EM September Issue 2022

ASC-4 Battery Sustainable Controller

The ASC-4 Battery lets you quickly and easily add energy storage systems (ESS) such as batteries in existing brownfield and new greenfield hybrid applications, providing seamless energy storage in commercial and industrial applications.

The DEIF ASC-4 Battery is a highly configurable sustainable energy storage controller that allows seamless integration of a wide range of Power inverters and Battery management. Flexible and scalable controller, hybrid installations as single controller or with other DEIF controllers such as the AGC-4 Mk II advanced genset controller and other sustainable controllers in our ASC-4 range.

EDITOR’S DESK

Dear Readers,

India has turned into a power surplus nation with a total installed electricity capacity of over four lakh Mega Watt. Keeping in mind the sustainable development goals, India’s power generation mix is rapidly shifting towards a more significant share of renewable energy. Today, India is the world’s third largest producer of renewable energy, with 40 per cent of its installed electricity capacity coming from non-fossil fuel sources.

India has always shown its willingness in leadership to fight climate change. The country’s vision is to achieve Net Zero Emissions by 2070, in addition to attaining the short-term targets including increasing renewables capacity to 500 Giga Watt by 2030 and meeting 50 per cent of energy requirements from renewables. The demand for power has shot up but states are unwilling to make consumers pay the actual costs of power. The risks have now spread to the renewable energy (RE) generation too, as an order issued by the Union power ministry makes clear. Both the steps also risk pressuring Centre-state relations since they cut down the wiggle room for the discoms drastically. Developers of solar power projects are facing uncertainties because the supply of solar photovoltaic (PV) modules has fallen way behind the demand, with significant cost hikes to boot.

We hope that the valuable content contained in our magazine will assist you in gaining an understanding of themes related to the power transfers, such as testing & measuring instruments, transmission and distribution, energy efficiency, renewable energy and floating photovoltaics correction among others.

Happy Reading...

Please keep giving us your invaluable feedback at editor@electricalmirror.net For more details check out our website: www.electricalmirror.net

Hitachi Energy ramps up Power Quality Products manufacturing

P RE ss R ELEA s E

Honorable Chief Minister of Karnataka, Shri Basavaraj Bommai along with Claudio Facchin, CEO of Hitachi Energy and N Venu, Managing Director and CEO, India and South Asia, Hitachi Energy, inaugurated a new and larger facility of Power Quality Products manufacturing in Doddaballapur, Bengaluru.

“Hitachi Energy works closely with customers, governments, institutions and partners, to enable a sustainable energy future by deploying state-of-art technologies. We have a rich heritage and extensive footprint in this country and this new manufacturing unit for power quality solutions reinforces our commitment to facilitate India’s energy transition to net-zero” said Claudio Facchin, CEO, Hitachi Energy. “It also supports the Make in India initiative and strengthens our long-standing presence in Karnataka as we look forward to collaborating across stakeholders for the success of our shared vision”, he added.

Karnataka is fueling its ambitions of industrial growth through a prism of sustainable development goals. “Karnataka is a leading contributor to India’s industrial ambitions. With long term committed partners such as Hitachi Energy, we continue to invest to make the state a global manufacturing hub,” said Shri Basavaraj Bommai, Chief Minister, Government of Karnataka. “I congratulate Hitachi Energy for the inauguration of this world-class Power Quality Product factory and look forward to their inclusive growth journey.”

As a part of Hitachi Energy’s global manufacturing network, this facility will offer direct and indirect employment and nurture an ecosystem of local suppliers across the manufacturing value chain. It closely aligns with Prime Minister’s Mission Innovation to accelerate public and private clean energy innovation to address

climate change, make clean energy affordable to consumers, and create jobs and commercial opportunities.

Manufacturing of electrical equipment is an energy intensive process. Keeping sustainability goals in mind, we have adopted some innovative processes for the factory that reduce electrical energy consumption per process step by almost 40 percent.

The new manufacturing facility doubles the existing capacity to produce advanced capacitor units, banks and power electronic compensators for low, medium and high-voltage systems, which are used in the power utilities, industries, renewables and transportation segments. Power quality products play an important role in improving power stability by enabling increased capacity and reduced energy losses.

According to the International Energy Agency*, the energy demand in India is set to double over next 20 years driven by urbanization and industrialization. “The power quality products and solutions manufactured at the new factory in Doddaballapur will help reduce energy loss, thereby reducing carbon footprint while meeting the expanding demand,” said N Venu, Managing Director and CEO, India & South Asia, Hitachi Energy.

Hitachi Energy has a deep-rooted presence in the country of six decades with its widest manufacturing base. From setting up our first factory in Vadodara in 1962, we have been investing in the entire ecosystem in the country – from R&D to academia, from employees to customers and suppliers. Today, 80 percent of Hitachi Energy’s portfolio is locally manufactured in India and the manufacturing base in India also caters to the global requirements of five products.

Inaugurated by the Chief Minister of Karnataka, the facility will manufacture solutions that support stable electrical networks reducing energy consumption hence enabling sustainable, flexible and secure energy systems in India and around the world.

P RE ss R ELEA s E

Power Finance Corporation Ltd. (PFC) signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Mahatma Phule Renewable Energy & Infrastructure Technology Limited (MAHAPREIT) on 22nd August 2022 in Mumbai for extending financial assistance across the value chain in the form of long term debt, working capital/ operational funding requirements and other funding requirements for projects to be undertaken by MAHAPREIT.

The MOU inter-alia envisaged financial assistance of approx.

Rs. 6750 crore to various solar power projects with proposed capacity of 1550 MW within the state of Maharashtra.

In order to achieve the renewable energy capacity addition targets, these projects shall also generate wage and self-employment opportunities in the state of Maharashtra.

The MoU has been signed in the presence of Shri. Bipin Shrimali (IAS), CMD MAHAPREIT, Shri R.S. Dhillon, CMD PFC

MGM brake motor main features

• TEFC 3-ph asynchronous brake motor (0.09kW-130kW)

• AC 3-ph brake (no rectifier) DC brake

• Oversized brake disc for higher brake torque, longer life and reduced maintenance

• Fine and easy brake torque adjustment (as standard)

• Very quick brake reaction time

• Frequent START/STOP cycle

• Manual brake release (as

• Hexagonal hole

• Single speed

• All

VARVEL production lines

VARVEL production lines

• RS-RT wor m gearboxes: 28 to 150 mm centres.

• RS-RT worm gearboxes: 28 to 150 mm centres. One stage worm, helical/worm and double worm.

• RD helical gearboxes: 50 to 2300 Nm. Two and three stages.

mwordoubleandmhelical/worm,worstageOne

• RN parallel shaft gearboxes: 180 to 3300 Nm. Two and three stages.

• RD helical gearboxes: 50 to 2300 Nm. Two and three stages.

• RO-RV bevel/helical gearboxes: 180 to 3300 Nm. Three stages.

• RN parallel shaft gearboxes: 180 to 3300 Nm. Two and three stages

• RG precision planetary gearboxes: 10 to 230 Nm. One and two stages.

• RO-RV bevel/helical gearboxes: 180 to 3300 Nm Three stages

• RG precision planetar y gearboxes: 10 to 230 Nm.

• VR dry friction speed variators: IEC63 to IEC90

One and two stages.

1 to 5 stepless speed range, 300 to 1500 rpm.

• VR dr y friction speed variators: IEC63 to IEC90

• VS planetary speed variators: IEC71 to IEC112 1 to 5 stepless speed range, 200 to 1000 rpm.

1 to 5 stepless speed range, 300 to 1500 rpm.

• VS planetar y speed variators: IEC71 to IEC112

HIGH Pune

1 to 5 stepless speed range, 200 to 1000 rpm.

EP RE ss R ELEA s

(Joined virtually), Sri R.R.Jha, Director (Projects), PFC. Shri R.K. Chaturvedi, Executive Director (Projects), PFC and senior officers from PFC & MAHAPREIT were also present at the MoU signing event.

The MOU underlines PFC’s commitment towards playing a pivotal role in powering the nation's aspirational journey into a greener and more sustainable future. EM

Shri Manoj Sharma assumes charge as Director (Commercial) at PFC

Power Finance Corporation (PFC) Ltd, a Maharatna CPSE company and India’s leading power sector focussed non-banking financial firm, today announced the appointment of Shri Manoj Sharma as Director (Commercial).

Shri Manoj Sharma is a chartered accountant with a degree in law (LLB). He joined PFC in 1990 and was working as Executive Director (In charge) of Commercial Division before assuming charge as Director (Commercial), PFC. He has more than 30 years of experience in power sector. In PFC, he has handled multiple areas & domains including institutional appraisal & development, entity appraisal, legal & documentation, taxation, budget, audit, preparation of financial statements, financial analysis, resource mobilization, debt syndication and consultancy assignments on financial/commercial aspects in power sector.

During the last 3 decades, he has been associated with entire spectrum of PFC's loan assets, covering formulation of lending policies, putting in place a policy framework to guide appraisal with a structured format for financial analysis, compliance with applicable regulatory and statutory frameworks, monitoring conditions, facilitating disbursement, resolution mechanism for stressed accounts, etc. EM

Shri Manoj Sharma

Chairman: PFC Projects Limited Jharkhand Infrapower Limited

ER ELEA s

P RE ss

ABB India has expanded and upgraded its Smart Power factory in Nelamangala, Bengaluru, to meet the strong demand growth for its Smart Power solutions and energy management technologies with one of the first Industry 5.0 production processes. The smart facility harnesses advanced collaborative robotics technology for better human-machine interface, artificial intelligence (AI) and advanced digitalization technologies to create a sophisticated, automated, and flexible future-ready factory.

This first-of-its-kind facility manufactures, tests, and supplies ABB Smart Power’s complete range of low voltage power equipment and energy management technologies to meet demand from the industry for increased reliability and energy savings. It caters to the increasing demand across sectors including commercial and residential buildings, infrastructure, utility and renewable energy systems of solar, wind and many others where electricity is consumed.

Spanning over 8,400 sqm, the ABB Smart Power factory, links equipment such as robots, motors, and drives to the Internet of Things (IoT). The connected factory software highlights process optimization opportunities and schedules predictive maintenance to maximize productivity and efficiency. This resulted in enhanced productivity of 40% in the same space, with an energy efficiency of 15%.

“The upgrades and expansion at the Bangalore factory make it one of our most advanced production facilities in the world. The adoption of exciting new Industry 5.0 technologies makes this an ideal home for the production, testing, and supply of ABB Smart Power’s

technologies. The Smart Power team are the ideal partners for customers pursuing higher standards of safety, reliability, and energy efficiency in their operations,” says Giampiero Frisio, President, Smart Power Division, ABB Group.

“Through our own digital transformation at this facility, we will be able to demonstrate the benefits of adopting smart solutions directly to our customers. We believe that this will encourage the shift towards digital and sustainable manufacturing in India. Smart factories would be the cornerstone for the Indian manufacturing sector to leapfrog and manufacture quality electrification products and solutions to support the country’s next level growth across sectors sustainably,” said Kiran Dutt, President, Electrification Business, ABB India Ltd.

This facility also houses numerous robot types with combined autonomous test cells for different product variants. Enabling last mile manufacturing competitiveness, a Metrology Lab ensures standardization in measurement, calibration, and inspection to match the highest standards of design specifications and product quality. A Test Lab in the facility performs rigorous endurance tests of products manufactured for conformance.

In line with ABB’s 2030 sustainability strategy in achieving carbon neutrality, this Smart Power Factory is nested within ABB India’s integrated Nelamangala Campus which is certified by Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) with Platinum rating and by The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) for water positivity. EM

P RE ss R ELEA s E

Power Finance Corporation Ltd. (PFC) country’s leading NBFC in the power sector has been conferred the prestigious ‘Rajbhasha Kirti’ award (Third prize) under PSU category (‘A’ region) at the 2022 edition of the All India Official Language Conference held at Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay Indoor Stadium in Gujarat’s Surat city on the occasion of Hindi Diwas.

Hon'ble Home Minister, Shri Amit Shah attended the event as the chief guest. Hon'ble Chief Minister of Gujarat, Shri Bhupendrabhai Patel and Hon’ble Ministers of State for Home Affairs, Shri Ajay Kumar Mishra and Shri Nisith Pramanik were also present during the event.

This award is given every year on the occasion of Hindi Diwas by the Department of Official Language for the best implementation

of Official Language Policy under different categories 'A' 'B' and 'C' of Government of India Boards/ Autonomous Bodies / Societies, Nationalized Banks / Financial Institutions etc.

The award was presented to the CMD, PFC Shri R.S. Dhillon, by Hon'ble Deputy Chairman of Parliamentary Committee on Official Language Shri Bhartruhari Mahtab, and Dr. Satyanarayan Jatia, Former Deputy-Chairman, Parliamentary Committee on Official Language. Shri Manoj Sharma, Director (Commercial) PFC was also present on the occasion.

Shri R.S. Dhillon, CMD, PFC congratulated all the officers and employees of PFC on receiving this prestigious award. He further added that this award would motivate them to put more efforts in Hindi in future.

EM

PFC bags the prestigious ‘Rajbhasha Kirti’ award for Best performance in Official Language

guest article

Inflation in raw materials hurting businesses; Impacts supply chain

The cost of raw materials had been on the rise since the onset of COVID-19 about two years back. Though the pandemic has subdued, there is Russia-Ukraine war now. The war in Europe – between Russia and Ukraine, has affected almost the entire world due to the interconnected economies. The sanctions imposed on Russia has sent the prices of petroleum products skyrocketing, with Brent crude oil hovering consistently above USD 100 per barrel, sometimes even touching USD 130 per barrel. Because of this, India will have an adverse impact as India imports around 80% of its oil needs amounting to $205 Billion worth of oils & minerals, $832 Million worth of precious stones, $609 Million worth of fertilizers from Russia, so increase in the prices of such commodities may lead to considerable inflation in the country. India buys palm oil mainly from Indonesia and Malaysia, with soy oil mostly imported from Argentina and Brazil, and sunflower oil from Russia and Ukraine. Supply of edible oil is severely impacted.

Ukraine on the other hand is among the largest exporters of food grains. The war and resultant closure of maritime route has severely impacted the supply side, with food grains experiencing acute price increases. The economies around the world that were just recovering from the aftermath of COVID19 were ill equipped to handle another shock.

Closer home, India has seen inflationary pressures building up with CPI inflation hovering above 7.5%. With the rise in inflation, the cost of raw materials has gone up. Similarly, the commodity prices have also seen a quantum jump with short and medium-term outlook looking grim. Russia and Ukraine combine to around 7.5% of the global steel exports. Russia makes up for around 6% of aluminum production. With strict sanctions against Russia and damaged infrastructure in Ukraine, the prices are expected to remain high and volatile in near future.

Industries around the world are facing difficult times due to the repercussions of global events. Prices of diesel and petrol are already on its peak. Commodities in India are highly influenced by petrol and diesel prices. Transportation and logistics cost shoots up with the rise in fuel price, leading to increase in the fare of international and domestic commodities. Indian industries including the electrical and power sector are facing the same heat due to supply-side challenges in availability, cost, and logistics.

Mr. Neeraj Goyal, General Manager – Design & Technology CG Power and Industrial Systems Limited (CGPISL) and Chairman IEEMA Power Transformer Division articulated, "As we are aware the prices of key materials such as CRGO, oil etc have seen an acute price rise as well as scarcity in the past 2 years caused due to capacity diversion to other sectors, operational impact caused due to COVID, capacity reduction, increase in logistics cost and increased local demand in other countries/regions. Rising prices of key raw materials has been a key issue for power

transformer industry. Copper & CRGO which constitute for about 55% of total material content in power transformers, have seen a never seen before kind of price escalation. In past two years post COVID, the copper prices have seen an average rise of about 65% whereas CRGO on an average has witnessed a staggering 110% rise.” He further adds, “Steel and oil prices have seen constant rise with naphthenic base oil availability has been an issue since it is imported with few sources. All these price escalations have caused the material costs of transformers to rise anywhere from 40 % to 50%. In addition to that rupee devaluation against USD by more than 20% has made things worse as more than 50% material is having imported base. Since a lot of contracts had FIRM pricing clause, manufacturers executed such orders at negative margins with material cost going significantly beyond the sales price. To make matters worse, CRGO has seen not only price escalation but also severe scarcity which resulted in dual hit for the manufacturers in terms of negative margins and also LD due to delayed delivery caused by scarcity of materials.”

In view of the volatile trend of prices for input materials, it is important that all contracts have price variation clauses which are to full extent accepted by customers

Raw Materials Increase in price (March 2021 vs March 2022)

Steel

Fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG), consumer durables, cars, two-wheelers, fuel, fertilizers, steel, nickel, semi-conductors and many other finished products, as well as raw materials, have witnessed a steep price hike in the last few months. Inflation is really hurting the businesses. It has impacted the discretionary buying capacity of the consumers.

These supply-side dynamics including the extraordinary price rise is beyond the control of the supplier and buyer. The risk associated with such extreme price volatility cannot be borne by the industry that is already witnessing extreme pressure on its metal (purchase) commitments.

Mr Supushpa Kaushal, Head – Business Development (North) Larsen & Toubro Limited informed, “ In Fy 2021-22, we saw huge surge in raw material prices, especially talking about our T&D Industry, the main components like steel, copper, aluminum and zinc witnessed around 35% increase in prices also there were shortage of raw materials which had huge impacts on projects. Starting Fy 2021-22 the situation is seen to be improving, still there is

To be contuniued on Page No. 48...

i ter V ie Wi N ter V ie W

JINKO is making all efforts to support the industry by offering our Latest Technology products to reduce overall lifetime investment by Solar Power Developers. At present, as you see, the price trend of Solar Modules is stable, only the landed price is higher due to BCD. It is likely to go down as we see more Manufacturing capacity getting commissioned across the Globe.

Mr. Manish narula Executive Vice President - South Asia jinko solar

Q. What kind of changes do you see in the Industryafter the BCD Implementation on Solar Panels?

The industry is gearing up to invest more in Local Manufacturing. Also, some of the players are finding loopholes in the system to bring Duty free products from other routes. Overall, a reduced demand due to heavy Duty imposition.

Q. How does the Dynamics of Price - Demand - Supply Looks Like for this and the next year?

It looks like that due to global disturbances, the prices are going to stay on a higher side briefly before it settles down. Demand-supply situation will improve after seeing many new manufacturing capacities getting commissioned. Next year, if no further disturbance is there, the prices shall stay lower than what it is this year.

Q. What Kind of Products and New Technologies you are going to launch in in this or next year?

Several Global Manufacturers are launching their new technologies. At Jinko Solar, we’ve already launched the Tiger Neo Solar Modules, which are based on N Type Technology. These products have been accepted very well by the Industry due to its High Efficiency, Low Degradation as well as High Bi-faciality. All these advantages make this product a low LCOE product, which makes Investors happy as this means better ROIs on their projects.

