Juvenile Delinquency Theory Practice and Law 12th Edition by Larry J. Siegel

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Description Juvenile Delinquency Theory Practice and Law 12th Edition by Larry J. Siegel – Test Bank Sample Questions Instant Download With Answers Chapter_03_Individual_Views_of_Delinquency True / False

1. An adolescent’s work experience may actually increase delinquency. a.

True

False

ANSWER:

True

REFERENCES:

Rational Choice The

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.02

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

2. Antisocial behavior allegedly peaks in the teenage years because hormonal activity is at its highest level during this period.

True

False

ANSWER:

True

REFERENCES:

Contemporary Biosocial T

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.08 – 03.

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

3. Evidence linking food allergies to antisocial behaviors are inconclusive. a.

True

False

ANSWER:

False

REFERENCES:

Contemporary Biosocial T

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.08 – 03.

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

4. There is no relationship between adolescent aggression and disrupted dependency relations with parents.

True

False

ANSWER:

False

REFERENCES:

Psychological Theories of Delinq

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.09 – 03.09

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

5. It has been argued that low IQ increases the likelihood of delinquent behavior through its effect on school performance. a.

True

False

ANSWER:

True

REFERENCES:

Psychological Theories of Delinq

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.09 – 03.09

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

6. Youth may be forced to choose delinquent behavior to help them solve problems; by engaging in antisocial behaviors some youth are able to exert control over their

lives and destinies. a.

True

False

ANSWER:

True

REFERENCES:

Rational Choice The

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.02

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

7. Siblings living in a similar environment may develop similar types of friends; consequently, the critical influence toward delinquent behavior is that of peers rather than siblings. a.

True

False

ANSWER:

True

REFERENCES:

Contemporary Biosocial T

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.08 – 03.

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

8. Positivists believe that behavior is a function of often uncontrollable factors, such as mental illness. a.

True

False

ANSWER:

True

REFERENCES:

Trait Theories: Biosocial and Psychologica

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.07 – 03.07

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

9. Scarcity of resources increases the number of motivated offenders, which increases the delinquency rates. a.

True

False

ANSWER:

True

REFERENCES:

Rational Choice The

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.03

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

10. According to Freud, the superego is the unrestrained, primitive, pleasure-seeking component of the human personality with which each child is born. a.

True

False

ANSWER:

False

REFERENCES:

Psychological Theories of Delinq

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.09 – 03.09

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

11. After-school programs are designed to reduce criminal activity; research has found that these programs do in fact reduce crime rates. a.

True

False

ANSWER:

False

REFERENCES:

Rational Choice The

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.03

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

12. According to deterrence theory, only the actual chance of punishment influences a youth’s decision to engage in delinquency. a.

True

False

ANSWER:

False

REFERENCES:

Controlling Delinque

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.04

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

13. Traditionally, the juvenile court relied on parens patriae which mandated children be punished for their misdeeds. a.

True

False

ANSWER:

False

REFERENCES:

Controlling Delinque

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.04

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

14. While shame can be a powerful deterrent, young offenders also seem to be influenced by forgiveness and acceptance. a.

True

False

ANSWER:

True

REFERENCES:

Controlling Delinque

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.04

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

15. DZ twins are closer than MZ twins in level of aggression and verbal skills. a.

True

False

ANSWER:

False

REFERENCES:

Contemporary Biosocial T

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.08 – 03.

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

16. Specific deterrence strategies may work better with adult miscreants than with young, inexperienced juvenile offenders. a.

True

False

ANSWER:

False

REFERENCES:

Controlling Delinque

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.06

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

17. Research has linked ADHD to the onset and sustenance of a delinquent career. a.

True

False

ANSWER:

True

REFERENCES:

Contemporary Biosocial T

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.08 – 03.

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

18. Male aggression may be more a matter of socialization or cultural patterns than genetic transfer. a.

True

False

ANSWER:

False

REFERENCES:

Psychological Theories of Delinq

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.09 – 03.09

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

19. Development of culturally sensitive explanations of human behavior in the 1930s led to the nature theory of intelligence. a.

