metals such as copper, iron, aluminum and zinc which exist in each transformer are catalytic, and have an additional accelerating effect on the aging processes of the insulation.

Power Transformers 56

requires equipment to be integrated with internet is not yet supported, although some technologies are available. This paper proposes a simple method that is suitable for PLN network by using existing monthly transformer load, load profile data and trend analysis of the available data and by applying priority of evaluation based on the potential risk causes. Measurement data is analyzed to extract condition monitoring parameters. As results, additional measurement data is needed to obtain better accuracy. For increase of reliability and achievement of optimum operative management it is necessary to monitor power transformer conditions as it enables to register the various influences for the service term. The automatic estimation of these data allows to find out defects at an early stage of development and to repair on the condition. The reliability of operation of distribution networks can be increased by using automatic monitoring systems for transformers – not only for power transformers but also for distribution transformers. At present, operators do not have either much measured data or advanced information on transformer substations for maintenance and control. This paper describes an advanced monitoring system for distribution and step-up transformers, has low investment and operation costs and is easy to install and use. Experience in Russia has shown that the commercial infrastructure can successfully be used in monitoring of transformer substations. Since 2006 Federal Grid Company introduces high-voltage monitoring system “R-1500” and now this system is just integrated part of full-sized “TDM System” manufactured by "Vibrocenter Company" on energy utility and installed during 2006 year.

VI. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

The TDM system is used for continuous monitoring and analysis of power transformers technical condition. It can analyze the parameters of conditions of basic transformer subsystems and form complex conclusion of transformer conditions. TDM system can both estimate technical condition and analyze condition of follow transformer subsystems and elements: • Oil-filled bushings of transformer. Within the control of bushings condition process conduction current, calculation of dissipation factor and capacitive "C1" are measured. • Changing geometry of transformer winding due to on-line computation of parameter "Zk" after every anomalous influence upon transformer winding. • LTC condition under effort on tank temperature, on acoustic partial discharges, on vibration in commutation process, consumed power in drive motor of LTC.

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• The temperature conditions control in transformer work and cooling system control in transformer. The operating conditions analysis of oil pumps and cooling system fans. • The registration of overstrains and impulse of current influence on transformer windings, control of the work of transformer protective relay. • Transformer conduction parameters, which are determinate by other diagnostic systems, for example, oil humidity. On particular diagnostic basis we have a possibility of integral analysis of transformer conditions, and a possibility of a forecast of condition’s and defect’s advances. The possibility of trend defects development analysis and remaining life detection is the system’s important advantage. All the fundamental equipment of monitoring system is located next to transformer. It is assembled in a protective box and consists of five fundamental modules as it’s shown on Fig.1: • Module 0. It is a central calculating system module, which has interface with diagnostic subsystems and upper level system SCADA. Secondary devices of temperature transformer conditions control system and oil humidity are located here. • Module 1. The transformer cooling direction system and control of technical condition of oil-pumps and ventilators are ready-mounted in this module. • Module 2. Surge-voltage recorder and pulse current influence on transformer windings. • Module 3. The control transformer inputs system on conduction current (like system R1500 [1, 2]) is readymounted in this module. • Module 4. Control of isolation condition by partial discharges level in transformer. • Module 5. The control technical conditions transformer LTC is ready-mounted in this module. • Module 6. Search of partial discharges origin place in transformer tank by acoustic sensors. • Module 7. Vibration control in equipment.

Fig. 5. Main system diagram ||www.electricalmirror.net||

VII. TDM Technical and functional possibilities

A. The TDM monitoring system basics: • Efficient assessment of technical transformer conditions «on-line», exposure of condition defects. • Forming and delivery of recommendations about transformer operation, necessity and repair work dates. • The management of transformer cooling system and transformer LTC. • Registration of current information about normal and alert transformer condition. • Integration of transformer monitoring system in supervisory control power system (SCADA). • Diagnostic transformer subsystems: • Influence analysis of working regimes on condition of isolation windings, detection of output capability and calculation of transformer lifetime. • Condition of oil-filled bushing diagnostic on the basis of temporary and temperature dependences of conduction current and bushings dissipation factor. • Analysis of windings deformation origin on the basis of online computation parameter "Zk" after electrodynamics influences on transformer windings. • Detection of LTC technical condition on the basis of vibration and energy parameters analysis, which are registered in switching process. • Direction and analysis of technical condition of cooling system elements on parameters of starting and working conditions of electric motors. • Use of moisture sensor supplementary information in diagnostics. B. Transformer parameters monitored by TDM system • Cooling transformer system. • Oil temperature in high transformer tank point. • Environment temperature and humidity. • Condition of cooling system elements (switching on– off of pumps and fans). • Cooling system working regime – by user / automatic. • Transformer winding condition. • Maximum rated temperature of transformer winding. • Winding form deformation after electrodynamics influences. • Load and operation parameters. • Current of 3 transformer phases, high voltage side and low voltage side. ||www.electricalmirror.net||

• Voltages of three phases, HV side and LV side. They are determinate by bushings conduction current. • Transformer oil-filled bushings condition. • Dissipation factor control of bushings and capacity value "C1". • Nitrogen pressure in bushings, high and lower alarms. • Condition and working regime of transformers LTC. • Temperature of LTC tank, compared to transformer tank temperature. • Vibration control of drive condition and arc presence in contactor. • Partial discharges acoustic control in tank of LTC. • Location of LTC contactor. • Signals from the most responsible protection relay and transformer blocking. • Condition of gas relay. • Pressure in bushings. C. Sensors included with standard TDM monitoring system: • Sensors DB-1 (DB-2) are used for registration of oil-filled bushings conduction currents. • Vibration sensor and acoustic partial discharges sensor for process registration in LTC, which are combined in one flame. • Temperature sensor for stationary assemble in transformer tank surface and LTC. • Humidity and environment of temperature sensors, which are combined in one flame. • Measuring current transformer (they are selected by monitoring object parameters) for current registration in one transformer phase, current electric motor LTC, current electric motor cooling system. • Capacitive sensors for LV transformer side (only for 6-10 kV), which are necessary for control of geometric winding sizes (by using parameter "Zk"). D. Complementary TDM system possibilities Monitoring system TDM is armed at diagnostic functions implementation and intended for transformer technical condition quick-look log. That’s why it could be a part of more difficult system, which registers quality and è quantity of electricity, and has broader functions of registration and secure and alert conditions analyzers in power system unit. Built-in monitoring system diagnostic functions can be extended by complementary subsystems: • Partial discharges registration and analysis in inputs and in transformer. || January 2022 ||

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• Analysis of gases solicited in oil. You can use HYDRAN device or other devices for implementing these functions. • Connection of similar signals from other systems and control and diagnostic devices, the structure of which is defined at every specific installation system. The real technical system configuration and its functional features are determined upon agreement with the customer.

Power Transformers

VIII. MONITORING PROCEDURES

In contrast to laboratory measurements, on-site measurement is disturbed by extreme and mostly influence- able conditions. In particular, within the range of the high voltage areas, within which the transformers work, precise measurements are more difficult because of the interference of electrical and magnetic fields. On-line procedures make it possible to detect failures at any time and also during the normal operation of the transformer. Furthermore on-line measurements offer the advantage that measuring data can be pursued during a longer period with almost same operating conditions. Thus, slow changes can be detected and a warning message or command to immediate disconnection can take place, if given limit values are crossed . A. Chemical Procedures With the help of chemical procedures, some failures, in the transformer insulation can be determined. One of the standard investigations is the so called “gas in oil analysis (DGA)”, with which a sample of the insulating liquid is taken from the transformer and examined. This sample, after a vacuum extraction undergoes an analysis by gas chromatography to reveal the dissolved gases. The interpretation of different quotients of low-molecular hydrocarbon connections serves thereby to the determination of the failure. As an evaluation criterion, in particular, the triangular method after Duval as well as the MSS procedure after Mueller, Schliesing and Soldner are used. The disadvantage of these procedures is the fact that they allow only one integral evaluation to the insulation. In addition, sampling and the following treatment of the sample can affect the measurement. Further procedures are the furan analysis (HPLC) and the analysis of free gases collected in Buchholz relay. While with the furan analysis, vital information on the quality of the solid insulation is obtained, the analysis of the collected free gases in Buchholz relay provides information about the range of an available failure. The Buchholz relay indicates only gas amounts developed since the last exhaust, however not the history of the gas emergence. So long lasting, but nevertheless low energy failures e.g. PD lead to a continuous gas production, while failures with high energy content like local overheating generate high gas rates within a short period.

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In order to make a better evaluation of the available failure, it is meaningfully to determine the gas rate. This statement makes the electronic Buchholz relay possible, which is to serve as an extension for the Buchholz relay, without limiting its function. This system determines thereby the history of the gas emergence, which, during simultaneous recording of the operating conditions, permits additional conclusions on an available failure. B. Electrical Procedures While the chemical give a cumulative statement about the period passed since the last analysis, the electrical procedures allow a statement about the current condition of the transformer. The main electrical procedures are the partial discharge (PD) measurement) and off-line the transfer function measurement. Partial discharges are in most cases determined chemically during gas in oil analysis, since they show up typically and strongly increased hydrogen content. A continuous measurement of PD during the operation is not used at present yet, since the narrow-band measurement of the partial discharge signals on site is expenditure and in addition, no localization of failure is possible. A diagnostic system was therefore developed which permits from the wide-band measurement of partial discharge signals a determination of the PD source and a determination of the apparent charge converted at the defective equipment. The diagnostic procedure is based on the evaluation of the signal deformation of PD pulses within the transformer by mathematical algorithms and permits by the determination of PD location as well as the charge quantity a qualified analysis of the failure. For this procedure, it is necessary to note the high frequency partial discharge signals both at the bushing and at the neutral point. In these data both the current pulse caused by the PD and the deformation, experienced by this impulse during its transmission trough the turns of the transformer are contained. If this deformation is known, then it can be reckoned back from the ends of the windings of measured signals on different original places. These computations are accomplished both from the high voltage and the neutral point side. The place where the signals calculated for the different sections of the windings are identical is the true location of the PD source. A further advantage of this procedure is that the calculated signal corresponds to the actual partial discharge signal. It is thus possible to estimate the charge contents of the PD at its origin. Defects can also be recognized by the measurement of the transfer function of the individual transformer coils such as turn short-circuits or deformations. The current measurement is compared with a "finger print", which must be determined first as reference. Deviations between the reference transfer function and the current transfer function indicates then a failure. Whereby, with the bandwidth of the transfer function ||www.electricalmirror.net||

X. REFERENCES

IX. CONCLUSIONS

• Monitoring and diagnosis systems for power transformers are available. • The failure sources are well known and also the parameter which strongly influence the ageing of the insulation system. • The procedures for monitoring the various effects are mainly based on chemical, electrical and dielectric measurements and can be recorded. • The crucial point, which needs more statistical data, is the evaluation of the failure risk and the estimation of the residual life time. But this will be improved in future by using more and more monitoring and diagnosis systems on power transformers and by increasing the statistical data basis.

[1] CIGRE-WG 12-05: „An international survey on failures in large power transformers in service“, Electra No.88 (1983), pp. 21-48. [2] M. Stach,: „Betriebswirtschaftliche Gesichtspunkte im Asset- Management im Zeitalter der Fusion“, Micafil Symposium, 20- 21.März 2002, Stuttgart. [3] M. Wang, A. J. Vandermaar, “Review of condition assessment of power transformers in service”, IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, vol. 18, No. 6, pp. 12-25, Nov/Dec 2002. [4] Bengtsson, C., Persson, J-O., Svenson, M.: „Replacement and Refurbishment Strategies for Transformer Populations,“, CIGRE 2001 Colloquium, Dublin SC 12.20. [5] “Guide for the Sampling of Gases and Oil from Oil-Filled Electrical Equipment and for the Analysis of Free and Dissolved Gases,” IEC Publication 60567, 1992. [6] T. Noonan, “Power transformer on-site condition assessment testing,” presented at the International Council on Large Electric Systems (CIGRÉ), Paris, France, 2000. [7] Asghar Akbari, et al.,Transfer Function-Based Partial Discharge Localization in Power Transformers: A Feasibility Study, EEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 18, 2002. [8] R.S. Brooks , G.S. Urbani, “Using the recovery voltage method to evaluate aging in oil-paper insulation,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Conduction and Breakdown in Solid Dielectrics., Vasteras, Sweden, pp. 93-97, 1998. [9] Han, Y.; Song, Y.H., “Condition monitoring techniques for electrical equipment-a literature survey”, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Volume: 18, Issue: 1, Pages:4 - 13, Jan 2003. [10] I. Fofana, H. Borsi, E. Gockenbach and M. Farzaneh “Aging of transformer insulating materials under selective conditions”, European Transactions on Electric Power, 2006; 16:1–21 EM

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measurement, the sensitivity of the method can be increased. Such transfer function measurements can be accomplished on and offline, whereby with offline measurements, the impulse response can be determined by different procedures and with online measurement, a switching impulse can be used. C. Dielectric Procedures The dielectric methods are used as offline procedure and permit a more exact view of the insulating system, if an extended statement about their condition is required. Three procedures are used and well described in the literature: • Recovery Voltage Measurement (RVM) • Polarization and Depolarization Current (PDC) • Frequency Dielectric Response (FDS) D. Further Procedures The overload capacity of a transformer is limited among other things by reaching the permissible maximum temperatures of coil and oil. For the determination of the hot spot temperature different procedures can be used using a thermal model of the transformer and some temperature measurements on accessible points of the transformer.

Main Author

Dr. L. Ashok Kumar was a Postdoctoral Research Fellow from San Diego State University, California. He was selected among seven scientists in India for the BHAVAN Fellowship from the Indo-US Science and Technology Forum and also, he received SYST Fellowship from DST, Govt. of India. He has 3 years of industrial experience and 20 years of academic and research experience. He has published 173 technical papers in International and National journals and presented 167 papers in National and International Conferences. He has completed 26 Government of India funded projects worth about 15 Crores and currently 7 projects are in progress worth about 7 Crores.

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Mr. imTEyAz SiddiqUi Managing Director (ALTANOVA & Doble India)

Regional Sales Director - GCC

Altanova India Pvt. Ltd.

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We are now better positioned to offer our customers a wide range of products and complete monitoring solutions. We are also more strengthened to offer niche services to the utilities and industries. Hence it is obvious that the new brand ALTANOVA Group (a Doble Company) will take care of the complete business portfolio in the rest of the world. ||www.electricalmirror.net||

Q. Please tell us about the acquisition of Altanova Group

makes us one of the largest companies in Testing, Measuring & Monitoring Solutions. We now have seven manufacturing facilities and many local offices spread across different parts of the world. This merger hence brings us closer to our customers, and it will help us serve them better.

Q. How would Altanova Group benefit from the recent

merger with Doble Engineering Company? It is a win-win situation for both. Doble brand is very strong in the US and Canada, whereas the ALTANOVA brand is very strong in the rest of the world. Doble is a hundred (100) year old company known worldwide for its strong database & wide knowledge, whereas ALTANOVA Group has established itself as the fastest growing & largest selling brand in the rest of the world.

Q. What impact do current trends have on testing &

monitoring solutions demand in India’s energy sector? The primary role of testing & monitoring products/solutions is to improve the quality and life cycle of the electrical assets. The Indian energy sector is maturing now, and the customer is becoming more & more quality conscious. Asset Managers are now exposed to the best of the technologies. Hence, to ensure the reliability of their systems, they look for more accurate testing equipment which gives them consistent test results. In this way, they can ensure the quality & efficiency of their power systems. Diagnostics are now used to help the O&M managers classify their asset conditions. This classification of their assets leads to condition-based maintenance planning instead of time-based.

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utilities and industries. Hence it is obvious that the new brand ALTANOVA Group (a Doble Company) will take care by ESCO Technologies. In 2021, ESCO Technologies acquired the ALTANOVA Group of the complete business portfolio in the rest of the world. to expand its portfolio and global reach. Hence the three In India, due to this merger, we have now two offices ALTANOVA Group companies, ISA, Techimp & intelliSAW, based in Noida & Vadodara. Our team size is also bigger, are now part of Utility Solutions Group together with Doble, and hence we are now in a better position to serve our Morgan Schaffer, Manta, Vanguard & Phenix. This acquisition customer’s requirements much faster.

. What are the market’s challenges, particularly cost, We are now better positioned to offer our customers a wide technical advancement, and getting raw materials? range of products and complete monitoring solutions. We Due to the prolonged pandemic situation, the supply chain are also more strengthened to offer niche services to the of electronic components has been badly hit. The costs are

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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

skyrocketing, and the availability is getting delayed. This continue doing the same in future as well. shortage of components/raw materials affects the production I also believe that the T&M sector will see many changes schedule leading to delayed delivery. in the coming years due to the pathbreaking innovations in . How is Altanova contributing to India’s renewable Artificial Intelligence and IoT. We find that more and more energy growth? What products do you have for the T&M equipment is coming with the IEC-61850 communication renewable energy market? protocol. We contribute to the renewable sector’s growth by providing To conclude, the R&D in the T&M sector will lead to increased quality instruments and onsite services like Partial Discharge system availability, lower cost of acquisition, enhanced system testing. Providing services to the Solar sector, in particular, and personnel safety, and quick data availability. These is quite challenging as the testing can only be done during developments will strengthen the O&M engineers with faster the night. I must thank my colleagues here that they are and efficient communication and additional tools to identify ready to perform these tests during the night so that the the health of their assets on a real-time basis. power generation is not affected during the day. . How did the Altanova group fare in the year 2021? . What role does R&D play in the advancement of your What are your ambitions and goals for the year 2022? technology offerings? What have been some of the most Despite the current pandemic, I am happy to share that significant developments in this regard? 2021 has been a very good year for us, and hence we A good R&D team is the backbone of any good organisation. believe that hopefully, the same shall continue in 2022. We have a very strong R&D team within the group. We shall The credit goes to our formidable team, who goes all out continue to innovate new products & solutions and improve to proactively support our customers and build a strong and the existing products based on the customer’s feedback. Since long-lasting relationship with them. By team, I mean both the electricity network is moving towards digitisation, it is our colleagues and Channel Partners. Our Channel Partner’s also important for the T&M products to effectively adapt consistent performance and proactive business development to the changed scenario. We also believe that continuous efforts are the main reasons for our continuous growth. online monitoring of electrical assets is important for future We also firmly believe that a happy customer is the most development; we continue to develop such solutions. For important reference in any business and hence we serve us, the voice of the customer is the guiding principle for them accordingly. EM future product & solution developments. Hence, we shall

Interview

ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

|| January 2022 ||

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|| January 2022 ||

ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

ase Study of the Month

Er. P.K.Pattanaik, is presently working with OPTCL as General Manager, EHT (O&M) Circle Bhubaneswar - Odisha and associated with the Protection and Control schemes of Electrical systems. Having 29 years of technical experience on various HT and EHT voltage level in the field of transmission sector. Specialization on the development technoeconomical design of protection control schemes for system development and planning. At present involved with various on-going projects on GIS, SAS and updated Remote SCADA control stations of OPTCL. Published 105 technical papers in National and International arena and is a regular contributor to the National journals like Electrical Mirror, Electrical India, CBIP journal and IEEMA journal and author of many technical books. Also Awarded in various arena on National level. He is also the coordinator of a Nationwide Power Engineers’ Technical Group named “SPARK- Ignited to share” consisting of Senior Electrical Engineers from different parts of the country. ele.pkpattanaik@optcl.co.in 1. Introduction: For the last few months, the response of the readers to the case studies on various incidents is overwhelming. Hence this month we are again choosing the write up on similar kind of studies for developing the synchronization of practical observation to the theoretical concepts. The analysis of each incident being supported by actual observations had been described during the situation to add awareness amongst the operation, testing and commissioning engineers to know the cause of problems and be helpful for easy rectification of the problems. This can also help to develop economic schemes for the smooth running of the operation and control system in the Grid Sub-Station.

2.1. Abnormal Outage of System:

At one of the 220/132 Kv system, one circuit from DC (Double Circuit) transmission line was planned for maintenance shutdown. But while removal 64

ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

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VARIOUS CASE STUDIES ON OPERATION AND CONTROL SCHEMES FOR GRID SUB-STATION Contd…. of the CVT fuses, it was observed with total outage of the healthy line.

Observations:

1. All operations like disconnection of isolators, circuit breaker and closure of earth switches were done correctly from both end as per the SOP. 2. The other parallel line from the 220Kv DC tower was allowed to continue with the supply for maintaining the connectivity between stations. 3. Now the next process was there to remove CVT fuses from the Dead circuit to avoid inadvertent back feed from secondary 110 Volt to 220 KV system. 4. Both the CVT secondary box of both circuit were installed at the ||www.electricalmirror.net||

6. a.

b. c. d.

Action Taken:

1. The system was revived putting the removed fuses in the JB, allowing the load flow between stations. 2. This time Lock and KEY arrangements were done and JBs were labelled as circuit no and Bay No. 3. Caution note was issued as instruction in the SOP to avoid confusion. 4. The existing relays were replaced by new relays and logic was also changed for the system to provide fuse failure scheme rather issuing of trip command.

Technical Analysis:

1. The OLD relays were set with the simple logic of TRIPPING of the system in case of Voltage reduction/ failure with current in the circuit. 2. This is being considered for voltage outage of all three phases. 3. In this case while removal of one fuse, it was observed with VT fuse fail, but due to communication link miss between the operator at switch yard and operator at control room, the switch yard operator removed all the fuses in the row. 4. So due to old logic of no voltage on all the phases and current in the system caused tripping of the healthy circuit. 5. In the replaced new numerical relay, the logic was changed in corporation the threshold limit and ZERO sequence allowable current in the system for tracing as fuse failure situation instead issuing of tripping of the system. 6. The matter was even tested and simulated correctly.