Q. What kind of Pricing and Technology RoadMap do you see coming through in the Industry?

Pricing and Technology go hand in hand. We’re making all efforts to support the industry by offering our Latest Technology products to reduce overall lifetime investment by Solar Power Developers. At present, as you see, the price trend of Solar Modules is stable, only the landed price is higher due to BCD. It is likely to go down as we see more Manufacturing capacity getting commissioned across the Globe. Also due to high demand during certain peak times, say Q4, we may see a spike in the prices.

Q. What is the total quantity you supplied to India in Last 1 year and What is the Expectation from coming one year?

We did great business in India last year. We were leading all charts every quarter across all analysis from Bridge to India, JMK, etc. From Q1 2021 to Q1 2022, we supplied almost 5 GW capacity to India. We also completed a 8GW cumulative shipment milestone this year.

Q. What are your views on the ALMM / BIS etc…?

It’s a must for any country to get its own Quality Standards and other regulations. However, these standards and regulations should be constantly upgraded to match with Global Standards. At present, as we understand, these standards are not up to the mark and need improvements. Another key factor is that such standards should act as enablers for Industry’s growth rather than act as hurdles. We strongly believe that MNRE will find ways to help Industry and allow level playing field for all global players till the times sufficient capacity is not developed in India.

Q. What is the Opportunity in India Currently…in Terms of Projects in Tender, Pipeline etc…Opportunities in Manufacturing etc…?

India is a booming market. 3rd largest in the Globe. Its one of the most preferred investment destinations as well. The present Projects demand is also great. However, if we see the expected installation targets going up to 2030, this annual demand could be made higher. In terms of manufacturing, we see a big demand due to PLI scheme and push for local manufacturing. However, let’s not rely on domestic manufacturing only due to its very limited supply chain control within the country.

Q. How has the rupee devaluation affected the Solar Industry and your business?

Not major implications our business as such.

Q. What kind of Solar Tariff Trends do you see coming?

If all factors are considered, the tariffs should remain range bound.

Q. Visible Changes in RE Industry w.r.t. Energy Storage, RTC, Hybrid RE Projects, Floating, etc and their likely impact.

These types of installations could be key supporters of plain Vanilla Solar Installations that country has witnessed till date. However, India which has always been a price sensitive market, may not have total reliance on such high-cost installations. At present India needs to complete its main RE target at reasonable tariff. Energy Storage and other kind of projects will only make the installation targets slower and costlier at the same time. Let’s stick to the base load from Conventional Energy while adding more RE power within the country. In all, such additional installations may be there in low percentage in order to find its own way towards several new Technologies.

Q. India couldn’t achieve the RE Capacity Targets Set for 2022 and now has set up another ambitious target for 2030…What are your views on the same. Key Learnings, Expectations?

We should allow level playing field to meet the high demand first. Later we may develop local industry to sustain the growth. If we get influenced by just one segment, it is likely to create stress on overall economy of RE installations.

Q. What is your expectations from the Government, Policy Makers and Regulators?

We expect Govt to support all Industry segments towards meeting RE goals of the country. The key stakeholders, Solar Power Developers, who invest for 25-30 years in a project, needs to be heard first before anyone else.

Q. Rise of Role of PSU’s in the RE Sector and your views on the same?

It is great to see all major PSUs in India being so enthusiastic about RE with the likes of NTPC leading the way. We believe these companies have huge potential and can contribute significantly to solar capacity addition by way of tenders and self-consumption. They are serious competitors with private player in all solar auctions. We hope that the new policies will allow Jinko and other foreign brands to cater to the huge demand of PSUs directly which hasn’t been the case till now. EM

“HA R M O NICS ” - AT T R I B UT E

Synopsis:

U n li ke Vo l t ag e- S a g, Vo ltag e s w e ll , Interruptions, Voltag e -unbalanc e V olt a g e -fluctuations, Transien t conditions due to switching & lightening su rg es, e t c. w h i ch ar e sho rt liv e d , Ha rm onics is the co m ponent whic h shall neither die nor vanish from the Power Systems over a period of time unless otherwise harmonic filters are used. Harmonics are responsible for deteriorating the Power Quality.

Many Distribution Transformer s installed in the Commercial & office complexes, Malls etc fail prematurely.

Most of the Distribution of Power Supply Utiliti es pr ocu r e D T R s ( Di s trib u ti o n Transfo rmers) confi rmin g to the IS : 1180(part 1)-2014[1] /IEEEC57.12.20 2017[2] irrespective of the location, where they are to be installed at The causes of failure are generally reported to as over loading or short circuit in L .T. network in the complexes etc whereas the cause of failure of such DTRs is predominantly due to Harmonics only.

T h e Di s trib u tio n Tra ns former s

confi rm in g to I S : 1180( par t-1 ) -2014[1]//IEEEC57.12.20-2017[2] are ma nuf a ctu r e d to fee d l i ne ar l o ad s ; ho w e v e r, t he y ar e al so c apabl e o f feeding the non-linear loads which give rise to Harmonic distortion in sinusoidal wave to the tune of TDD (Total Demand Distortion) of 5% as stipulated in the BEE (Bureau of Energy Efficiency, India) Std. and IEEE Std. 519. 2014[3]

The authors has narrated the ill effects of Harmonics attribute to premature failure of DTRs in this Article and has also suggested remedial measure s thereof

K ey word s and A cronyms : DT R (Distribution Transformer),THd (Total h arm onic D isto r t i on),T DD ( Tot a l Dema n d Di s tortion ) , P CC( Poi n t o f Common Coupling) K Type Transformer, Non-linear Load (whose impedanc e continuously varies with its applie d voltage Cycle), PQ (Power Quality).

1.0 Introduction: Prior to year 2018, IEEE s td1159 1995 ( Re c omm en de d practice for monitoring Electric power quality) was followed in India, however,

TO P R E M AT U R E FA I LU R E

O F D I ST R I B U T I O N

T RAN S F O R M E R S

R ELEA s E

P RE ss

BIS has now defined the “DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM SUPPLY

VOLTAGE QUALITY vide IS : 17036 2018.[4] Now, It is mandatory on the part of Distribution Utility to abide by this IS and maintain;

a) Frequency.

b) Magnitude

c) Wave form and

d) Symmetry of line voltages

a) (i) Supply frequency limits of the source connected to synchronised system + 4% / 6%.however frequency range for the whole country as defined in IEGC (Indian Electricity grid code) as 49.9 to 50.05Hz. w.e.f. 17th Feb. 2014. as per CERC’s which is within the stipulations

(ii) Supply frequency limits of the source without having connection to Synchronised system ±15% of 50Hz

b) Voltage Magnitude in the band of Un±10 %

c) Low voltage harmonic distortion Limits.

Parameter *Special application General system #Dedicated system

THD 3.5% 5% 10%

Note: * Includes Hospitals and Airports

# Exclusively dedicated to converter loads

d) Supply Voltage Unbalance: Ratio of rms value of negative Phase sequence component (fundamental) to rms value of positive phase sequence component (fundamental) of supply voltage 95% of each period of one week should be ≤2%

1.1 Following are the voltage wave shapes/Voltages which pollute the Power Supply to the Consumers;

In the present era/scenario, though the technology in the field of Electronics, Computer Science, IT, Lighting & illumination etc have grown by leaps and bounds, enabling every office, commercial stalls etc to save on time, money and manpower using electronic gadgets which are predominantly non-linear electronic gadgets like; Switched mode Power supplies (SMPS), Variabl e s p ee d m o t o r s a n d driv es, U PSs( U n- i n t e rr u pt e d Power Supplies), PCs(Personal Computers), Laser printers, Photocopiers, FAX machines, Battery chargers, Florescent Light Ballasts etc however, the irony is that, all these electronic modern gadgets in-turn pollute the power supply by producing Harmonics contrary to maintaining PQ .

Single phase non-linear loads are prevalent in the modern offices and commercial complexes which are responsible for giving rise to harmonic currents.

2.0. What Causes Harmonics?

Harm on i cs a re g ene rat e d by e l ec tr on i c e q u ipm en t wit h non-linear loads drawing in current in the form of abrupt pulses. These short pulses cause distorted current waveform which in-turn cause Harmonic current to flow into the power system.

Fig.2: Concept of linear and non-linear loads in a circuit.

2.1 Harmonics Waveforms:

Fig.1: Voltage wave shapes / voltages which pollute the Power Supply to the Consumers.

Fig. 3: Harmonic Waveform [5]

The above figure (Fig no.3) depicts the distorted non sinusoidal wave form which is the resultant waveform of fundamental waveform, 3rd harmonic & 5th harmonic wave forms

2.2 Voltage & current profile of Linear & Non linear loads; Sample wave forms of Linear and non-linear loads are depicted in fig 4 & 5 [6]

2.3 Sample Harmonic profile of a consumer load;

Fig.6.Harmonic current Profile

Fig 4 : Voltage and current profile of linear load(Conventional bulb)

Fig 5: Voltage and current profile of non linear load (CFL)

Harmonics degrade the PQ level and also efficiency of the Distribution

Transformers feeding the load particularly in the office complexes and commercial complexes

Following gadgets/systems are designated as non-linear loads on a Power system/ Transformer which produce harmonics: Switched Mode Power supplies (SMPS), Variable speed motors and drives, UPSs (Un-interrupted Power Supplies), PCs (Personal Computers), Laser printers, Photocopiers, FAX machines, medical test equipment, Battery chargers, Florescent Light Ballasts etc.

Single phase non-linear loads are prevalent in the modern offices and commercial complexes

Fig.7 Harmonic Spectrum of Fig.6

3.0 T HD ( To tal h arm on i c Di s t o rti on) a n d T DD ( To tal D e ma n d Distortion);

The Total harmonic Distortion (THD) as a measurement indication of signal deviation from a pure sine wave i)Current Distortion;

Where n=harmonic no, In= Amplitude of Current at nth Harmonic, I1= Amplitude of fundamental Current.

ii) Voltage distortion;

Where n=harmonic no, Un= Amplitude of voltage at n th Harmonic, U1= Amplitude of fundamental voltage

Fig 9B

6.0 Detrimental effects of Harmonics (Generalised):

Power systems can accommodate a certain level of harmonic currents but shall experience problems when the current harmonics are enhanced. As these higher frequency harmonic currents flow through the power system at load side as well as on PCC (Point of Common Coupling) side. The ill effects caused by the harmonics are as follows;

• Flaring of Fire in multi storied residential complexes

• Hig h v o l t ag es a n d c i rcu lat in g currents c a use d b y harmonic resonance

• E q u ipm en t mal func ti ons d ue t o e x cess iv e v o l t ag e distortion.

• I ncre a se d i n t e r n al ener gy l osses i n connec t e d equipment, causing component failure.

Table 3.

• ISC =Max short Current at PCC (Point of Common Coupling)

• I L = Max D e ma n d Lo ad cu rr en t (fun dam en ta l frequency Component) at PCC.

• T DD= To tal Dema n d Di s to r tio n, Harmo n i c cu r ren t Distortion in % of max Demand load current (15 or 30min Demand.)

• The odd harmonic range is given from 3 to <50.Say for example: 23≤h<35 that means odd harmonics between the range 23rd to 35th

• point of common coupling (PCC): Point on a public power supply system, electrically nearest to a particular load, at which other loads are, or could be, connected The PCC is a point located upstream of the considered installation

• Shortening of Life- expectancy of Power equipment

• False tripping of branch circuit breakers

• Metering errors.

• Fires in wiring and distribution systems.

• Lower system power factor, resulting in penalties on monthly utility bills.

• Overheating of electrical distribution equipment, cables and Distribution Transformers.

• Increase in neutral current.

6.1 Detrimental effects of Harmonics on the 3 Ph Distribution Transformers;

A) Increase in losses in the Distribution Transformers.

i) Increase in iron-losses;

The i ron- l osses a re d ue t o h y s t eres i s & e ddy cu r ren t phenomenon The iron-loss due to hysteresis is proportional to the frequency and the iron-losses are caused by the eddy currents depend on the square of the frequency

ii) Increase of copper losses and stray flux losses;

I nc r e a se i n Co pp e r l oss i s d ue t o i ncre a se d s q u a re o f the ha rm onic cu r rent a n d a lso skin effect a ssoci a te d high frequency harmonics.

Fig.9A

iii) Presence of Harmonic circulating currents in the Delta windings

As most of the Distribution and Sub -transmission Transformers in the DISCOMs and Distribution Utilities in India are Delta Star wound ones. Though the third harmonic components ar e prevented from propagating to upstream network of the Power supply system, however due to circulation of 3rd harmonic and triple N harmonic currents in the delta winding gives rise to heating of the Distribution Transformers resulting into reduction in the life expectancy thereof

B) Increase in Neutral Current:

i) 1 phase loads are fed from Phase & Neutral Unfortunately, 1- p h a se non- li ne ar l o ad s giv e r i se t o v e ry h ig h tripl e N harmonic currents. In fact, they are odd multiples of 3 times the fundamentals. Since Triple N harmonic currents (h = 3, 9, 15, ) are purely zero sequence currents, thus they pass through the neutral of Star connected Distribution Transformers in addition to normal 1 phase load currents

ii) Neutral Current due to 3rd Harmonics;

The wave shape of 3rd Harmonic current in the neutral is depicted by N wave in the fig.10.

6.2 Hazards due to above:

i) Over a period of time due to excessive heating of the Distribution Transformers the life expectancy reduces by half with every 6OC. rise in temperature between 80OC to 140OC in ca s e of mi n eral oil filled Di s tributio n Tran s forme rs a s stipulated in IS : 6600 1972 and IS : 2026 (Part 7) 2009

ii) Threat of fire hazard in the office complexes, residential complexes or Commercial complexes like shopping malls etc cannot be ruled out

Fig 10: Wave form of Triple N harmonic current

It may be noted that when any non-linear 3 phase load is fed through a 3 phase supply, then in addition to the 3-phase load currents there will be always 3rd and triple N harmonic currents through the neutral as shown in the fig.10. Further, if one or two phases to ground fault occurs, the triple N harmonic component shall add to the earth fault current ie 3 I zero which are inherently zero sequence, raising the neutral current much higher.

Fig 11: Such fire in the building complex may be because of fire in the neutral conductor of the DTR , attributed by Harmonics in the Electricity supply system

7.0 Remedial measures:

1) The Distribution Utilities should monitor with PQ analyser ehtgnideecxesiremusnocynafiemitotemitmorf limit beyond as that mentioned in the Table 3 against stipulation in IEEE Std.519 (2014) at the PCC, failing which necessary penalty may be levied on him.

2) To avert pre mature failures of the transformers procured confirming to IS : 1180 (part 1), it is essential to monitor the winding temperature of the DTRs and restrict the load on the same to the tune of say 70% of the capacity thereof Thus, the cost of procurement of the DTRs shall increase.

N o t e: a ) Di s trib u ti on Tra nsfo rm e r s conf irmi n g t o I S : 118 0 (part-1) are capable of feeding linear loads only.

b) It a was established by experiments etc as stated in ANSI/ IEEE 57-110 that a de rating of 70% of the transformer c apac ity is re qu ire d to be done in c ase the Transfo rme rs manufactured, to feed linear loads are utilised for feeding Harmonic loads.

3) *Use of K rated transformers, which are developed to carry triple N harmonics created due to the use of on-linear loads. Such transformers, though do not remove harmonics from the power supply but are made robust enough with increased neutral conductor size to withstand the expected hazards which otherwise a Distribution transformer of the same rating manufactured in confirmation to IS : 1180 (Part 1) shall not sustain.

* N o t e: S ali en t p o i n t s r e gardi n g K rat e d tra nsfo rm e r s i s narrated in Cl. 8.0 and algorithm for calculation of K -factor is narrated in Cl.9.0

2) I n the pr esent d a y sen ar io, the existin g DistributionTransformers in the Office and Commercial complexes may be rertofitted with Natural or Synthetic Ester fluids which have flash point >300O C as against 140OC of conventional mineral oil, with neutral return cable capable of carrying double the Phase current

3) Use of Harmonic Filters

8.0 What are K Type transformers : [8] UL (Underwriter s L ab o rat o ri e s -A Gl o bal sc i en ti f i c L ab o rat o ry w h i ch i ssue s Standards for equipment for equipment safety) has established K factor ratings in the Std. UL1561: As K 1,4,9,13,20,30,40

& 50 Such, Transformers have the following salient features

(i) Neutral connection leads are capable of carrying 150 to 250% times of current carrying capacity that of phase connection leads.

(ii) Smaller parallel windings on the secondary side of the transformers to compensate for skin effect associated with high frequency harmonics.

(iii) Transposed delta winding conductors.

(iv) Electrostatic shielding between primary and secondary winding.

The a c t u al K -r ati n g tra nsfo rm e r d esc rib es t he rati o o f non-linear load to linear load it can handle. As the amount of non linear load increases in respect to linear load higher K rated transformers shall be required as detailed here under;

• K 1 Transformer is capable of feeding 100% linear load only.

• K 4 Tr an s former shall ha n dle100% linea r +50 % non-linear load

• K 13 Tr a ns forme r sh all h a n dle100% li n ea r +100 % non-linear load

• K 20 Tra ns fo r me r sh all h a n dle100% li n ea r +125 % non-linear load

• K 30 Tra ns fo r me r sh all h a n dle100% li n ea r +150 % non-linear load

9.0 Algorithm for calculation of K factor [9];

Where fh is the frequency in Hz of harmonic h. 10.0 Conclusion;

a) Strict monitoring by Distribution Utilities for limiting TDD of each consumer as defined in the IEEE 519.

b) Fo r av e rti n g f ail u r e of con v en ti on al Di s trib u ti o n transfromers installed for feeding office comlexes and commercial complexes, loading up to 70% is recommended ie for meeting any load demand, higher capacity DTRs are to be Installed.For procurement of such higher capacity Transformers,enhanced financial burden has to be borne by DISCOMS & Distribution Utilities . Example:If the demand is 200KVA then adequacy of capacity would be;

200/0.70=285.71KVA , the nearest rating available is 300 KVA therefore instead of 200KVA ,a 300KVA Distribution Transformer is recommended to be installed

c) Considering the above discussion, it is felt that th e DISCOMS and Disribution Utilities in India must procure K - 13 rati n g tra nsfo rm e r s f o r t h e o f fi ce c ompl e x s a n d commercial complexes, wherein the balanced neutral is equal to un-balanced neutral current.The neutral current in such transformers was caluculated as 173% of the phase current {ref:para;9.0,2 (b)} Therefore in this Distribution Transformer the neutral conducer size is provided such that it can carry 200% of the Phase current.

d) In the present day senario, the existing DTrs in the Office and Commercial complexes may be rertofitted with Natural Ester fluids which have flash point >350 deg. C as against 140 deg. C of conventional mineral oil, with neutral return cable capable of carrying double the Phase current.

References;

1 IS :1180 (part 1)-2014 for Distribution Transformers

2 IEEEC57.12 20 2017[2] for Distribution transformers

3 I EEE S td 519-2014. I EEE Reco mm en d e d Pra c ti ces a n d

Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems

iii) Presence of Harmonic circulating currents in the Delta windings.