True

False

ANSWER:

False

REFERENCES:

Psychological Theories of Delinq

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.09 – 03.09

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

20. Cognitive theory focuses on the way people perceive and mentally represent the world around them as well as how they solve problems. a.

True

False

ANSWER:

True

REFERENCES:

Psychological Theories of Delinq

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.09 – 03.09

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

Multiple Choice

21. Jack wanted a new iPad, but he did not want to spend the money he was saving for his ski trip. He then considered stealing one from a local bookstore where security was lax. Jack deliberated between the pros—new iPad and ski trip—and the cons— getting caught for stealing the iPad. Given the slipshod security at the bookstore, Jack decided to steal an iPad. Of the following theories of crime and delinquency, which one best explains Jack’s behavior? a.

Rational choice

Neurological

Specific deterrence

Routine activities

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Rational Choice The

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.01

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

22. Which of the following is the correct amount for incarcerating one juvenile in some jurisdictions? a.

$30,000.00 / year

$45,000.00 / year

$50,000.00 / year

$65,000.00 / year

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Controlling Delinque

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.06

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

23. The juvenile court has been a revolving door where Jill is concerned. The impulsivity in her decision-making is the driving force for her participation in

delinquent activities and Jill’s counselor remarked that at times she feels Jill’s conduct is almost instinctual. What theory best fits Jill’s behaviors? a.

Biological theory

Routine activities theory

Choice theory

Trait theory

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Trait Theories: Biosocial and Psychologica

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.07 – 03.07

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

24. Your friend was given an assignment to research classical criminology. Whose writings would your friend research to understand the core principles of this theory? a.

Marcus Felson

Travis Hirschi

Cesare Lombroso

Cesare Beccaria

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Rational Choice The

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.02

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

25. If you wanted to study forms of retaliation in the drug trade, which form would you investigate to understand nonviolent revenge gained through resource confiscation without interaction between the retaliator and wrongdoer during the transfer? a.

Violent confiscation

Fraudulent retaliation

Stealth retaliation

Pure fight

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Controlling Delinque

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.06

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

26. Which of the following best describes Beccaria’s position on punishment?

Severe and swift enough to deter crime

Sufficiently severe, certain, and swift

Certain and sufficiently severe

Swift and certain

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Rational Choice The

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.02

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

27. Itsey went to the ATM to withdraw cash for girls’ night out; a man came out of the shadows and threatened her with bodily harm if she did not hand the cash over to him. Itsey was the victim of what type of crime? a.

Conflict theft

Situational crime

Victim precipitated crime

Predatory crime

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Rational Choice The

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.03

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

28. According to the text, regarding effective strategies for deterring delinquency, which strategy is described as seemingly working the best? a.

Focusing police activities on community problems

Focusing police activities on particular problems

Focusing police activities on reports from community watch programs

Focusing the police activities on reports from school resource officers

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Controlling Delinque

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.04

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

29. After reading about the crackdown on shoplifting at the local discount store by enforcing full criminal penalties allowed by law, Drew and Cole decided they would abandon their plan to steal CDs. What crime control policy influenced their decision? a.

Specific deterrence

Retribution

General deterrence

Incapacitation

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Controlling Delinque

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.04

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

30. Cohen and Felson posited that crimes against persons or crimes of theft are influenced by the interaction of three variables: capable guardian(s), suitable target(s), and motivated offender(s). What is the name of this theory? a.

Conflict theory

Social disorganization theory

Control theory

Routine activities

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Rational Choice The

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.03

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

31. In August, Jack and Jill went on vacation. They asked their neighbor, Cole, to keep an eye on their home and Sasha, their dog, while they were away. Cole agreed but forgot to tell them that he would be out of town one of the days to attend a conference. To relieve their boredom and as an end-of-summer back-to-school last hurrah, King, Itsey, and Drew, teenagers who live in the neighborhood, decided they would break into Jack and Jill’s house to steal their sizeable collection of portable electronics. In this scenario, who is/are the capable guardian(s)? a.