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7. Finally, the system was taken in the scheme.

2.2. Case of DC and AC mixing on the DC battery System:

At one of the 132/33Kv Grid Sub-Station, abnormal tripping resulted with a breaker in the system due to automatic closure of the Lockout contact from the master trip relay.

Observations:

1. The master trip relay was equipped with the Normally OPEN (NO) contact that had extremely small gap between the contact of approximately 0.02 to 0.025 inch. 2. This contact was automatically getting closed and issuing the tripping command of the breaker. 3. But during the next moment after resetting the Master relay, the breaker was getting charged. But issuing the tripping command once again without any sequence of time interval. 4. Even in few of the incident, the breaker was getting tripped at the very moment of the breaker closure. 5. This automatic closure of the contact was very peculiar in nature and reason could not be established. 6. However, physical search was conducted regarding the supply availability to one of the terminal of the said NO contact. 7. The peculiarity was found with mixing of AC voltage to the terminal along with DC supply.

Action Taken and Technical Analysis:

1. The AC supply as available was due to loss of insulation of the flexible cable used for lighting system and inadvertent touch of the Phase terminal to one of the NO terminal as mentioned. 2. This inadvertent touch was resulting rise of the momentary voltage rise on this point and arching on the small gap allowing the continuity of supply to the tripping coil and was causing tripping of the breaker. 3. The PEAK VOLTAGE of the AC supply mixed with RMS voltage of the DC supply was the culprit of the tripping action. 4. So, the defective flexible AC wire was replaced by a good one and routing was changed to avoid the inadvertent touch and mixing up with DC supply. 5. Even this peculiar supply mixing behavior was resulting some other chattering of auxiliary contacts in the system. 6. After modification of the circuit, the issues were resolved.

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central place and labeled as 220CVTAJB and 220CVTBJB. The operator by mistake removed the fuses of LIVE circuit from 220CVTBJB rather from the dead circuit 220CVTAJB. This mistake resulted due to followings Both the CVTJB were at central place rather at field yard with almost similar labelling differed by one letter of A or B These JBs were not provided with LOCK and KEY arrangement No physical isolator available for primary side dis-connection of CVT Lack of remembrance by the operator while attending the job for removal of CVT fuses. Because of CVT fuse removal from the healthy circuit, the LIVE feeder tripped causing delink of interconnection and system LOAD throw of approximately 220MWatt and subsequent disturbance.

2.3. ZERO Megger value of CT:

At one of 132/33 KV 63MVA Transformer, it was found with oil leakage from the Tan-delta point. Then the oil level was checked and found with low level. On filling the oil, the IR value was measured from Primary point to Ground, but found with ZERO-ohm resistance. || January 2022 ||

ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

Case Study

Observations:

1. The Oil leakage on CT was found at the Tan-Delta point. 2. As suspected that this had been resulted during Tan-Delta measurement by the testing wing and loosened during that point. 3. So, the tightness was attended for arresting of the oil leakage. 4. At the same time, oil level was also checked and found with less than that of the limit. So, required level was filled and tested with the Primary to Earth megger value. 5. The result was found with ZERO value. 6. ZERO resistance of the running CT was suspected with the process of taking Insulation resistance measurement. 7. So, the grid personnel were inquired about the measurement process. 8. The actual mistake point was revealed on inquiring that the grid personnel had taken the measurement, keeping Transformer winding in the system, without removing of the NEUTRAL EARTH. 9. On knowing the mistake, the NEUTRAL EARTH of transformer was removed and IR value taken thereafter. 10. This time the actual megger value came above the allowable limit. 11. The Transformer was charged along with this CT and stood OK.

mistake of removal of EARTH LINK from the PT system. Recommendations: This is recommended to review the system if IR measurement is attempted for combined connected equipment system in case of obtaining ZERO resistance value, before declaring the final result.

2.4. Gradual Damage of LINE conductor:

It was observed with Damage of conductor strands during annual maintenance check of the transmission line conductor.

Observations:

1. This conductor was of AAAC Zebra and connected in the 220 KV line between TWO tension Tower location. 2. During Jumper tightening work, the workmen reported about the damage of few strands as like shown in the fig 2.4.1. 3. The conductor was connected with gripping hardware, and damage was found just near to connecting point as like shown in fig 2.4.2. 4. Proper VD (Vibration Damper) was also connected outside this damage part.

Technical Action:

1. On first instance and hurriedly without thinking about the TRANSFORMER NEUTRAL EARTH link in the system, the grid operator took the insulation resistance measurement by the available motorized 5KV IR tester. ( Refer Fig No 2.3.1).

Damaged strands Fig 2.4.1

Damaged portion of the strands Fig 2.4.2

Action Taken

1. The Conductor span was replaced with new hardware connection with proper gripping. 2. This time the gripping was provided with no slacken looseness of the strands.

Technical Analysis: 2. Because of TRANSFORMER NEUTRAL EARTH link in the system, the IR measurement came ZERO. NOTE: This Study seems to be very silly, but sometimes operator forget to remove the Earthing Point during IR measurement. Not only from transformer, sometimes Grid operators do the

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1. The gripping/clamping of the BASE hardware for holding the main conductor should be done with proper care. 2. The conductor strands should be bound tightly avoiding any slacken among them. 3. If these strands to remain in slacken way, then subsequent deposition of water and dust particle upon the above

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part of conductor, corona effect results with ionization of the water particles, subsequent heating with gradual damage may result. 4. This effect shall be more and quicker as observed in AAAC conductor than ACSR conductor.

Recommendations:

Proper Gripping with NO SLACKEN STRANDs to be done for Transmission Line Conductor

c. d. e.

2.5. Failure of Jumper Cone and Snapping of Jumpers:

For one 132KV DC (Double Circuit) Transmission System, it was observed with failure of jumper cone at a particular Tower. 1. This DC transmission system (A Particular Tension Tower Location) was positioned with another Tension Tower on one side of the extension and suspension Tower on the other. 2. The next tension tower towards the suspension tower side was at after TWO number of suspension points. (As marked in the position sketch Fig 2.5.1) 3. This particular Tower where issue had been resulted, was having 47 deg angle point towards suspension side and lesser angle towards Tension tower side. 4. The failure of the jumper cones was resulting towards higher angle side (Towards Suspension Side). All the Jumper cones were found with breakage. 5. But no such failure towards the lesser angle side (Towards Tension Tower Side). 6. Each time of failure, temporary PG clamps used to provide on the conductor to allow immediate resumption of power flow in the circuit. 7. The spot was inspected by the experts and found with following observations.

Fig 2.5.1132 KV System, jumper cone damage Towards 47 deg angle side

a. The nearest Tension Tower is at around 80 Mtrs away to one side. b. The suspension Tower was at 275 mtrs away on the other ||www.electricalmirror.net||

8. a. b. c. d.

side and next Tension Tower was at approximately 650 mtrs away from the discussion tower with TWO Suspension Tower in between. There was only one VD (Vibration Damper) at the said Tower towards both side. No pilot insulator string was also available for the required support. The Tower was positioned at the bank of the river with open sky surrounded by no any physical obstruction and in costal wind zone. The detail was analyzed and found with following solution. The jumper towards suspension side was replaced with replaced with T clamp instead of PG clamp. Pilot insulator string was provided to avoid any swing. Instead one VD, two numbers of VD were used in the system. Then onwards it was observed with no failure.

Technical Analysis:

1. As analysed from the site position that the area was near the costal zone and bank of the river, wind effect is the main cause affecting tension on the conductor. 2. Maximum time, the wind flow was to develop vibration on the conductor and to allow the transformation of tension from the line conductor to jumper at the point of interconnection. 3. The jumper because of NO PILOT STRING was also swinging not in the same pace to that of conductor due to only one VD on the conductor. 4. So jumper cone being the inter-connection point was to manage this mechanical jerk always with TWO BOLTS in the point. 5. This TWO BOLT jumper cone was not that strong to proper transfer the vibration of the conductor to the jumper cone and then to jumper for onward transmission. 6. So in due course, there developed with hair crack on the jumper cone and subsequent damage failure. 7. This had been resulted to all the conductors and connected jumper cone towards larger tension point side of approximately 650 mtrs away. 8. Moreover, this long span and larger angle point with no PILOT Insulator was also the other reason towards such failure.

Recommendations:

So, the use of VD (Vibration Damper) should significantly be used in the transmission line system. EM || January 2022 ||

ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

Mr. Honey Raza sales head

SoliS india

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|| January 2022 ||

Founded in 2005, Ginlong Technologies is one of the world's largest and most experienced PV string inverter manufacturers. The cost-effective solutions that Ginlong offers for residential, commercial, and large-scale users offer great value at all levels of the solar supply chain. Ginlong optimizes its Solis inverters for each regional market, servicing and supporting its customers with its team of local experts. ||www.electricalmirror.net||

What is Ginlong Solis's highest is evident from the fact that the current storage rapidly recovered increased to seize more capacity is limited also the technology is already domestic and foreign market share through commissioned capacity in India? proven one. The rooftop has great penetration the positive response of the company." Ginlong At present in utility we are having 70MWs plant which is getting part commissioned in Assam. Considering the rooftop installation we have various 8MW to 10MW plants which are running very well across various geographies of India. Total capacity is now 2GW with more than 1 lakhs of inverters supplies so far. Globally we have supplied 20GW+ shipments.

because of various support reasons be it a land or system’s modularity. Simultaneously Utility projects are very well adoption the string inverters which can provide better efficiency and optimize the overall O&M cost. This translates in lowering the LCOE cost of the plants.

Q. What is the highest rate of Solis

inverter performance? Do these inverters to its Indian customers? What are the key perform equally well in all weather products introduced in India Renewable conditions? All the inverters from Solis are tested under Leadership Summit? extreme test conditions like temperature test

Q. What new products will Solis introduce

Q. Will EVs become a viable choice for

mass adoption in the absence of cheaper energy storage technologies?

I think with the new policy liberalization on EV Charging stations from the central government, the flexibility of setting up the EV charging station shall be eased which is a step closer towards mass adaptation. Also I am counting on the PLI schemes to make a sustainable eco system for energy storage technologies.

like heat run or extreme cold conditions. Solis Inverters are designed to endure these climatic extremities. We have experience of working in most toughest terrains or the world. Parallelly we are regularly sharing our knowledge sharing segment where installers and end users can get to know the best practices for handling such equipment.

Do you detect any significant distinctions between the Indian and other large markets when it comes to inverters? What do you consider to be your most significant market challenge?

India has done very well last year in 2021 if you compare with US or Australia. Europe, Brazil and China Domestic market is still doing well which has support us in overall better revenues. We expect there would be a slight slowdown in Q1, 2022 due to the expect BCD on modules announcement but despite this I am bullish on the total installation to be done this year. Certainly, it would take some time to overcome this taxation change. Overall around increase of 30% capacity as compare to last year, would be figure which would be decent one.

Q. Can you tell us about Ginlong Solis'

response to the COVID19 pandemic, the following lockdown, and any financial will lead the solar inverter industry in consequences? During the reporting period, COVID-19 brought the future?

Q. Which technology, in your opinion,

I still perceive Grid Tied segment to perform well some inevitable pressure and challenges to as compared to other technologies. The reason Ginlong Solis. However, the company's capacity ||www.electricalmirror.net||

Q. What are your plans in India over

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Recently we have launched our off grid product in the range of 4k – 5k. These product are the having top notch design which can support Solar PV, Grid or any other generation source and External Battery pack. It can operate in conditions where there is no grid at all and can also be used to optimize the overall system efficiency by drawing minimum power from grid with no export. Another advantage for these products is the compatibility with both Lead Acid and Li-on batteries with a variety of battery brands . Product is also having the most required feature of one click fast charging. It Supports 1PH Parallel Connection- Support max 1p units parallel connection on 1PH System & Support 3PH Parallel Connection- which Support Balanced/Unbalanced parallel connection on 3PH System. Max total 10 units per system.

Solis pointed in the announcement that due to the recent rapid recovery of overseas market demand, the shareholders of listed companies will increase significantly during the reporting period. As a leading manufacturer of string inverters, Ginlong Solis has achieved steady growth in recent years. In Q3 of last year the company reported its strongest ever quarter. Yiming Wang, the president of Ginlong Solis, said that the company has launched some new products since Q3 of 2019. At the same time, the company promoted sales in traditional and emerging markets with marketing channels and marketing teams. Solis expansion into overseas markets continues to increase with the growth of Ginlong Solis's overseas offices, the company's product improvements, new technology response and competitive prices. As a result, Ginlong Solis boosted its global market share. In Q3 of 2020, since there is no time limit for pre-installation of residential systems, the average monthly installation numbers continue to grow. Sales of commercial inverters are growing rapidly as component and system costs continue to come down. "We expect several markets may exceed 1GW each year, and there will be a gradual improvement over time as installations accumulate and years of use grow.

the next two years? Is there anything new you're intending to release in the first half of 2022?

We are aggressive about the India market and so is the response. We are very strong in residential and C&I with the total installation, that's why we are the No 1 Solar Inverter Company of India, and achieved almost 80% growth as compared to last years overall. Projects with our utility product of 255k picking up very fast with total installation around 300MW by FY 2021. Next two years we are planning to achieve 80% to 90% growth. This year we are also in process to launch many more products in storage and Utility segments. Utility product shall be of higher capacity than our present product with more advanced features. EM || January 2022 ||

ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

Mr. Dileep Kumar Managing Director

DIRAK India

ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

|| January 2022 ||

DIRAK manufactures mechanical and mechatronic hardware for the enclosure industry. Our products go into various industries like Energy, Machine Construction, Railways, Transportation, IT and into any kind of Sheet-Metal Fabrication. Our products are manufactured under our global specifications and our entire product range is available for the Indian market. ||www.electricalmirror.net||

Q. Please tell us about DIRAK's performance in

grade. Also, for specific applications that require different safety standards. Our products go into various industries like Energy, Machine Construction, Railways, Transportation, IT and into any kind of Sheet-Metal Fabrication. Our products are manufactured under our global specifications and our entire product range is available for the Indian market.

India during these turbulent times. From an overall business perspective, we did well despite the challenges. Market demand was good in the segments where we serve. We have long term supply contracts with many customers which we had to honor. However, managing supply chain disruptions and material cost increase was a challenge. Also, . What role does R&D play in the advancement managing the business continuity during the pandemic of your offerings? What have been some of the most was difficult. We had to lean on technology and adopt significant developments in this regard? new safety processes while maintaining the productivity. We have a huge focus on R&D and it is our biggest strength. DIRAK, since it’s inception in 1991, has . What are the market's challenges, particularly registered over 300 patents in our area of expertise. in terms of cost, technical advancement, and getting Some examples of our significant development are the raw materials? Our main challenge was the cost of raw material. Cost D-SNAP solution and E-Line. D-SNAP technology is of raw materials in our business increased considerably new to the market which offers hardware installation last year. This was applicable for metals, plastic and without the use of tools or mounting hardware. This technology offers a completely new way of reducing rubber. Also, the freight costs went up. cost and in overall time saving. By using D-SNAP . What are the new innovations introduced by technology, the SNAP-in elements, which are integrated DIRAK in past 6 months? into a housing compartment are wedged into the Innovation is our strength and we continue to bring in cutout, providing a secure vibration proof installation. innovative new solutions to the market. Products that Another development is the launch of E-Line product were launched recently were mainly for the railway Series. These are electronic locking systems that can market where better vibration resistance and IP rating is be managed remotely through software providing a requirement. Also we developed new gasket products additional security to Datacentre enclosures. meeting higher fire safety standards. . Do you think the market's ability to accept . What are the different products available for branded or standardised items is being hampered by a lack of implementation strategies? Indian market? DIRAK manufactures mechanical and mechatronic I don’t think so. Though standardization helps in hardware for the enclosure industry. Specialized in easy material management, our industry require high latching, locking, hinging, and gaskets, we have an amount of customization too. I would say that is mainly extensive range of products in different material driven by application requirements. EM

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Electrical MIRROR ||www.electricalmirror.net||

|| January 2022 ||

ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

Power Grid

ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

|| January 2022 ||

||www.electricalmirror.net||

P.K.Pattanaik General Manager (Elect) Bhubaneswar OPTCL ppk110.pp@gmail.com

Modernization and Digitization in Power Grid Sub-Stations – The Prime tool for Multi Objective Optimization Methods. Abstract:

All Grid Sub-stations has four sections to control, operate and protect the large gamut electrical Power for its smooth flow till to the end customer. 1. Generation, Loading, Conversion and Carrier Devices: We have generators as generation device, Motors and other electrical equipment as Loading device, Transformers as conversion device and Electrical Conductors as Carrier device. On technology front in this section, we have not experienced much technological changes. Only the economical size as per the situational requirement has been changed on its design. 2. Primarily Devices: Circuit Breakers and Isolators are grouped under this section, focused for the operation and control on situational practices. The best and suitable technology on its design has been focused on its compact size, keeping these devices in side insulated gas, we call it as GIS (Gas Insulated Sub-Station). 3. Sensors: Current and Voltage

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transformers (CT & VT) are grouped under this section that monitor and protect electrical current and voltage during normal and abnormal conditions. We have experienced remarkable change on this technology starting from Copper to Fiber concept. The conventional principle is of electromagnetic Induction, involved with heating due to iron loss, copper loss and quick deterioration and severe damage consequences. The recent technology is focused with fiber optic transformers that work on the principle of total polarization of light with easier connectivity to advance digital systems. 4. The Processing Devices: This is the integration platform, where all the Sub-station devices get connected to the operators’ desk/ panel to attend the functions like Monitoring, Supervision, Control, Operation and also protection in easier possible way. We have emerging technologies that grouped under modernization and data management that grouped under

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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

digitization. Both these modernization and digitization can attain our prime focus in electrical system to achieve the Power with Quality, Reliability, Safety and Security (PQRS).

Power Grid

Keywords: Modernization, Digitization, PQRS, Sub-Station Automation

1. Introduction: Electrical Network is embracing the major disruptive changes. The substantial growth in all categories is making the situation bit complex due to huge approach of RE (Renewable Energy) and its integration with the ever increasing load demands. Moreover, the inter-connected GSS (Grid Sub-Station) suffers the challenge of handling this complex power that flows in different directions aiming towards the system availability for 24×7 with multiple and multi-pattern generators, modern concept of prosumers with DER (Distributed Energy Resources). The other multi-bound practical issues make the situation still critical, like running the system with existing old-ageing infrastructures, reluctant approach of end users on the acceptance to the advanced technologies, their over-conscious approach to the techno-economical aspects etc… Energy utilities being the actual end users face the real junk of these challenges during the initial take off and acceptance of the innovative technologies. Digital systems are becoming an integral part of the new electricity grid, which provides all the control parameters at the HMI (Human Machine Interface) screen for pro-active action towards proper regulation of voltage and other important parameters. The use of these digital system is gaining popularity both in transmission and distribution level. These systems are equipped with intelligent electronic devices, and smart monitoring and automated diagnostics features. The EHV equipment condition is monitored continuously and evaluated for appropriate asset management decisions. Asset management needs to be both cost-effective and reliable, sensing solutions that provide asset managers with actionable intelligent data.