4 IS : 17036 2018. “Distribution System Supply Voltage Quality

5 ABBs’ hand book on protection, control and electrical devices

6 D r K Rajama n i ,of Po w er L i n kers, p resen tati on on “ Po w e r Q u alit y

Overview Practical aspects” in SIT Bhubaneswar in Feb 2020

As most of the Distribution and Sub transmission Transformers in the DISCOMs and Distribution Utilities in India are Delta Star wound ones. Though the third harmonic components ar e prevented from propagating to upstream network of the Power supply system, however due to circulation of 3rd harmonic and triple N harmonic currents in the delta winding gives rise to heating of the Distribution Transformers resulting into reduction in the life expectancy thereof

6.2 Hazards due to above:

7 Copper Development Association –Electrical Design, A good practice guide, CDA publication 123, 1997

8 Ke it hL a ne, P E ,L a ne Co b urn & Assoc iat es,LLC, Woo di n vill e, Wa S izi n g neutrals for Transformers

9. IEEE std. 1100 1999. EM

i) Over a period of time due to excessive heating of the Distribution Transformers the life expectancy reduces by half with every 6OC. rise in temperature between 80OC to 140OC in ca s e of mi n eral oil filled Di s tributio n Tran s forme rs a s stipulated in IS : 6600 1972 and IS : 2026 (Part 7) 2009

• Holds a B.E .(Hons) degree in Elect. Engg. From the University of Jabalpur in the year 1968

ii) Threat of fire hazard in the office complexes, residential complexes or Commercial complexes like shopping malls etc cannot be ruled out.

B) Increase in Neutral Current:

• He is a member of India’s Society of Power Engineers (MSPE), a Fellow of Institution of Engineers, India (FIE),a Chartered Engineer (CE) and a member of CIGRE’India.

i) 1 phase loads are fed from Phase & Neutral Unfortunately, 1- p h a se non- li ne ar l o ad s giv e r i se t o v e ry h ig h tripl e N harmonic currents. In fact, they are odd multiples of 3 times the fundamentals. Since Triple N harmonic currents (h = 3, 9, 15, ) are purely zero sequence currents, thus they pass through the neutral of Star connected Distribution Transformers in addition to normal 1 phase load currents

• He was a former Chief Engineer and Head of Department (Testing & Commun.) in M. P. Power Transmission Co. Ltd. Jabalpur (India)

• He was a member of the panel of Expert Professionals at the Central Power Research Institute (CPRI), Bangalore, from 2008 to 2012.

• He had worked as an Advisor (Testing) at SOUTHCO, a DISCOM in the State of Odisha,

• He was a Metering consultant to M. P. Electricity Regulatory Commission.

• He was the Course Director for the Graduate Electrical Engineering Trainees at the Training Institute of MPPTCL , Jabalpur for 2 batches (2006 to 2008)

• He has published many technical Aricles in the National and International journals and presented techical papers at various national and international conferences pertaining to the Power Transformers and other eqipments of power sector

ii) Neutral Current due to 3rd Harmonics; The wave shape of 3rd Harmonic current in the neutral is depicted by N wave in the fig.10

• He had been awarded a plaque by the Institution of Engineers(India),Kolkata, in Oct 2015, i n r eco g n iti on of h i s e mi n a nce a n d con trib u ti on t o t he pr ofess i on of E l ec tri c a l Engineering at the National level

Fig 11: Such fire in the building complex may be because of fire in the neutral conductor of the DTR , attributed by Harmonics in the Electricity supply system

7.0 Remedial measures:

• Enlisted in the Transfromers Technology Cosultants corner as international Transformer Cosultant from India.

1) The Distribution Utilities should monitor with PQ analyser ehtgnideecxesiremusnocynafiemitotemitmorf limit beyond as that mentioned in the Table 3 against stipulation in IEEE Std.519 (2014) at the PCC, failing which necessary penalty may be levied on him.

Imran Khan did his Graduation in Engineering from University Institute of Technology, affiliated Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal (M.P.) in 2006.

Experience

Fig. 10: Wave form of Triple N harmonic current.

• Worked as Lecturer in Government Polytechnic, Seoni.

It may be noted that when any non-linear 3 phase load is fed through a 3 phase supply, then in addition to the 3 phase load currents there will be always 3rd and triple N harmonic currents through the neutral as shown in the fig.10 Further, if one or two phases to ground fault occurs, the triple N harmonic component shall add to the earth fault current ie 3 I zero which are inherently zero sequence, raising the neutral current much higher.

• Worked as an Engineer in SEC Railway (S&T) Department, Bhilai from 2006 to 2007.

2) To avert pre mature failures of the transformers procured confirming to IS : 1180 (part 1), it is essential to monitor the winding temperature of the DTRs and restrict the load on the same to the tune of say 70% of the capacity thereof. Thus, the cost of procurement of the DTRs shall increase.

• 16 years of rich experience in MP. East-zone DISCOM as Assistant Engineer/ Nodal Officer (HVDS)/ Executive Engineer.

N o t e: a ) Di s trib u ti on Tra nsfo rm e r s conf irmi n g t o I S : 118 0 (part-1) are capable of feeding linear loads only.

• Presently working as Executive Engineer (Store-M.P. East-zone DISCOM).

b) It a was established by experiments etc as stated in ANSI/ IEEE 57-110 that a de rating of 70% of the transformer c apac ity is re qu ire d to be done in c ase the Transfo rme rs manufactured, to feed linear loads are utilised for feeding Harmonic loads.

W ire & cables

PXIL continues to have major market share in the Term Ahead Market. In F y 22, our market share was 44% per cent and this year, till August 2022, the market share has been 52%.

In this segment, PXIL has been providing various innovations in transactions, including implementation of Dynamic and Static contracts along with a digital transaction platform that allows anywhere, anytime access that has led to participants transacting more and more on the PXIL platform. The benefits of competition in terms of better services, innovation and efficiency are truly visible in the Term Ahead market in our country.

Mr. Prabhajit KuMar &

Q. Let's begin by gaining a grasp of recent PXIL trade volumes. How has the growth been in general?

PXIL’s trading volumes have been continuously increasing over the last few years. In the last financial year, F y 2021-22, the total transaction done on PXIL was 5,905 MUs, which itself was more than the previous year and substantially more than the year prior to that. The growth trajectory has continued in this financial year as well. By the end of August-2022, i.e. within four months of this F y 2022-23, the total volume traded is 5618 MUs, which is equivalent to volume traded in the entire last Fy 2021-22.

The Term Ahead Market and Green Term Market are major contributors for increased volume, and our aim is to more than double from existing levels by end of the year. PXIL has also been able to successfully demonstrate traction and viability of its Day Ahead Market, where continued transactions have taken place for several months now. While the volumes are muted, yet the need for competition in the Collective segment comprising of Day-Ahead and RTM is consistently demonstrated. Market participants across the country are looking forward to the implementation of market coupling to give a fillip to competitive efficiencies in this collective transactions segment.

Q. What is the PXIL’s participant profile as of right now?

The market participants transacting at PXIL include trading licensees, State Electricity Distribution Companies (Discoms) and power procurement corporations, Independent Power Producers (IPPs) and Open Access (OA) consumers from across the country. All these participants regularly transact on the PXIL platform on a bouquet of products.

On PXIL’s proprietary trading platform, ‘PRATyAy ’, buyers such as Discoms, large industrial and commercial consumers, etc; and sellers such as Independent Power Producers (IPPs) and Captive Power Plants (CPPs)can purchase and sell electricity on a 24x7 basis. PXIL thus provides a digital platform for this purchase and sale for delivery of electricity as well as for settlement of all payments on a daily basis for such transactions.

In addition to contracts for transactions of conventional electricity, with the introduction of Green Day Ahead Market, Green Term Ahead Market and Hydro Contracts, different entities from the Renewable space have also started transacting on PXIL platform e.g. Wind, Solar, Small Hydro and Large Hydro, etc.

Q. Recently, the Green Term Ahead Market (GTAM) that PXIL launched reached its one-year anniversary. How did the performance go?

GTAM has enabled participants to meet their Renewable energy trading requirements. The GTAM Contracts were introduced on ‘PRAT yAy ’ system from 24th March 2021. During F y 21-22, nearly 1435 MUs of renewable energy was transacted in different GTAM Contracts.

During the 5-month period ending 31st August 2022, nearly 770 MUs of renewable energy is transacted resulting in 56% market share in this segment. The trade volume in GTAM Contracts is expected to increase consistently as it is closely aligned to India’s voluntary commitment of ensuring 50% of installed generation capacity in 2030 from non-fossil fuel sources. The proposed long duration Contracts for transacting in Renewable energy would provide additional avenues for transacting in Renewable power for longer duration up to three months ahead. Q. PXIL saw about a year ago that it was experiencing increasing share in emerging market niches like the Term Ahead Market. Please talk about. Is this pattern still present?

PXIL continues to have major market share in the Term Ahead Market. In F y 22, our market share was 44% per cent and this year, till August 2022, the market share has been 52%.

In this segment, PXIL has been providing various innovations in transactions, including implementation of Dynamic and Static contracts along with a digital transaction platform that allows anywhere, anytime access that has led to participants transacting more and more on the PXIL platform.

The benefits of competition in terms of better services, innovation and efficiency are truly visible in the Term Ahead market in our country.

Q. Tell us about the most recent developments on the Hydro Contracts, which was introduced in August this year.

PXIL introduced the Hydro bid type in TAM and Hydro Green Term Ahead Market (Hydro GTAM) contracts on August 8, 2022 on ‘PRAT yAy ’ software system after grant of approvalsfrom CERC.

The Hydro bid-type in Intra-Day and Day-Ahead Contingency Contracts are subsets of Contingency contracts and the Hydro

INTERVIEW

GTAM Contracts are subset of GTAM introduced by PXIL in March-2021.

PXIL introduced Intra-Day and Day Ahead Contingency Contracts in this segments wherein Hydro energy can be transacted to meet current day’s and next day’s requirement. The salient features of Hydro Contracts are:

a. Hydro GTAM: Purchase of Hydro power enables obligated entities to fulfill their Hydro Power Obligation (HPO) for the year. PXIL issues Hydro power purchase certificate to all Buyers purchasing Hydro power under Hydro GTAM Contracts. Sellers in Hydro GTAM Contracts are Large Hydro Plants (‘LHP’) commissioned after 8th March 2019

b. Hydro bid-type in TAM: Purchase of Hydro power will enable obligated entities to fulfill their ‘Other RPO’ requirement for the year as prescribed in MoP Order dated 22ndJuly 2022. Exchange issues Hydro power purchase certificate to all Buyers purchasing Hydro power under Hydro bid type in TAM Contracts. The Sellers in these Hydro Contracts are Small Hydro, LHP and Discoms with surplus hydro energy

Most of the sale in the Hydro Contracts is from specific sellers especially Hydro IPPs and State utilities and remains seasonal in nature with most transactions during April to September. PXIL is continuously engaging with Hydro plants and State utilities across the country to enhance the use of these contracts for meeting their Hydro purchase requirement.

Q. Energy exchanges account for only about 7% of India's overall electricity usage, according to a recent study. Given that a large portion of India's electricity generation is enshrined in long-term PPAs, how can this be improved?

Discoms in India predominantly buy electricity from power generators under long-term (typically 25 years) contracts. For seasonal and daily variations in demand compared to their supply tie-ups, they use short and medium term contracts ranging from few hours to several months. Such shorter contracts are transacted bilaterally between Discoms or via Power exchanges or Traders.

The purchase of power through power exchanges has reached 7.7% of the total electricity consumption. This growth has mostly been on the back of transparency in pricing of power as well as a payments framework which has ensured payments to be made and received on a daily basis without any defaults. There is a strong impetus to utilise the exchanges, given

the benefits they have shown to development of the power sector in the country, by introducing more contracts of various tenures and segments. The draft National Electricity Policy has already mentioned the need to enhance the exchange based transactions to 25% of the total electricity consumption from the present levels.

In the recent past, the Ministry of Power (MoP) has issued a discussion paper on ‘Market-based Economic Dispatch of Electricity’ (MBED). The paper proposes a day-ahead market where Discoms and Generators, both inter-State and IntraState generators, are to submit their demand and supply orders on Power exchange platform. The objective is to dispatch the power that costs the least, first, by giving Discoms the ability to source power from cheap generators at exchange-discovered price, irrespective of the location of the generator, as long as grid security is maintained.

We believe all these efforts would soon translate into an overall improvement in the utilisation of power exchange platforms in the country.

Q. Furthermore, power exchanges accounted for more than half of the short-term energy market's 9–11% share of total electricity consumption. How can exchanges gain more market share in India's market for short-term energy?

The vision of our policy-makers, as well as the intent of our regulators towards expanding the role of power markets in our country is very clear. This has also been made evident in the draft National Electricity Policy which talks about expanding the power markets to 25 per cent by the year 2023-24.

With the various initiatives that are in the pipeline, the breadth and depth of markets is expected to increase manifold over the next few years.

The resolution of jurisdictional boundaries between SEBI and CERC related to electricity transactions has enabled introduction of longer duration delivery-based contracts on Power exchanges along with the introduction of derivatives in electricity to be regulated by SEBI jointly with CERC. The longer tenure Contracts enables participants to transact in conventional and/or Renewable power for duration up to 90 days / 12 weeks / 3 months, providing opportunity to participants to meet their demand/supply requirements for a longer horizon.

The longer tenure Contracts allows Exchanges to play a key role in providing other short-term transactions (with

delivery duration greater than a week) through the Power exchanges, leading to greater transparency and efficiency in the transaction of such contracts.

The market re-design developments would be initiated by implementation of MBED, wherein the spot market share is expected to increase from nearly 4 per cent to few multiples in a short span of time.

The Market coupling among Power exchanges, Integrated Day Ahead Market, cross-border electricity transactions between India and neighbouring countries, market-based ancillary services contracts, National Open Access Registry (NOAR), General Network Access (GNA) Regulation, draft IEGC 2022, strengthening and deepening of REC mechanism, etc. are few initiatives leading the change in the Power Market in our country.

Q.A new private energy exchange has commenced operation. How do you anticipate private players' ability to compete? What is it that a participant in an energy exchange ultimately seeks?

PXIL welcomes competition in the Power exchange space. Competition will result in innovation and increase in service offerings of exchanges that will ultimately benefit market participants.

The multi-exchange model that we have in the power market in our country is a unique structure worldwide. For such a market model to translate into actual competition on the ground, it is important that the market structure be corrected to foster competition in the collective segment.

Some steps towards structural corrections like market coupling have already been taken. It is critical that these are implemented urgently so that competition can truly thrive, and market participants and electricity consumers across the country are benefited.

PXIL has always been able to compete effectively and buyers and sellers across the country have validated the need for competition to thrive amongst exchanges. Customers find value in enhanced services, better connectivity, innovations in contracts and continuously improving digital transaction platforms all of which result in greater efficiency of transactions and better service to their end-customers.

Q.

PXIL has already completed 14 years of presence. What are your plans for the upcoming years? What is your overall outlook for the power sector?

PXIL has commenced its market operations in 2008 and is in its 14thyear of Exchange operations. It has renewed its focus to meet the requirements of market participants by innovating its technology offering and products.

In January-2020, PXIL introduced the ‘PRAT yAy ’ software system to meet the ever-changing transacting needs to market participants. The ‘PRAT yAy ’ system is developed with modular approach that provides flexibility to introduce new Contracts in ‘plug-and-play’ model thereby reducing ‘time-to-market’ for any new Contract.

PXIL has introduced Hydro Contracts recently and would shortly be introducing longer tenure Contracts for duration up to 90 days ahead with different price discovery mechanisms, e.g. Uniform Price similar to existing DAM / RTM / REC and Reverse auction similar to existing auction transactions opted by Discoms. New Contracts that are in Regulatory consultations are Ancillary Services Market Contract, Capacity Contracts and increased tenure of longer tenure Contracts up to 11 months ahead to meeting transaction requirements of market participants.

As the short-term power market expands and the above contracts are introduced by PXIL, the business volume of the exchange would increase in a short period of time. As Discoms strengthen their internal system/process to undertake accurate demand-supply analysis they would concentrate their purchases through the Exchange platform instead of solely depending on the costlier power contracted under long-term PPAs, the outlook for PXIL remains encouraging. Furthermore, there are enabling regulatory provisions, which once implemented would enhance the competitive efficiencies of the power market. Ultimately, the Exchanges are marketplaces, where the buyer and seller can efficiently and transparently manage their portfolios better and we from PXIL continue to strive to make that experience better for all our participants every day.

Having 29 years of technical experience on various HT and EHT voltage level in the field of transmission sector. Specialization on the development technoeconomical design of protection control schemes for system development and planning. At present involved with various on-going projects on GIS, SAS and updated Remote SCADA control stations of OPTCL.

Published 105 technical papers in National and International arena and is a regular contributor to the National journals like Electrical Mirror, Electrical India, CBIP journal and IEEMA journal and author of many technical books. Also Awarded in various arena on National level. He is also the coordinator of a Nationwide Power Engineers’ Technical Group named “SPARK- Ignited to share” consisting of Senior Electrical Engineers from different parts of the country. ele.pkpattanaik@optcl.co.in

GUEST

VARIOUS CASE STUDIES ON OPERATION AND CONTROL SCHEMES FOR GRID SUB-STATION

Contd….

Introduction:

For the last few months, the response of the readers to the case studies on various incidents is overwhelming. Hence this month we are again choosing the write up on similar kind of studies for developing the synchronization of practical observation to the theoretical concepts. The analysis of each incident being supported by actual observations had been described during the situation to add awareness amongst the operation, testing and commissioning engineers to know the cause of problems and be helpful for easy rectification of the problems. This can also help to develop economic schemes for the smooth running of the operation and control system in the Grid Sub-Station.

2.1. Mixing of AC supply with DC: Mal-operation of one Circuit Breaker 3 Times a day resulted at one 132/33 KV Grid Sub-Station.

Observations:

1. Each time the Tripping coil was operating with latch actuation of the breaker with no indication from any of the relays.

2. The breaker was also successfully getting closed on the next attempt of breaker closure.

3. During 2 times of such incidents, one operator was asked to remain at the breaker cubicle point to know the cause of tripping, whether due to actuation of tripping coil or due to any other reason.

4. It was pointed out by the operator that, the cause of tripping is due to actuation of Trip coil -1 and associated latch.

5. This system was taken under shutdown and purposefully kept under observation with no outage of DC supply to the breaker to confirm about the mal-operation of breaker from mechanical reason.

6. After keeping such situation for the complete day, it was not found with any abnormality.

7. So, it was decided for investigation regarding the causer of tripping.

8. Without Load flow through the breaker, it was allowed to be in closed condition to study the behaviour and cause of tripping.

9. On doing so, after few minutes, the breaker tripped and Er. P.K.Pattanaik, is presently working with OPTCL as General Manager, EHT (O&M) Circle Bhubaneswar - Odisha and associated with the Protection and Control schemes of Electrical systems.

on further closing, tripped after few minutes again with actuation of Trip coil-1 and associated latch.

10. So, it was searched for the cause of voltage availability to this coil.

11. All the possible voltage extension circuits were checked.

12. On checking, it was found that the voltage extension is from Lockout relay (86). So the similar type master relay was replaced and breaker was again kept under observation.