Jack and Jill

Cole

King, Itsey, and Drew

Sasha the dog

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Rational Choice The

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.03

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Apply

32. What theory holds that low intelligence is generally determined and inherited? a.

Psychological

Nature

Realist

Nurture

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Psychological Theories of Delinq

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.09 – 03.09

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

33. The city council wants a crime prevention method that will reduce opportunities to commit criminal acts; the method should make opportunities more difficult to take advantage of, with rewards reduced and risk increased. Which of the following would be most appropriate to present to the council? a.

Problem-solving police procedures

Situational crime prevention

Conflict resolution

Community policing

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Controlling Delinque

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.06

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Apply

34. The city council wants suggestions for crime prevention techniques such as installing unbreakable glass on storefronts to present to the businesses on Main Street. What is the name of this crime prevention technique? a.

Community policing

Situation prevention

Target hardening

Benefits diffusion

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Controlling Delinque

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.06

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Apply

35. Jill installed a camera at the front door of her boutique to dissuade shoplifting; after a month, she also found less loitering and graffiti on her storefront walls. Which of the following describes the phenomenon Jill discovered—that a prevention method to cut back on one type of criminal activity also lowered the number of incidents of a different criminal behavior? a.

Target hardening

Specific deterrence

Community policing

Diffusion of benefits

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Controlling Delinque

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.06

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Apply

36. The idea that delinquents manifest physical anomalies that make them biologically and physiologically similar to throwbacks of an earlier state in human evolution was formulated by Lombroso. What is the name of this concept? a.

Evolutionary theory

Criminal atavism

Eugenic movement

Morphism

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Trait Theories: Biosocial and Psychologica

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.07 – 03.07

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Apply

37. Jack is susceptible to environmental influences; consequently, whenever Jack encounters adverse social environments he becomes aggressive. Conversely, when Jack encounters supportive environments he is less aggressive than someone who is not susceptible to environmental influences. Which of the following models best describes Jack? a.

Atavistic model

Vulnerability model

Biochemical model

Differential susceptibility model

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Contemporary Biosocial T

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.08 – 03.

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Apply

38. A youth has difficulties with forming emotional bonds, trusting others, and demonstrating respectful behavior. Which theory applies here? a.

Attachment theory

Learning theory

Mood disorder theory

Psychodynamic theory

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Psychological Theories of Delinq

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.09 – 03.09

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

39. Jill runs a group session for youth who demonstrate chronic behavioral problems, antisocial behaviors, impulsivity, and substance abuse. For whom does Jill run a group? a.

Youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder

Youth with attention deficit disorder

Youth with conduct disorder

Youth with a learning disability

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Contemporary Biosocial T

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.08 – 03.

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Apply

40. What research is representative of the view that certain characteristics of delinquent youths increase the probability that they will be aggressive and antisocial and that their actions will involve them with agents of social control? a.

Personality research

Cognitive research

Nature and nurture research

Social learning research

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Psychological Theories of Delinq

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.09 – 03.09

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

41. Drew was certified LD in reading; she is often frustrated with her studies and will often engage in inappropriate behaviors in school. What rationale assumes that Drew’s frustration leads to a negative self-image and acting out problems? a.

Susceptibility rationale

Environmental rationale

School failure rationale

Cognitive learning rationale

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Contemporary Biosocial T

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.08 – 03.

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Apply

42. Leo and Lila, high school students, were bored and wanted some excitement; they abducted an 8-year-old child from the playground, later killing the child. When Leo and Lila were arrested a few days later, they testified that killing the child was an “awesome thrill.” What theory best describes their actions? a.

Biosocial theory

Arousal theory

Environmental theory

Learning theory

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Contemporary Biosocial T

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.08 – 03.

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Apply

43. A youth who often feels threatened, overreacts to perceived slights, blames others for fights he initiates, and is overly defensive demonstrates which of the following? a.