We have now some emerging Technologies for the focus towards Quality Power.

a. Internet of Things (IoT): Inter-connection of each device by digital code. b. 4G & 5G Networks: High speed Data/ signal transfer capability c. Big Data Technology: Data management on real time base and necessary control a. Nanotechnology Sensors: Smallest detection link with transfer capability b. Advanced Energy Storage: Devices for Energy storage

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for future use c. Superconducting Technology: Efficient Electrical Energy Transfer d. Solid State Transformers: Special technology for RE integration. e. Smart Metering: AMI, AMR for Two-way metering scheme as energy index f. WAM with PMU: Wide Area Monitoring with Phasor Monitoring System. g. Cyber Security Zone: Technology with code for safety security h. Smart Equipment: Smart Equipment like CT/PT, Transformers, Breakers etc.. i. Smart Networks: FACTs, HVDC, SVC, EHVAC, HTLS system (Power with Quality, Reliability, Safety and Security) should be considered as the prime thought for the engineers, technocrats, Product developers to enhance its application capability and capacity in real field use purpose. 2. Why Modernisation: Initial days during 1950’s, the system was called Local network, restricted with the confined area vicinity to the generation being connected with small transmission line. Then development enters to the concept of State Grid i.e the networks got connected to the restricted state transmission with State generators during the 1960’s. The concepts of Regional Grid enter to the power sector system for the development of better stability during 1970’s and these concepts continues for a period of pretty long time from 1970’s to 2000. During the year 2000, the concept of National Grid originates and brings the revolution in the power sector regarding the stability and reliability. This concept also helps the right consumers to get right quality power of required quantity due to the origin of different power system models like OPEN ACCESS, ABT, UI mechanism etc.. So to maintain the qualitative and quantitative power to the consumers, new technologies have crawled to the power system and occupied the position of its application. All electrical equipments have certain limit to work with the electrical parameters like Voltage and Current during normal working condition. These equipments are also designed with the capability to withstand for the abnormal parameters during the fault condition. In earlier days’ designers were not serious about the break-even point of the equipment among the cost, size and longevity of the product. The complexity of the electrical network was not there due to the local transmission of the circuit with limited consumers. But now the complexity has been developed, network has been extended to the national ||www.electricalmirror.net||

level being involved with large quantity of power transactions. So the quality, standard, and technology for the development the equipment has become the prime factors for the factors like cost, size and longevity. It is felt very important to use quality and upgraded electrical equipments in the system. So modernization finds its way to get involved in the system for the ease of the operation and control. 2.1. MODERN SUB-STATION EQUIPMENTS Equipment/Items

Developments

Surge Arrestor

MOV Zinc Oxide Arrestor with Multi-stack type

Isolator

Breaking at center point with electrical Interlock

Insulator Stack

Composite Material Insulator

Wave Trap

Inductive Reactance Trap with Anti-corrosion material

CVT

Instrument with facility of both Potential Divider and coupling Capacitor

Top Tank Primary winding type CT, Combined CT& PT unit and Polycrete wound CT are the latest development

Switchgear Up to 36 KV

VCB type with spring mechanism

Switch gear above 72 KV

SF6 medium with spring spring mechanism

Transformer

Maximum care on core, winding and insulation with protection control by TRANSFORMER MANAGEMENT RELAY

GIS (Gas Insulated System)

Compact Grids, equipped with EHV items in side Gas chamber

2.2 OTHER ADVANCE TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUB-STATION • Enhancing the capacity of existing system – Tr. asset management – Enhancement of Thermal capacity – Up gradation to higher voltage line – Series Compensation (Fixed as well as TCSC) – Static Var Compensator(SVC) • State-of-the-Art maintenance techniques being practiced – Hot Line Helicopter supervision – Thermo-Vision Camera – High Temp endurance conductor for increased Loading – Multi-conductor Bundle line – Satellite imagery for Transmission Line Survey (Survey through GIS/Digital Terrain Model/Airborne Laser Terrain Mapping (ALTM)) – Tall & Multi ckt Towers to avoid deforestation and protection of wild life ||www.electricalmirror.net||

Compact Tower / Pole Tower to reduce Right Of Way Substation Compaction to reduce land requirement Automation of Sub-stations Unified Load Dispatch & Communication centers at all region integrated with State-of-the-Art SCADA/EMS 3. Why Digital System In practice, the better system operation always demands, the quick availability of signals at the interface point for detail processing and subsequent real time action execution. The quick availability of signals depends upon the medium/communication channel through which it is transmitted. Moreover, the risk of the signal loss or breakage is also another important reason of delay or failure of the work execution. In broad sense, this medium is considered as hardware type or software type. Say an example, transfer of signal in the form of energy pocket by the use copper wire is termed as the hardware signal. Transfer of signal by the wireless form or by use of fibre optics is termed as software type. The faster availability can be attained by software form and the possibility of loss or breakage of the signal is also less in this form. So continuation of the signal availability can help us for perfect actuation of the work management. We have the following advantages for digitisation of the process. • Extensive self-diagnosis through sensors used in the system ensures the maximum up-time. • Sequential seamless control and operation with interlocks for safety of equipment and working personnel. • Increased system Reliability, Safety Security, and Efficiency. • Optimisation of Transformer operation that reduces the operational and maintenance cost. • Easy Data recording helps for improved measurement accuracy and subsequent Analysis for corrective action towards repair and maintenance. • Reduction of Copper wire and possibility of signal loss due to looseness, breakage or short-circuit. • Improved Communication capabilities like data exchange between intelligent devices intra and inter-substation. • Better EMC performance and quick isolation of circuits as per requirement. • Less or nil dependence on human beings 3.1. Basic Working Action: Digital transformer system network largely contains three important areas (Hardware, Software and Process Application). a. Hardware part is the primary device that used in the transformer to collect the system parameters for the application process at the CCS (Central Control Station). || January 2022 ||

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Sl.

– – – –

Power Grid

This basically are called sensors, transducers, converters, instruments etc fitted inside or outside of the transformer at the suitable region. In digital system we call it as AI (Analog Input). b. Software part is the intermittent device that manages to convert the hardware signal to the scalable digital signal for readiness to the application purposes at the CCS. These include the device called A to D converter (Analog to Digital), Opto-couplers etc... The output of this software part reports directly to the process bus for the integration to the automation network. Now for perfect system operability a common communication is chosen and presently IEC 61850 is the protocol that interconnects all soft logics for seamless deliver towards reliability and efficiency of the device. In this digital system we call as BI or DI (Binary or Digital Input). c. Application Process is the final process bus part of the system for real time action towards supervision, control and monitoring of the system. Built-in components like digital sensors, dissolved gas analysers and digital safety devices collect data for monitoring, diagnostics and control at the common house. The action of suitable control is extended by the signal called BI or DI (Binary or Digital Output) 3.2. Modern Applications:

Fig 2. Basic Digital System Network

Digital technologies are also being embedded by technology providers in different type of transformers, be it oil type or dry type. More relevant for the dry-type transformers, designed to work without oil, where the core and the coil are cooled by natural or forced air and non-flammable high grade solid insulation material. This makes them safer and more environmental friendly. Such transformers are ideally suited for high-risk applications such as in offshore and densely populated areas, and in sensitive ecosystems. In digitally enabled dry-type transformers, smart sensors collect data and combine them to provide powerful analytics. For the higher rating transformers, these sensors embedded digital response transformers could also 76

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be the best solution to monitor for proactive action towards its control and necessary action. Digital technologies embedded robots now have reached to the field application for submersible transformer inspection which perform fast, safe and cost-effective internal inspection, reducing personnel risk and lesser down time with cost effective solution. Another advantage is that this could also be controlled wireless from remote center, maintaining point to point security control. Many other applications include like RTCC bank controller, Cooler Kiosk Controller by MCU (Motor Controller Unit), ON line DGA, Piezo-electric camera controller, On line condition monitoring etc... (Refer Fig 2.) 4. DIGITAL SUBSTATION ARCHITECTURE. This Digital Substation has a three level architect:

• Process Level: The first is the process level, interfacing with the primary equipment in the switchyard. • Bay Level: Second is the protection and control level, including IEDs (protection, measurement devices, bay controller, recorders, etc.). • Station Level: Third, the station control level handles communication within the substation and control system, coordination with the substation operational functions and station-level support. 5. PROCESS BUS a. Electronic Fibre Optic CT and VT A growing trend in the digital substation is the use of optical current and voltage transducers (called as non-conventional instrument transformers - NCIT). These devices operate by measuring changes in the optical performance of fibres in the presence of electric and magnetic fields. The transducers are able to measure both current and voltage. The Optical CT is composed of two parts, one in the switchyard, the optical primary sensor that senses the current in the HV line or the bar and the 2nd part is the secondary converter which is placed in the substation control room. The secondary converter comprises of the light source, sends light to primary sensor and processes the optical signal returned and then converts it into the appropriate output in order to interface with the ||www.electricalmirror.net||

connected IEDs. The link between the primary optical sensor and Secondary converter is fibre optics which may be as long as 1000 meters.

b. Merging Unit MU The Merging Unit (MU) is the interface between physical analogue world to the digital, using secure and dependable communication network. The analogue signal from conventional Current Transformer and Voltage Transformer are converted in to digital signal and transmitted via Sample Value network communication protocol(IEC61850-9-2). Analogue Merging Unit (AMU) for converting only CT and VT information or Integrated Merging Unit (IMU) for converting both Analogue and digital information can be used. c. Switchgear Control Unit (SCU): Switchgear Control Unit brings forward the complete digital substation. It has been designed to be placed near primary equipment such as switching devices and helps minimize the cabling. It manages a remote set of extra binary input/output boards for the substation computer and other IEC 61850-8-1compatible IEDs, such as protection IEDs for instance. It acquires binary values from primary devices such as switchgear and forwards them to the substation computer and/or IEDs over the Ethernet Process Bus.

IEC 61850-9-2 sampled values, and issue trip or alarm signals using IEC 61850-8-1 GOOSE. The protection relay should have following qualities in a digital substation. 7. TIME SYNCHRONISATION; An important requirement of the digital substation is the accurate time keeping. This not only ensures the protection functions operate within the required times, but synchronises substations in different locations so that event and operation logs can be compared and trip events analysed. 8. COMMUNICATION: The back bone of this digital project is Ethernet communication over TCP/IP as per standard IEC 61850. The IEC61850 international standard for communications in substations has brought a new era in the development of substations. It affects not only the design of the substation protection, monitoring and control system, but also the design of the substation secondary circuits. IEC61850 is a part of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Technical Committee 57 (TC57) architecture for electric power systems. 9. ETHERNET SWITCH: The switch for digital substation must connect all the elements needed for the IEC 61850 substation. It must be modular, flexible and robust to work satisfactory in substation environments. 10. STATION BUS COMMUNICATION: The station bus digital substation has manifold tasks, it permits multiple clients to exchange data, supports peer-to-peer device communication, and links to gateways for inter-substation wide-area communication. GOOSE (Generic Object Oriented Substation Event) is used as high-speed exchange of binary status information/commands.

BAY CUBICLE WITH STAND ALONE MU & SCU

6. BAY LEVEL In the digital substation, bay level devices are IEDs (intelligent electronic devices), interacting with the field via the process bus, and with other peer devices in the bay, to other bays, and the digital control system via the station bus. In a fully-digital architecture, protection relays receive currents and voltages as ||www.electricalmirror.net||

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Digital Control System (DCS)

Power Grid

The Digital Control System DCS is the intelligence which binds together the digital substation. It is central to the flow, management and presentation of all components in the digital substation. 11. DIGITAL SUBSTATION

DIGITAL BAY PANEL 3

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This digital substation has three numbers of 33kV bays in control. This station has following systems in action. • OPTICAL Current transformer bay. • Time synchronization using Precision Time Protocol (IEEE 1588 v2) • Process bus technology (Sampled Value) using networked connection. • Conversion of optical signal of Optical CT to analogue signal for measurement in conventional of energy meter. • But the PT is of conventional one. • Field unit has SCU ( Switch gear Control Unit) and MU ( Merger Unit) 12. SUMMARY The transmission utility face increasing challenges from evolving energy markets, aging infrastructure, transmission bottlenecks, renewable integration, cyber security threats, tighter regulatory oversight, and complexities of modern transmission equipment. When dealing with the unplanned outages, it becomes a race against time – and a battle against data – for utility companies to restore safe, reliable and efficient power to their customers and to critical facilities and infrastructures. Fortunately, technological advances such as those referenced above, when properly implemented, can help maintain grid reliability, stability, and security at justifiable costs. EM

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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

Mr. Navin Goliya Director

Kusam ElECtriCal industriEs ltd.

“

KUSAM-MECO today enjoys a reputation as a leading company, offering industry’s broadest line of Digital Test Instruments for Electrical, Electronic and Environmental Testing and Measurement applications. In the 80’s the use of Digital Test & Measuring Instruments was in a nascent stage. At that time 90% of the Multimeters & Clampmeters used in the industry were Analog Meters.

“

ELECTRICAL MIR MIRRROR OR ELECTRICAL

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Q. What is the great success story and the impediment

of the KUSAM in Indian market, how do you cope up with hurdles?

. What is your reach in Indian market? How much successful is KUSAM in India?

KUSAM-MECO has been able to reach a very large number of users in the Indian market.

. What role does R&D play in the advancement of your offerings? What have been some of the most significant developments in this regard?

With new materials and electronic devices available in the market, R&D plays a big role in the upgradation of our products. Our products are upgraded as per the trends in the world market.

. What are the assumptions from the government to . What are the different strategies adopted by “KUSAM” boost electrical products in India? to contribute in sustainability? The Government of India is implementing “MAKE IN INDIA” policy, and also giving purchase preference for the products manufactured in India. This will give a boost to the local manufacturing in India.

KUSAM-MECO believes in giving the best products at competitive prices and the best service to the customer. This has contributed to our success in this field.

in past 6 months?

implementation strategies?

Do you think the market's ability to accept branded Q. What are the new innovations introduced by Kusam orQ.standardized items is being hampered by a lack of KUSAM-MECO has been introducing new products in the Indian market from time to time. The recent introductions include Digital RCD Tester, Hot Wire Anemometer, Battery Internal Resistance Tester, Digital DC Low Resistance Meter, Handheld DC Resistance Tester, Flame Proof Earth Resistance Tester, Online Earth Resistance Tester, Clamp-ON Ground Resistance Tester, Ground Pile Type Clamp Ground Resistance Tester, High Performance High Voltage Insulation Resistance Tester, Digital Insulation Resistance Tester, Thermal Imaging Camera, Digital Infrared Thermometer, TRMS Digital Multimeter, True RMS High Voltage Digital Multimeter, True RMS DMM With Data Logging & PC Interface, Digital Coating Thickness Guage, LED

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Due to the Government of India Organisations Policies to buy the goods only on L1 basis, it hampers our business with such organisations, where quality has no consideration, but only the lowest price has the consideration. Unless, this thinking is not changed, good quality products will continue to suffer.

Q. How did the Kusam group fare in the year 2021?

w w w. ku s a m e l e c t r i c a l . c o m

KUSAM MECO is a Pioneer company in the field of Digital Test & Measuring Instruments in India. It is a four decade old company in India. Our company was the first company to introduce handheld digital instruments in India, way back in 1986. Since then, we have been adding more and more instruments in our range, and today we have one of the largest range of Test & Measuring Instruments in India. Our products are well patronized by various government organizations, Steel plants, Railways, Educational Institutions, Cement plants, Petro chemical plants etc. The major hurdles are the complicated laws in the country. A large amount of our time is spent only in complying with the same, leaving little time for product development and promotional activities. It is our humble request to the government, to simplify the laws so that we can compete with other Countries products.

Light Meter, UV Light Meter, Refrigerant Leakage Detector, Full Range of Gas Detectors, Digital Storage Oscilloscopes, AC/DC TRMS Clamp-On Multimeter for Solar Application, TRMS Digital Fork Clampmeter, High Current (2500 Amperes AC/DC Clampmeter), and a Full Range of Power Testing Instruments.

What are your ambitions and goals for the year 2022

The KUSAM-MECO group fared well considering the circumstances due to Covid-19. Our Plans for the year 2022 are to regain the lost ground, and look forward for better growth in the current year. EM

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Testing & Measuring

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TESTING & MEASURING: INDIAN & GLOBAL MARKET- COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS INDIAN MARKET ANALYSIS

India has the potential to be among the forerunners in the next phase of technology innovations. The Indian electronic systems design and manufacturing (ESDM) sector has witnessed steady growth in recent years, with the focus shifting from pure play system or product design to include other areas such as product development, original design manufacturing (ODM), etc.

Figure : The Indian T&M Market: Current Size and Forecasts

According to the industry experts who participated in the survey, the current Indian T&M market (that’s linked to the ESDM industry) has an approximate turnover of US$ 150-200 million. However, the market presents a much bigger opportunity considering that Frost & Sullivan, a market research firm, forecasts that the Indian market for general-purpose electronic T&M instruments will touch US$ 300 million by 2022 . The ongoing digital transformation in automotive industry is boosting the retrofitting of devices and equipment embedded with a wide range of test and measurement equipment such as electrical tester, digital multi-meters, digital oscilloscope, spectrum analyzer, and environmental testers. Data centers, advanced telecom infrastructure, and automotives are some major end-use applications that require advanced measuring equipment to meet modern testing requirement.

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Testing & Measuring

MARKET DRIVERS

The Indian T&M market is driven by both global and domestic demand. Growth in this market is a result of the growth registered by the key end user segments like automotive, aerospace and defence, electronics design, etc. India has vast potential in telecommunications and mobile manufacturing too. With the ‘Make in India’ initiative creating a wave of opportunities, mobile manufacturing is all set to gain further momentum. Therefore, experts are also looking forward to the burgeoning opportunities in mobile handset manufacturing and allied verticals like mobile services, cable TV, broadcasting, etc. Smart cities are also likely to boost the power and communications sectors in India and eventually contribute to the growth of the T&M industry. The need for a connected and safer world, leveraging advances in the Internet of Things (IoT), machine-to-machine (M2M) interaction, autonomous driving and 5G are the new technology trends that will lead to the growth of the T&M industry worldwide and in India too. According to the latest study by Frost & Sullivan, titled, ‘Global Electronic Test and Measurement, Forecast to 2022’, the growth will span a range of technologies and cover the entire product life cycle—from R&D to manufacturing and quality assurance. In the next five to ten years, a lot is expected to happen, whether in the wireless technology or application areas. For example, IoT is one of the key driving factors. The proliferation of smart devices has begun to influence the design and use of T&M equipment. Each ‘smart’ product has to go through a specific set of processes to ensure its usability and functionality for the intended purpose – and behind each of these steps are the design, manufacturing and testing procedures.

GLOBAL MARKET ANALYSIS

The Global Test & Measurement Equipment Market size was estimated at USD 21,513.83 million in 2020, is expected to reach USD 22,817.35 million in 2021, and projected to grow at a CAGR of 6.39% reaching USD 31,210.70 million by 2026. Test and Measurement Equipment Market was valued at USD 25.09 Billion in 2019 and is projected to reach USD 31.04 Billion by 2027, growing at a CAGR of 3.1% from 2020 to 2027. Geographically, North America cover the largest market share as several major players are present in this region. Furthermore, Asia-Pacific is also expected to grow at a fastest pace as the governments in these regions are taking various initiatives to promote the innovations and R&D in their countries. The automotive industry is expected to gain the highest market share, considering the recent trends related to the connected car and autonomous car. Due to the development of new

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healthcare equipment, patient-monitoring systems, and personal emergency reporting systems the healthcare sector is expected to drive the test and measurement equipment market.

MARKET STATISTICS

The report provides market sizing and forecast across five major currencies - USD, EUR GBP, JPY, and AUD. It helps organization leaders make better decisions when currency exchange data is readily available. In this report, the years 2018 and 2019 are considered historical years, 2020 as the base year, 2021 as the estimated year, and years from 2022 to 2026 are considered the forecast period.

KEY MARKET PLAYERS

Some of the major players operating in the test and measurement equipment market report are • Fortive Corporation • Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG • Anritsu Corporation • Keysight Technologies • Yokogawa Electric Corporation • National Instruments Corporation • EXFO, Inc. • Advantest Corporation • VIAVI Solutions Inc. • Texas Instruments Incorporated

GLOBAL TEST AND MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT MARKET SCOPE AND MARKET SIZE

Global Test and Measurement Equipment Market, By Product Type (General Purpose Test Equipment, Mechanical Test Equipment), Service Type (Calibration Services, Repair Services/After-Sales Services, Other Services), End User (Automotive and Transportation, Aerospace and Defense, IT and

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CHALLENGES FACED GLOBALLY

There are certain restraints and challenges faced which will hinder the overall market growth. The factors such as lack of a skilled workforce and the absence of standards and protocols are limiting the market growth. Also, the high cost of test and measurement equipment is estimated to sluggish growth during the forecast period.

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Besides, increased penetration of rental and leasing services, matching up with the constantly changing technologies, and antenna array complexity, calibration, and irregularities are the potential restraints hampering the overall growth of the global test and measurement equipment market. Nevertheless, the advancements in technologies such as the increasing adoption of IoT devices, the advent of 5G technology, deployment of 4G networks, and untapped potential in emerging markets create a lucrative growth opportunity for the global test and measurement equipment market over the forecast period.

TEST AND MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT MARKET BY PRODUCT

Based on Product, the market is bifurcated into General Purpose Test Equipment (GPTE) and Mechanical Test Equipment (MTE). The general-purpose test equipment segment is estimated to witness the highest CAGR for the forecast period. The generalpurpose test equipment segment includes digital multimeters, oscilloscopes, logic analyzers, spectrum analyzers, signal generators, Bit Error Rate Tester (BERT), network analyzers, power meters, electronic counters, modular instrumentation, and Automated Test Equipment (ATE), and power supplies. The characteristics of the aforementioned types of equipment comprise large size, bulky displays, slightly complicated control systems, and customer user interfaces. This scenario is projected to change to an extent, owing to the demand for small-sized tools and integration of various test and measurement equipment into one offering, thus, fueling the demand for this segment. Incorporated, Texas Instruments Incorporated, EXFO, NATIONAL INSTRUMENTS CORP and NATIONAL INSTRUMENTS CORP among others. COVID -19 IMPACT & ANALYSIS The adoption of Test and measurement equipment for testing applications is high in healthcare & pharmaceuticals, biological research, and food & beverages end-user industries. Stringent government regulations and increased demand for quality maintenance in these industries drive the adoption of Test and measurement equipment. However, the outbreak and the spread of the COVID-19 have led to a decrease in demand for several products. Moreover, manufacturing plants in a number of countries have been shut down to contain the spread of the virus. The spread of COVID-19 led to the increased production of medicines and other medical equipment. This has increased the demand for Test and measurement equipment in the healthcare & pharmaceuticals end-use industry, leading to surged demand for Test and measurement equipment products and solutions. EM || January 2022 ||

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Telecommunications, Education and Government, Semiconductor and Electronics, Industrial, Healthcare), Country (U.S., Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Rest of South America, Germany, France, Italy, U.K., Belgium, Spain, Russia, Turkey, Netherlands, Switzerland, Rest of Europe, Japan, China, India, South Korea, Australia, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Rest of Asia-Pacific, U.A.E, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, South Africa, Israel, Rest of Middle East and Africa) Industry Trends and Forecast to 2029. The test and measurement equipment market is segmented on the basis of product type, service type, and end user. The growth amongst the different segments helps you in attaining the knowledge related to the different growth factors expected to be prevalent throughout the market and formulate different strategies to help identify core application areas and the difference in your target market. This segmentation included • On the basis of product type, the test and measurement equipment market has been segmented into general purpose test equipment, and mechanical test equipment. • On the basis of service type, the test and measurement equipment market has been segmented into calibration services, repair services/after-sales services, • On the basis of end user, the test and measurement equipment market has been segmented into automotive and transportation, aerospace and defense, IT and telecommunications, education and government, semiconductor and electronics, industrial, and healthcare.