13. Nothing any change, similar tripping of breaker resulted with actuation of Trip-coil-1.

14. Now the trip-coil circuit was removed and connected with an incandescent bulb to confirm the appearance of any inadvertent supply across the coil.

15. It was again found appearance of the supply and glowing of the bulb intermittently.

16. But the bulb was not remaining with glowing condition.

17. Now the physical wire leading to the circuit was removed from the control panel and the bulb was connected at the control panel TBs.

18. Similar situation of intermittent glowing of bulb was observed. So it was finally confirmed that the fault lies from the internal circuit only.

19. The possibility of wire connection was traced and found with MIXING OF SINGLE PHASE AC PHASE wire to the POSITIVE TERMINAL of the Tripping Contact due to failure of insulation cable.

Action Taken:

1. This wire was correctly traced and damaged wire was replaced by a new one and routed separately to its load circuit.

2. Then the breaker was kept into observation before keeping into the system.

3. On checking, it was found with no such abnormality.

4. Then the breaker was put into the system and successfully loaded with any such abnormal tripping.

Technical Analysis:

1. In practice every trip coil is connected to any contact, being provided with required DC supply at one end. (Ref Fig 2.1)

2. The other end is generally connected to the trip coil point with DC negative on the other point of trip coil.

3. So, during protection tripping, this contact gets closed and allows to extend DC supply to get available across the trip coil and actuation of trip coil and subsequent operation of breaker.

4. In this typical case neither the Contact was getting closed nor the Master Relay was actuating for the closure of the contact.

5. But due to intermittent mixing of AC PHASE SUPPLy to the DC POSITIVE terminal of the contact, the voltage was appearing on this terminal very high.

6. On calculation it could be (230x root 2 + 220Volt = 325 + 220 = 545 V).

7. This 545V was causing arching on the small distance of the tripping contact of the master relay.

8. Now intermittent shorting was allowing the DC extension of supply to trip coil, resulting with actuation of TRIPcoil-1 and subsequent tripping of breaker.

9. Because of this, even after change of the similar make relay, did not help to eradicate the tripping action of the breaker.

10. Moreover, the supply extension was not persisting as because of AC and DC mixing is not permanent nature. It was due to insulation damage of the AC cable.

11. Then after identification the cause and rectification the same, the problem was resolved.

Recommendations: It is recommended not to lay AC and DC control cable in the same enclosure/ route.

2.2. Excess burden on Metering PT: At one of the old Grid Sub-Station due to space constraint, the New control room was built at around 700 meters away.

Observations:

1. This station was connected with three number of 132/33 KV transformers before.

2. The fourth Transformer was installed, but its control room was constructed at 700 meters away from the existing Control room due to space constraint.

3. Accordingly, the metering PT supply was also extended from the existing single core with 2.5 sq mm wire from secondary

CA s E s

PT console to metering cubicle available at new control room.

4. It was observed with peculiar metering value by all the metering units after commissioning of new Transformer and loading of the same.

5. The energy billing as compared to the previous month for the station was found reduced by 0.2 %.

6. For the few initial months, it was not pointed out as because of very least % error. But after Energy audit with other units, this was marked with reduction of energy reading.

Action Taken:

1. The cause of reduced reading was analysed with simultaneous reading methods and comparison of readings with other units.

2. Especially, this was found after commissioning of 4th transformer and addition of extra PT secondary wire with the system from the existing PT wire.

T udy3. Now, the available burden on the PT secondary were checked and found with value of around 75VA

4. This 75VA appears to be very close to the PT burden of 100VA . So the possible terminal connections at different junction points were checked and properly tightened.

5. Then the measurement was done and found with slight reduced of around 65VA.

6. To obtain the next VA of added circuit, this system was checked on isolation from the other system. The value was found with around 50VA along with all its secondary relays and metering units, as it was fed with only core to all schemes.

7. So, the protection elements were isolated and advised with extension of another separate cable for extension from protection scheme. On checking of the circuit, nothing such difference was observed, only change it was found with reduction to 60 VA. Only reduction of 5 VA was found.

8. The detail inclusion of circuit was analysed and found as follows

9. The circuit was getting extended from around 700 mters of 2.5 sq mm wire, 10 numbers of meters (THREE Analog Voltmeters old, Three Analog Wattmeters, Three Analog VAR meters, TWO Static Electronics Energy Meters and others meters).

10. On analysis it was found that the scope could be made available towards replacement of Analog meters to digital Electronics MFT (Multi-Function Meters) and replacement of 2.5 Sq mm wire, either with 4 sq mm wires or double 2.5 Sq mm wires. The other possibility to keep the Energy

metes at the switch yard premises.

7. All the possible solutions were thought of with proper deliberation with other experts and adopted with the followings.

8. All the Analog disc rotated meters were clubbed and replaced by MFT (Multi-Function meters) of Digital electronics type.

9. The connecting lead was replaced with DOUBLE 2.5 SQ MM from the PT console box with next decision of shifting to Switch yard Box.

10. Similar attempts were also done with the old control room meters.

11. On anlysis, it was found with drastic change with energy meter readings and results were found with close to the energy audit values.

Technical Analysis:

1. Before replacement of the above meters and modification of the PT secondary wires, it was obtaining with more secondary voltage drop due to higher burden and excess of lead resistance due to use of 700 meters of secondary wires.

2. On technical calculation, the voltage drop depends upon the followings

3. Voltage Drop = (Burden x lead resistance)/ (110V/√3) = (75 x 10) /(110V/√3) = 11.81 Volt.

4. On Calculation of resistance value of approx. 700 meters of lead resistance of single stand copper comes = 1.72 x 10 ^ -8 x ( 2x700 / 2.5 x 10 ^ -6) = 9.63 Ohm

5. This value comes around 10 Ohm, due to intermittent terminal contacts.

6. Now 11.81volt drop is remarkably high and 18.59 % of the rated value and very high than that of accuracy class of error of 0.2 %.

7. So, the attempt of reduction of Lead resistance was done of putting double core cable and reduction drastic reduction of burden limited to max 5 VA with use of MFT and associated circuit.

8. On doing so, the Voltage drop was drastically reduced and calculated as follows.

9. New Voltage Drop = (Burden x lead resistance)/ (110V/√3) = (5 x 5) /(110V/√3) = 0.393 Volt. This value comes very minimum and comes under the error zone = 0.393/ 63.5 = 0.61 %, slightly more than the allowable value.

Recommendations :

1. Use Digital MFT meters in place of Old Analog and Electromagnetic meters for metering scheme.

2. Use of double 2.5 Sq mm wire as PT secondary wire, in

place of single 2.5 sq mm wire.

3. Avoid multi- connection points in metering circuit.

2.3. Recording of Differential Current during stability check of BUS-BAR

Relay: During pre-commissioning time for stability check, when current was injected with two feeders in series, the bus-bar relay recorded certain differential value instead of recording zero. The recorded values are as follows.

Current injected: 60 Amp, CTR: 1200/1, Bus bar record: 1. Differential 10.2%, Restraint: 10.3%.

Action Taken:

1. The configuration of BB central unit was checked and found Ok.

2. The CTR adopted on these feeders were checked and found with ratio of 1200/1.

3. The primary side polarity marking was checked and found with P1 on BUS side.

4. Now the secondary side star connection and earthing was checked at the CT console BOX and found with LINE-1 as “s1” being connected with star and earth, but Line-2 as “s2” being connected with star and earth.

5. The wrong selection of star connection and earthing of LINE-2 was corrected and testing was done and found in order.

the value becomes as Differential Current = |I1-I2| =|5- 5)|= 0%. And restraint current = |5| + |5|= 10%. For connection of the circuit, the fig of 2.3.1, 2.3.2, 2.3.3 can be referred..

NOTE: - It may be noted that before stability check for BB scheme, the secondary star connection and primary polarity connection of the involved feeders/ bays are to be checked. Normally P1 of primary CT is to be choosen on BUS side and secondary S1 to be star connected with common earthing at the panel end.

2.4. Frequent tripping of 220 KV Transmission Line: One of the 220 KV line was tripping on Rph-yph fault with zone 1 indication at both end. This incident was occurring during 3.30 AM to 4AM early in the morning. This line was a short line, connecting between a power plant and one 400/220/132KV Grid Sub-station.

Action Taken:

1. The line was patrolled thoroughly at each point. The insulator strings were also checked and found OK.

2. The clearance of the line with other adjacent line was also checked, but in physical no such line available nearby.

3. As per the distance measured by the Distance Relay, the fault was searched at the probable area of the line. But no such possible reasons were found.

4. So the distance protection relay was thoroughly checked. The setting and functionality was found OK.

5. It was decided to patrol the affected area during night from 3 AM onwards.

6. It was observed with flashing of the line at 3.50 AM, just above the power plant cooling tower with tripping of the line on DP relay.

Technical Analysis:-

The BB relay as used for this system generally records the differential value as |I1-I2| and restraint value as |I1| + |I2|. The current injection had been attempted on R phase only as like shown in figure. Due to wrong selection of star connection and earthing of LINE-2, the secondary current direction became reverse than that of LINE-1. Here % of secondary current reflected as 5%, for primary current injection being 60 ampere.

Differential Current = |I1-I2| =|5-(-5)|= 10%. And restraint current = |5| + |-5|= 10%. But after rectification of the problem, when the current was injected,

Observations with Analysis:

a. The Transmission line was crossing over the cooling tower of the power plant with R phase as the bottom conductor.

b. During the time of early hours of morning like 3 AM onwards, the water vapour released to cool atmosphere results quick condensation and rise from R phase towards y phase conductor was resulting the continuity of conducting path between these two phases. Hence the relay was tripping during this time.

Action Taken: The transmission line route was diverted from the affected area of cooling tower and then onwards the possible kind of fault did not come. EM

Floating Photovoltaics: c once P t and Review

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Introduction

As the world population continues to grow, the energy demand is also increasing, causing an increase in use of fossil fuels, which emit greenhouse gases. As climate change continues to worsen, the world is looking at ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The world is facing a climate crisis. The International Energy Agency (IEA) reported that in order for the world to reach the goal of net zero emissions by 2050 there will have to be an annual average solar energy generation growth of 24% . In 2020, solar generation increased 23%, resulting in the IEA categorising solar photovoltaics (PV) asmore effort needed’. Solar PV is expected to be a leading technology to power the world in the future. The price of PV has reduced drastically, reaching a price similar to that of conventional energy sources . The IEA stated that PV has become the lowest-cost electricity source in history. While installed PV is set to continue growing, the large scale ground-mounted photovoltaic (GPV) farms are running into issues of finding land to install on. A 1MW PV farm needs approximately 15,000 m2 of land. With large land requirements and rising land prices it is becoming increasingly difficult to purchase land for a PV farm. Other challenges faced by PV installations are cooling of the panels and keeping them free of dust in order to increase energy efficiency. A solution to this challenge is placing PV on bodies of water such as ponds, lakes, reservoirs, oceans, canals, lagoons, waste water treatment plants, or irrigation ponds. The placing of PV panels on top of bodies of water is called floating photovoltaics (FPV) or floatovoltaics. Countries that are facing challenges with land availability for PV farms are looking towards the potential of FPV. The aim of this review paper is to analyze the status of FPV, along with the benefits and drawbacks of the new technology, with a section looking at submerged photovoltaics (SPV). This report is unique as it

observes the current status of FPV and the knowledge gaps that require investigation and a solution. There is a focus on the challenges that GPV faces and how FPV addresses some of these challenges. FPV is a relatively new technology with the first plant installed in 2007 in Japan. Table 1 shows an overview of the major milestones within the FPV industry. The graph in Figure 1 shows the installed FPV capacity from 2007 to 2018, and it is clear that FPV is growing rapidly.

Table 1.FPV early development milestones. Adapted with permission from.2019, WorldBank

Milestone year Location Size(kWp)

FirstFPVinstallation 2007 AichiProvince,Japan 20

FirstFPVinstallation(nonresearched) 2008 FarNienteWinery,USA 175

FirsttrackingFPVinstallation 2010 PetraWinery,Italy 200

FirstMW size FPVinstallation 2013 SaitamaPrefecture,Japan 1180

FirstFPVhybridsystemwithahydroelectricpowerplant(HPP) 2017 AltoRabagaoDam,Portugal 220

Figure 1. Global FPV installed capacity. Adapted with permission from 2019, World Bank.

Globally, installed FPV capacity is seen to be doubling each year and is predicted tocontinue doubling. Figure 2 shows a global breakdown of installed FPV as of 2020,the majority being located in China. The cost of FPV is higher than GPV currently with aproject break-even cost 4–8% higher. There is massive global growth in this sector butminimal knowledge about the possible negative impacts of FPV, making this an essential and timely review.

Figure 2. Globally installed FPV as of 2021. Adapted with permission from. 2021, Ma.

Why Floating PV is rising?

In some countries where deficiency of land usage, the prevalence of using solar panel systems to generate electricity has been hampered by a lack of space and space limitations on the roof. Local PV companies are constantly competing for land, including agriculture, industry, and population growth. These companies have recently discovered innovative alter- natives. The installation of floating panels on lakes, dams, reservoirs, and the sea. Floating solar technology is very advantageous for countries with weak land electrical networks.

Types of Solar photovoltaic setups

The solar photovoltaic system is classified according to its use and location, so, the categories of various solar photovoltaic setups are shown in Fig. 3.

Conventional land based and ground mounted solar setups

For the installation, ground-mounted photovoltaic systems are usually highly efficient solar systems. The solar modules are placed in frames or a rack position fixed setup to the auxiliary equipment on the ground and field assistants include: (Fig. 4):

• A pole holder fixed with concrete in the ground.

• Foundation substrates, such as cast stabilities or concrete slabs.

Figure 3. Classification of solar

Governments and investors are beginning to recognize these benefits and are drawing attention to a wide range of countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. In particular, Japan should supervise floating solar panels due to the low availability of land associated with limited natural resources. Japan has 73 of the 100 largest floating solar power plants in the world. The largest FPV Plant is at the yamakura dam. This unique installation can supply more than 5,000 homes. The project also saves more than 8,000 tonnes of CO2 per year. Nearly half of the floating solar power plants in Japan are located in a state called Hyogo Region. This is likely because there are more than 40,000 agricultural reservoirs in the state and there is enough space to install floating panels. Installed in lakes, reservoirs, and dams, floating solar panels save precious space on the ground. In addition, it is 16% more efficient than onshore solar power plants. This is because of the cooling effect of the system provided by the water under the panel. The fact that this results in very significant savings is that these systems are easier to connect to the grid than remote wind farms. The system occupies most of the water area in which it is installed. In other words, the water evaporates very low due to less exposure to direct sunlight and wind. This saves significant freshwater in agricultural areas. It also slows the growth of algae, which is harmful to fish species.

• Ballast accessory holders, such as bases with steel- reinforced concrete, use heavy objects to protect the solar photovoltaic modules in place and require no grounding. This cultivation system is suitable for places that cannot be excavated, such as closed soils and soils, and it is easy to dismantle or move the solar module system.

Roof top solar project

A photovoltaic system on the roof (Fig. 5) is a solar photo- voltaic system in which solar modules are mounted on the rooftop of a housing or profitable construction or structure37). The parts comprise of solar inverters, photovoltaic modules, mounting systems, cables, and other electrical components. Rooftop PV systems either on-grid or off-grid can be utilized in combination with additional energy sources (such as wind turbines, diesel generators, etc.). The setup can provide constant power. The

Figure 4. Ground mounted solar PV

Figure 5. Roof top solar power PV plant

roof system is smaller than the ground-mounted photovoltaic systems in the megawatt range. Photovoltaic systems on the roofs of housing constructions generally have a power of between 5 and 20 kW, while occupants of profitable constructions generally reach 100 kW or more.

of photo- voltaic solar cells that is very poisonous and costly, so it will influence the production progression and the cost of solar cells. Saltwater comprises magnesium chloride, that can substitute extremely poisonous and expensive cadmium chloride.

Reservoir/Lake based floating solar system

Floating photovoltaic power generation system is a novel idea, not commercially implemented, and only a limited number of demonstration projects have been implemented worldwide

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Figure 8 Floating solar power plants

Canal top solar system

Traditionally, solar power plants are planted on the ground, which requires a large area. To avoid obtaining huge tracts of land, the idea of installing photovoltaic plants on the canal is considered new. Not only was deforestation avoided by eliminating land use, but deforestation by beautifying the environment was also encouraged (Fig. 6).

Offshore solar PV system

More than 70% of the earth’s surface covers the ocean and other water bodies. They received a lot of solar energy. Using solar photovoltaic technology, existing solar energy resources can be used to compete with current electricity production.

Due to the scarcity of land, the beach is a beach environment that can take maximum benefit of the sunlight throughout the day time and is an excellent choice for planting photovoltaic systems (Fig. 7). Cadmium Chloride is the main constituent

There are sufficient photovoltaic power generation devices in many parts of the world. world. There is not enough land, mainly in Japan, Singapore, South Korea, the Philippines, and many other islands. Japan, the United States, South Korea, Australia, Brazil, India, and other countries have started to request floating photovoltaics. This demand could expand and extend all around the world. Floating photovoltaic solar systems can be mounted on an aquatic surface such as oceans, lakes, ponds, reservoirs, irrigation ponds, wastewater treatment plants, dams, and canals. Depending on the type of solar cell and the weather conditions, electricity is used. The remaining solar radiation is transformed into heat, which increases the photo- voltaic temperature. The output power of solar cell changes with changes in temperature. Since the ease of use of the photovoltaic modules depends on the temperature, if a solar photovoltaic system is installed on the surface of the water because of the cooling effect from the water33), the ambient temperature below this sign cannot be recognized. If an aluminum frame is used to support the external photovoltaic solar module, the cooling temperature of the water will also increase, thus reducing the allover heat of the PV module (Fig.7). The normal capacity of the solar module is 11% more than the average capacity of solar modules placed on the ground.

Floating PV system concept

The use of aquatic technology to install photovoltaic solar systems on water bodies is a new idea. The miscellany of PV system technology and floating PV technology34) that can generate electricity combined. This technology has replaced photovoltaic plants in precious location. The floating photovoltaic system contains an independent float structure or oat, a morning structure, solar PV modules, and cables (Fig. 7). As studied, the use of floating bridges and photovoltaic panels to effectively cover the tank has reduced the water vapor in the tank. Studies in Australia have shown that 40% of the water in the open tank is lost during evaporation.

Figure 6 Canal top solar systems

Figure 7 Offshore solar systems

Figure 10 Pontoon Structure

The most important parameter for evaluating FPV performance is the ability of photovoltaics to convert effectively into operating conditions, which influences energy production and is, therefore, the highest valued device of this module. The power conversion of the photovoltaic module is given by the relationship between the intensity of the energy generation and the total solar radiation. As per the next expression, where η el is the efficiency of electricity produce (%), Pmax is the maximum power produce by PV system (W), S is the solar radiation strength fall on the PV module (W/m2) and Apv is the area of PV module on that solar radiance fall on the surface (m2).