Neurological trauma

Reactive aggression

Bad behavior

Hormonal imbalance

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Contemporary Biosocial T

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.08 – 03.

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Apply

44. Which of the following completes this sentence? According to Hirschi and Hindelang, there is a clear link between criminality and a.

low intelligence.

school attendance.

high intelligence.

number of suspensions.

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Psychological Theories of Delinq

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.09 – 03.09

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

45. Jack and Joe are significantly similar in their personal characteristics such as intelligence, levels of aggression, and verbal skills. Which of the following best describes Jack and Joe? a.

Monozygotic twins

Dizygotic twins

Polyzygotic multiples

Brothers close in age

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Contemporary Biosocial T

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.08 – 03.

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

46. According to marketing research, youths in one particular age group watch violent horror movies at a higher rate than any other age group. What is the age demographic to whom the marketing research is referring? a.

9–11

11–14

14–16

15–17

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Psychological Theories of Delinq

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.09 – 03.09

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

47. What theory holds that the more severely youthful offenders are punished the less likely they are to repeat their illegal acts? a.

Specific deterrence theory

Classical theory

General deterrence theory

Rational choice theory

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Controlling Delinque

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.05

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

48. What theory explains the existence of aggression and violent behavior as positive adaptive behaviors in humans? a.

Neurological theory

Biochemical theory

Genetic theory

Evolutionary theory

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Contemporary Biosocial T

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.08 – 03.

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

49. What, according to Freud, develops through the reality of living in the world and helps manage and restrain the individual’s need for immediate gratification? a.

Superego

Ego

Personality

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Psychological Theories of Delinq

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.09 – 03.09

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

50. Itsey, a kindergarten student, watches her father tower over her mother, glaring at her; she then hears her father yelling at her mother. At school, the teacher tells the students to sit on the carpet for story time. Itsey does not want to sit down just yet; she is busy at one of the centers in the classroom. Her teacher again asks everyone to sit down and everyone does, except for Itsey. The teacher then directly asks Itsey to sit down. Itsey looks at her teacher and says she doesn’t want to sit down and she better stop asking her to sit down; the next time she does, Itsey will bring a knife to school and cut her. What theory aligns to the exchange between Itsey and her teacher? a.

Psychodynamic theory

Cognitive learning theory

Personality theory

Social learning theory

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Psychological Theories of Delinq

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.09 – 03.09

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Apply

Completion

51. What view holds that youths are in charge of their own destinies and are able to make personal behavior choices unencumbered by environmental factors? ANSWER:

Free will

REFERENCES:

Rational Choice The

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.02

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

52. What theory links delinquency to biological and psychological characteristics that control human development? ANSWER:

Trait theory

REFERENCES:

Trait Theories: Biosocial and Psychologica

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.07 – 03.07

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

53. What is the name of the condition in which the prevailing emotional disposition is distorted or inappropriate to the circumstances? ANSWER:

Mood disorder

REFERENCES:

Psychological Theories of Delinq

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.09 – 03.09

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

54. Violence can be used to achieve a number of specific goals; what type of goal would align with youths who take the law into their own hands if they do not trust the law? ANSWER:

Retribution

REFERENCES:

Rational Choice The

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.02

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

55. The first attempts to discover why criminal tendencies developed focused upon

what characteristic(s)? ANSWER:

Physical make-up

REFERENCES:

Trait Theories: Biosocial and Psychologica

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.07 – 03.07

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

56. What crime prevention method relies on reducing the opportunity to commit criminal acts by making them more difficult to perform, reducing their reward, and increasing their risks? ANSWER:

Situational crime prev

REFERENCES:

Controlling Delinquen

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.06 –

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

57. What crime prevention practice makes it more difficult for a would-be delinquent to carry out the illegal act; for example, installing a security device in a home? ANSWER:

Target hardening

REFERENCES:

Controlling Delinque

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.06

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

58. Today, theorists focus attention on what two conditions that promote antisocial behavior? ANSWER:

Biological Psychological

REFERENCES:

Contemporary Biosocial T

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.08 – 03.