Mr. Dheeraj Dev Managing Director

H D WIRE (P) LTD

“

H D WIRE (P) LTD was established in the year 1988 and the manufacturing story started back in the year 1994 in Indore, which is now a recognized name in the manufacturing, supplying, exporting and trading of Wire & Cable Products in India. Our product range are as follows: ACSR Core Wire & Strands, Hard Drawn Steel Wire, Barbed Wire & Binding Wire, Music Spring Wire, Cable Armour Wire & Strips, Cable Tape, Rope Wire, Crimping Wire, Earth Wire & Stay Wire, RQ/FQ Black & Galvanized, Farming GI Wire, Shutter Wire, General Engineering Purpose GI Wire, Spring Steel Wire, and Welded Wire Mesh.

“

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Q. Please tell us about some of H D Wire’s recent Q. Tell us about the wire & cable segments

Q. What do you thing are the strengths of H D

infrastructure, labor & manufacturing capabilities? H D Wire offer Cable Armor wire as per IS standard. We also offer flat Cable Armor & Cable Tape. We also take pride in positioning ourselves as a major producer of Cable Armor wire, Cape strips & Cable Tapes in the country.

Q. Please give your thoughts about the Indian

wire & cable industry, as well as the competitive Wire’s product that offer it a competitive edge in dynamics that are propelling it forward? the market, given that it is one of the most well Indian Wire industry is quiet fragmented & it results in lack of achieving economies of scale. Competition know competitors in the industry? Strategic location giving access to all the markets in the from small players & at times it is quiet unhealthy. country & excellent connectivity of the plant location . How do you access the markets problems & by rail & road with major consumption centers in the difference amid Covid? country. Availability of ICD’s at Indore is an added As a country emerging out of pandemic situation & advantage for serving overseas market. recent spike is expected to be milder than the previous On top of it the skilled manpower enables us to one. The economic growth will be back on track, the control the quality as per any national / international growth forecast is at the rate of 9.5% per annum. standards with closed tolerances & better processes This will result into higher activities into power sector ensuring better deliveries to the customers. as well as Infrastructure. In turn, this will definitely help us in improving our business. . Could you please provide us an overview of . What are your projections & plans for the next the company’s wire & cable market presence, both three years? domestic & international? H D Wire is the major supplier of the Cable industry in From the current level of 1,25,000 mt per annum we India & our presence in almost all the cable producers are planning to take it to 1,65,000 mt per annum i.e., 10% growth year on year. EM within the country.

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w w w. h d w i r e s . c o m

achievements during the last few years? Process Improvement in wire drawing & coating operations has resulted in manufacturing of wires in narrow size range consistently and this has resulted in higher length without any appreciable cost. This is achieved consistently month after month over a significantly larger tonnage.

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Wires & Cables

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WIRES & CABLES:

LATEST TRENDS The global wires and cables market size was estimated at USD 183.14 billion in 2020. It is expected to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.4% from 2021 to 2028. Rising urbanization and growing infrastructure worldwide are some of the major factors driving the market. The said factors have impacted the power and energy demand in commercial, industrial, and residential sectors. Increased investments in smart upgrading of the power transmission and distribution systems and the development of smart grids are anticipated to drive the market growth. Implementation of smart grid technology has met the increasing need for grid interconnections, thus resulting in rising investments in the new underground and submarine cables. The global market for wires and cables is estimated to grow from $335.0 billion in 2021 to reach $426.8 billion by 2026, at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5% during the forecast period of 2021-2026.

The global market for power cables is estimated to grow from $244.5 billion in 2021 to reach $296.3 billion by 2026, at a CAGR of 3.9% during the forecast period of 2021-2026.The global market for telecom cables is estimated to grow from $90.5 billion in 2021 to reach $130.5 billion by 2026, at a CAGR of 7.6% during the forecast period

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of 2021-2026. The smart grid is an electric grid that includes controls, automation, computers, and innovative equipment and technologies that function together and offer efficient electricity transmission. The functioning of the entire globe depends on the timely delivery of electric supply. Further, the increasing population leads to rising demand for power. Technological advancement in grids is necessary to reduce the frequency and duration of storm impacts, power outages, and restore service quickly after outages. Smart grid helps generate efficient renewable power, reliable power, reducing carbon print, using a mix of energy sources, working with smart devices and smart homes, and encouraging the use of electric vehicles. Increased energy demands in the Asia Pacific, Middle East, and South America have resulted in rising investments in smart grids in these regions. This will fuel the demand for low voltage cables. The other factors that influence the growth of low voltage cables are the growth in the power generation, power distribution sector from renewable energy sources, and demand from automotive and non-automotive industries. Urbanization and industrialization are the major reasons for increasing the overall market growth. The need for power grid interconnections in areas with a dense population is creating a demand for underground and submarine cables. Regions such as North America and Europe are switching towards the adoption of underground cables instead of overhead cables. The underground cables reduce the

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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

space required and offer reliable transmission of electricity.

Wires & Cables

COVID-19 IMPACT ANALYSIS

The COVID-19 outbreak has impacted the wires and cables market growth due to a few minor shifts that occurred in communication technologies. The global power cable industry has been significantly impacted by the COVID-19 outbreak. The production facilities of the electronics and semiconductors have been halted, owing to the slowdown and unavailability of the workforce across the globe. COVID-19 outbreak has caused a significant and protracted drop in manufacturing utilization, and travel bans & facility closures kept workers out of their factories, which led to slowdown in the growth of the power cable market revenue in 2020. However, the negative impact of COVID-19 on the power cable market is expected to be there for a short period of time, and by early 2021 the market is anticipated to observe robust recovery rate along with the extensive demand for power cable products post pandemic. This is due to the fact that a rise in number of market players are reassessing their strategies and coming up with quick responses to stabilize their supply chain.

MARKET ANALYSIS AND INSIGHTS: GLOBAL WIRE AND CABLE MANAGEMENT MARKET

• Since the COVID-19 virus outbreak in December 2019, the disease has spread to almost 100 countries around the globe with the World Health Organization declaring it a public health emergency. The global impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are already starting to be felt, and will significantly affect the Wire and Cable Management market in 2020. • COVID-19 can affect the global economy in three main ways: by directly affecting production and demand, by creating supply chain and market disruption, and by its

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financial impact on firms and financial markets. • The outbreak of COVID-19 has brought effects on many aspects, like flight cancellations; travel bans and quarantines; restaurants closed; all indoor events restricted; over forty countries state of emergency declared; massive slowing of the supply chain; stock market volatility; falling business confidence, growing panic among the population, and uncertainty about future. • This report also analyses the impact of Coronavirus COVID-19 on the Wire and Cable Management industry.

ELECTRIC WIRE AND CABLE MARKET IN INDIA: SEGMENTATION BY END-USER

Based on the segmentation by end-user, the market generated maximum revenue in the railway segment in 2020. Indian Railways is the single largest employer in the country and the 8th largest employer in the world. Over the years, the Government of India has continuously worked on strengthening the growth of the railway sector. For instance, the Vision 2024 initiative by the Indian government is expected to achieve a freight loading target of 2024 MT by 2024. This is expected to attract investments of around USD 190 billion over the next 5 years. Many such developments are expected to drive the growth of the market in the railway segment during the forecast period.

ELECTRIC WIRE AND CABLE MARKET IN INDIA: MAJOR VENDORS

Apar Industries Ltd. The company offers various types of cables including MV/HV XLPE insulated power cables, LV XLPE insulated power cables, LV & MV aerial bunch cables, screened and instrumentation cables, concentric core (anti-theft) cables, and others.

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INDIAN MARKET OUTLOOK

Cable & Wire Fair organized by Tulip 3P Media Private Limited has announced the rescheduling of the dates of its 4th International Exhibition & Conference for Wire and Cable Industry. India’s most illustrious trade exhibition for wire and cable industry has been postponed from its initial date of October 2021 to 1st to 3rd March 2022 to make it more convenient for all the stakeholders and also ensure that the event is staged at a time when industry is upbeat. It will allow both visitors and exhibitors to optimally serve their business objectives. ASSOCHAM, The Associated Chambers of Commerce of India, has joined hands as the co-organizer of the event. This collaboration will deliver greater value to the wire & cable industry. The infrastructure sector has become the biggest focus area for the Government of India. India plans to spend USD 1.4 trillion on infrastructure during 2019-23 to have a sustainable development of the country. The Government has suggested investment of Rs. 50,00,000 crore (USD 750 billion) for railways infrastructure from 2018-30. This infrastructure push will generate robust demand for Indian wire & cable industry. “The wires and cables industry in India witnessed a significant growth of 10 per cent in last year. Having always been an essential part of the manufacturing industry and with the added impetus provided by the recently introduced government initiatives, the wires and cables industry is now set to record a growth of 10-15 per cent in 2022. With the country’s increased focus on various sectors such as infrastructure, healthcare and affordable housing, the demand for wires and cables have ||www.electricalmirror.net||

increased significantly. The electric wire and cable market in India has the potential to grow by USD 1.65 billion during 2021-2025, and the market’s growth momentum will accelerate at a CAGR of 3.80%. This electric wire and cable market in India research report provides valuable insights on the post COVID-19 impact on the market, which will help companies evaluate their business approaches. Furthermore, this report extensively covers market segmentation by end-user (railway, power, construction, telecom, and others) and type (power cable and specialty cable). The electric wire and cable market in India report also offers information on several market vendors, including Apar Industries Ltd., Finolex Cables Ltd., Havells India Ltd., KEI Industries Ltd., Panasonic Corp., Polycab India Ltd., RR Kabel Ltd., Sterlite Power Transmission Ltd., Syska Led Lights Pvt. Ltd., and V-Guard Industries Ltd. among others.

TOP 10 CABLE COMPANIES IN INDIA

• Apar Industries Ltd. • Finolex Cables Ltd. • Gupta Power Infrastructure Ltd. • Havells India Ltd. • KEC International Ltd. • KEI Industries Ltd. • Polycab India Ltd. • RR Kabel Ltd. According to 6Wresearch, India Wires and Cables Market size is projected to grow at CAGR of 6.1% during 2020-2026. The market would witness a decline in 2020 on account of the economic slowdown caused due to COVID-19, however, the market would recover post-2020. The low voltage market portrays dominance in India cable market owing to rapid urbanization synergized by increasing demand for reliable power supply which will encourage product growth in the aforementioned segment. The medium voltage segment is anticipated to grow significantly in terms of revenue share due to its application in the oil and gas industry. India wires & cables market is anticipated to gain momentum during the forecast period 2020-26F backed by the rising growth of the industrial landscape in the country. Further, new government policy, the introduction of a new GST regime under which GST on the electric vehicle has been reduced to 12 to 5% which has led to an upsurge in the electric vehicle adoption coupled with two and three-wheelers is also estimated to secure high electrification rate in the upcoming years and is estimated to evolve the general cable and battery cable deployment to ensure continue transmitting of signals with context to driving, therefore, is expected to bolster the continuous growth of wires and cables market in the coming timeframe. EM || January 2022 ||

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Finolex Cables Ltd. The company offers electric wires and cables which are manufactured using more than 99.97% pure electrolytic grade, bright annealed bare copper with more than 100% conductivity. Havells India Ltd. The company offers domestic and industrial switch gears, electrical wiring accessories, industrial motors, pumps, capacitors, domestic cables, and industrial underground cables. The company offers electric wire and cables under the brand, Havells. KEI Industries Ltd. The company is involved in the manufacturing, sale, and marketing of power cables such as low tension, high tension, and extra-high voltage (EHV), control and instrumentation cables, specialty cables, elastomeric / rubber cables, submersible cables, flexible and house wires, and winding wires. The company offers various types of electric wire and cables such as EHV cables up to 400 kV and high voltage cables. Polycab India Ltd. The company offers a wide range of electrical wires and cables including mv power cables, mv single-core power cable, lv power cable, lv control cable, and others.

Earthing Significance of Soil Resistivity & Earth Electrode (Earthing/Grounding System) Resistance MeasurementPractical Aspects Abstract: It is well known fact that the Earthing/Grounding plays an important role in the safety of the equipments installed in the premises and human beings working in that area. It is pertinent to mention here that the designing of the earthing system starts with the soil resistivity measurements. Accurate measurement of soil resistivity and further its proper interpretation play very important roles in the accurate designing of earthing system. Once the prepared design is implemented and commissioned at site it becomes mandatory to ascertain the resistance offered, by proper earth resistance measurement at site using the method suitable for that location. In this paper attempts are being made to make everyone understand about the concept of resistivity measurement and resistance measurement of earthing system & field related aspects of these measurements.

Key Words: Grounding, Soil Resistivity, Resistance, Measurement & Soil Model

1. INTRODUCTION The main objective of grounding electrical systems is to provide a suitably low resistance path for the discharge of fault current which ultimately provide safety to working personnel and costly installed equipments in the substation/Industry/Residential buildings (Refer figure 1 for AIS substation). The flow of heavy fault current results in rise of potential with respect to remote ground. There is need to ensure that the ground potential rise, and touch and

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step voltages are within permissible limit, an accurate soil model is required to design grounding system. Soil resistivity data is of fundamental importance in performing grounding system analyses. Reliable data is required to achieve good correlation between design and measured grounding system performance. The soil model is derived from the accurate soil resistivity measurement.

Fig.1 Overview of Air Insulated Substation

Once the prepared design is implemented and commissioned at site it becomes mandatory to ascertain the resistance offered, by proper earth resistance measurement using prevailing methods.

2. CONCEPT OF SOIL RESISTIVITY

Soil resistivity plays a vital role in the design of an earthing system. For substations, the key design acceptance (safety) criteria of touch and step potentials are greatly influenced by soil resistivity. For other grounding systems such as industrial

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plants/commercial and residential buildings, the acceptance criteria of overall grounding resistance and current density on the electrode surface are also dependent on soil resistivity. Hence the accuracy of the design depends on the accuracy of the measured Soil resistivity values. Soil resistivity can be defined as the resistance between the opposite sides of a cube of soil with a side dimension of one meter. Soil resistivity values in vary widely, depending on the type of terrain; e.g., silt on a riverbank may have a resistivity value around 1.5 Ω-m, whereas dry sand or granite in mountainous country may have values higher than 10,000 Ω-m. The factors that affect resistivity may be summarized as follows: 1. Type of earth (e.g., clay, loam, sandstone, granite). 2. Stratification of layers of different types of soil (e.g., loam backfill on a clay base). 3. Moisture content: resistivity may fall rapidly as the moisture content is increased, but after a value of about 20%, the rate is much less. Soil with moisture content greater than 40% is rarely encountered. 4. Temperature: above the freezing point, the effect of temperature on earth resistivity is negligible. 5. Chemical composition and concentration of dissolved salts. Presence of metal and concrete pipes, tanks, large slabs, cable ducts, rail tracks, or metal pipes. Figure 2 shows how resistivity varies with salt content, moisture, and temperature.The resistivity of the earth increases slowly with decreasing temperatures from 250C, while for temperatures below 0oC, the resistivity increases rapidly. In frozen soil, as in the surface layer in winter, the resistivity may be exceptionally high.

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Shale, slates, sandstone, etc.

120

10 to 100

Peat, loam, and mud

150

5 to 250

Lake and brook water

250

100 to 400

Sand

2000

200 to 3000

Moraine gravel

3000

40 to 10000

Ridge gravel

15000

3000 to 30000

Granite

25000

10000 to 50000

Ice

100000

10000 to 100000

Earthing

3. DIFFERENT SOIL MODELS & IMPACT OF SOIL LAYERS

Uniform soil model is seldom found in the field. Grounding design engineers usually come across the following types of soil models (Refer figure 3). • Curve (A) represents homogenous resistivity • Curve (B) represents a low resistance layer overlaying a higher resistivity layer • Curve (C) represent a high resistivity layer between two low resistivity layer • Curve (D) represents a high resistivity layer overlaying a lower resistivity layer • Curve (E) represents a low resistivity layer over a high resistivity layer with vertical discontinuity.

Fig. 2 Impact of Salt, Moisture and Temperature on Soil Resistivity

Table 1 shows the resistivity values for various soils and rocks that might occur in different grounding system designs. The electrical properties of the soil are determined by the thicknesses of layers and their changes in resistivity, resistivity is dependent upon water and chemical content, as well as soil texture. Usually there are several soil layers, each having a different resistivity, in which case the soil is said to be non-uniform. Lateral changes may also occur, but, in general, these changes are gradual and negligible, at least in the vicinity of a site where a grid is to be installed. In most cases, measurements will show that the resistivity, ρ, is mainly a function of depth. The interpretation of the measurements consists of establishing a simple equivalent function to yield the best approximation of soil resistivity’s to determine the layer model. TABLE- 1 Typical Resistivity of Soil Type of Soil or Water Sea water

Typical Resistivity

Usual Limit

(Ohm meter)

0.1 to 10

Clay

8 to 70

Ground well and spring water

10 to 150

Clay and sand mixtures

100

4 to 300

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Fig.3 Soil Resistivity Vs Electrode Separation Curve

3.1 EFFECT OF EARTH LAYERS: The measured apparent Resistivity depends on the Resistivity of the various materials through which the current passes, it is an average of all those Resistivities. As the electrode spacing is increased, the current flows through a great volume of material; both, horizontally and vertically, and the deeper materials will have an effect on the apparent Resistivity. Thus, if the deeper material is of higher Resistance (lower Conductance), the current flow lines will be deflected up-wards, and the current density in the near surface volume element will be increased. If the deeper material is of lower Resistivity (higher Conductance), the current flow lines will be deflected down-ward and the current density will be decreased. ||www.electricalmirror.net||

4. METHODS AND PROCEDURE OF RESISTIVITY ρ = 2 πaR Ω-m MEASUREMENT Where,

Fig.4 Connection of Soil Resistivity Measurement- Wenner Method

Measurements are done with a standard earth tester. The earth tester is a source of current and measures voltage. The four electrodes are buried in four small holes in the earth, all at depth b and spaced in a straight line at intervals a. A test current I is passed through between the two outer electrodes (C1 & C2) and the potential E between the two inner electrodes (P1 & P2) is measured with a multi meter or high-impedance voltmeter. Then E/I give the mutual resistance R in ohms which can be substituted in the equation below. This is repeated for various spacing of electrodes. Soil resistivity for a given spacing ‘a’ is given by ||www.electricalmirror.net||

ρ =Soil resistivity in ohm meters, a =Spacing between adjacent Electrodes (meters) R =Earth Tester reading in ohm The tests are repeated at same locations by increasing the spacing 'a' such that wider area is covered in the measurements. (Refer figure 5 for Field Measurement of Soil Resistivity).

Fig.5 Measurement Arrangement for Soil Resistivity

The various tools required for measurement are shown in figure 6.

Fig.6 Soil Resistivity Measurement Tools

4.2.2 UNEQUALLY SPACED: (SCHLUMBERGER – PALMER ARRANGEMENT) One shortcoming of the Wenner method is the rapid decrease in magnitude of potential between the two inner electrodes when their spacing is increased to relatively large values. Historically, instruments were inadequate for measuring such low potential values, although improved sensitivity in modern testers mitigates this disadvantage to some extent. Another disadvantage with the Wenner method is the requirement to reposition all four probes for each depth to be measured. The arrangement shown in Figure 7 can be used to measure soil resistivity successfully when current probes are separated by a large distance or to expedite testing for multiple current probe locations. With the Schlumberger method, the inner probes are placed closer together and the outer probes are placed farther apart. Unlike the Wenner method, which requires all probes to be moved to calculate soil resistivity at different depths, the Schlumberger method only required the outer probes to be repositioned for subsequent measurements. Reducing the number of probes to be repositioned for each test makes the Schlumberger method a faster choice for testing at different depths. || January 2022 ||

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Resistivity is the fundamental property of the Materials. It is resistance in the soil to resist flow of the current.Resistivity across 1 cubic unit of the soil.The SI unit of resistivity is the ohm-meter (Ω-m). 4.1 PURPOSE OF SOIL RESISTIVITY: The purpose of the soil resistivity describes as below• Estimating the ground resistance of a proposed Sub-station of transmission and tower. • Estimating potential gradients including step and touch voltages. • Computing the Inductive coupling between neighboring power & communication circuits • Designing cathodic protection systems. • Geological Surveys. 4.2 METHODS OF SOIL RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENTS 4.2.1 FOUR PIN WENNER’S METHOD: The Soil Resistivity is one of the main factors in determining the resistance of any grounding system and is therefore of prime importance in the design of a grounding system. The traditional methods of determining the Soil Resistivity involve the injection of known current into the earth and measurement of the resulting potential difference of electric field intensity. The most widely used method of measurement is Wenner’s four Pin electrode method , please refer the below Figure 4.