Technology Overview

A general FPV system consists of PV panels and system installed atop a floating structure that is anchored to the ground as seen in Figure 11.

water. The pontoons are formed by attaching floats together in order to hold the weight of the structure on top of the water. The majority of floats used in the industry are made out of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) due to it being UV resistant, corrosion resistant, maintenance free, recyclable and having good tensile strength. Another material used for floats, though less common, is glass fibre reinforced plastic. These systems generally have a set panel inclination that is not easily adjusted once installed . A benefit of the floating structures is that they are easy to decommission compared to a GPV system. Other floating structure options include galvanized steel platforms and one or two axis tracking platforms .

PV Module

The commonly used module type for FPV installations is crystalline silicon. Crystalline modules work well in fresh water environments, but as the sector looks toward marine environments, modules will need to be designed to withstand the salty environment. Therefore, standard metal frames will need to be replaced with an alternative material. There is potential to also use second generation CdTe , a-Si, or CIGS , but there has been limited investigation with these technologies. Third-generation PV is not considered yet for FPV due to the lack of maturity.

Mooring

The mooring system of an FPV installation is required to hold the system in place, avoiding overturning or floating away. The system can be moored with anchors on the ground of the body of water, or alternatively, directly to shore. Nylon ropes are often used as the mooring lines and allow movement of the system for changes in water depth and blowing wind.

Cables

Underwater cables can be used to transport the generated electricity to an onshore substation. It is also common to keep the cables above the water.

Installation

The installation process for FPV is often easier than that for GPV, as long as the anchoring and mooring system is not complicated. The installation does not require heavy equipment and the system is usually assembled on land and then transferred onto the body of water where it can be towed to the site. Lightsource, a company in the United Kingdom, used a ramp to roll FPV into the water. The installation can be seen in Figure 11.

Location

Floating Structure

A pontoon structure is used to keep the system floating in the

In order to choose a suitable FPV location, there is a list of criteria that must be taken into consideration. Table 2 breaks down the key criteria that must be analysed before selecting a location to install FPV.

Figure 9 Floating solar power plant layout

Figure 11. FPV components Reprinted with permission from. 2020, Oliveira-Pinto

Table 2. Site suitability. Adapted with permission from 2019, World Bank

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CoolingEffect

PV modules are negatively affected by high temperatures as high temperatures de- crease the performance, energy output, efficiency, and life span of the modules. The most critical factor affecting a PV module’s efficiency is module temperature. An increased surface temperature of a module results in sunlight being converted into heat rather than output power. There has been extensive research into cooling methods for PV modules in order to increase the efficiency when exposed to hot temperatures. When PV modules are placed on bodies of water, they experience a cooling effect that increases their efficiency compared to a GPV system. A paper comparing the cooling effects on FPV in the Netherlands (temperate maritime climate) versus Singapore (tropical climate) found that Singapore had a 6% increase in annual energy yield while the Nether- lands had a 3% increase. Another paper investigating the performance of FPV in the tropics found an up to 10% increase in annual energy yield due to the cooling effect. A study in Visakhapatnam, India, found a 1.5–3% increase in energy production for FPV compared to GPV. Another study in India found a 2.5–3% increase between FPV and GPV. Brazillian reservoirs were analysed in a study and found to have a 12.5% increase in efficiency for FPV because of the cooling effect. The World Bank also found increased efficiency varying between 5% and 10% for different climatic regions. The cooling effect due to the cool air flowing under the PV modules is a key advantage of installing an FPV system over a GPV system.

Humidity

Another effect of installation on water is an increase in humidity for the modules. FPV modules experience higher humidity compared to GPV modules. An increase in humidity around a module can affect the atmosphere and cause the module temperature to increase, thereby decreasing the performance of the module.

Water Evaporation

Studies have shown that FPV is capable of significantly decreasing water evaporation. This can be important for coupling FPV

with HPP, which will be discussed in Section 4.7. It is also increasingly important for countries that are dealing with water shortages. Water-scarce regions in central and southern Asia were concluded to benefit greatly when FPV was installed. A study found that a 1MW FPV system in Visakhapatnam, India, would reduce water evaporation and save 42-million litres of water. A study looked at the water evaporation reduction, economic feasibility, energy generation, and environmental impact of installing FPV on five main reservoirs lakes in Iran. By covering 10% of the five main reservoir lakes with FPV, enough water would be saved from evaporation to meet the domestic water demands of a city with 1-million inhabitants. The study states that FPV would be beneficial for Iran as it is facing an energy and water crisis. The reduction of water evaporation is a benefit of FPV.

Impact on Water Quality

FPV is a growing sector that only began to boom recently. As a result, there is minimal research on the impact of FPV on water quality. The impact on water quality is noted to be the greatest threat of FPV. A study conducted by Exley et al. reported that FPV operators stated there was no impact on water quality, but only 15% are monitoring and analysing the water quality while the majority are using only visual inspection. The paper goes on to explain that nine ecosystem services could be affected by the installation of FPV. A study using two adjacent agricultural ponds, one covered with FPV and one open as a control, found that there were no negative effects on water quality associated with the FPV. The study found improved concentrations of cholorophyll and nitrate, as well as a 60% decrease in water evaporation. Multiple papers concluded that a positive impact FPV has on water quality is the reduction of algae growth. The percentage of FPV cover on a body of water will determine the system’s impact on algae growth. A study investigating the impact of FPV on water quality found that FPV covering a small amount of a reservoir was not enough to reduce algae blooms. A main concern reported in research around FPV impact on water quality is that there has not been enough studies and modeling to conclude that there will not be negative effects. Table 2 shows a summary of the potential opportunities and threats of FPV on water quality.

Land Use

Countries with a high population density are facing the issue of finding land that can be used for solar PV farms . FPV addresses this issue as it can be placed on surfaces of bodies of water that would otherwise go unused. FPV systems can be installed on ponds, lakes, reservoirs, oceans, canals, lagoons, waste water treatment plants, or irrigation ponds. FPV can also be beneficial for small island communities that lack ample

land space. The cost of installing FPV is often lower than GPV because land does not have to be purchased or approved. A techno-economic case study in Islamabad found that a GPV system would have a return of over 15 years compared to a floating system on NUST lake, an urban lake, which would have a return of 5.37 years. Not having to pay for land for the installation in Islamabad makes the FPV system more feasible than a GPV system. The pay back is also affected by the increase in electrical output and lower cleaning cost for FPV, which will be discussed later in the paper. Chowdhury et al. examined how the use of FPV in their home country, Bangladesh, can be very beneficial due to the high population density .

Table 3. Potential opportunities and threats of FPV on water quality. Reprinted with permission from . 2021, Exley.

new concept of coupling FPV with HPP is being explored and feasibility studies have been conducted in order to determine the advantages and disadvantages of the coupling. Figure 4 shows a schematic of what a general HPP FPV hybrid system would look like. The main benefits of coupling HPP and FPV are water savings, water quality, grid connection, cooling, power fluctuation reduction, no land occupancy, energy storage, and radiation balance .

Shading and Soiling

FPV does not often suffer in performance from shading of the surroundings as it is located on a flat area The lack of shading is a benefit of FPV.

Soiling losses are a result of deposited dust accumulating on PV systems and are a major issue that reduces the power generation of a PV system. Soiling losses that reduced power production by 3% to 4% in 2018 caused a revenue loss of EUR 3–5 billion due to the reduced power production. By 2023, it is assumed that soiling losses will result in a revenue loss of EUR 4–7 billion. With an expected global solar energy generation of 7200 TWh by 2040, it is becoming increasingly important to reduce soiling losses. The common solution to reduce soiling losses is to use anti-soiling coatings on the PV system . FPV is another solution that can reduce soiling losses. By employing FPV, the panels are less likely to undergo soiling as water bodies are often less dusty than the arid regions in which GPV are usually installed. If soiling does occur, it is easier to clean FPV than GPV systems as there is water on site that can be used to clean the modules.

FPV Hybrid with (HPP)

Hydropower is the leading renewable source of electricity generating more electricity than all other renewable sources combined. There are over 9000 HPP reservoirs globally , covering a surface of around 265,700 km2 . These reservoirs are being researched for the potential of installing FPV . The relatively

Figure 12. FPV hybrid system with HPP schematic. Reprinted with permission from. 2020, Lee.

As stated in Section 4.3, FPV is found to reduce water evaporation, which therefore would increase hydropower efficiency. A 1MW installation of FPV can save between 700 m2 and 10,000 m2 of water annually. Section 4.4 reviewed papers and concluded that FPV reduced algal growth in the water, which improves the water quality. Improved water quality is another benefit of coupling HPP with FPV. Grid connection is an important benefit of coupling as it will save costs in the installation of FPV. It is beneficial to install FPV systems where grid connections already exist.

A challenge with PV, and other renewable energy sources, is their intermittency. The variable power generation is holding solar back from growing in the energy market. Having FPV coupled with HPP helps with this issue as they can be used complementarily. During the day when solar irradiance is high, the reservoir can hold water to be used when the FPV is not generating electricity. On an annual basis, depending on the location, solar potential is often high while HPP has reduced power due to less water flow. In 2020, a study was conducted by yanlau Zhou that looked at how an FPV hybrid system with HPP affects the water, food, and energy nexus. A model was created to maximize the water storage and power output of the hybrid system and concluded that the system would improve the synergistic benefit between water, energy, and food.

A study performed by the European Commission Joint Research Centre conducted an assessment on installing FPV on HPP reservoirs in Africa. The study examined 146 of the largest HPP in Africa and concluded that installing FPV covering

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1% of reservoirs would double the power capacity of HPP and increase electrical output by 58% Numerous African nations rely on HPP as their electricity source and increasing droughts in the continent affect the HPP power generation. FPV was concluded to save water evaporation in the HPP reservoirs they are placed on, which is seen as a major benefit in Africa. A study completed at Macquarie University conducted a feasibility analysis of installing FPV on HPP in Australia. The paper examined the four largest HPP in New South Wales, Australia, and found that the total power capacity of the HPP can be met using FPV. A techno-economic analysis was completed for an FPV HPP hybrid system in Bangladesh and concluded that the integration would be beneficial for the country. The system would create clean energy, reduce water evaporation, have a return of nine years, and help reach sustainable development goals. A paper written from Air University in Islamabad examined coupling FPV with a newly proposed HPP project in Pakistan. The paper concluded that it would be prudent to combine the systems because it would generate significantly more electricity and benefit from sharing the transmission and distribution system . It also notes that the FPV system will generate 10% more electrical output compared to a GPV system in the same location. In recent years, Brazil has decreased its HPP generation and relied more on thermoelectric power plants, which has increased greenhouse gas emissions. A paper by Naidion Motta Silverio looked at the use of FPV with existing HPP in the Sao Francisco River basin because this region has suffered from droughts, therefore, increasing its need for thermoelectric power plants. Installing FPV on the existing HPP would be beneficial and is seen to compliment the seasonal flow of the river.

The first HPP FPV hybrid system was installed on the Alto Rabagao reservoir in Portugal in 2017, shown in Figure 4. The benefits of coupling HPP with an FPV system are clear in the academic papers and the potential for coupling systems is seen in countries around the world.

Irrigation Ponds

A possible location to install FPV is on irrigation ponds. Placement on agricultural irrigation ponds can be beneficial to providing farms with electricity. A 305 kW FPV that covers 45% of an agricultural irrigation pond was installed in Brazil. In Japan, the majority of installed FPV farms are on irrigation ponds The installed FPV can provide farms with electricity while also reducing water evaporation from the ponds.

Fresh Water vs. Marine Water

The majority of FPV research and installations have been in fresh water and this approach cannot simply be transferred to marine water installations. As noted in Section 3.2, commonly used PV modules are not designed to be located in salty

environ- ments and the salty air will affect the metal frame. Further, FPV systems installed in a marine environment will be exposed to tides, currents, stronger winds, and waves. The more diverse ecology in marine environments must be taken into consideration as it can cause biofouling and affect coral systems. There is also the potential for artificial reefs to grow on an FPV installation and to combine FPV with other marine energy devices. The pontoon structures used for marine environments vary from those typically used for fresh water installations as seen in. Figure 4shows Swimsol’s floating SolarSea located in the Maldives on individual two meter high wired frames with floats attached. The wire frames allow the wave, wind, and current forces to pass through the structure, as oppose to solid pontoons which take on the full impact of the forces. displays connected rectangular pontoon modules for a deployment in the Dutch North Sea. displays an innovative design by Ocean Sun that can be used in near-shore, sheltered, marine environments. Overall, there is potential for FPV in marine environments. However, there are more challenges to overcome compared to fresh water installations and there exist large knowledge gaps in research.

High Altitude

Placing FPV in high mountain lakes has the benefit of the snow-covered mountains having high albedo and reflecting the solar rays. The potential of FPV on mountain lakes has been examined in Switzerland where a 448kWp FPV system was installed on Lac des Toules at an altitude of 1800m . the system on Lac des Toules that was installed in 2019. The snow-covered ground can increase the energy yield by 10%. A benefit of the increased production in winter months is in alignment with higher energy use in Switzerland due to the heating of buildings. A study found that the total potential for high-altitude FPV in Switzerland could meet the country’s energy demand while also reducing its carbon emissions.

Desalination

The option of using FPV for desalination plants has been researched. Desalination is the process of removing salts and minerals from seawater to obtain fresh water. Desalination takes a significant amount of energy and is often powered by fossil fuels. Using solar energy for desalination would require a large area to produce enough energy according to a study conducted in California. For this reason, the potential of using FPV for desalination is not yet feasible. It is an area of continuing research as desalination plants are located by water making FPV a great solution to render the process more sustainable.

Electric Vessels

The concept of using foldable floating solar arrays to charge electric vessels was explored in Mayank Tiwari’s paper. The foldable floating solar arrays use the concept of FPV but are

able to be easily taken on and off of the water surface. The proposed system could be key in transitioning water vessels toward being electric powered.

Electrical Cabling

With increased installation of subsea electrical cables for marine renewables, there is growing concern that the electromagnetic fields (EMFs) can affect marine life. The EMFs could affect animals that use magnetic fields to navigate and communicate. The EMFs could also affect migrating fish More research is warranted in order to understand the risks and the potential effects should be considered when installing FPV in the meantime.

Submerged Photovoltaic (SPV)

There has been research on the potential of SPV. If viable, SPV could be used for sensors, autonomous power systems, and vehicles for both commercial and defence ap- plications. Research conducted in 1990 concluded that solar energy decreases as the depth of water increases. The research showed that the decrease in solar energy with water depth is not an exponential trend. The amount of solar energy absorbed within the first centimetre of water is 27% and 70% at a water depth of 3 m. Using the derived mathematical equation at 100 m of water depth the remaining solar energy would only be 0.25% of the total transmitted solar energy. Studies have stated that there is potential for the use of SPV for underwater applications. The use of high-bandgap-InGaP cells are seen to perform better than silicon cells when submerged. Another paper looked at comparing amorphous cells to monocrystalline cells and found that amorphous cells performed better overall. Further, another investigation found that dye-sensitised cells perform better than mono-crystalline and amorphous cells when placed underwater.

A benefit of SPV is the cooling effect from the water, limited soiling losses or need for cleaning, and reduced land constraints. One study performed in Italy examined the potential of using SPV in swimming pools. The study discussed the potential of using the power from the SPV to heat the swimming pool. Rendered examples of SPV being used for swimming can be seen in Figures 13.

Conclusions

An in-depth review of the status of FPV has been conducted. The review concludes that while there are many benefits of FPV, there are also disadvantages that are known, and some disadvantages that may have not yet been discovered. Advantages of FPV installation over a GPV system include cooling due to the proximity to water, no land use requirements, reduced water evaporation, reduced soiling, reduced algal blooms, and easy installation. Known disadvantages include humidity effects on the PV modules and unknown effects on water quality. Sites best suited for FPV are human-made bodies of water including reservoirs, irrigation ponds, and industrial ponds. There is great potential for FPV to be integrated in a hybrid system with reservoirs of HPPs. The already existing grid access and reduced water evaporation are the two main advantages of a hybrid system. Countries with high population densities are looking toward FPV as a way of acquiring a renewable energy source without using valuable land. It is expected that FPV installation will continue to double yearly and provide clean energy globally and research will continue to ensure there are no negative effects.

References

1. Olabi, A.G.; Abdel kareem, M.A. Renewable energy and climate change. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2022,158,112111. [CrossRef]

2. Nundy, S.; Ghosh, A.; Mesloub, A.; Albaqawy, G.A.; Alnaim, M.M. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on socio-economic, energy-environment and transport sector globally and sustainable development goal (SDG). J. Clean. Prod.2021, 312,127705. [CrossRef]

3. Ghosh, A. Possibilities and Challenges for the Inclusion of the Electric Vehicle (EV) to Reduce the Carbon Footprint in the Transport Sector: A Review. Energies 2020,13, 2602. [Cross Ref]

4. IEA; Solar, P.V. Technical Report; IEA: Paris, France, 2021.

5. IRENA. Smart Electrification with Renewables: Driving the Transformation of Energy Services; Technical Report; International Renewable Energy Agency: Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 2022.

6. Ghosh, A. Fenestration integrated BIPV (FIPV): A review. Solar Energy 2022, 237, 213–230.[CrossRef]

7. Crago,C.L.Economics of Solar Power. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2021. [CrossRef]

8. Chen, y.k.; Kirkerud, J.G.; Bolkesjø, T.F. Balancing GHG mitigation and land-use conflicts : Alternative Northern

Figure 13. SPV integrated with pool skimmer edge. Reprinted with permission

TEC hn ICAL

European energy systems cenarios. Appl. Energy 2022,310,118557. [Cross Ref]

9. Cuce, E.; Cuce, P.M.; Saboor,S.; Ghosh, A.; Sheikhnejad, y. Floating PV sin Terms of Power Generation, Environmental Aspects, Market Potential, and Challenges. Sustainability 2022,14,2626. [CrossRef]

10. Goswami, A.; Sadhu, P.; Goswami, U.; Sadhu, P.K.Floating solar power plant for sustainable development: A technoeconomicanalysis.Environ.Prog.Sustain.Energy2019,38. [CrossRef] EM Author Dr. L. Ashok

Dr. L. Ashok Kumar was a Postdoctoral Research Fellow from San Diego State University, California. He was selected among seven scientists in India for the BHAVAN Fellowship from the Indo-US Science and Technology Forum and also, he received SyST Fellowship from DST, Govt. of India. He has 3 years of industrial experience and 20 years of academic and research experience. He has published 173 technical papers in International and National journals and presented 167 papers in National and International Conferences. He has completed 26 Government of India funded projects worth about 15 Crores and currently 7 projects are in progress worth about 7 Crores. He has developed 27 products and out of that 14 products have been technology transferred to industries and for Government funding agencies. His PhD work on wearable electronics earned him a National Award from ISTE, and he has received 26 awards in the National and in International level. He has guided 92 graduate and postgraduate projects. He has produced 6 PhD Scholars and 12 candidates are doing PhD under his supervision. He has visited many countries for institute industry collaboration and as a keynote speaker. He has been an invited speaker in 245 programs. Also, he has organized 102 events, including conferences, workshops, and seminars. He completed his graduate program in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from University of Madras and his post-graduate from PSG College of Technology, India, and Masters in Business Administration from IGNOU, New Delhi. After completion of his graduate degree, he joined as project engineer for Serval Paper Boards Ltd., Coimbatore (now ITC Unit, Kovai). Presently he is working as a Professor in the Department of EEE, PSG College of Technology. He is also a Certified Charted Engineer and BSI Certified ISO 500001 2008 Lead Auditor. He has authored 14 books in his areas of interest and has 11 patents to his credit and also contribute 18 chapters in various books. He is also the Chairman of Indian Association of Energy Management Professionals and Joint Secretary of Institution of Engineers, Coimbatore. He is holding prestigious positions in various national and international forums and he is a Fellow Member in IET (UK), Fellow Member in IETE, Fellow Member in IE and Senior Member in IEEE.

10-15% impact of the industry but we are sure that it will further improve in near future.

The energy demand in H1 Fy2022 remained higher by 2.9% against the same in H1 Fy2020 (pre-COVID), led by relatively sharper recovery in the energy demand as reflected by 8.4% growth in Q2 Fy2022 against Q2 Fy2020 .

Given the unprecedented scenario of volatility and price increases, it has become difficult to execute the contracts with fixed price or having restriction variation (PV) since the cost hikes may not be adequately covered by the profit margins. Hence IEEMA recommends a constructive dialogue between the contracting parties where a shift (albeit temporary), may be made in favour of a variable contract where the cost escalation may be allowed to be passed over to the buyer. The variable contracts may be able to create a win-win situation in the current scenario

• It reduces the risk of default or project slowing down due to resource constraints

• In case of price reductions of raw materials in future, the same will be passed on to the buyers

• Contractors will be able to offer a lower bid value since they may not be required to build-in future cost escalations

• Contractors /Suppliers will be able to focus on project execution rather than channelizing their energies on timing the raw material purchases to gain from market movements.

The price hikes could potentially squeeze margins however, a big theme this year common to all the players in the industry is how much cost burden we would be able to convince buyers to share with contractors.

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We aim to provide asset owners with a sustainable income which is being received very warmly by approached parties. Reducing pollution and earning a easy buck is what sahy aims to reward the early adopters of its solution with. During the first lockdown, the snow clad Himalayas were visible from Saharanpur U.P., which is what the magic of clean air is all about. I have friends who have miograted abroad because of the amount of pollution and contaminants bothering them, with Sahy it is aimed to make the future generations appreciate our efforts to handover a planet which is cared for and still boasts of the purity due to efforts from Multiple stakeholders including Sahy.

Mr. aSeeM guPta Co-Founder & CEO sahy eleCtRiC - hyklin skyline eleCtRiC Pvt. ltd.

Q. Please tell us more about Sahy and its story of inception.

Sahy (pronounced Sahee) started over a whatsapp message sent by our Managing Director Mr. Chaitanya Sanghi to me late on a Sunday evening in December wherein he asked me if we wanted to do something with Smart Switches. Chaitanya and I have been friends for over a decade and have always been discussing business, life, social work, society and how we have seen Delhi change to one of the most polluted cities in the world during our existence with all the wrong things being patronized.

After seeing the message, I immediately texted back “This is a goldmine!”, I knew I had found our calling where we could club our passions for making the world a better place in an economically sustainable way.

During the journey we reached out to our other co-founder Mr. Saurabh Singh Chauhan who was introduced to me in the organization “ young Indians” ( youth Wing of the Confederation of Indian Industries) during an interaction in the Belarusian Embassy with their Ambassador. He had tremendous experience in brand, marketing, was hard working and did things in a very graceful way which is what Sahy required.

With an action-packed team wherein Saurabh handles marketing and branding, Chaitanya gets doors opened by leveraging his extensive network built with the inherent trust and honest he enables and myself, an educated, competent, optimistic workaholic passionate about saving the world, Sahy was ready to rollout operations in record time.

Q. Which are the new technological innovations and digital efforts that SAHy is successfully focused on?

Sahy is very excited about solar energy cells, hydel energy tech, battery swapping, innovations in fast DC and slow AC chargers/switches, advertisement algorithms and how we can marge these to offer our users a bespoke experience. Our main focus at this time though is on solar energy cells, battery swapping and chargers.

Q. What are the market’s challenges, particularly in terms of cost, technical advancement, and getting raw materials?

The biggest market challenge is lack of support by government banks to this new age sector. Financial

institutions prefer “Vintage Accounts” when extending credit and we realise that equity is always more expensive than debt. It’s a crazy world where we see pre-revenue tech startups which create code which might or might not work have the ability to raise millions of dollars while businesses such as EV charging which requires capital intensive charging equipment, a hard asset, not getting the sort of investor or financial institutional interest.

Other market challenges at this point is the high cost of solar evergy chips especially those which generate electricity from window panes, high cost of EV’s, lack of knowledge on the benefits of AC slow charging, availability of semi-conductors and also absenteeism of government subsidies to the EV charging sector in the MSE sector. Renewable energy driven EV charging stations have the potential to turn every land/property owner into the equivalent of a petrol pump which draws its fuel from the Sun.

Q. What are the types of EV chargers and the future of EVs in India?

EV chargers are of two type like electric current. Direct current and Alternating current. It is well though of by Elon Musk to name his company after Nikola Tesla, the father of modern electricity, as it was Tesla who invented the alternating current.

My vision for India entails a system wherein vehicle to grid systems will have to be pushed in national interest. Moreover in line with our very dynamic prime ministers vision that India shall have the bulk of electricity from renewable sources, I see it as a reality. If EV’s are to be run sustainably, we shall have have a 80:20 mix of AC:DC chargers wherein we use the DC only when we need a shot in the arm.

Most auto companies shall be producing EV’s in India with this offering forming the bulk of their revenue. I am very excited to see what Reliance Industries does with its sodium ion technology, equally excited to see if the most successful entrepreneur of my time Mr. Gautam Adani can secure Lithium Ion deposits for India.

Q. What are the target cities to focus on by year's end for charging stations?

Being a product of the NCR region, I wish to start at home. Our enterprise has setup its first facility in Gurugram

because it is the 8th wealthiest city in the country with a diverse diaspora of educated, young, polis hed individuals who have made this city India’s second largest IT hub and third largest banking and financial center. We are also readily contracting with asset owners across the NCR with upcoming installations in Sonepat, Delhi, Noida etc. We wish to eradicate pollution from the Hilly areas as the petrol pumps over there are scarce and cost of transportation of fuel is high. We shall be looking to clean up our mountains in first the North and thereafter the North-East.

Sahy is an enterprise which shall maintain a robust bottom line with increasing smiles.

Q. Which are the most significant projects in India that you are currently working on?

We are currently working wit h the Galaxy Group, Skyline Group, Whale Group & Paras Buildtech (A Paras Group company) to setup EV chargin g stations at their assets.

Q. What is your roadmap for EV charging station infrastructure?

There is a very long way to for us as we aim to provide free EV charging enablement to our customers. For this we are working on addi ng revenue streams apart from the traditional and conventional revenue stream. We are fully focused on working towards becoming one of the largest players in the NCR to start with and go international within our first 5 years.

As a profit generating enviro-ventu re we shall be working on developing our own tech for energy generation, transmission and distribution.

Q. Kindly elaborate on funding and the expansion plan of Sahy by 2025.

We are currently being bootstrapped by our co-founders, one of whom has also sold off an apartment to generate profits which could be ploughed into this business. Sahy realizes that finance is the lifeline of the company

thereby making it a fulltime parallel activity. Sahy is currently seeking funds from various entities such as IIM Kashipur, JIIF, Amity incubation center through the Startup India Seed Fund Scheme. Thereafter application shall also be made for scalability for which the government provides convertible debentures of upto Rs. 50 lacs.

Applications for loans under the Prime Ministers Employment Guarantee Programme, MSME loans etc. are being made to ensure that we avail of all the benefits being provided by our visionary government.

Also currently in talks with various interested parties for placement of private equity.

Q. How SAHy is it to Build a Sustainable Business and Be a Climate Change Partner?

Being right is always good, to oneself and to the world. With Sahy we aim to provide asset owners with a sustainable income which is being received very warmly by approached parties. Reducing pollution and earning a easy buck is what sahy aims to reward the early adopters of its solution with.

During the first lockdown, the snow clad Himalayas were visible from Saharanpur U.P., which is what the magic of clean air is all about. I have friends who have miograted abroad because of the amount of pollution and contaminants bothering them, with Sahy it is aimed to make the future generations appreciate our efforts to handover a planet which is cared for and still boasts of the purity due to efforts from Multip le stakeholders including Sahy.

Q. What is your opinion on electric vehicles' future and what kind of progress and problems could EVs face in the present or future?

I believe that e lectric vehicles can be adopted for most transportation solutions however there are various challenges such as Chinese control on most of the global Lithium Ion, lobbying by Oil producers, inertia in adoption by the masses, perception of EVs being less durable than Internal combustion engines. EM

T&Dparks, Hybrid wind-solar power projects, Offshore wind plants are under development. Also, various new technologies are being introduced in grid like Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) & Green Hydrogen Energy to reduce the carbon footprint. Globally, the work is going on for developing the One Sun, One World, One Grid (OSOWOG). For the evacuation of this huge quantum of renewable power, matching transmission infrastructure shall be required. Moreover, gestation period of renewable power projects being less, building transmission infrastructure in shorter time is a big challenge being faced by planners. India is developing green energy corridors for evacuation of the renewable energy from generation point to the load centres by creating intra-state and inter-state transmission infrastructure through Regulatory Tariff Mechanism (RTM) as well as Tariff Based Competitive Bidding (TBCB) routes. Land acquisition and getting right of way (ROW) are becoming the biggest hurdles in constructing the transmission infrastructure in time due to rapid urbanisation and litigations issues. This paper aims to give information about the ROW and how it is a significant challenge for transmission utilities/ companies in Construction and O & M phase and the mitigation measures.

Introduction

Power transmission and other infrastructure projects generally face various issues relating to environmental/ forest clearances/ approvals, land acquisitions, ROW as well as local resistance during their construction. The demand of electricity in India is increasing rapidly due to industrial development, increased rural electrification and urbanization. Accordingly, transmission & distribution networks are required to meet the increasing demand of electricity. With the strong emphasis on renewable

increasing awareness and rapid urbanisation, it is getting very difficult to get Right of way and routing through urban area, public park, near schools, playground, forest area, wildlife corridor and in urban slums, metropolitan areas, public parks etc. pose severe challenge.

Govt of India vide circular dated 15.10.2015 developed the guidelines for ROW compensation payment for resolving the ROW and early completion of transmission projects which include the tower base land and corridor land value compensation.

The various laws/acts relating to ROW compensation, litigation and land acquisition are The Telegraph Act, 1885, The Electricity Act, 2003, The Land Acquisition Act, 1894, The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Amendment) Ordinance, 2014, The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, The Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986, The Indian Electricity (IE) Rules (77, 80(1), 80(2) for clearance), The Indian Limitation Act, 1963, The Work of Licensees Rule, 2006¸Indian Standard IS-5613 etc.

Keywords- ROW (Right of way), Reconductoring, Uprating, Transmission line, High Temperature Low Sag (HTLS) Conductor, Ground Clearance, One Sun, One World, One Grid (OSOWOG), MOP (Ministry of Power).

A) Right of Way Corridor - Statutory Provisions

The Right of Way in a transmission line is basically a strip of land required by a utility for constructing, maintaining and protecting its transmission line. Right of Way also named as Transmission Corridor, is minimum safety corridor around

Right o F w ay(R ow ) c hallenge in onst R uction o F tR ansmission lines & its m itigation in i ndia

power lines to meet the requisite safety clearances as well as the electromagnetic field exposure limits. It allows the utility to keep the power lines clear of tall trees, building and other obstacles that may interfere with line operation and to ensure safety of public and environment.

possesses under the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885 (13 of 1885) with respect to the placing of telegraph lines.

The important sections of the Telegraph Act are Section 10 & Section 16. The Section 10 of the Telegraph Act, 1885 empowers the transmission company to place towers in or upon any immovable property. However, while doing so the company shall not acquire any right other than that of user in the property. The company shall do as little damage as possible and after completion of work shall pay full compensation to all persons interested for any damage sustained by them by reason of the exercise of those powers.

The Section-16 of the Telegraph Act, 1885 assigns the District Magistrate power to clear the obstruction. If the obstruction continues even after making an order by the District Magistrate under sec.16(1), the obstructor shall be deemed to have committed an offence under Sec.188 (45 of 1860) of the Indian Panel Code.

The important laws governing the Right of Way are the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885 and the Electricity Act, 2003. The provision contained in Section 12 to 18 of the Electricity Act, 1910 remained in force until the rules under Section 67 to 69 of the Electricity Act, 2003 are made. Also, the procedure and provisions under Section 12 to 18 of Electricity Act, 1910 were not adequate for major Generation or Transmission Projects. Hence, the express provision for speedy execution is made under Section 164 of the Electricity Act, 2003. (Previously under Section 42 of Electricity Supply Act, 1948).

The Section 67 of the Electricity Act, 2003 provides for a licensee to lay down, interalia, electric supply lines, electric plant and other works and to do all other acts necessary for transmission or supply of electricity. It also stipulates that a licensee shall cause as little damage and shall make full compensation for any damage caused and in case of any difference or dispute, the matter shall be determined by the Appropriate Commission.

The Section 68 of the Electricity Act, 2003 has the provisions relating to overhead lines. It interalia stipulates that where any tree or any structure or other object interrupts or interferes with, or is likely to interrupt or interfere with, the transmission of electricity or the accessibility of any works, an Executive Magistrate or authority specified by the Appropriate Government may, on the application of the licensee, cause the tree, structure or object to be removed or award compensation considering its existence before or after the placing of the overhead line.

The Section 69 of the Electricity Act, 2003 has the provision related to giving notice to the Telegraph Authority.

The Section 164 of the Electricity Act, 2003 empowers the Appropriate Government to confer upon any public officer, licensee or any other person engaged in the business of supplying electricity, any of the powers which the telegraph authority

It is the duty of the electricity company to decide and pay the compensation. While deciding the reasonable and realistic amount of compensation, the company may get it done from or with the help of following respective authorities: Revenue Authorities: - For Crops, non-schedule Trees Forest Authorities: - For Schedule Trees like Teak. Horticulture Dept.:- Fruit Bearing Trees. Agriculture Dept :- Value of Crop damage. Rubber Board:- Rubber trees. Dispute regarding sufficiency of compensation shall be decided by the District Judge after receiving application from any party concerned.

For felling of Trees, utility will have to take the permission from Tree officer under the Felling of Tree regulation act & Preservation of Tree Act. The forest approval is required for laying the transmission lines through Forest.

B) Transmission Lines Construction Phase ROW issues - MOP Guidelines

During Construction of the Transmission line projects, obstruction to pass over the private land, obstruction of cutting down trees/ crops, demand of heavy amount of compensation, demand of cost of land occupied by huge towers, legal complications/ litigations are encountered by Transmission Utility/Developers

Voltage in (KV) 220 400 S/C (Horiz Config), ±500 HVDC 400 D/C, S/C (Vertical/ Delta Config) 765 S/C Delta Config/D/C

ROW Width in Meters 35 52 46 85 / 64 / 67

As per the provision in the Electricity Act, 2003 read with relevant provision of the Indian Telegraph Act,1885 all the surface damages without acquisition of the subject land accrued to person while placing the tower and line are to be

compensated. The Transmission lines are constructed under the ambit of the Electricity Act, 2003 with provisions stipulated in Sec 67-68 read with section 10 to 16 of the Telegraph act. The initial survey to be carried out for the estimated cost of the Compensation as well as Compensation Plan for the Temporary Damages (CPTD) is to carried out. The notice is to be served to the land owners for the construction of the line. The NOC from the land owners & Village Head / Grampanchayat will have to be taken for placing the towers.

The Transmission lines, constructed before 2015 in line with the Indian Electricity Act, 2003 read with Section 10 and 16 of the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885, do not have the provision for the Land value (Tower base & Corridor) and diminution of the land value compensation but only for surface damage (Zirat Compensation/ Tree/ Crop/ Hut & House) as verified by the District administration (does not include cost of land).

So for enhanced compensation and tower base land value, the landowners used to approach the Courts and litigation process hampers the progress of transmission line construction.

T&DThe Ministry of Power, Govt. of India vide letter no 3/7/2015 Trans dated 15.10.2015 has issued Guidelines for determining the compensation towards, ‘damages’ as stipulated in section 67 & 68 of the Indian Electricity Act-2003 read with Section 10 and 16 of Indian Telegraph Act 1885 which will be in addition to the compensation towards normal crop and trees. These MOP Guidelines are the game changer for resolving the ROW.

As per these guidelines, the Damage compensation shall consist of compensation@ 85% of the land value for tower base area (between 4 legs) and maximum 15% towards diminution land value in width of ROW of the line corridor as determined by District Magistrate or any other authority based on Circle rate/ Guideline value / Stamp Act. It is pertinent to mention that Ministry of Power, Govt of India has left the rights to States / UTs for taking up decision regarding adoption of the guidelines considering that acquisition of land is a State subject. In line with this, various states like Assam, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Kerala, Jharkhand, Tamilnadu and Chhattisgarh have adopted these MOP guidelines as same (85% for Tower base & 15% for the Line corridor). In case of urban areas, additional compensation in form of ‘Non-usability allowance’ up to 15% of the land value for the width of ROW corridor would also be applicable.

Name of State.

Methodology

The Compensation does not mean the acquisition of the land but only right of use the property. The Telegraph Act, 1885 gives legal tres-pass required for exercising the powers to lay transmission lines. Notices under the electricity act serve to land owners for the surface damage and land ownership confirmation & the consent for the ROW compensation is used to be taken from land owner. District collector and Implementing agency serves the Notice under the electricity act 2003 clause no 164 & Clause no 68(6) of part VIII of Indian Electricity Act, 2003 for the purpose of foundation & stringing purpose. The compensation towards land, Demolition of houses and rehabilitation of Hut/House is the responsibility of owner, compensation is duly. assessed by PWD or authorized valuation agency/ Certified Chartered Engineer. In some cases during the construction of the line, if some Schools/ Houses/ Play grounds /Huts / Colleges etc. are encountered the final transmission line route and disputed party approaches the court, the transmission company has to pay the required compensation or divert the route, based on the court decision

C) Right of Way (ROW) hurdles in O & M stage of Transmission lines

Maharashtra Tower Base @2 Times (200%) of Ready reckoner rate. Line Corridor tip to tip @15%ready reckoner Circle market rate/Circle rate.

Andhra Pradesh Tower Base 100% & Line corridor 10%.

Meghalaya & Odisha Tower base @ 100 % Corridor

Uttarakhand Pradesh Base Corridor

Tripura tower base payment under land acquisition & No land payment for corridor.

Nagaland tower base payment No land payment for corridor.