Earthing

Fig.7 Soil Resistivity Testing by Schlumberger Palmer Method

The equation to be used in this case can be easily determined. If the depth of burial of the electrodes b is small compared to their separation d and c, and c > 2d, then the measured apparent resistivity can be calculated as follows: ρ =π(c+d)R/d Where, ρ =Soil resistivity in Ohm Meters, c =distance between voltage and current electrodes. d =distance between voltage electrodes R = Resistance of the meter reading 4.2.3. DEEP DRIVEN METHOD OR 3 PIN METHOD: The driven rod method (or Three Pin or Fall-of-Potential Method) is normally suitable for use in circumstances such as transmission line structure earths, or areas of difficult terrain, because of: the shallow penetration that can be achieved in practical situations, the very localised measurement area, and the inaccuracies encountered in two layer soil condition. (Refer figure 8)

An disadvantage of the driven-rod method is that when the test rod is driven deep in the ground, it usually loses contact with the soil due to the vibration and the larger diameter couplers resulting in higher measured resistance values. A ground grid designed with these higher soil resistivity values may be unnecessarily conservative. The driven-rod method presents an uncertainty in the resistance value. The 62% rule is valid only for large electrode separation and uniform soil. In non-uniform soils, this assumption may affect the outcome of the readings. The Procedure to find out the soil resistivity of this method to find the resistance of deep driven rod by using 61.8 % Method or Fall of Potential method after that we put the value of ground Resistance as below formulaRg=[(100 x ρ)/2*3.14*L]x [logn(4L/d)] Ω Where ρ = Resistivity of the soil (assumed uniform) in ohm-m L = Length of the pipe/rod buried in the earth (in cm) d = Diameter of the pipe/rod (in cm)

Example: Calculation of Soil Resistivity by Deep Drive Rod Method: Considering R =30.26Ω, L = 300 cm, d = 4 cm Ground Resistance - Rg=[(100 x ρ)/2*3.14l]x [logn(4L/d)] Ω 30.26=[(100 x ρ)/2X 3.14X300]x [logn(4X300/4)] Ω Thus , ρ =100 Ω-m (ans.)

5. Various Resistances of An Earth Electrode (Earthing System)

During the flow of fault current through a ground/earth electrode three types of resistance appear in the circuit as shown in figure 9.

Fig.8 Three-Pin Or Driven-Ground Rod Method

An advantage of the deep driven-rod method, although not related necessarily to the measurements, is the ability to determine to what depth the ground rods can be driven. Knowing if and how deep rods can be driven into the earth can save the need to redesign the ground grid. 96

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Fig.9 Different Components of Grounding Resistance

1. Electrode Resistance: Rods, pipes, strips are usually used for making connections. These connections are made of sufficient size so that their resistance becomes very low ||www.electricalmirror.net||

and their contribution to the total resistance is negligible. 2. Contact Resistance of Electrode-Earth/Ground: This part of resistance is also very less. 3. Resistance offered by Surrounding Earth: During the fault the electrode surrounded by soil of uniform resistivity radiates current in all directions. The earth shell touching the electrode offers the smallest surface area and so it contributes the highest resistance. The next earth shell is comparatively larger in size and this shell has less resistance. Finally a distance will be reached where addition of more earth shells does not contribute much to them total resistance of the earth surrounding the electrode. Generally, the resistance offered by the earth surrounding the electrode will be the highest of all the components discussed above. The first two factors can be taken as negligible compared to third factor, i.e. resistivity of soil. This is the reason, we generally consider resistivity of the soil only, when we deal with resistance of earth.

connections to the test electrode. • Under no circumstances should the two hands or other part of the body of the testing personal should be allowed to complete the circuit between the points of possible high potential difference. • Since the resistivity of the upper soil layers is greatly influenced by weather, a day test should be chosen which is free from extreme weather conditions. 6.4 MEASUREMENT OF GROUND RESISTANCE 6.4.1 FALL OF POTENTIAL METHOD: This is one of the most common methods employed for the measurement of earth resistance and is best suited to small systems that don’t cover a wide area. It is simple to carry out and requires a minimal amount of calculation to obtain a result.

6.METHODS & PROCEDURE FOR RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS

Resistance is a measure of the opposition to current flow in an electrical circuit. Resistance is measured in ohm(Ω) Ground resistance is defined as the resistance given by the earth electrode to the flow of current in the ground. 6.1 PURPOSE OF GROUND RESISTANCE• Verify the adequacy of a new grounding system • Detect changes in an existing grounding system • Determine hazardous step & touch voltages • Determine ground potential rise (GPR) in order to design protection for power & communication circuits • Performance of an earthing system can be evaluated 6.2 FACTORS IMPACTING ON GROUNDING SYSTEM• Water table variations will occur due to seasonality. • Corrosion of the grounding conductors and materials. • Contamination of the soil and surroundings from spillage such as chemicals, oils, acid, etc. • Mechanical Integrity • Electrical Integrity • Improper Maintenance. 6.3 PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN FOR MEASURING GROUND RESISTANCE • Avoid taking measurement during cloudy day • There is a possibility of lethal potential existing between a station ground & a remote Ground. • The use of Rubber gloves is advisable while making ||www.electricalmirror.net||

Fig.10 Earth resistance with Fall of Potential Method

As shown in the above figure10 this method is generally not suited for large earthing installations, as the stake separations needed to ensure an accurate measurement can be excessive, requiring the use of very long test leads (refer to Table 2). Normally, the outer test electrode, or current test stake, is driven into the ground 30 to 50 metres away from the earth system, (although this distance will depend on the size of the system being tested – refer to Table 2) and the inner electrode, or voltage test stake, is then driven into the ground mid-way between the earth electrode and the current test stake, and in a direct line between them. || January 2022 ||

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Earthing

Table 2- Variation of Current and Voltage Electrode Separation with Maximum Earth System Dimensions (in metres) Maximum dimension across earth system

Distance from ‘electrical centre’ of earth system to voltage test stake

Minimum distance from 'electrical' centre' of earth system to current test stake

120

100

200

100

140

280

The Fall of Potential method incorporates a check to ensure that the test electrodes are indeed positioned far enough away for a correct reading to be obtained. It is advisable that this check be carried, as it is really the only way of ensuring a correct result. To perform a check on the resistance figure, two additional measurements should be made: 1. The first with the voltage test electrode (P) moved 10% of the original voltage electrode-to-earth system separation away from its initial position, and 2. The second with it moved a distance of 10% closer than its original position, as shown in Figure11. If these two additional measurements are in agreement with the original measurement, within the required level of accuracy, then the test stakes have been correctly positioned and the DC resistance figure can be obtained by averaging the three results.

Fig.12 Fall of Potential Method (61.8% Method)

6.4.2 FALL OF POTENTIAL METHOD (61.8% METHOD): This method is applicable to an earth of single electrode or group of single electrode. Measurement is done with the standard earth tester. The current (C1) and potential (P1) terminals are shorted and connected to earthing system. Remote current electrode (C2) is placed at (Minimum 10 times the depth of burial of earth electrode) from the earthing system (C1, P1). Potential electrode P2 is placed at (61.8% of 10 times the depth of burial of earth electrode) from the earthing system C1 P1. Earthing system C1 P1, potential electrode (P2) and remote current electrode C2 are in same straight line and in the same direction. After applying current, reading of resistance is noted down. (Refer figure 12) 6.4.3 STAKE-LESS METHOD USING CURRENT CLAMPS: Certain test instruments that may be used incorporate a CT which clamps around the electrode to be tested (Figure-13 shows a 3-terminal test with CT clamp). The CT may be used to detect the test current returning via that specific electrode and allows the resistance of the electrode to be measured without disconnecting it from the rest of the earth system.

Fig.11 Checking The Validity of Resistance Measurements

However, if there is substantial disagreement amongst any of these results, then it is likely that the stakes have been incorrectly positioned, either by being too close to the earth system being tested, too close to one another or too close to other structures that are interfering with the results. The stakes should be repositioned at a larger separation distance or in a different direction and the three measurements repeated. This process should be repeated until a satisfactory result is achieved.

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Fig.13 Stake-less Method with CT Clamp ||www.electricalmirror.net||

Fig.14 Potential Probe Locations for Slope Method

The resultant is called µ and represents the change of slope of the resistance/ distance curve. 1. Refer to table 3 to find the corresponding value of Dp/ Dc for µ. 2. Since Dc (distance to the potential probe) as follows then insert the potential probe at this new distance from E. Dp =(Dp/Dc) x Dc Now measure the earth resistance by placing the potential probe at this new distance Dp. This measurement is known as the “true” resistance. ||www.electricalmirror.net||

Table 3 –To Find the Corresponding Value of Dp/Dc for µ.

Repeat the whole process for a larger value of Dc. If the “true” resistance decreases appreciably as Dc is increased, it is necessary to increase the distance of Dc still further. After making a number of tests and plotting the “true” resistance, the curve will begin to show less of a decrease and will indicate more stable readings. It is at this point the resistance of the grounding system in noted. One particular observation on the Slope Method is that if the calculation of μ is greater than that given in the table, the distance C must be increased. Secondly, before the measured values for R1, R2 and R3 can be accepted with a degree of confidence, it is recommended that a curve be plotted which will identify any localized effects and eliminate uncharacteristic readings from the calculations. Thirdly, it is also suggested that the test be repeated in different directions and with different spacing. The various results should exhibit a reasonable degree of agreement.

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This test may be used where an electrode is connected to an earthing system with a much lower overall resistance than the electrode in question. In effect this test may be used to measure the loop impedance of the electrode under test and the rest of the system, it is connected to. This may be used to give an approximate resistance value for the electrode when compared to previous results, gives an indication of any deterioration of the electrode. This test may also be used for measuring the resistance of deep high frequency earth rods when connected to a larger earth system. 6.4.4 MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE OF LARGE EARTH ELECTRODE SYSTEMS -SLOPE METHOD: To apply this technique, perform the following step procedure1. Choose as convenient rod E to which the Earth Tester can be connected. E is one of many paralleled rods forming the complex earth system. (Refer figure 14) 2. Insert the current probe at distance (Dc) from E (distance Dc is normally 2 to 3 times the maximum dimension of the system). 3. Insert potential probes at distances equal 20% of Dc, 40% of Dc and 60 % of Dc. See the Example in step 4. 4. Measure the earth resistance using each potential probe in turn. Let these resistance values be R1, R2, R3 respectively. Example: R1 = 0.2 x Dc, R2= 0.4 X Dc, R3= 0.6 X Dc 5. The Calculate of resultant – Calculate the value µ= (R3-R2)/(R2-R1)

7. ACTUAL MEASUREMENT & EXAMPLES FROM THE FIELD

At site when we start the resistivity testing , it is important to understand the Electrode Arrangement – C1 P1 P2 C2 where C1-Current Probe P1-Potential Probe P2-Potential Probe C2-Current Probe || January 2022 ||

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Table 4 Shows the reading to be noted for different positions of probes of earth tester at site.

Earthing

Table-4 Position of the Probes, spacing and Meter Reading

100

Sr. Electrode No. Arrangement

Probe Spacing (Meter)

ERT Meter Reading (R)

Soil Resistivity Formula

C1 P1 P2 C2

0.5

ρ = 2πaR1

C1 P1 P2 C2

ρ = 2πaR2

C1 P1 P2 C2

ρ = 2πaR3

C1 P1 P2 C2

ρ = 2πaR4

C1 P1 P2 C2

ρ = 2πaR5

C1 P1 P2 C2

ρ = 2πaR6

C1 P1 P2 C2

• ρ Average= 59.579 • 130% of ρ Average = 1.3 x 59.579 = 77.453 • 70% of ρ Average = 0.7 x 59.579 = 41.705 • Minimum & Maximum value lies within 41.705 and 77.453 • Hence, the Soil is Homogeneous. 7.2 EXAMPLE- 2 Let us now look at the example given in table 6 below for non- uniform soil resistivity layer case (actual case of one of the site) Table-6 Measurement of Soil Resistivity Sr. No.

a (Probe Spacing in Meter)

R (Ω) Meter Reading

Soil Resistivity ρ (Ω-m)

23.20

145.70

ρ = 2πaR7

22.80

286.37 (max)

ρ = 2πaR8

11.42

215.15

3.92

98.47 (min)

5.87

184.32

Table-5 Measurement of Soil Resistivity

4.88

183.88

Sr. No.

a (Probe Spacing in Meter)

R (Ω) Meter Reading

Soil Resistivity ρ (Ω-m)

23.20

145.70

4.33

54.412

2.60

49.009(min)

2.35

59.062

1.986

62.392

1.652

62.279

1.462

64.301

1.305

65.593(max)

Soil resistivity for a given spacing ‘a’ is given by ρ = 2 πaR (Ω-m) 7.1 EXAMPLE- 1 Let us now look at the example given in table 5 below for uniform soil resistivity layer case (actual case of one of the site)

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• • • •

ρ Average= 179.941 Ω-m

130% of ρ Average = 1.3 x 179.941 = 233.923 Ω-m 70% of ρ Average = 0.7 x 179.941 = 125.958 Ω-m Minimum & Maximum value is not lies within 125.958 and 233.923 • Hence, the Soil is Non-Homogeneous. Since the maximum and minimum resistivity don not lie within 30% of the average value the soil is a non-homogeneous. 7.3 CALCULATION OF EARTH ELECTRODE OF MULTIPLE ELECTRODE: It is the fact that multiple electrodes in parallel yield lower resistance to ground than a single electrode. So multiple rods are commonly used to provide the low grounding resistance required by high-capacity installation. It is to be noted that adding a second rod does not however ||www.electricalmirror.net||

provide a total resistance of half that of a single rod, unless the two are several rod lengths apart. A useful rule is that grounding systems of 2-24 rods placed one rod length apart in a line, hollow triangle, circle or square will provide a grounding resistance divided by nos. of rod and multiply of the factor F shown in Table 7 below. Table-7 Multiplication Factor of Multiple Rods Arrangement at Site No. of Rods

1.16

1.29

1.36

1.68

1.80

1.92

2.00

2.16

8. Conclusions: 1.

to be repositioned for subsequent measurements Compared the Wenner’s Four Pin Method and Deep driven Rod Method, we concluded that the Wenner’s Four Pin Method is the simplest to perform whereas the deep driven methods are most costly, time consuming and difficult to rocky soil to perform. There are three methods for measurement of the earth resistance Fall of Potentials Method, Stake Less Method using current clamps and slope method. When the maximum and minimum soil resistivity lies within 30% of average value, soil is assumed to be homogeneous and for values more than 30% , the soil is assumed to be non-homogeneous. The measurement of the soil resistivity is done during designing of grounding system but the measurement of the earth resistance of the earth electrode (Earthing/ Grounding System) is repeated usually every year to test the healthiness of earthing system.

REFERENCES

Soil resistivity is determined largely by the content of its electrolyte which consists of moisture, minerals, and the dissolved salt. 2. Unlike the Wenner method, which requires all probes to be moved to calculate soil resistivity at different depths, the Schlumberger method only required the outer probes

[1] IEEE Std. 80 IEEE Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding, New York, NY: IEEE [2] IEEE: 81 IEEE Guide for Measuring Earth Resistivity, Ground Impedance, and Earth Surface Potentials of a Ground System [3] Manual on," Earthing of A C Power Systems,” Publication No 339, C.B.I.P. New Delhi. [4] I.S.3043 Indian Standard Code of Practice for Grounding. [5] CEA ‘Measures relating to Safety and Electric Supply ’and‘ Technical Standards for Construction of Electrical Plants and Electrical Lines and Connection to Grid under Regulations 2010. [6] Brochure and Operation Manuals of Different OEM. EM

Author Dr. RAJESH KUMAR ARORA obtained the B. Tech. & Master of Engineering (ME) degrees in Electrical Engineering from Delhi College of Engineering, University of Delhi, India in 1999 and 2003 respectively. He completed his PhD in grounding system design from UPES, Dehradun. He is also certified Energy Manager and Auditor and has worked in 400kV and 220kV Substation for more than 14 years in Delhi Transco Limited (DTL). He has also worked as Deputy Director (Transmission and Distribution) in Delhi Electricity Regulatory Commission (DERC) for 03 years and 06 months. He has also given his contribution in the OS department of DTL for more than 2 years and rendered his services in the SLDC of Delhi Transco Limited (DTL) also. Presently he is working in D&E (Design and Engineering) department of DTL. His research interests include high voltage technology, grounding system, protection system, computer application and power distribution automation.

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Mr. Milan Shah Director

Vital Electrocomp

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Q. Please tell us about the journey of Vital Electrocomp Q. What role does R&D play in the advancement of your so far?

Established in 1999, our start-up was with a specialised connector for the EPABX industry which was not manufactured in India. Ever since then we kept adding numerous verticals to our manufacturing range. Vital products have established presence in all major OEMs, electronic markets, specific product lines and major government entities. Today we are one of the largest manufacturers of PCB terminal blocks in India which otherwise are primarily imported from China. We stand proud with the MADE IN INDIA spirit.

technology offerings?

R&D has given us the ability to visualise, design, develop and launch products we once though were impossible to manufacture. R&D has led to deeper knowledge of raw materials and behaviour of our products when under challenging performance criteria. One team of our R & D is primarily customer driven. We have numerous requests to develop new products which are imported and not manufactured in India. This leaves Indian manufacturers solely dependent on imports leading to last minute crisis.

We specialize in cage-clamp terminal block technology. Along with terminals, we also manufacture barrier terminals, hanging connectors, push fix type connectors, pluggable type connectors, fuse holders, toggle switches, micro switches, push button switches and various other specialised components and products. We take pride in our capability to manufacture any product in house with our existing set-up, technology and experienced engineering team.

almost daily on pricing from customer to customer and industry to industry. The pandemic as such did not have much impact on us.

Q. What changes do you expect to see in the electrical components manufacturing landscape in the future?

There have been fantastic policies and reforms put in place by this government to uplift the manufacturing sector over the past few years. Despite the pandemic, we do not see any downfall in demand for electrical and electronic products in India. There has been an amazing development in terms of automation in manufacturing. . How the company faired in previous years? How the This will lead to increased productivity, enhanced product quality, lockdown and everything affected the manufacturing? reduced manufacturing lead times and committed delivery schedules. Vital has seen a steady growth in business. We have . What are your plans for the year 2022? How the recent established ourselves as a trusted brand in the Indian Covid-19 situations are affecting the business? market and have lately started to see international inquiries We have utilised the Covid times to develop a new range of product for our products. line which will be launched soon. We are also exploring how the Lockdown didn’t have any adverse effect on our business as EV business is shaping up and possibilities to align ourselves in the such. But we are now facing challenges with the increase critical supply chains for this new era of EVs. EM in price of basic raw materials.

India’s No. 01

Leading Monthly Magazine on Electrical, Electronics & Power Sector

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. What has your marketing strategy been in the past one year? Did you have to tweak that further to handle the impact . What products do you have for the electrical industry market? What distinguishes you from other of the pandemic? With tremendous rise in prices of raw materials, we had to strategize manufacturers?

An outlook of the Electrical & Power Industry

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Laxmikant nathuram Trivedi Chief Managing Director

Interview

Vikarsh Stampings India PVT. LTD.

Vikarsh has complete infrastructure for producing CRGO laminations from 16 KVA to 100 MVA. Our major equipment consist of Slitting machines, 640 mm CNC Lamline, Power Presses, Power and Treadle Shears, UNICORE MACHINE, Automatic toroidal core winding machines, Rectangle cut to Length machines, Unipunch System Multi Holing Press, Grinding Machines, Stress Relief Roller Hearth Annealing furnace and major handling equipments like 5 EOT cranes etc.

Q. Please enlighten us about the journey of Vikarsh

Stampings India Pvt. Ltd. in India.

Vikarsh Stampings India Private Limited was established in 2003 but the roots of the same was well before that in 1997, having experience of 2 years in respective field Partnership firm in the name of “Tristar Engineers” with just 2 Machines and factory of only 400 sq. ft. was started. But as they say “AT LAST HARD WORK ALWAYS PAY”, the struggle, dedication and growing demand of Customers it was necessary to move ahead in professional way and “PRIVATE LIMITED COMPANY” in the name of VIKARSH STAMPINGS INDIA PRIVATE LIMITED was established in 2003. From then on the journey slowly transformed step by step into leading Manufacturers of quality CRGO steel products in conventional Hi-B and Domain refined grades and supplying the same all over INDIA.

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Through meticulous planning and continual improvement in quality of products with a view to cater the growing demand of Electrical Industry new Facility of about 6,000 sq. mt. with 2 double bay sheds company achieved considerable growth in output and customer base. Company diversified itself from conventional cut to length lamination to Toroidal Cores and Winding of Cores for its Corporate Customers like Siemens Ltd., Crompton Greaves Ltd., ABB India Ltd., GE, etc.

Q. What are the products and services offered by Vikarsh

Stampings in India? Please elaborate.

Vikarsh Stampings is a quality conscious supplier of CRGO & CRNGO Mitred laminations, Strip Lamination, Toroidal cores with and without Copper Winding, Cut-cores, Transformer Reactor core, Uni cores, Slit Coils, Transformer Core Frame Assembly, etc. Vikarsh Stampings is ISO 9001:2015, ISO 45001:2018, OHSAS ||www.electricalmirror.net||

18001:2007 certified, PGCIL approved and also BIS certified bearing Brand name as “VIKARSH”. Vikarsh has complete infrastructure for producing CRGO laminations from 16 KVA to 75 MVA and (Toroidal cores up to 800 KV metering CT’S and P.S class cores.). Our major equipment consist of Slitting machines, 640 mm CNC Lamline, Power Presses, Power and Treadle Shears, Unipunch System Multi Holing Press, Grinding Machines, Stress Relief Roller Hearth Annealing furnace and major handling equipments like 5 EOT cranes etc. For Toroidal cores we have Automatic Winding machines, Batch Annealing Furnaces, Testing Equipments etc and our major customers are Siemens limited, Crompton Greaves Ltd, GE T & D,etc.

India’s power sector is one of the most diversified in the world. Electricity demand in the country has increased rapidly and is expected to rise further in the years to come. In order to meet the increasing demand for electricity in the country, massive addition to the installed generating capacity is required. Vikarsh Stampings in order to cater to the increasing demand have increased the installed capacity from 6000 MT per annum to 12000 MT per annum.

Q. How do you assess the market’s problems and differences amid COVID?

Discussing regarding market problems amid COVID, the COVID-19 crisis has created the pandemic situation widely, which affected the growth of the overall steel industry. The demand in the energy and power has withered down globally. The nationwide lockdown across the globe for all the manufacturing units, construction activities and others, resulted in lower demand of grain oriented electrical steel products, which eventually, lead to huge loss for manufactures. The manufacturer of grain oriented electrical steel components and equipment had to abruptly halt the production which had its impact on the supply-chain. Flux in the demand of the electricity in different countries have lowered and has proportionally affected the demand of the grain oriented electrical steel products in the energy and power sector. The fluctuation in the price of steel has also impacted the manufacturing of the grain oriented electrical steel and shortage of Raw Material has been arised due to the same. Further discussing regarding the differences amid COVID, in 2020, the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic stagnated the electrical steel market growth in terms of production, supply, ||www.electricalmirror.net||

. What are your projections and planes for the next three years?

Electricity demand in the country has increased rapidly and is expected to rise further in the years to come, keeping in mind the increasing demand Vikarsh have procured Automatic Winding Machines and have projected to incur various Automatic Machines in coming years to cater the increasing demand of our Customers. Vikarsh Stampings India Private Limited is pleased to announce its recent acquisition of the Whole Business of M/S. Excellent Industries at Bangalore, a leading firm into manufacturing of Special products such as Cut Cores, Special purpose cores, Uni-Cores, etc. for around 35 plus years. A New Company in the name of "VIKARSH EXCELLENT INDIA PRIVATE LIMITED" is formed. For the past 2 decades our mission has been to be the leading Manufacturers of Special products and emerge a competent market leader. This quest has led us to this recent acquisition bringing us closer to the Vision we have stood by. This will add value to our already existent infrastructure and widen our horizons into deliverables.

w w w. v i ka r s h s t a m p i n g s . c o m

. How is Vikarsh Stampings transforming itself to cater to the emerging needs of the Indian electrical industry?

and sales. However, lockdown restrictions resulted in a significant spike in residential electricity consumption. Similarly, high consumption of electricity was recorded in the healthcare sector. These factors have highlighted the importance of adequate supply of electricity in numerous domains, resulting in recovery of the electrical steel market between 2021 and 2031. Increasing adoption of electric vehicles in various countries is boosting the demand for electrical steel in the automotive industry. Electrical steel provides high permeability, effective electrical resistivity, decreases hysteresis loss, and low magnetostriction. These factors are significantly encouraging applications of electrical steel in vehicle manufacturing Progressive demand of electricity and power in the electrical vehicles will increase the demand of grain oriented electrical steel in coming years.

Q. What new growth avenues is Vikarsh Stampings

exploring in FY 22-23?

Vikarsh Stampings is exploring to Manufacture Nano Crystalline Core, Amorphous Core, Cut Cores and special purpose cores in the coming year keeping in mind the growing demand for these products in India. Vikarsh is planning to Install New Furnaces and adapt new technology for the same. EM

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Electrical power is fulfilled using conventional & nonconventional sources of energy in India Electrical power is fulfilled using witnessing a surplus condition in conventional & non-conventional some scenarios. To be sure, the power exchanges in the country or the spot sources of energy in India Even as the power ministry looks to market for power have been trading focus on providing power supply to at cheaper rates, as compared to all, besides ensuring generation of their performace a few years back. surplus power, the number of diesel On Friday, Power Minister Piyush Goyal power generator sets in the country took to social media platform Twitter and said that around 4,396 megawatts may be on a rise. None of the government agencies of power was available at rate of Rs. publicly share any data related to the 2.59 per unit for states.

Industry experts attribute the rise in diesel gensets to the largely erratic and uneven power supply in the country, besides issues faced at the transmission and distribution level. "Diesel generator sets are operated only for a short period of time during the day and are used as a back-up According to data sourced through power supply," said Ashok Sethi, chief its internal research, private power operating officer and executive director producer Tata Power said capacity of for Tata Power. diesel gensets is estimated to stand "The rise is not surprising as generator at 90,000 MW as on 2016-end, from sets are a solution for erratic power. Unless, the country moves towards 80,000 MW in 2014. Increase in capacity is rather surprising reliable power supply and solves the as the past three years have seen the transmission and distribution related government focusing on increasing issues, this trend will continue," said power supply in the country, besides an industry official who did not wish number of operating diesel generator sets (gensets) in India. However, data sourced through industry sources shows that diesel power generator sets capacities have risen at a rate of around 5,000 megawatts (MW) per annum in the last two years in the country.

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to be identified. Power demand deficit peaked at 0.8% or of time during the day and are used as a back-up power 1,197 MW in April due to erratic power supply in the country. supply," said Ashok Sethi, chief operating officer and executive Another industry consultant added that the increasing number director for Tata Power. of new factories and buildings in the country may have also "The rise is not surprising as generator sets are a solution contributed to the rising number of diesel-run generators sets for erratic power. Unless, the country moves towards reliable as they require a running supply of power for operations. power supply and solves the transmission and distribution The estimated figure gains significance when it is juxtaposed related issues, this trend will continue," said an industry with the country's total generating capacity of 3, 30,260.53 official who did not wish to be identified. Power demand MW, as per data compiled by Central Electricity Authority deficit peaked at 0.8% or 1,197 MW in April due to erratic (CEA). The total generating capacity, however, does not power supply in the country.

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include the capacity of power generated by diesel-run Another industry consultant added that the increasing number of new factories and buildings in the country may have also generator sets. Even as the power ministry looks to focus on providing contributed to the rising number of diesel-run generators sets power supply to all, besides ensuring generation of surplus as they require a running supply of power for operations.

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power, the number of diesel power generator sets in the The estimated figure gains significance when it is juxtaposed with the country's total generating capacity of 3,30,260.53 country may be on a rise. None of the government agencies publicly share any data MW, as per data compiled by Central Electricity Authority related to the number of operating diesel generator sets (CEA). The total generating capacity, however, does not (gensets) in India. However, data sourced through industry include the capacity of power generated by diesel-run sources shows that diesel power generator sets capacities generator sets. have raised at a rate of around 5,000 megawatts (MW) per Strengthening construction sector, booming transportation systems coupled with growing social infrastructure in the annum in the last two years in the country. According to data sourced through its internal research, country would spur India diesel gensets market forecast private power producer Tata Power said capacity of diesel revenues over the next six years. Diesel gensets have become gensets is estimated to stand at 90,000 MW as on 2016-end, a major source of power in the construction of modern infrastructure. Further, gensets are also heavily deployed from 80,000 MW in 2014. to provide back-up power across several application areas Increase in capacity is rather surprising as the past three such as construction, residential and commercial verticals. years have seen the government focusing on increasing power supply in the country, besides witnessing a surplus condition India Diesel Genset Market Size is projected to grow at a in some scenarios. To be sure, the power exchanges in the CAGR of 5.6% during 2019-25. Diesel gensets with 5 kVA-75 country or the spot market for power have been trading at kVA rating accounts for significant India diesel gensets market cheaper rates, as compared to their performace a few years share due to their wide usage across various applications, back. Power Minister Piyush Goyal took to social media ease of availability, and low cost. Increasing utilization platform Twitter and said that around 4,396 megawatts of of lower rating gensets across domains such as telecom power was available at rate of Rs. 2.59 per unit for states. infrastructure in unreliable and off-grid areas would help 5 kVA-75 kVA diesel genset market segments to maintain Industry experts attribute the rise in diesel gensets to the its dominance during the forecast period. largely erratic and uneven power supply in the country, besides issues faced at the transmission and distribution level. By region, the Southern region accounted for the highest revenue share in the overall market in 2018. The Northern "Diesel generator sets are operated only for a short period region would however, witness a significant increase in

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demand for diesel gensets over the coming years on account There has been a slump in the demand for diesel gensets of upcoming large-scale infrastructure projects such as Delhi from the first quarter of 2020, due to the locking down of various commercial establishments, including retail stores, Metro expansion and Lucknow Metro. India Diesel Genset market report thoroughly covers market offices, telecom towers, hotels, and airports, which account for by kVA ratings, applications and regions. India diesel genset a major share in the India diesel genset market. However, market outlook report provides an unbiased and detailed with the lifting of the government-imposed lockdown and analysis of the on-going India diesel genset market trends, allowance of air and rail travel, the industry is likely to opportunities/high growth areas and market drivers which witness slow recovery in the near future.

Diesel gensets play a crucial role in providing reliable and high-quality power backup during power outages as well as stand-alone power generation systems. Diesel gensets are increasingly being used for meeting power requirements from various end users across industrial, commercial and residential sectors. Broadly, diesel genset finds application as standby power system when prime source of power is unable to meet electricity requirements. Diesel gensets are also used as prime power source as well as for peak shaving purpose.

As per the Indian Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF), India’s retail sector is anticipated to increase from USD600 billion in 2015 to USD1,300 billion by 2020, exhibiting a CAGR of 16.72% during 2015 – 2021. While, the FMCG sector of the country is likely to grow at a CAGR of 20.61% during 2016 – 2020, reaching USD103.7 billion by 2020. In 2016, India surpassed the United States to become the second largest smartphone market in the world, with around 220 million active unique smartphone users registered in 2015. According to the Indian Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF), the telecom infrastructure has expanded at a CAGR of 20% during 2008 – 2015, reaching 571,000 towers in 2015. On an average, the country’s telecom tower network consumes over 11 billion kWh annually, and this is likely to increase to 17 billion kWh by the end of 2016. Hence, with anticipated high growth in the end user sectors of diesel gensets in India, the demand for diesel gensets in the country is expected to grow at a healthy pace during forecast period.

Geographical Outlook The high-volume adoption of 5 kVA–75 kVA gensets in commercial applications, including telecom towers, retail outlets, offices, malls, and hotels, is projected to drive their usage. Domestic and cross-border investments, along with the digitization projects undertaken by the government and revival in the commercial real estate sector, are expected to result in the establishment of single- and multi-tenant data centers, thereby propelling the installation of 5 kVA–75 “Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) has mandated telecommunications companies to switch from diesel gensets kVA diesel generator (DG) sets. The market in the country is projected to witness a negative to renewable sources of power generation, as the total impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, on account of the shutting switch-over cost from diesel gensets would save nearly 2 down of commercial and industrial establishments, in order billion litre per year of diesel, amounting to around USD1.19 to curtail the spread of the disease. Furthermore, this has billion annually. This is expected to curb the carbon footprint temporarily put the production of diesel gensets on hold. in the country over the next few years. In addition, the Department of Telecommunications has mandated many ||www.electricalmirror.net||

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would help the stakeholders to devise and align their In 2019, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, market strategies according to the current and future market Maharashtra, and Uttar Pradesh were the highest-revenuegenerating states in the India diesel genset market. This can dynamics. According to report, “India Diesel Gensets Market By Rating, be ascribed to the rise in the investments in the telecom sector By End User, Competition Forecast & Opportunities, 2011 – and development of commercial infrastructure, along with 2021”, the diesel gensets market in India is anticipated to an increase in the prime and backup power requirements register market revenues of around $2.9 Billion by 2021. in the residential facilities in these states.

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telecom companies to increase the proportion of hybridpowered tower sites to 75% in rural areas and 33% in urban areas by 2020. All these developments are expected to positively influence the country’s diesel gensets market over the span of next five years.”

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“India Diesel Gensets Market by Rating, By End User, Competition Forecast & Opportunities and 2011 – 2021” has evaluated the future growth potential of India diesel gensets market and provides statistics and information on market size, structure and future market growth. The report intends to provide cutting-edge market intelligence and help decision makers take sound investment evaluation. Besides, the report also identifies and analyses the emerging trends along with essential drivers, challenges and opportunities in India diesel gensets market. Power generation industry in India is largely split into conventional & non-conventional ways of generating electrical power. Historically, in India, prominent sources of generating electrical power are, hydel (water based), thermal (coal based), nuclear (atomic based) along with these sources diesel engine based electrical power generation has been popular. Indian diesel generator set market (only based on high speed diesel) has been witnessing growth owing to

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infrastructure expansion, establishment of new industries & changing business environment in the country. Strong economic growth coupled with power deficits in many parts of the country would foster the demand for diesel generator sets. Also, growing number of telecom towers in the country are expected to boost the diesel generator set market. Diesel engine-based power generation has been growing during this decade, in applications such as prime power or continuous duty as well as in backup or standby. It is worthwhile to understand the significance of start-ups in this industry in the context of challenges & opportunities. ‘Power generation’ is a casually used term but when it comes to receiving end of usage, power generated gets transmitted through transmission network which is then followed by local distribution using distribution network.

Power generation industry Imagine a day or night without electrical power. Every day or night, any human being needs electrical energy. Presently, in India, the electrical power need is fulfilled using conventional & non-conventional sources of energy. Basic electrical need across the nation gets catered using boiler (coal fired) or turbine (steam or nuclear or hydel operated) & diesel generator set. Day-by-day, with the influence of ‘Make in India’ initiative, infrastructure segment in India ||www.electricalmirror.net||

& other industries across India have started peaking up the electrical power demand. In the year 2015, IBEF has done extensive survey on ‘Electrical Machinery’ potential mapping in the Indian market, till year 2022. They have covered power generation machinery, distribution machinery & transmission machinery under ‘Electrical Machinery. Study indicates that electrical power generation machinery installed capacity is expected to grow from 267 GW to 350 GW from year 2015 to year 2022 which is CAGR of 3.9% whereas power demand is expected to have growth at CAGR of 17%. This clearly indicates that there is high probability of having peak demand for electrical power across country. During the same research, IBEF, in reference with a report published by Ministry of Heavy Industries, GoI, indicated to have CAGR of 27.2% for backup power generation units. Generators are expected to have 5-fold growth till 2022. Boilers are contributing to 63% of total generator industry followed by turbines with 27% & remaining approximate 10% is catered by Diesel engine driven power generator. High Speed Diesel is the one which is famous ‘Diesel’ utilized to power automobiles or generator sets. Presently, in the Indian market, High Speed Diesel engine-based power generation is enjoying 72% of market share against other sources. IBEF report indicates that the electrical machinery market has been opened for 100% FDI starting 2013 end, which is in line with the Central Pollution Control norms implementation strategy by the GoI. Even though there are government efforts to make India free from power-cuts & generate surplus power with continuity in supply & better quality of power, still there are gaps in present establishments & hence the option like UPS or Diesel engine-based power generation is becoming a popular source of back-up electrical supply.

coming in via joint venture route. One of the well-known research organizations in this field, RNCOS, have indicated in their report ‘India Diesel Market Outlook-2018’ that generator set market in India is on a growth path primarily due to peak demand in electrical power & also due to lack of continuous availability of power with better quality. Also, the ‘back-up’ power availability has started playing a crucial role in Indian industries such as engineering, infrastructure, realty, hospitality & many more. This report indicates that the generator market has seen a growth of 9.5% in the year 2013 over its previous calendar year. It further indicated that it would have similar growth in next 5 years to come. The Indian diesel generator market is expected to grow at 11% CAGR in the product range of below 100 KVA & higher rating product ranges are expected to grow at CAGR of 7.8% till the year 2018.Power generation industry has been through various phases of evolution. Generator manufacturers have started understanding the need of market or customers from their product than merely selling the generator sets. One of the critical evolution phases was sustaining in the change of pollution norms laid down by the GoI. First norms were laid down 10 years ago (CPCB-1) & the second were laid down in the year 2014 (known as CPCB-2). These have compelled the industry players to work on the structured or well organised sales process. The reason to change norms was purely based on environment protection & bringing in technical advancement in product, buying options for the buyers including the imported & domestic products. This has resulted in introduction of full-time availability of imported generator sets in India. Imported generator-set manufacturers have increased their capacities in India helping in boosting the Indian economy. To start with, the boost in economy looks to be negligible but the plans for next five years would attract investment of approximately USD 10 Bn. In the era of CPCB-1, India power generation segment has seen most dominating domestic players like Cummins India Ltd., Kirloskar Oil Engine, Greaves, Ashok Leyland & to some extent Mahindra & Mahindra.

With this change in pollution level norms on diesel enginebased power generation, various multinational generator set manufacturers have invested in India & have started challenging the established domestic giants. In the recent past, government has assigned various regional SEZ’s which are attracting these multinational giants to set up plants or factories & become competitive in global market as well. As compared to presence of only 4 major domestic players in Some of them are directly investing or some of them are the past, there are 8 major players now, essentially adding ||www.electricalmirror.net||

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4 giants from global market (Caterpillar, Perkins, MTU & Mitsubishi). Over the years, since 2013, market potential for diesel generator sets has gone up from 75,000 units per year to 100,000 units per year, making it to approximate increase of turnover in value terms as INR 3000 crore annually. This estimates out to 25% growth in potential & doubling the number of players.

Power generation industry evolution Power generation industry has travelled a long way from its first articulate level of ‘chaotic or chaos’ to present days ‘reportable’ stage. In one of the recent articles by ‘Markets & Markets, on generator set industry growth prospects worldwide (till year 2020), growth indicated to be around US $ 20 Bn USD from present level of US $13 Bn (2015) which means at CGAR of 5.4%. Primary reasons for this growth are indicated to be growing need of continuous power supply & increasing power outages. The report also segments the diesel generator market on the basis of end-user, which includes industrial (power generation/ utilities, oil, gas & others), commercial (IT & telecom, healthcare, & others) and residential. The industrial segment is one of largest users of diesel generators and occupies more than 50% of the total market share in the end-user segment of the diesel generators market. This market is expected to grow at the highest CAGR during the forecast period, owing to chronic power outages & rapid growth of industries, infrastructure, IT & tele-communication industry across the world. Growing industrialization & frequent power outages are driving the

demand for diesel generators in this region. The diesel generator market in India is expected to grow at the highest CAGR, owing to growing IT, data centre, telecom, & ongoing infrastructure development programmes in the country. Start-ups are essentially of two kinds. The first one starts ground up or the one which no one has thought about. In last two to three years, many such start-ups came in & vanished on their own. This type of start-up is difficult to create but once created often sees unprecedented growth. The second type is primarily the ones that do not want to reinvent the wheel. They are interested to adding old sauce in a new dish with little value addition, either superficial, or in actual, to create something new &innovative. Both these major types of start-ups are seen in all industries. Whatever may be the kind of start-up, Indian start-ups face their own set of challenges & some stellar opportunities. With India power-starved, the millions of diesel generator (DG) sets working to meet the shortage in industrial and commercial units now add up to a cumulative capacity of 90,000 MW. That figure is nearly equal to what was India’s total installed power generation capacity just over a decade ago (March 2002) and about 36 per cent of the current installed generation capacity. As per more figures compiled by the country’s power regulator, the DG capacity is growing at a rate of 5,000 MW to 8,000 MW every year. That is higher than the cumulative nuclear and solar capacities being added year-on-year in the country. Besides, the estimate, presented by the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) at a recent meeting of its Central Advisory Commission here, is largely restricted to just the big DG sets of over 100 kvA (kilo volt ampere) used by industrial and commercial units as a back-up to the unreliable and insufficient power supply to non-domestic consumers across nearly all states. Taking into account domestic loadrunning on gensets would take this figure to beyond 90,000 MW. Apart from the fact that they spew tonnes of carbon-dioxide, the gensets run on subsidised diesel. The cost of generation from a mid-sized DG set is over Rs 14-15 per unit.

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Currently, thermal generation capacity of over 48,000 MW is stranded in the country in the absence of coal linkages and non-closure of power purchase agreements (pacts with buyers of electricity), or due to the lack of flexibility in diversion of coal. Aggravating matters is the fact that despite a cumulative installed generation capacity (as on August 31, 2014) of 2,50,257 MW, demand up to only 1,40,000 MW is met, primarily due to transmission infrastructure failing to keep pace with generation capacity.

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Interestingly, as per the Central Electricity Authority’s latest estimate, the country’s diesel-fuelled power capacity is just 1,199 MW. This means that the massive capacity of 90,000 MW from DG sets is completely outside the realm of policymaking and official statistics.

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industries, also notes that while the US, China and India are currently the top markets for diesel gensets, their market share will improve only in China and India by the end of the forecast period of 2020. According to Siddhartha Raina, Senior Analyst for GlobalData: “China and India each face a considerable gap between their power supply and demand, creating attractive markets for diesel genset manufacturers. High power deficits, coupled with significant economic growth potential, are expected to be the strongest drivers behind these markets’ expansion.”