During the Operation and Maintenance stage of transmission line also, the surface damage compensation or any pending ROW issue of construction stage has to be addressed by Transmission licensee. The hut and house compensation may also be required to be paid in O & M stage under the order of district collector/ Honorable Court. The landowners first getting the compensation from the line owner and within the span of 3 years approaches the district court/High court for enhancing the surface damage compensation amount and land value as well as diminution of land value. For regular tree cutting work, compensation is required to be paid to landowner by Line owner. Normally trees that grow higher will be

cut. For example, trees higher than 3m will be cut to maintain proper ROW under the transmission line, and trees or plants can grow below 3m. The condition and clearance height may differ from country to country.

It is also observed that in some cases which are under litigation, some section of the Transmission line which is constructed and commissioned need to be shifted as per the order of Courts or any regulatory body. Even for carrying out the replacement of the earth wire by optical ground wire (OPGW ) , severe ROW are being faced by the Utilities.

In O & M stage, sometimes land owners demand enhance compensation on the base of prospective yield theory method, growth/girth of that tree during vegetation clearance work. They may also ask for diminution of Land value, Tower base land value even though it is not applicable as per the Telegraph Act , the Electricity Act, 2003 & IS 5613 to the transmission lines constructed before Oct 2015. These laws don’t have provision for the Land value & diminution of land value as well as prospective yield theory. Further, notification /Guidelines issued by MOP for the Land compensation is applicable for the lines constructed after Oct 2015.

D)Factors Contributing to ROW

i) Span length.

ii )Sag of Conductor ( Depends on type of conductor used and maximum operating temperature of the conductor and span length ).

iii) Minimum Horizontal safety clearance.

iv) Length of Cross arm length/distance from Centre line of tower (Depends on swing angle, wind velocity ,metal clearance cage width or tower body

v) Configuration of insulators and length of insulators string.(I,V,y)

vi) wind velocity and angle of swing.

vii) Configuration towers( SC/D/C/Horizontal/Delta).

viii) Electrostatic field below bottom most conductor(10kV/m) and at edge of ROW (5kV/m) at vegetation effect for transmission line corridor and social and environmental study is necessary while designing transmission lines.

i) Compact tower design with Insulated cross arm.

ii) Use of Suspension towers with V-string or Tension towers in urban and forest area to reduce ROW.

iii) Use of XLPE Underground EHV Cables.

iv) Gas Insulated Transmission Lines (GITL).

v) CICA (Composite Insulated Cross arm) reducing cross arm.

vi) Raising of tower height to reduce the tree cutting.

vii) 400kv Hollow core composite post Insulator inner FRP tube.

viii) Use of covered Conductor up to 66kV level. Caging of Conductors.

ix) Possibility of use of VSC based HVDC.

x) Use of Multi Ckt/Multi-Voltage Monopole/Special towers.

xi) Upgrading of the existing line to higher voltage or multi voltage in same ROW.

x) Increasing Utilization of the Existing transmission lines through Uprate & Upgrade.

xi) Use with HTLS conductors and some special conductors.

xii) Use of micro pile foundation and special type tower design.

F) Mitigation of ROW

i) Transmission line projects have some location impact on the villagers whose lands are affected for construction of transmission towers and stringing of conductors and on the natural resources like crops and trees wherever the Transmissions line passes through the agricultural land and forest area. Thus the main strategy /focus would involve undertaking the activities that benefit the persons/ villagers, generally impacted by the activities that will help to reverse any adverse impact on the environment and ecology so transmission license implement the CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) like distributing the medicines and conducting Health Checkup camps regularly as well as supporting the women empowerment and education system as well as various charity work in ROW affected area on voluntarily basis.

ii) Encouraging Land Owners to cultivate low growth trees below tree meters like Fruit and flowers instead of bamboo /Long tree in line. The farmers will get the extra income and fruitful relationship with Transmission licensee.

E) Approaches for reducing ROW by adapting New Innovative Technologies

iii) The utilities deputing some local officer as a Tower Mitra to mitigate the ROW & educate the villagers regarding the Usefulness of the Transmission system and its safety.

iv) ROW can be mitigated by adapting New Innovative Technologies.

v) The Construction work is to be planned in off season when their is no standing crop.

vi) The various ROW is to be resolved with the involvement of third party with specific conditions.

vii) The maximum cases shall be taken in fast track court or in Lok Adalat.

Conclusions

T&DDe mand growth is increasingly driven by residential and commercial sector, with fast growing cities & increasing urbanization. Building new transmission infrastructure to meet peak demand is extremely difficult due to high population density and Right of Way (RoW) challenges. With the strong emphasis on renewable energy sources which are mostly located in remote areas, their integration to the grid requires massive transmission infrastructure and that too, in a shorter time frame. Getting RoW for transmission lines is becoming increasing difficult & very serious concern for Transmission Companies. As land owners demand enhanced compensation payment because of their ulterior motive guided by greed and for unlawful pecuniary gain, all the matters are to be taken by District Courts & further to High Court/Supreme Court/APTEL. The new Guidelines issued by MOP in 2015 plays a very crucial role to mitigate the ROW issues in

Construction phase by paying the tower base land value and corridor land value after confirming their ownership and available circle rate. Transmission lines are constructed under the ambit of the Electricity Act,2003 with provision stipulated in Sec 67-68 read with section 10 to 16 of the Telegraph act before Oct’2015 don’t have the provision for the land compensation so new guidelines will be the game changer to resolve the ROW and early completion of the Transmission line corridors. The various innovative technology and measures are being implemented by transmission companies for mitigation of ROW.

References

i) Laws of Electricity in India book by S.S.Sarkar & J.P.Bhatnagar.

ii) IS Code 5613.

iii) Electrical Power system Book by C.L.Wadhava.

iv) CBIP Transmission Line Manual.

v) Indian Electricity Act-2003 & Telegraph Act-1885.

vi) Guide lines issued by The Ministry of Power, Govt. of India vide letter no 3/7/2015 Trans dated 15.10.2015.

vii) Guidelines for payment of compensation in Regards to Right of Way (ROW) for transmission line in Urban area dated 16.07.2020 EM

Sh Shri Rajesh Gupta is a Graduate Electrical Engineer from Delhi College of Engineering and also holds an MBA from FMS, Delhi University.

He has valuable experience of 34 years in different facets of Power Sector. He has worked in various capacities in NTPC and POWERGRID in the areas of design & optimisation, construction, operation & maintenance, project management and consultancy assignments of many EHV AC & HVDC transmission projects. He was one of the key members in various domestic as well as international consultancy assignments with Nepal, Kenya, Ethiopia, Tajikistan under World Bank/ADB funded projects. He has co-authored technical papers in various National and International forums.

He has been appointed as a NETCL Director on our Board with effect from 29th September 2021.

Mr.Harshal Malewar is a graduate in Electrical Engineering from Govt.College of Engineering Chandrapur (GCOEC) in 2006 , Maharashtra, Nagpur in 2006 & has correspondence MBA in Power Management in 2010.He is Certified Chartered Engg from Institute of Engineers India. He has diversified experience of more than 15 years in the Power Transmission & Distribution with various power sector scompanies such as RECTPCL, MSETCL, Sunflag Steel & Power, Jyoti Structures Ltd and Currently working in NETCL(POWERGRID & OTPC JV) . He has good exposure in Project Monitoring, Contracts & Procurement , Project Management, O &M and Construction of EHV Substations & Lines. He has authored & co-authored technical papers in various National and International forums like CBIP,CIGRE & Published papers on national journals of power sector

Author Shri rajesh Gupta

Author mr.harshal malewar

I NDUSTRIal P owER SySTEM

M a INTENa NCE a ND TESTIN g

In all industrial electrical applications and circumstances, electrical test equipment is used. Transformers, circuit breakers, relays, fuses, starters, motors, generators, capacitors, as well as low and medium voltage cables, among other components, are tested by experts in industrial power system maintenance and testing. These tools are used to test cable ampacity, electrical insulation, and short circuits. Devices of other types include power analyzers, multimeters, ground continuity testers, hipot testers, continuity testers, and current clamps.

During electrical construction, maintenance, and repair work, a lot of attention is paid to safe work practises. The use of the necessary tools and equipment for electrified and de-energized work, as well as wearing the appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) for each workplace circumstance, are safety issues that are frequently covered in industry electrical publications.

In safety articles,

electrical test instruments are rarely, if ever, discussed. As an illustration, utilising the wrong test instruments or using them incorrectly can have disastrous effects. Some of the most frequently used test devices include noncontact voltage testers, multimeters, insulation testers, and groundresistance testers. The problem with utilising a non-contact or proximity device is that the circuit must be tested phaseto-phase and phase-to-ground in order to guarantee that it is de-energized, which cannot be done with this sort of tester.

Electricity risks

Workplace hazards associated with electricity include electrical shock, electrocution, burns, flames, and explosions.

Electricity-related fires and explosions have left employees dead or injured. Extremely high-energy arcs can damage equipment and send metal fragments flying in all directions in addition to the electrical dangers of arc flash and arc blast. Even low-energy arcs can result in violent explosions in atmospheres that have explosive gases, vapours, or flammable dusts. In certain situations, the electric arc can serve as the spark that starts a much larger explosion and fire.

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Selection of test instruments

Whether you are performing voltage measurements, electrical installation work, equipment maintenance, troubleshooting, electrical installation work, or other diagnostic work, it is critical to gather accurate and consistent data from these tests. The proper test instruments must be chosen and used in accordance with the application in order to adhere to the rules and regulations of the electrical industry.

Even seasoned electricians are capable of overlooking the essentials of electrical safety. For both experienced and inexperienced electricians, it is important to examine the following safety advice:

• Use a metre that satisfies recognised safety requirements for the setting in which it will be used.

• Before measuring current, use a metre with fused current inputs and be sure to check the fuses.

• Before taking a measurement, check test leads for physical damage.

• Check the test leads’ continuity using the metre.

• Use test leads with finger protection and shrouded connections.

• Use metres with input jacks that are recessed.

• Choose the appropriate range and function for your measurement.

• Make that the metre is in good working order.

• Observe all equipment safety instructions.

• Always unplug the red “hot” test lead first.

• Don’t work alone.

• Use a metre with ohms function overload protection.

• Before connecting to the circuit to measure current without a current clamp, turn off the power.

• Use the proper tools, such as high-voltage probes and high-current clamps, and be mindful of high-current and high-voltage conditions.’

Electrical Measuring Instrument Classification

An electrical measuring device is categorised depending on its mode of operation, purpose, usage, and a variety of other factors. It is typically divided into two groups:

Measuring Instrument Comparison for Direct Measurements

By reading and deflection, a direct measuring device determines the electrical unit’s size. Direct measuring instruments come in the form of ammeters, voltmeters, and wattmeters.

Specifically in the electrical and electronics stream, it is mostly employed in engineering practical studies. Compared to the comparison instrument, it is straightforward and affordable.

A common kind of electrical measuring tool is the multimeter. It measures current, voltage, and resistance similar to an ammeter, voltmeter, and ohmmeter, as indicated by its name.

The multimeter comes in two different configurations, including:

• Digital Multimeter

• Multimeter of the digital type

• Both sorts of metres are required by this cutting-edge technology.

A signal multimeter may perform all common measurement units or functions for AC and DC in analogue and digital metres.

A multimeter of the analogue variety displays a continuous signal. It uses the moving cursor to find and show the electrical reading. In contrast, a digital multimeter displays a distinct signal. Additionally, it measures and shows the value or numeric measuring unit.

Uses or Need for Electrical Measuring Devices

The basic duties of the measurement system are to test, detect, indicate, record, record, and detect electrical units.

In addition, there are a few crucial uses listed below.

• Controlling and keeping an eye on an

INSTRU m ENTS

electrical system’s performance is helpful.

• With the use of standard values, you may determine the measuring unit’s inaccuracy.

• Instruments are used in generating power plants for a variety of purposes, including data recording, value measurement, defect detection, and more.

• It aids with the detection of dangers and provides protection from them.

• An electrical system uses a measuring device to analyse experimental data.

• It is necessary for showing precise numerical numbers. One of them is a digital multimeter.

• It is mostly used in laboratory testing, industrial settings, science, engineering research, building electrical and electronic projects, etc.

Common Testing & Measuring Instruments

Ammeter: Numerous different electrical measuring tools are based on the ammeter. In essence, you are measuring current inside the device whether you are measuring volts or ohms. All of the electrical energy that has to be measured must flow through the metre, making it difficult to measure current in a circuit without first cutting it open and then re-terminating it. Another issue is that conventional ammeters, like those found in the common multimeter, are unable to dissipate heat from currents greater than a few amps.

A workaround is the clamp-on ammeter. By measuring the magnetic field that surrounds any current-carrying conductor, it finds solutions to both issues. The device is set up to read amps. A current-carrying conductor that is insulated is encircled by the user’s closed jaws. The conductor can pass through the jaws at any angle and doesn’t need to be centred. The conductor may be wound in many turns and fed through the jaws in the same direction to measure low amps; the total reading is then divided by the number of turns.

Voltmeter: The voltmeter is positioned across a component, conductor, circuit, or power source in parallel, as opposed to the ammeter, which is a series instrument. Only a small portion of the current flows through the device, not the entire amount. The precise figure relies on the voltage

being measured and the voltmeter’s impedance. The instrument’s input impedance rating is crucial since it dictates how accurately a particular circuit can be measured. A low-impedance metre puts a lot of strain on the circuit that is being studied. The significant voltage drop can harm the circuit if it is used above its rated capacity or when coupled with a high-impedance circuit.

The circuit under inquiry is (relatively) blind to a high-impedance voltmeter. It should not, however, be used at voltages above its rated range. It is necessary to respect CAT ratings, which change in clearly specified electrical settings. Typically, these ratings are written next to the inputs.

Ohmmeter: The digital multimeter includes the sort of ohmmeter that is most frequently used for ordinary application. Old timers sometimes favour analogue metres because they have moving needles rather than digital readouts. They benefit from being more precise in cold conditions when used outside. By aiding straight-on alignment, a reflective surface behind the needle contributes to the elimination of inaccuracy. Digital multimeters are far more widely used.

The four-wire (Kelvin) option, which is necessary for accurate low-resistance measurements, is included in bench-type multimeters. The resistance under evaluation is attached to four distinct probes with alligator clip attachments that plug into four separate ports. Due to measurement leads, contact resistances, and electrical channels inside the metre, the four-wire configuration significantly lessens the influence of accumulated resistance. While the other pair gauges the voltage drop across the resistance under inquiry, the first pair of leads carries the test current from the metre. This configuration eliminates the undesirable cumulative resistance.

Oscilloscope: With the possible exception of the multimeter, the oscilloscope is by far the most useful and often used of our many electrical instruments. Although it has a current probe, which can read amps in addition to reading volts, it functions largely as a voltmeter and can be set up to graph power. The oscilloscope shows a graph of amplitude in volts along its vertical Y-axis and time in seconds along its horizontal X-axis

FEATURES :

— Rods : Single Rod (1 Phase); 3Nos. Rod (3Phase)

— Material : FRP Pultruded.

— Process : Automatic Pultrusion Plant.

— Surface : Smooth and Glossy

— Design : Telescopic Type.

— Locking : Push Button type Locking System.

— Total Section : 03 Section

— Assembled Length :

15 feet Length. (11KV, 11-33KV)

16 feet Length (33-66KV)

18 feet Length (66-132KV, 400KV)

21 feet Length (220KV-400KV)

— H.V Test : 110 KV , 400 KV(132-220KV)

— Glass Content : 65 %.

— Top Section Dia : 25 mm.

— Bottom Section Dia : 45 mm.

— Earthing : Die cast Alu. Earthing instrument for 30mm Dia (11KV, 11-33KV) Die cast Alu. Earthing instrument for 50mm Dia (33-66KV, 66-132KV, 132-220KV)

— Cable : 4sq. mm copper cable 06 mtr. long. (11KV) 6sq. mm copper cable 06 mtr. long. (11-33KV)

10sq. mm copper cable 07 mtr. long. (33-66KV)

16sq. mm copper cable 08 mtr. long. (66-132KV)

25sq. mm copper cable 10 mtr. long. (132-220KV)

16sq. mm copper cable 10 mtr. long. (220KV)

35sq. mm copper cable 10 mtr. long. (400KV)

— Clamp : Crocodile grounding clamp.(11KV, 11-33KV)

Aluminium “C ” grounding clamp. (33-66KV, 66-132KV, 132-220KV, 220KV, 400KV)

— Cover : including.

SINGLE PHASE THREE PHASE

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when it is operating in its most popular mode, the time domain. When necessary, fractional units like milli- and micro-volts and seconds automatically display.

A fast oscillating periodic signal can be shown as a single stable waveform thanks to the wonder of triggered sweep. In the Math mode, two externally or internally generated signals can be displayed in separate channels and added to, subtracted from, multiplied by, and divided. Aside from these, single waveforms can also benefit from square root, integration, differentiation, and logarithmic displays.

Spectrum analyzer: The main distinctions between the oscilloscope and the spectrum analyzer are as follows:

The spectrum analyzer is substantially more expensive when compared model for model.

While the oscilloscope shows waveforms in both the time domain and the frequency domain, the spectrum analyzer typically only shows waveforms in the frequency domain.

The spectrum analyzer offers additional features, larger analytic capabilities and potentially higher bandwidth and sophisticated specs compared to the oscilloscope.

For the most complex job, seasoned technicians and engineers frequently find themselves eschewing the oscilloscope in favour of the spectrum analyzer.

The front panel of the spectrum analyzer contains a number of controls that are less obvious and intuitive than those on the oscilloscope, but many of the early problems may be solved by reviewing the user manuals, which are available for free download at the websites of the manufacturers.

Getting a meaningful display is the first problem, much like with the oscilloscope. For the oscilloscope, the answer is to press Default Setup and Autoset. It is important to first display the Frequency/Span drop-down menu in the spectrum analyzer in order to display a non-sinusoidal signal in the frequency domain and see the entire range of harmonics. Center Frequency, Span, Start Frequency, and Stop Frequency are common menu entries.

Instead of displaying the broader spectral context,

the vector signal analyzer is a version of the spectrum analyzer that displays the amplitude and phase of a signal at a single frequency. Superheterodyne techniques are used as the main application to evaluate modulation quality in design prototypes. There are no gaps and no short-term events are missed since the real-time spectrum analyzer creates overlapping spectra by using Fast Fourier Transform algorithms to sample the whole incoming RF spectrum in the time domain.

Testing & Measuring Instrument Industry

The use of connected electronic devices across industrial verticals is anticipated to be fueled by megatrends like digital transformation, the internet of things, industry 4.0, and others, which will also boost demand for electronic test and measurement equipment. New testing equipment will be required across industry verticals due to rising demand for connectivity, autonomous driving, and electric automobiles. According to a report titled “IoT and Hi-speed Communication Powering the Global Electronic Test and Measurement Market, 2020,” the adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) technology and the development of 5G will help the market reach $18.94 billion by 2025, despite a 0.7% decline because of the pandemic.

Thanks to the digital revolution, the Internet of Things (IoT), Industry 4.0, and other megatrends as well as the demand for electronic test and measurement equipment, it is projected that the use of connected electronic devices would rise across all industries.

aggressively track the progress of EVs and other cutting-edge mobility technologies to create solutions that meet their real-world testing requirements.