Conclusion Growth in end-use industries like manufacturing and construction is likely to result in a high-volume demand for diesel generators for commercial applications, propelling While the break-up of this DG capacity was not available, the Indian diesel genset market forward. officials involved in the exercise said the data was largely Because of private and public investments, government collated from manufacturers of DG sets. programmes, the establishment of special economic zones, At the consumer level, the spread of DG sets is increasing and improvements in the transportation and logistics with every passing year, considering that practically all network, India's manufacturing industry is prepared commercial establishments, mid-to-large sized factories for expansion. Due to uncertainty, power-intensive and apartment complexes are equipped with back-up production lines, and the requirement for a stable backup power source, diesel generators are commonly used in power that runs on diesel. The specific suggestion put up before the CERC at the May manufacturing plants. As a result, demand for diesel 16 advisory commission meeting was that state electricity generators in the country is likely to rise throughout the regulators (SERCs, which are the equivalent of CERC) be forecast period due to expansion in the manufacturing asked to impose “restrictions” on use of diesel gensets industry. Furthermore, due to improved transparency, in order to mitigate the risk of energy security and for fast urbanisation, and expansion in the IT/ITeS sector, India's residential and commercial real estate markets the protection of environment. have accelerated in recent years. Increased customer A CII representative countered this saying that industry, confidence in residential real estate, combined with an by and large, does not run DG sets out of choice, but increase in commercial development projects such as as a matter of compulsion. In the absence of reliable commercial offices, hotels, metros, and telecom towers, is and quality power supply from distribution utilities, most likely to lead to the widespread use of diesel generators of which are state-owned electricity boards, industry is to supply the country's prime and backup power needs. forced to rely on back supply, despite the prohibitive Furthermore, the building and location of data centres costs. This also involves bribing fuel pump owners to is expected to act as a tipping point in the generation of ensure a regular supply of diesel, the representative said. high demand for these generators, boosting the Indian A July 2014 report prepared by research and consulting diesel genset market. EM firm GlobalData, focusing on energy and healthcare

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WHERE OTHER MATERIALS FAIL, EARTHING SPECIALISTS RELY UPON MARCONITE

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Renewable Energy

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Development of India's Renewable Energy Industry in the Last Year and the Road Ahead The fundamental goal of renewable energy deployment in India is to promote economic development, improve energy security, increase energy access, and reduce climate change. Sustainable development can be achieved through the use of renewable energy and assuring citizens' access to inexpensive, reliable, sustainable, and contemporary energy. India has risen to become one of the world's most attractive renewable energy markets, thanks to strong government support and an improving economic position. The government has created regulations, programmes, and a welcoming atmosphere in order to attract international investment and rapidly expand the country's renewable energy market. Coal, oil, and natural gas, which are used to generate power, account for one-third of worldwide greenhouse gas emissions. It is critical to improve people's living standards by providing cleaner and more reliable electricity. India's energy demand is rising in order to meet the country's current economic development ambitions. The provision of growing amounts of energy is a necessary condition for a country's economic growth. The Ministry of Power's National Energy Plan [NEP] has produced a 10-year detailed action

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plan with the goal of providing electricity across the country, as well as a second plan to ensure that power is delivered to citizens effectively and at a reasonable cost. The growth of renewable energy technology should be aided by a combination of push policies and pull mechanisms, as well as specific initiatives. Technology advancements, appropriate regulatory policies, tax deductions, and efforts to improve efficiency through research and development (R&D) are some of the pathways to energy and environmental conservation that should ensure that renewable resource bases are used in a cost-effective and timely manner. After a year of cloudy skies, the country's renewable energy sector is set to blossom in 2022, with an estimated investment of over $15 billion as the government focuses on electric vehicles, green hydrogen, solar equipment manufacturing, and meeting the ambitious 175GW renewable capacity target. India's renewable energy capacity was at 1.49 GW as of October 2021, accounting for 38.27 percent of the country's total installed power capacity and creating a significant opportunity

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for the construction of green data centres. India's renewable energy capacity increased by 1,522.35 MW in October 2021. (megawatt). India had 101.53 GW of renewable energy capacity as of September 2021, accounting for 38% of total installed power capacity. By 2030, the country hopes to have installed renewable energy capacity of around 450 gigawatts (GW), with solar accounting for roughly 280 GW (almost 60%). India had 101.53 GW of renewable energy capacity as of September 2021, accounting for 38% of total installed power capacity.

Renewable Energy

Different Sources of Renewable Energy

Hydro Power: Hydro power is one of the most commercially developed renewable energy sources. A big reservoir can be utilised to create a regulated flow of water that will drive a turbine and generate power by erecting a dam or barrier. This energy source is frequently more reliable than solar or wind power (especially if it is tidal rather than river-based), and it also allows electricity to be stored for use when demand peaks. Hydro, like wind energy, can be more practical as a commercial energy source in some instances (depending on kind and compared to other sources of energy), but it can also be utilised for domestic, 'off-grid' generating depending on the type of property.

Solar Power: One of our planet's most abundant and readily available energy sources is sunlight. The quantity of solar energy that reaches the earth's surface in one hour is enough to meet the planet's whole annual energy needs. Solar power 118

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is altering energy markets all around the world, from home rooftops to utility-scale farms. Concentrating solar power (CSP) plants, in addition to solar panels that convert the sun's light to electricity, utilise mirrors to concentrate the sun's heat, resulting in thermal energy instead. The solar transformation is being led by China, Japan, and the United States, but solar still has a long way to go. Solar thermal energy is also used for hot water, heating, and cooling all over the world. A push for more powerful solar technology emphasises the importance of future cost reductions in moving away from fossil fuels. While grid-scale solar farms are already often less expensive than even the most advanced coal or gas-fired plants, more savings will be necessary to combine clean energy sources with the costly storage technology required for 24/7 carbon-free power.

Wind Energy: Wind is a plentiful source of environmentally friendly electricity. Wind farms are becoming more common in the United Kingdom, as wind power contributes more and more to the National Grid. Turbines are used to drive generators, which subsequently feed electricity into the National Grid, allowing wind energy to be harnessed. Despite the availability of household or "off-grid" generation solutions, not every property is appropriate for a domestic wind turbine.

Biomass: Biomass energy includes biofuels like ethanol and biodiesel, as well as wood and wood waste, landfill methane, and municipal solid waste. Biomass, like solar power, is a versatile energy source that may be used to power cars, heat buildings, and generate electricity. Biomass, on the other hand, ||www.electricalmirror.net||

SHOWCASING INDIA’S FAST-GROWING GREEN ENERGY SECTOR

23-25 MARCH 2022 | PRAGATI MAIDAN, NEW DELHI

2021 SHOW HIGHLIGHTS*

EXHIBITOR PROFILE • Solar PV Module/ Panel/ Manufacturers

12,786

• Installers / EPC companies, Independent Power Producers • PV panel Industrial Cleaning solutions • Energy Meters & Gas Meters

Visitors

• Electrolytes/Ion Exchange Membranes

575

• Electrodes/Catalysts • IOT in energy solutions etc.

Participants

• Domestic & Industrial Hydrogen Technology Including Boilers and CHP

• Catalyzation & Chemical Technologies

Countries

11,000

• Pipeline, Cryogenic & Storage • Battery manufacturers, Inverters, storage devices

Media Partner

sqm Exhibit area *Statistics for 6th Smart Cities & 28th Convergence India expo, held from 24-26 March 2021 at Pragati Maidan.

Organisers

For bookings, please contact: Mr. Gaurav Upreti gauravu@eigroup.in | +91 81784 95678

www.smartenergyindiaexpo.com

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can bring up a slew of concerns. Maize-based ethanol, for example, is criticised by some for competing with the food market for corn and for supporting the same bad farming techniques that have resulted in toxic algae blooms and other environmental hazards. Meanwhile, scientists and businesses are attempting to improve the efficiency with which corn stover, wastewater sludge, and other biomass sources are converted into energy, with the goal of extracting value from materials that would otherwise be discarded.

Geothermal: Geothermal energy is obtained from the Earth's internal heat and has been used for cooking and heating in various countries for thousands of years. Underground reservoirs of steam and hot water can be tapped to create power on a huge scale through wells that can go a mile deep or more. On a lesser scale, geothermal heat pumps employ temperature differences several feet below ground to heat and cool some structures. Geothermal energy, unlike solar and wind energy, is constantly available, but it has drawbacks that must be addressed, such as the rotten egg odour that can accompany discharged hydrogen sulphide.

Trends in Renewable Industry

Technological Advancement: Interest in next-generation sustainable energy solutions is growing. Next-generation technologies are becoming increasingly popular. Stakeholders in the renewable energy industry are considering investing in them, which could eventually aid in the confident integration of variable renewables like wind and solar into the electric grid. Private investment and pilot projects, paired with federal research backing, might help accelerate the commercialization of developing technologies such as green hydrogen, enhanced batteries, and other types of long-duration storage in an industry that has traditionally focused on solar and wind. These technologies can deliver zero-carbon electricity and longer-term seasonal electricity storage, as well as relieve system congestion, reduce renewable curtailment, improve grid dependability, and make solar and wind energy integration easier, all while supporting 100 percent clean energy targets. 120

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The falling prices of renewable energy—a vital input in the production process—have been a major driving force behind the emergence of green hydrogen. Green hydrogen development is predicted to grow in 2022 as renewable energy penetration on the grid improves, owing to its ability to operate as long-duration and seasonal storage of fuel available on demand to generate power. States and energy businesses are also responding to this potential and building up renewable hydrogen production. A variety of emerging mechanical and battery storage technologies that offer long-duration energy storage and grid support are also attracting attention. New Business Models: Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are now among the most cost-competitive energy alternatives on the market, with costs down by 85% in the last decade. The solar sector will certainly increase its attempts to explore novel configurations and business models as it exercises its competitive muscle. In 2022, the sector could see a surge in solar-plus-storage installations, as well as the exploration of floating solar PV modules and the expansion of community solar projects into new markets. Cost synergies, operational savings, and the ability to minimise storage capital costs with the solar investment tax credit are all advantages of combining storage and solar. Infrastructure Development: Transmission development, which is critical for connecting new, sometimes remote renewable energy generation to electricity consuming cities, is predicted to be a high priority for the renewable energy industry in 2022. Support from policymakers and regulators, as well as investments and innovation, are likely to assist unlock progress that has been stalled by permitting and siting delays. Transmission projects, particularly interregional ones, have posed a significant barrier to renewable growth in the past, due to the difficulties in obtaining regulatory permission from every state they cross, as well as opposition from landowners and environmental groups. Some Previous Investments and Developments in India’s Renewable Energy Sector Between April 2000 and June 2021, FDI inflow into India's non-conventional energy sector totaled US$ 10.28 billion, according to data released by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT). Since 2014, more than 42 billion dollars has been invested in India's renewable energy sector. In 2018, the country's new renewable energy investment totaled $11.1 billion. India ranks third in the world in terms of renewable energy investments and intentions in 2020, according to the analytics firm British Business Energy. • Reliance New Energy Solar Ltd. (RNESL) announced two acquisitions in October 2021 to expand its capabilities. • Both acquisitions – REC Solar Holdings AS (REC Group) ||www.electricalmirror.net||

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•

Renewable Energy

•

of Norway and Sterling & Wilson Solar of India – totaled more than $1 billion and are expected to help Reliance achieve its goal of 100 GW of solar energy capacity in Jamnagar by 2030. Adani Green Energy Ltd. (AGEL) purchased SB Energy India for US$ 3.5 billion in October 2021 to improve its position in India's renewable energy market. Copenhagen Infrastructure Partners (CIP) and Amp Energy India Private Limited inked an investment agreement in August 2021 to facilitate combined equity investments of more than US$ 200 million in Indian renewable energy projects. In July 2021, NTPC Renewable Energy Ltd. (NTPC REL), a wholly owned subsidiary of NTPC, issued a tender to domestic manufacturers for the construction of India's first green hydrogen fuelling station in Leh, Ladakh. Reliance Industries said in June 2021 that it would invest Rs. 750,00 crore (US$ 10.07 billion) in the green energy sector. Suzlon was awarded a contract by CLP India for a 252 MW wind power project in June 2021. In 2022, the project is projected to be completed. The NTPC awarded Tata Power Solar a contract worth Rs. 686 crore (US$ 93.58 million) to build 210 MW projects in Gujarat in June 2021. Adani Green Energy Ltd. (AGEL) inked share purchase agreements with SoftBank Group (SBG) and Bharti Group in May 2021 to acquire a 100 percent stake in SB Energy India. The overall renewable portfolio in India is 4,954 MW, distributed among four states. In May 2021, Virescent Infrastructure, a renewable energy platform, purchased 76 percent of Sindicatum Renewable Energy Company Pte Ltd's solar asset portfolio in India. The Central Electricity Authority approved the JSW Energy Karcham Wangtoo hydro power plant's uprating to 1,091 megawatts (MW) from 1,000 MW in April 2021. GE Power India authorised the purchase of a 50% stake in NTPC GE Power Services Pvt. Ltd. for Rs 7.2 crore (US$ 0.96 million) in April 2021.

Some Previous Government Initiatives in Renewable Sector

• In October 2021, the Ministry of Power announced a new set of rules aimed at reducing financial stress for stakeholders and safeguarding timely cost recovery in electricity generation. • The Indian government suggested new guidelines for green energy acquisition and usage in August 2021. The new requirements are part of a government initiative to encourage large-scale energy users, such as businesses, to

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use renewable energy sources in their daily operations. • To stimulate rooftop solar (RTS) throughout the country, particularly in rural areas, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy plans to launch Rooftop Solar Programme Phase II in July 2021, with a goal of installing 4,000 MW of RTS capacity in the residential sector by 2022 and a subsidy. • In July 2021, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) approved the construction of a 4,750 MW renewable energy park at the Rann of Kutch in Khavada, Gujarat, by NTPC Renewable Energy Ltd., a 100 percent subsidiary of NTPC. This will be India's largest solar park, and it will be built by the country's largest power company. • The Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Ltd. (IREDA) has invited bids from solar module manufacturers for the establishment of solar manufacturing units under the central government's Rs. 4,500 crore (US$ 616.76 million) Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme, which will be implemented in June 2021. As of March 2021, the State Bank of India had sponsored 752 renewable energy projects in India, with a total installed capacity of 13.8 GW, for a total of Rs. 319.18 billion (US$ 4.28 billion). • The Competition Commission of India (CCI) approved ReNew Power's request to exchange existing equity shareholdings for ReNew Global shares in June 2021. A reverse triangular merger of ReNew Global's subsidiary with RMG II was also allowed by the CCI. • In April 2021, the Central Electricity Authority (CEA) and CEEW’s Centre for Energy Finance (CEEW-CEF) jointly released the India Renewables Dashboard that provides extensive operational information on renewable energy (RE) projects in India. The Ministry of Power (MoP) released the draught National Electricity Policy (NEP) 2021 in April 2021 and invited input from all stakeholders, including Central Public Sector Undertakings, the Solar Energy Corporation of India, power transmission companies, financial institutions such as the Reserve Bank of India, the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency, HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank, industrial, solar, and wind associations, and state governments. • The Union Cabinet adopted a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between India and the French Republic in the field of renewable energy cooperation in March 2021.

Development of Renewable Energy Industry in India

The government is committed to increasing the usage of clean energy sources and is now working on a number of large-scale ||www.electricalmirror.net||

sustainable power projects as well as extensively promoting green energy. Furthermore, renewable energy has the potential to provide a large number of jobs at all levels, particularly in rural areas. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has set a lofty goal of building 227 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2022, with around 114 GW planned for solar, 67 GW for wind, and the rest for hydro and bio, among other things. In the next four years, India's renewable energy sector is predicted to receive $80 billion in investment. By 2023, India will have around 5,000 compressed biogas plants. By 2040, it is predicted that renewable energy would generate roughly 49% of total electricity, thanks to the use of more effective batteries to store electricity, which will reduce the cost of solar energy by 66 percent compared to today's cost. * Renewable energy instead of coal will save India Rs 54,000 crore (US$ 8.43 billion) per year. 3. By 2030, renewable energy will account for 55% of total installed power capacity. According to the Central Electricity Authority (CEA), renewable energy generation will climb from 18 percent to 44 percent by 2029-30, while thermal generation would decrease from 78 percent to 52 percent. According to the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy's year-end evaluation (2020), another 49.59 GW of renewable energy capacity is being installed, with another 27.41 GW being tendered. This brings the total capacity of renewable energy projects (completed or under construction) to 167 GW. The Indian government plans to create a "green city" in each state that is powered by renewable energy. Solar rooftop systems on all of the city's houses, solar parks on the outskirts, waste to energy facilities, and electric mobility-enabled public transportation systems will all be used to mainstream environmentally friendly power in the 'green metropolis.' According to Icra, India's renewable energy generation capacity addition in FY23 is expected to be 16 gigawatts (GW). "With India's commitment to decreasing emissions and reaching 50% of its energy needs from renewable sources by 2030, growth prospects are bright," Icra said, adding that "investment requirements remain significant, ranging from $450 billion to $500 billion to meet the RE capacity targets by 2030." This environmental campaign is expected to assist India in fulfilling its climate promises stated at the COP-26 session in Glasgow. Prime Minister Narendra Modi committed at the November summit to boost the country's non-fossil fuel power generation capacity to 500GW and cover half of the country's energy needs with renewables by the end of the decade. India's electricity demand is expected to climb to 817 GW by 2030, according to the Central Electricity Authority. With a total non-fossil-based installed energy capacity of ||www.electricalmirror.net||

157.32GW, or 40.1 percent of total installed electrical capacity, India has met its nationally decided contributions target. Solar, wind, and hydropower each account for 48.55 GW, 40.03 GW, and 51.34 GW of this total. India's installed nuclear energybased electrical capacity is 6.78 GW. Hon’ble Prime Minister Narendra Modi also pledged at the Glasgow summit to reduce India's total projected carbon emissions by 1 billion tonnes and the nation's carbon intensity by less than 45 percent by 2030, and to attain net-zero carbon emissions by 2070. From 2014-15 to June 2021, India's green energy projects got $7.27 billion in foreign direct investment. During the 2020-21 fiscal year, $797.21 million was received. Despite this, and despite the recent increase in the GST rate for solar generating equipment, solar bid tariffs remain extremely competitive, as seen by the quoted bid pricing of 2.17 per unit in December 2021. To make these projects sustainable, the developers must be able to procure modules within their planned expenses and keep the cost of loan funding below 8.5 percent. On the other hand, due to execution issues, funding challenges for a few developers, and a weak financial profile of some of the OEMs, the wind industry continues to see sluggish capacity increase, resulting in supply side restrictions. The government has approved a $12,031 crore plan to build infrastructure to transfer electricity generated by renewable energy projects, with the goal of increasing green energy output and meeting 50% of the country's energy needs by 2030. EM

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Tiger NEO N-Type TOPCon Module

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1. Background

1.1 The technology market trends of Tiger Neo

N-type module

Most are familiar with traditional P-type cell technology. With large-scale manufacturing of monocrystalline silicon wafers, P-type mono PERC cell technology has been deployed on a large majority of projects since 2017. Mainstream module manufacturers have used mono PERC due to a simple manufacturing process, low cost, and cell conversion efficiency improvements. However, the efficiency of PERC cells has approached a limit of 24.5%, and cost reduction has also slowed. Meanwhile, new cell technology is developing rapidly, and N-type cells are most likely to replace P-type cells to become the next-generation mainstream technology. The current technical roadmap for N-type cells is shown below. Among the options, TOPCon and HIT are the primary focus of the current N-type technology.

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The traditional P-type cell uses a boron-doped silicon wafer substrate, which easily forms a boron-oxygen pair after initial illumination. It will lead to light-induced degradation after a recombination center is formed by trapping electrons in the silicon wafer substrate. In contrast, the N-type cell silicon wafer substrate is doped with Phosphorus, so there is almost no loss of recombination center formed by the boron-oxygen

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pair, which greatly reduces light-induced degradation. For example, in TOPCon technology, the structure of the tunnel oxide layer further reduces the sub-surface recombination rate, which greatly optimizes the cell conversion efficiency, and the upper limit can reach 28.2%~28.7%.

scarce in many regions. Optimizing profitability and land resource by selecting the highest efficiency module is an important topic.

The TOPCon cell applies cutting-edge and high-efficiency passivation contact technology, and uses a micro-nano tunneling oxide layer and a carrier-selective microcrystalline silicon film laminated functional structure on the back. This innovative structure demonstrates a two-way improvement in passivation performance and electrical conductivity, which brings significant improvements in cell conversion efficiency and power generation performance. The highest efficiency of N-type HOT2.0 cell is close to 25% in mass production, showing broad application prospects. In short, TOPCon and HIT achieve efficiency improvements through passivation to reduce the number of sub-surface recombination rates. The former uses tunneling oxide layers and HIT uses intrinsic amorphous silicon film. The differences in the methods lead to the respective manufacturing processes, resulting in the difference in the commercial cost between the two. 1.2 Effect of High-efficiency module on LCOE With the rapid development of renewable energy around the world, land resources for projects are becoming increasingly ||www.electricalmirror.net||

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The LCOE drives market demand, so high-power and high-efficiency modules have become a trend, and the N-type module has an obvious effect on reducing project costs. JinkoSolar adheres to a philosophy of high power and high efficiency, and the company realizes the simultaneous enhancement of module power and efficiency by integrating large silicon wafers, multiple form factors (including 78 cell specification), multiple busbars, and stitch welding technologies. JinkoSolar's high-efficiency N-type monocrystalline silicon single-junction cell technology has been calibrated by JET testing laboratory, an authoritative third-party testing and certification organization in Japan, to achieve a maximum conversion efficiency of 25.4% for the full-area cell, creating a new world record for the conversion efficiency of large-area N-type single crystal passivation contact ( TOPCon) cell. At this moment, N-type TOPCon has an obvious advantage in mass production efficiency, cost control, and market share. In the long run, as TOPCon cells develop, the constant improvement in efficiency will continue to increase the power difference between N and P-type modules. The process optimization and new technology application will also continuously reduce costs.

2. Technical highlights

2.1 Technical advance—M10 silicon wafer

The size of M10 silicon wafer is uniform to 182mm*182mm

Industrial end: the industrial chain includes silicon wafers, cells, modules and auxiliary materials to reduce resource waste and promote benign development;

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Customer end: the module size is nearly uniform, the system design is simplified and the upstream and downstream collaboration are improved.

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2.2 TOPCon technology TOPCon cell technology is a new passivated contact solar cell developed by the Fraunhofer Solar Energy Institute in Germany. Passivation is a key technology in determining maximum efficiency of the cell, as shown in the picture below.