Develop creative approaches to give design engineers improved noise performance, greater accuracy, and the capacity to detect quick, minute, and unpredictable signals. To comprehend the various testing requirements and develop equipment that is affordable and needs the least amount of customization. Next-generation data centres, to collaborate with customers, comprehend their needs, and create goods to aid in such research and development.

g R owth sto Ry o F india’ s R enewable ene R gy installed C a PaC ity

ABSTRACT: Energy is one of the most important & major factors for determining the economic development of any country. India has a huge potential of renewable resource & is moving at a very high speed toward the development especially sustainable development i.e. development without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs.

This article gives overview and analysis of growth story of installed capacity of renewable power sector from 1stJanuary to 31stJuly of 2022 & the same are being compared with installed capacity from 1stJanuary to 31stJuly of 2021 based on the data available on public domain.

Keyword: Renewable Energy, Solar Energy, Wind Energy, Biomass Energy, Hydro Energy, Waste to Energy.

ENERGY

RENEWABLE

Fig.1 Sources of Renewable Energy

1.0 Introduction:

Renewable source of energy plays an important role in the total generation capacity of electricity. India’s population is approximate 1.39 billion & is continuously increasing year by year, so the demand of power (Consumption) is also increasing. In order to make a balance between consumption & generation, renewable sources of energy need more attention and work in that direction must be done.

• Solar Power: Solar energy is the energy which is received to the earth from the sun. This energy is in the form of solar radiation, which makes the production of solar electricity.

• Small Hydro Power: Small Hydro Power refers to energy, mostly electric, which is derived from water in motion. This power is harnessed and used to drive mechanical device.

• Wind Power: Wind Power captures the natural wind in our atmosphere and converts it into mechanical energy and then electricity. Basically, wind turbines can convert its kinetic energy into electricity.

• Biomass Cogeneration Power: Cogeneration is the production of electricity and heat which using a primary fuel. Biomass cogeneration uses waste wood and horticultural materials as fuel.

• Waste to Energy: Waste to energy technologies convert waste material into various form of fuel that can be used to supply energy.

It is important to mention here that small hydro power contributes approx.4.2%, wind power contributes approx. 35.7%, solar power contributes approx. 50.6%, Biomass cogeneration power which contributes approx. 8.9% & Waste to energy contributes approx. 0.4% respectively in the total renewable power contribution.

2.0 COMPARISON OF RENEWABLE ENERGy INSTALLED CAPACITy

The renewable energy installed capacity of India (region wise & component wise) for the month of January 22 is compared with January 21 in table 1 and 2 respectively. (Reproduced from cea.nic.in/Monthly Reports).

Fig.2 Types of Sources of Renewable Energy

The total installed capacity (approx 404GW) is the combination of Thermal, Nuclear, Hydro & Renewable Energy Sources. Further, Thermal Energy is divided into 4 parts: Coal, Lignite, Diesel and Gas. The contribution of Thermal energy is approx. 58.4%, Nuclear Energy is approx.1.6%, Hydro Energy is approx. 11.5% & Renewable Energy Source (RES) is approx. 28.3% respectively.

Now we will focus on Renewable Energy Source (RES) which is more than 1/4thpart of total installed capacity. Renewable energy is useful energy that is collected from renewable resources, referred to as clean energy, comes from natural sources or processes. This type of energy doesn’t harm to the nature. The main components of renewable source of energy (Refer figure1&2) are:

• Solar Energy

• Hydro Energy

• Wind Energy

• Bio-Power – (a) Biomass Power Cogeneration (b) Waste to Energy

The analysis / comparison of Renewable Energy Source Data of January 2021 & January 2022 can be better understood with the help of chart shown in figure 3 below. By comparing these data, we can see that there has been addition of 13303.39MW capacity from January 2021 to January 2022. Every region as well as Island has contributed to this addition of 13303.39 MW please refer table 1. In order to get capacity addition in all component of renewable energy please refer table 2.

Fig.4 Comparison of Renewable Energy February 2021 & 2022 Further, the renewable energy installed capacity of India (region wise & component wise) for the month of March 22 is compared with March 21 in table 5 and 6 respectively.(Reproduced from cea.nic.in/Monthly Reports)

Fig.3 Comparison of Renewable Energy January 2021 & 2022 Next, the renewable energy installed capacity of India (region wise & component wise) for the month of February 22 is compared with February 21 in table 3 and 4 respectively (Reproduced from cea.nic.in/Monthly Reports).

The all

The analysis / comparison of Renewable Energy Source Data of March 2021 & March 2022 can be better understood with the help of chart shown in figure 5 below. By comparing these data, we can see that there has been addition of 15451.59MW capacity from March 2021 to March 2022. Every region as well as Island has contributed to this addition of 15451.59MW please refer table 5. In order to get capacity addition in all component of renewable energy please refer table 6. Fig. 5

Comparison

The analysis / comparison of Renewable Energy Source Data of April 2021 & April 2022 can be better understood with the help of chart shown in figure 6 below. By comparing these data, we can see that there has been addition of 16386.41MW capacity from April 2021 to April 2022. Every region as well as Island has contributed to this addition of 16386.41MW please refer table 7. In order to get capacity addition in all component of renewable energy please refer table 8.

Northern Region

Fig.6 Comparison of Renewable Energy April 2021 & April 2022 Now, the renewable energy installed capacity of India (region wise & component wise) for the month of May 22 is compared with May 21 in table 9 and 10 respectively. (Reproduced from cea.nic.in/Monthly Reports).

The analysis / comparison of Renewable Energy Source Data of May 2021 & May 2022 can be better understood with the help of chart shown in figure 7 below. By comparing these data, we can see that there has been addition of 17570.22MW capacity from May 2021 to May 2022. Every region as well as Island has contributed to this addition of 17570.22MW please refer table 9. In order to get capacity addition in all component of renewable energy please refer table 10.

Fig.7 Comparison of Renewable Energy May 2021 & May 2022 Next, the renewable energy installed capacity of India (region wise & component wise) for the month of June 22 is compared with June 21 in table 11 and 12 respectively. (Reproduced from cea.nic.in/Monthly Reports).

The analysis / comparison of Renewable Energy Source Data of June 2021 & June 2022 can be better understood with the help of chart shown in figure 8 below. By comparing these data, we can see that there was addition of 17108.50MW capacity from June 2021 to June 2022. Every region as well as Island has contributed to this addition of 17108.50MW please refer table 11. In order to get capacity addition in all component of renewable energy please refer table 12.

The analysis / comparison of Renewable Energy Source Data of July 2021 & July 2022 can be better understood with the help of chart shown in figure 9 below. By comparing these data, we can see that there has been addition of 15554.65MW capacity from July 2021 to July 2022. Every region as well as Island has contributed to this addition of 15554.65MW please refer table 13. In order to get capacity addition in all component of renewable energy please refer table 14.

Fig.8 Comparison of Renewable Energy June 2021 & June 2022 Next, the renewable energy installed capacity of India (region wise & component for the month of July 22 is compared with July 21 in table 13 (Reproduced from cea.nic.in/Monthly

Fig.9 Comparison of Renewable Energy July 2021 & July 2022 3.0 Conclusion:

From the above comparison, we may conclude that:

• January: There has been addition of 13303.39MW from January 2021 to January 2022.

• February: There has been addition of 13404.15MW from February 2021 to February 2022.

• March: There has been addition of 15451.59MW from March 2021 to March 2022.

• April: There has been addition of 16386.41MW from April 2021 to April 2022.

• May: There has been addition of 17570.22MW from May 2021 to May 2022.

• June: There has been addition of 17108.50MW from June 2021 to June 2022.

• July: There has been addition of 15554.65MW from July 2021 to July 2022.

As we can see from above comparison, India installed capacity (in MW) of power station is increasing month by month.

India’s renewable energy capacity crosses 100GW: India’s total installed renewable energy generation capacity crossed 100 GW mark on August 12, 2021 and the country has become fourth in the world in terms of installed renewable energy capacity. The country has set an ambitious target to have 175 GW or 1,75,000 MW of renewable energy capacity by 2022.

Reference:

[1] Dr. Rajesh Arora, Hitesh Thareja, Impact of Covid-19 on Renewable Power Sector of India – An Overview

[2] Dr. Rajesh Arora, Gulab Alam, Abhishek Dhasmana, Analysis of India’s Renewable Energy Installed Capacity Growth.

[3] Central Electricity Authority (CEA) :https://cea.nic.in/installed-capacity-report/?lang=en EM

Dr. RAJESH KUMAR ARORA obtained the B. Tech. & Master of Engineering (ME) degrees in Electrical Engineering from Delhi College of Engineering, University of Delhi, India in 1999 and 2003 respectively. He completed his PhD in grounding system design from UPES, Dehradun. He is also certified Energy Manager and Auditor and has worked in 400kV and 220kV Substation for more than 14 years in Delhi Transco Limited (DTL). He has also worked as Deputy Director (Transmission and Distribution) in Delhi Electricity Regulatory Commission (DERC) for 03 years and 06 months. He has also given his contribution in the OS department of DTL for more than 2 years and rendered his services in the SLDC of Delhi Transco Limited (DTL) also. Presently he is working in D&E (Design and Engineering) department of DTL. His research interests include high voltage technology, grounding system, protection system, computer application and power distribution automation.

GULAB

INTERVIEW

Mr. brijeSh Nair Senior Exhibition Director

Since its first show in 2009, Intersolar India has been an integral part of the Indian solar industry and its growth story, and in 2022, the 14th edition of the Intersolar India will take place in Gandhinagar, Gujarat. Every year for the last 13 years, Intersolar India has served as the pitstop for this industry to reflect on the previous year’s progress as well as prognosticating the industry’s future. The gathering of solar industry stakeholders – policy makers, project developers, EPC firms, component manufacturers and financiers – facilitates sharing of valuable feedback on the opportunities and challenges faced by the sector and helps the industry progress accordingly.

Q. What is the idea or concept behind The smarter EIndia / Intersolar India 2022?

The world is going though a major energy transition resulting in a paradigm shift here in India as well, from individual products and processes to systems and value chains. Today, energy generation, consumption, and storage cannot be viewed in isolation. Smart energy solutions and smart grids are being considered as potential solutions. All forces must work in tandem and revolutionize the system to achieve Net Zero emission targets. The smarter E / Intersolar is the world’s oldest and largest exhibition that brings energy generation, storage, and consumption industries under one roof. With three parallel energy exhibitions, The smarter E India is India’s innovation hub for the new energy world, focussing on the generation, storage and use of energy. It brings together local experts and international stakeholders to reflect on solar energy generation, energy storage solutions, and the electric mobility industry. The smarter E India brings together the renowned Intersolar India, ees India and Power2Drive India. The 14th edition of this exhibition will be held in Gandhinagar on December 7–9, 2022.

Q. How much exhibitors and footfall you expectingthis year?

Exhibitors: 200 Visitors: 11,000 Speakers: 130 Conference Delegates: 800

Q. What is your aim to push forward the electricalenergy storage in India?

At this year’s edition, we will address battery manufacturing technologies for improved efficiencies and cost reduction. We will also address critical questions like what are the improvements in battery technologies, and how are costs being driven down. With essential minerals like Lithium and Cobalt currently sourced from regions with geopolitical conflicts, what alternative chemistries are being developed to replace the dominant lithium-based batteries? What is the role of Battery Management Systems (BMS) in the success of EVs?

Our conference this year will play a major role in developing this ecosystem. We have several international and regional speakers who will deliberate on various topics like policy and market for energy storage, EV and batteries manufacturing, and grid management.

Q. Kindly highlight something about Power2Drive India.

Increasing crude oil prices in the global market is putting upward pressure on household expenses, offering a big incentive for buyers to switch to Electric Vehicles which have a lower lifecycle cost compared to Internal Combustion Engines. This presents exciting opportunities for thousands of entrepreneurs in the 2 and 3-wheeler EV market, both for vehicles and for charging infrastructure. The Venture Capital industry also expects massive scaling potential in this sector. We discuss all aspects from policy and market expansion for the EV Startup Ecosystem – Role of

Venture Capitalists, Incubators and Academic institutions. The event is happening in Gujarat and Power2Drive has attracted several manufacturers as well as component and infrastructure companies in the EV space. On 23rd June 2021, the Government of Gujarat released its Electric Vehicle Policy which laid out the roadmap for catalysing the growth of the EV industry in Gujarat for the four-year period (2021-25) with a total outlay of Rs. 870 Crores. The policy aims to support the purchase of 200,000 vehicles during this four-year period, out of which more than 50% demand will come from 2-wheelers and the rest from 3 and 4-wheelers. Such favourable policies, coupled with the expo and conference, will result in a huge visitor turnout for Power2Drive from all parts of the value chain.

Q. Kindly brief us about Milestones of The smarterE India / Intersolar India till now?

Since its first show in 2009, Intersolar India has been an integral part of the Indian solar industry and its growth story, and in 2022, the 14th edition of the Intersolar India will take place in Gandhinagar, Gujarat. Every year for the last 13 years, Intersolar India has served as the pitstop for this industry to reflect on the previous year’s progress as well as prognosticating the industry’s future. The gathering of solar industry stakeholders – policy makers, project developers, EPC firms, component manufacturers and financiers – facilitates sharing of valuable feedback on the opportunities and challenges faced by the sector and helps the industry progress accordingly. The event has also served as the leading networking platform for industry professionals.

Over the years, the scope of the event has also grown beyond solar and currently includes two major related industry sectors – energy storage and e-mobility. These sectors are extremely important for the decarbonisation of energy systems and to accomplish the global energy transition that will help the global community achieve the goals under the Paris Agreement. The expanded Intersolar India (IS) now includes Electrical Energy Storage India (EES) and Power 2 Drive India (P2D), and together, these events are now part of “The smarter E India” (TSE) India’s innovation hub for the new energy world.

Q. What are the key factors which inspired you to expandthe business in India?

On India’s 75th Independence Day, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced a vision to transform India into an energy independent nation by 2047. The country has set a target to achieve a capacity of 175 GW by the end of 2022. This is the world’s largest renewable energy expansion plan with a target of 450 GW by 2030 through the allocation of Rs 19,500 crore for solar PLI scheme in 2022 with up to 100% FDI allowed for renewable energy generation and distribution projects. India currently ranks third in the Renewable Energy Country Attractive Index. India’s electric vehicle market size is expected to reach $152.2 billion by 2030. The Government of India has targeted 30% EV penetration by 2030. All these factors will contribute towards India’s Net Zero emission targets, thereby increasing the importance of The smarter E as a common platform to achieve these targets.

EM

GUEST

TAKE CARE OF THE SAFETY OF WORK ON MV LINES. LEAKAGE CURRENT ALARM DEVICE SONEL MPU-1

Works related to the operation, renovation, reconstruction, maintenance or modernization of live medium voltage overhead lines are always associated with the risk and danger of failure, accident and electric shock to people performing the work. Of course, you can minimize these risks by using appropriate personal protective equipment, such as insulating carpets, electrical insulating gloves, non-flammable working clothes and electrical insulating shoes. However, none of these protection measures will detect the increasing ground current flowing through the power pole, an excessively high level of which could be the first warning signal of a hazard.

The Polish Society of Transmission and Distribution of Electricity specifies the rules for connecting and disconnecting the earth electrodes of live lines up to 20 kV. It contains definitions, the necessary equipment and the methodology of dealing with live lines, one of the elements of supplementary equipment is a device for continuous monitoring of the earth current, the level of which above 1 A is a signal for immediate termination of work. The duty of continuous monitoring of the grounding current rests with the managing team of employees, in the event of a hazard being detected, he is also responsible for the safe removal of all people from the workplace. To improve the safety of people working on medium voltage lines, Sonel SA designed and introduced for sale the Sonel MPU-1 leakage current alarm device, which meets the requirements of the aforementioned manual.

workplace in the most convenient and reliable way. Factory-set minimum current level at which a loud audible alarm is activated with warning light signaling is 1 Ain accordance with the PTPiREE manual, of course, it is also possible to manually set a different minimum alarm threshold in the range from 0.5 to 9.9A (with the possibility of increasing the range in the production phase, for individual needs). Another problem with this type of outdoor device is the variable and often unfavorable weather conditions. The Sonel MPU-1 alarm siren has a protection degree of IP-67 according to PN-EN 60529, thanks to which it is resistant to dust and water, the device can operate at temperatures from -10 to +50 ° C. The device is delivered in a hard case, which facilitates transport to the workplace and protects the device itself against dirt or accidental damage.

MPU-1 is intended for monitoring (measurement) of leakage current in power networks of alternating current, low and medium voltage, and serves for performing measurements whose results determine the safety status of the monitored system from the perspective of flowing leakage current. The instrument enables setting of the safe threshold value of flowing leakage current, above which a visual and sound alarm is activated.

Characteristics

First of all, it has been designed to warn about hazards in the

• The most important features of the MPU-1 device include:

• constant monitoring of alternating current flowing through the ground,

• measurement on one or two clamps simultaneously. In the case of measurement with two clamps, the current value is summed up - it makes it possible to cover twin (vortex) poles. Independent clamps for each component pole,

• LED operation mode indicator,

• alarm in the event of a current flow greater than the alarm threshold (factory set at 1 A), audible and visual alarm (built-in loudspeaker),

• measurement with Sonel F-series flexible clamps (Rogowski coil),

• measurements in low and medium voltage networks with a frequency of 50 Hz or 60 Hz,

• automatic selection of the measuring range,

• battery charge monitoring,

• ergonomic operation.

The signaling device works with Sonel clamps of the F1, F2, F3 and F4 series, with a circumference of 45 cm to 200 cm. This device has already found a large number of buyers on the market, putting the safety and life of employees first. Every method or device increasing the safety of live work performed on medium voltage lines or in other places should be treated by responsible directors as obligatory. EM

SHyAM RAVINDRAN Managing Director SONEL Instruments India P. Ltd

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Smart City Pole

The concept of smart cities came into being as a consequential development to internet of things (IoT), digital connectivity, global warming and the compelling necessities for energy saving. More than 50 % of the world’s population lives in cities, A city environment, with a closely knit street light network became a natural choice for a smart city concept, hosting sensor networks and wireless communications for traffic control, smart parking, noise and air quality monitoring, incident detection, and more. Smart city lights are not stand alone system. They have to be integrated with other systems under what is known as Internet of Things (IoT). Hence the chosen smart city light poles should be able to accommodate a full range of lighting controls compatible to remote control and integral with suitable sensors for the respective application. In fact, the smart city pole is going to be a service platform for various services for Network redundancy, application areas such as mobile connectivity WLAN), traffic control, security camera (CCTV), information transfer, public announcement with loud speakers, smart parking, environmental monitoring and even the electric charger for electric cars etc., K-Lite proudly announces the introduction of smart city poles ( Intelligent poles) with its modular solution, to cater to the above needs in the upcoming smart cities with the salient

SHARMILA KUMBHAT Managing Director

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Salient Feature of Smart City Pole

One main pole with one to five modules, Smart column is a multitude of combinations. With flexible modules, the smart column is very handy and flexible for add-on. Choose your combination, add the module, connect them together and the smart column is ready to meet your requirement. EM

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