2.3 Tiger Neo module with high efficiency 2.3.1 Temperature coefficient The temperature coefficient of a similar P-type module is -0.35%/˚C while that of N-type is modified to -0.30%/ ˚C. This means the power generation performance is particularly outstanding at high temperature. The bifacial factor or traditional PERC module is 70% while that of TOPCon module is modified to 85%. The corresponding power gain is around 2.03%. According to the formula, the power gain of traditional PERC module due to the rear side power gain is 9.45% while that of a TOPCon module is 2 % more due to the 15% bifacial factor increase (under STC condition and average ground reflectivity). Tiger Neo’s power output will increase with the bettertemperature coefficient (0.75% higher compared with PERC). Under the same external environment, Tiger Neo’s operating temperature is lower ( >1 % compared with the same specification P type ) and the heat loss is greatly reduced. Under high temperature condition, the advantage will further expand (~2% higher than P-type).

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2.3.2 Bifacial factor The bifacial factor or traditional PERC module is 70% while that of TOPCon module is modified to 85%. The corresponding power gain is around 2.03%. According to the formula, the power gain of traditional PERC module due to the rear side power gain is 9.45% while that of a TOPCon module is 2 % more due to the 15% bifacial factor increase (under STC condition and average ground reflectivity). Power gain contrast due to the increase of bifacial factor PERC: BSI*Bifi(70%)≈9.45% TOPCon: BSI*Bifi (85%)≈11.48% P*=Pfront*(1+BSI * Bifi) *Bifi:The module bifacial factor *BSI:Bifacial stress irradiance coefficient (depending on real irradiance & ground reflectivity).

2.3.3 Better warranty The power warranty can achieve 30 years comparedto a traditional P-type module. The first year degradation is lower than 1% which means the power output at year 30 is guaranteed to be at least 87.4%.

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3. System design 3.1 The combination of inverters Inverter upgrades for high-current modules continue, and as of Q2 2022, the vast majority of inverters are compatible with existing Tiger Neo high-current modules.

4. Economic analysis

4.1 System advantage analysis The Tiger Neo has a power advantage over the 182P 545W and the 210P 600W, increasing total power by 1.58% and 4.37%.

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4.2 LCOE analysis 4.2.1 200MW AC power station in Inner Mongolia JinkoSolar's Tiger Neo module has a maximum power of 620W, which can increase power by 15-20 W compared to the P-type. Such an increase in power greatly changes the market’s perception of P-type modules, especially in projects using trackers. 4.2.1.1 Initial cost analysis The following example uses an Inner Mongolia 200MW DC power station (comparing the 182-N-605W module and 210-P-660W module). The former can connect more strings on a single tracker than 210 due to its size advantage, and the total power of a single tracker is much higher. Both the original 3-string VS 2-string or the newer 4-string VS 3-string have resulted in a reduction in the number of trackers required for a utility project using 182 Tiger Neo modules, and a significant reduction in BOS costs and cable costs. At the same time, the high efficiency of N-type modulesalso decreases the land lease cost. The above two points result in the BOS decrease of nearly 1.18%. More importantly, the Tiger Neo series are highly efficient at power generation throughout the year, therefore achieving higher power output over the life cycle.

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3.2 The mounting system

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4.2.1.2 Power generation analysis In Alxa of Inner Mongolia, the power generation advantage of N-type modules gradually increases in the spring, and the difference culminates at a maximum 5.1% in summer (June and July).The total annual power generation gap between N type and P type is about 12096MW. Overall, the Tiger Neo series can reduce LCOE by more than 6% and increase IRR by 5.31% compared to the P type, which makes it the optimal choice for PV project investment.

4.2.2 LCOE Analysis - utility overseas In this economic analysis, two 2P tracker projects in SaudiArabia and Spain were selected for comparison. Saudi Arabia is located in the Arabian Peninsula of West Asia at 20-30° NORTH latitude. The sunshine condition is sufficient, with the average 128

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sunshine amount reaching 2200 kWh/m2, which is the site of many solar power stations. At the same time, Saudi Arabia has a lot of technical expertise and infrastructure to support the solar grid. Another notable feature of the Saudi project is its high sea freight cost (7189USD/ container). Spain also ranks among the world's leaders in solar power generation. In this economic analysis, the Spanish project also has significant sea freight costs (6000USD/ container). It is worth noting that Tiger Neo (either 72 or 78 cells) is superior to the 210 module when sea freight costs are high. On the same shipping route, the total loading power of the 210P module packing scheme is less than that of the 182N, making the cost per watt of the 210P module less competitive. At the same time, the special support equipment cost and labor cost of 210 modules are also higher than those of 182N, which further increases the BOS of the system. In the above economic calculation and case analysis, the additional support equipment cost and labor cost required for the transportation of 210 modules have not been taken into account. Therefore, the gap between actual BOS and LCOE is larger.

In Saudi Arabia's 2P tracker project, the 182N-72module saved significantly on mounting costs and cable costs compared to the 210P-60 and 210P-66 due to its better size, resulting in a 2.8% and 0.4% reduction in BOS costs, respectively, on the capex. Meanwhile, the 182N-72 with its outstanding conversion efficiency, excellent LID/LETID, and longer warranty compared to the 210P-60 and 210P-66 greatly improves the total power output of the whole life cycle, resulting in 6.2% and 4.94% lower LCOE, respectively. In the Spanish 2P tracker project, the 182N-78 module continued to have an advantage over the 210P-60 and 210P-66, with BOS reduced by 2.65% and 0.37%, while LCOE decreased by 4.78% and 3.84%, respectively. In conclusion, the 182 N-type module has better design specifications. Its high packaging density and easy handling make it very competitive, especially during a period of prolonged high cost logistics. The 182 N-type module is also the best investment choice for customers due to the lower LCOE it provides in real projects. EM

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K-LITE Introduces LED Landscape – Redefined The Essence of lighting is one of the most important things in our lives. At K-Lite we are passionate about creating a distinctive atmosphere that improves the quality of life in the cities and towns by exploring the many potential facets of lighting that supports the well being and safety of all. Founded in 1977 in India, K-Lite has grown to be the leading manufacturer of outdoor luminaires and decorative poles. K-Lite’s proven performance in the landscape segment is because of its ability to stylishly convey the identity of a space with a blend of efficiency and modularity to maximise the Ms. SHARMILA KUMBHAT visual comfort that is best suited to each specific space. (Managing Director)

Our Landscape range includes :

Linear Wall Washer, Up-Down Lighters, LED Strips/Neon flex, Promenade Lighting, Bollards, Under Water Lighting, Post top luminaires, Bulk Heads, Path finders, Polar lighting and newly added series of Facade Lighting.

Product Info K-LITE INDUSTRIES D-10, Ambattur Industrial Estate, Chennai, Tel : 044-26257710, 48581950, Fax: 044-26257866, Mobile : 95000 79797 95000 85511, E-mail : info@klite.in, Website : www.klite.in

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Advanced measuring solutions

Product Info

for Electrical maintenance and safety

We often find the electrical maintenance engineers and facility inspectors trying their best to ensure uninterrupted service. Many a times they have to encounter problems like power losses, system failures and at worse even accidents, which are uninvited and unforeseen. Continuous inspection becomes a mandate & that’s where Testo extends its support and expertise to the industry and its users. Testo Electrical Measuring Instruments is a set of equipment that enables any engineer or technician to curb down any sort of electrical disorder. Thanks to innovative technologies and simplified application, the Testo measuring instruments measure electrical parameters more reliably and precisely than ever before. The innovative electrical measuring instruments stand out due to their elevated level of user-friendliness, setting new standards with intelligent and completely innovative technology. The status of all electrical plants and equipment (incl. electric motors, pumps and switching cabinets) can be tested reliably and highly efficiently. This complete set comes in a portable kit with

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• Certified according to voltage tester standard • Measurement result without any switching on or selection • Measuring point illumination • Exchangeable measuring tips IV. Testo 760 multimeter is the first digital multimeter with automatic detection of measurement parameters and selection via socket assignment. Function keys replace the traditional dial on all three instruments, which means easier operation and greater reliability. I. testo 745 non-contact voltage tester with a voltage range of up to 1,000 V AC is particularly well-suited to fast initial checking of any suspected fault sources. It is available with a filter and is used for high-frequency interference.

• Easy, modern operation with function keys instead of a dial

• Adjustable sensitivity

• True root mean square measurement - TRMS

• Visual and acoustic signal

• Large, backlit display

• Waterproof and dustproof according to IP 67

V. Testo 770 Clamp meter is ideally suited for current measurement in switching cabinets. It has a unique grab mechanism for easy and safe work and automatic measurement parameter detection also ensures reliable work. It also measures multiple parameters like, power factor, resistance, voltage etc very easily.

II. Testo 750 Voltage tester is with patented all-round LED display for visibility from all sides. They have the most essential functions for voltage testing, continuity testing and rotating magnetic field measurement.

• Prevents incorrect settings

• Fibre-optic technology for optimum voltage indication

• Unique grab mechanism makes it easier to work at tight measuring points

• Anti-slip ring for secure grip

• Auto AC/DC for current and voltage

• Ergonomic handle shape

• Large two-line display

• Measuring point illumination

• True root mean square measurement - TRMS

III. Testo 755 voltage & current tester is the first of its kind which meet the latest standard, and which can also measure current. It can determine voltage/ de-energization, for measuring current and resistance, as well as for continuity tests. In addition, the integrated torch enables dark spots to be illuminated. The measuring tips can be changed easily, so that the whole instrument does not need to be replaced in the event of damage.

• With additional functions, such as starting current, power and μA measurement

• Clear, patented all-round LED display

• Automatic measurement parameter detection ||www.electricalmirror.net||

w w w. t e s t o . c o m

• Measuring point illumination

• Measurement parameter detection and selection via the socket assignment

• T 770-3 also works on Bluetooth and testo Smart Probes App It has also been proven that an efficient and healthy electrical facility can improve total performance of any industrial, residential or commercial application. Testo provides you with the best solutions and products that not only measure the necessary parameters but also ensure longevity and minimises colossal damages. Now Be Sure with testo. EM || January 2022 ||

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as Overseas Manufacturers’ Representatives and Agents and in that capacity, we represent various Foreign manufacturers for their various products. We are the 3rd generation and Mr. Vilas Marathe has an experience of 43 years working in this All field types of Capacitor and ar e very well versed in this field. We Raware situated Material in Mumbai which is the business/ capital We are the Economic indenting agents workingofasIndia. Overseas Manufacturers’ Vilas Marathe

Company Profile

Vilas Marathe

1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

Representatives and Agents and in that capacity, we represent various Foreign manufacturers for their various products. We are are in a position to offer all types of Capacitor Raw Material the 3rd generation and Mr. Vilas Marathe has an experience of Capacitors / Condensors such as : 43 years workingManufacture in this field and ar e very well versed in this field. We are situated in Mumbai which is the business/Economic Capacitor Grade Al. Foil capital of India.

Ca Al.

requ

Plain Aluminium Foil from China Hazy Polypropylene film from Japan Plain Polypropylene film for metallisation PXE Oil from China Metallised film / Paper from Narrow Width Aluminium Foil MPP Smart Capacitor Metal Top Paper Masking Tape South KoreaPaper Masking Tape Inert Gas Capacitor Narrow Width Aluminium Foil Paper Masking Tape 6) Condensor / Capacitor Tissue Paper (Dielectric Paper) from U.S.A. 7) Vaccum Metallizer Machine, Slitting Machine & Rewinder 8) Masking TapeTinfrom China PET Film Plated Copper Wire Coper Based Tin Plated Steel Wire Slitting Machine & Rewinder Vacuum Metallizer Machine 9) Plain Polyester ( PET) Film from China MPP Smart Capacitor 10) Copper based Tin Plated Steel Wire from China 11) Tin Plated Copper wire from China 12) Metal Top from China Vacuum Interrupter High Voltage Fuse Vacuum Circuit Breaker Vacuum Contactor 13) Inert Gas Capacitors (PFC Capacitors), Smart Capactiors in Paper Masking Tape PET Film Tin Plated Copper Wire We are in a position to offer all types of Capacitor Raw Material MPP Film, from China required to Manufacture Capacitors / Condensors such as : 14) Vacuum Interrupter and Vacuum 1) Plain Aluminium Foil from China 9) Plain Polyester ( PET) Film from China Contactor from China 2) Hazy Polypropylene from Japan 15) Vacuum Circuitfilm Breaker from China 10) Copper based Tin Plated Steel Wire from China 3) Plain film from for metallisation 11) Tin Plated Copper wire from China 16) HighPolypropylene Voltage Fuse China 17) Vacuum 4) PXE Oil fromLoad China Breaking Switch from China 12) Metal Top from China 5) Metallised film / Paper from South Korea 6) Condensor / Capacitor Tissue Paper (Dielectric Paper) from U.S.A. 7) Vaccum Metallizer Machine, Slitting Machine & Rewinder 8) Masking Tape from China

V A MARATHE

Slitting Machine & Rewinder 13) Inert Gas Capacitors (PFC Capacitors), Smart Capactiors in MPP Vacuum Metalliz Film, from China 14) Vacuum Interrupter and Vacuum Contactor from China 15) Vacuum Circuit Breaker from China 16) High Voltage Fuse from China 17) Vacuum Load Breaking Switch from China Vacuum Interrupter High Voltage Fuse Vacuum Circuit Brea

Manufacturers’ Pepresentatives & Agents

V A Marathe

An ISO 9001:2015 Certified Company Manufactures' Pepresentatives & Agents 216, Kanara Business Centre, A Wing, Off. Ghatkopar-Andheri Link Road, Laxmi Na 216, Kanara Business Centre, A Wing, Off. Ghatkopar-Andheri Link Road, Laxmi Nagar, Ghatkopar (East), Mumbai 400 075, India. Tel: +91-22-25008845/46 Fax: +91-22-25007474. Mob: +91 Mumbai 400 075, India. Tel: +91-22-25008845/46 Fax: +91-22-25007474. Mob: +91-98200 83472 Since 1978 E-mail: vilas@vamarathe.com / vam279@gmail.com / vam279@hotmail.com E-mail: vilas@vamarathe.com / vam279@gmail.com / vam279@hotmail.com An ISO 9001:2015 Certified Company

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Electrical & Power Info

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Our goal is to be your most reliable electrical insulating partner

Estd. 2002

www.itwglobal.co.in

International TradeWays is the 4th Generation in Business

Company Profile

Nilesh Marathe

International TradeWays was founded in 2002 and now operates in a variety of fields, including domestic and international facilitators, consultants, and indenting agents for buyers and sellers. We are pleased to inform you that we are expanding globally, with domestic and foreign representatives in India, Europe, Turkey, Australia, Canada, South Africa, and other places. To stay up with the high demand and rapid rate of change in the renewable energy field, the company places a high priority on its product portfolio. In that capacity, we'd like to highlight one of our Spanish Principals, M/s Royal Diamond S.A., Spain (https://royal-insulation.com/en/), which is self-explanatory, and we'd like to share it with you for your consideration. Royal Diamond, S.A. provides a complete insulating solution for switchgear, transformers, electric motors, and other general electronics and electrical industries. Furthermore, our Spanish Principals have already registered with companies such as Siemens, ABB, Schneider, Alstom, and many others for the supply of insulation materials for many years. We pledge to provide you with our best service at all times and look forward to a long-term business relationship with your prestigious enterprise. We are confident that the contents are satisfactory in every way, and we cordially invite everyone to join the International TradeWays family. Royal Diamond produce resins, varnishes, and flexible laminates for a variety of industries: Transformers, electric motors, and electronic devices. After more than 50 years on the market, our expertise allows us to design and develop customized solutions of electrical insulation wedge groove and closure systems, as well as interphase materials, close to the needs of our clients. This range of flexible laminates, varnishes, and resins is ideal for electrical insulation in motors used in the wind, aeronautics, railway, marine, and household sectors. France

Our Global Presence : United Kingdom

Bangladesh

Switzerland

Australia & Fiji Islands

Austria

South Korea

Chile

Canada

China

Turkey

Malaysia

Spain

M/s International TradeWays

Office No. 507, Damji Shamji Trade Center, 5th Floor, Next to VidhyaVihar, Railway Station, VidhyaVihar West, Mumbai-400 086, Maharashtra, India, Business Email: nilesh@itwglobal.co.in, Personal Email: nilesh144@yahoo.co.in, Contact No.:+91 9819350465 / 8655050465 134

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WE DESIGN, FORMULATE AND COSTUMIZE RESINS, VARNISHES AND FLEXIBLE LAMINATES

GENERAL TRANSFORMER

DRY TYPE TRANSFORMER

ELECTRONICS

ELECTRIC MOTOR

Tradition More than 50 years dedicated to electrical insulation for different sectors. A combination of values, expirences and know-how make us your best partner for your electrical insulation needs.

"Exclusive Agents for the Union Territory of India" Nilesh Marathe

nilesh@itwglobal.co.in

Camí del Cementiri, 2 (Pol. Ind. Can Ribot) | 08319 Dosrius (Barcelona) España T: +34 937 918 006 | e-mail: royaldiamond@royal-insulation.com Pirineos, 515 Int. 47 (Parque Industrial Benito Juárez) | 76120 Querétaro (QRO.) México T: +52 442 209 5172 | e-mail: mexico@royal-insulation.com www.royal-insulation.com

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+91 9819350465/8655050465

M/s International Tradeways, Office No. 507,

Damji Shamji Trade Center, 5th Floor, Next to VidhyaVihar Railway Station, VidhyaVihar West, Mumbai-400 086, Maharashtra, India

www.itwglobal.co.in

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7th Smart Cities India Expo 2022 .................................. 119

Kusam Electrical Industries Ltd. ....................................

9th EL Asia Expo 2022 ...................................................

Mecc Alte India Pvt. Ltd. .............................................. P-05

Altanova India Private Limited ..................................... IFC

Mikrotek Machines Ltd. ................................................. IBC

Cable & Wire Fair 2022 ................................................

Next Gen Equipments Pvt. Ltd. ..................................... 137

Dirak India Panel Fittings Pvt. Ltd. .............................

Polycab India Limited ................................................... P-03

Gloster Cables Limited ..................................................

Phoenix Contact (India) Pvt. Ltd. .................................

H D Wire (P) Ltd ..........................................................

Royal Diamond ............................................................

135

Himoinsa ........................................................................ 113

RR Kabel Limited .......................................................... P-07

IFSEC Virtual Expo 2022 ............................................... 121

Solis Inverter .................................................................

Inter-Tech ....................................................................... 115

Testo India Pvt. Ltd. ......................................................

JA Solar ........................................................................ P-01

VA Marathe ................................................................... 133

JinkoSolar Holding Co., Ltd. ......................................... BC

Windergy India 2022 ...................................................

K-Lite Industries............................................................ 16-17

Wire India Expo 2022 ................................................... 139

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EVENT DIARY 1-3 March 2022

Pragati Maidan, New Delhi, India www.cablewirefair.com

Cable & Wire Fair (CWF) is now undisputed leading Indian event for the global wire & cable industry. The show is centered at creating a consensus-driven, growth-oriented stage for the wire and cable industry in India. The telecom and power networks act as the nerves and veins of today's societies where the most fundamental integrating elements are wires and cables.

21–23, Sept 2022

India Expo Mart, Greater Noida https://electronica-india.com/en/

19 – 21 May 2022

Bombay exhibition centre (BEC), Mumbai, India www.led-expo-mumbai.in

LED Expo is India's only show covering the entire value chain of the LED industry. It has recognised the industry potential and has identified it as a futuristic technology which will take the lighting industry by storm. It has created a platform for its exhibitors and visitors to source and explore the latest in trend products and technologies from around the globe. Being the foremost and exclusive exhibition showcasing the strength of the Indian LED industry, it has become the maiden choice of the architects, interior designers, construction, real estate companies, builders, contractors etc. for sourcing the latest in trend products and technologies.

Oct 2022

IECC, PRAGATI MAIDAN www.powergen-india.com

Electronica India is the leading trade fair for electronic

17-18 June 2022

Chennai Trade Centre, Chennai www.oshindia.com

South Asia’s largest occupational safety & health event, OSH India Expo brings together internationally renowned exhibitors, consultants, business experts and key government officials on an industry platform. The show facilitates exchanges of global best practices and seeks solutions for challenges in upholding workplace safety and health. The show witness safety professionals from across India.

23-25 Nov 2022 Mumbai, India www.wire-india.com

Wire India aims in bringing the economic development

components, systems and applications in India. The fair

For more than 15 years, POWERGEN India has served

is one of the most important industry gatherings for the

as India's premier forum for the power generation

electronics industry in Asia. The trade fair showcases products

industry. Attracting over 8,000 attendees, POWERGEN

such as Semiconductors, Embedded systems, Displays and

India covers all forms of power generation, from

LED, Micro and nano systems, Sensor technology, Test

conventional to renewable energy and other low-carbon

brand and advertise it to the worldwide market. Advanced

and measurement, Passive components, PCBs, other circuit

options. This leading forum is where the power

range of products are demonstrated which has pulled the

carriers and EMS.

industry can meet, share and discuss solutions for

attention and investment of the foreign delegates as well.

India's energy future.

The exhibitors can also get into new partnership dealings

of India to higher summit and its objective has increased the importance of the show in all over the world. The participants are availed with incredible business opportunities which aid the exhibitors to establish their

with the attending companies.

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Electrical Mirror Jan Issue 2022

Articles inside

Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis of Power Transformers

Various case studies on operation and control schemes for grid sub-station contd

Wires & Cables: Latest Trends