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

59. Prevention efforts should be directed at strengthening what two areas according to individual perspectives on delinquency? ANSWER:

Youths’ home life Personal relationships

REFERENCES:

Psychological Theories of Delinq

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.10 – 03.10

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

60. What three individual-level factors have been linked to antisocial behavior? ANSWER:

Biochemical factors Neurological dysfunction

Genetic influences

REFERENCES:

Contemporary Biosocial T

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.08 – 03.

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

61. On what type of crimes does the threat of informal sanctions have the greatest influence? ANSWER:

Instrumental

REFERENCES:

Controlling Delinque

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.04

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

62. Representing the conscience and moral rules shared by most adults, what develops through interactions with parents and other significant people in a youth’s life? ANSWER:

Superego

REFERENCES:

Psychological Theories of Delinq

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.09 – 03.09

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

63. Violence-prone youth tend to see the world around them as filled with what type of people? ANSWER:

Aggressive

REFERENCES:

Psychological Theories of Delinq

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.09 – 03.09

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

64. Youths whose troubled family life leads them to seek immediate gratification without consideration of right and wrong or the feelings of others are referred to as what type of delinquents? ANSWER:

Latent delinquents

REFERENCES:

Psychological Theories of Delinq

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.09 – 03.09

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

65. This is said to be at play when delinquency spreads as youth copy the behavior of peers and siblings. ANSWER:

The contagion effect

REFERENCES:

Contemporary Biosocial T

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.08 – 03.

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

66. Experts argue that the key linkage between IQ and delinquency is the ability to manipulate what type of concepts? ANSWER:

Abstract

REFERENCES:

Psychological Theories of Delinq

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.09 – 03.09

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

67. What syndrome has been suggested as resulting in chronic delinquency? ANSWER:

Antisocial personality

REFERENCES:

Psychological Theories of Delinq

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.09 – 03.09

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

68. Some children acquire an association between their use of aggression against others and the physical punishment they receive at home by what life stage? ANSWER:

Mid-childhood

REFERENCES:

Psychological Theories of Delinq

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.09 – 03.09

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

69. According to direct association, social forces play a secondary role in the production of deviant behaviors; what then produces delinquency according to this concept? ANSWER:

Heredity

REFERENCES:

Contemporary Biosocial T

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.08 – 03.

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

Essay

70. Discuss trait theory: When did this school of thought originate, when and why was the theory abandoned, and what is the status of trait theory today? Include in your discussion criminal atavism and its meaning. What are your views on trait theory? Include a rationale for your view. ANSWER:



The origin of this school of thought is generally credited to Lombroso.  Lombroso found that delinquents manifest physical anomalies primitive ancestors—criminal atavism.  Criminal atavism refers to the idea that delinquents ma physiologically similar to our primitive ancestors, throwbacks to an  Contemporaries of Lombroso refined the notion of a physical basis of o Garofalo shared Lombroso’s belief that certain physical characteristics in Lombroso’s, believed that a number of biological, social, and organic factors  

These early views portrayed delinquent behavior as a function of a si They had a significant impact on early American criminology, which r

 Eventually, these views evoked criticism for their unsound methodolo o Methodological flaws made it impossible to determine whether biological

 By the mid-twentieth century, biological theories had fallen out of fav o During this period, the majority of delinquency research focused on socia 

Today trait theory is now an accepted element of the study of delinqu vary in biological traits is becoming too obvious to ignore. o Trait theorists now focus attention on the biological and psychological co people (with rare exceptions, such as identical twins) are alike, and therefor

REFERENCES:

Trait Theories: Biosocial and Psychological Views

LEARNING OBJECTIV ES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.07 – 03.07

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

71. It is thought that some youths choose crime as a means of retaliation or to seek revenge for a real or perceived wrong. Richard Felson states that violence can be used to achieve a number of specific goals. List and describe the four goals presented by Felson. Critique Felson’s goals. Do you believe the goals may be limited or all encompassing? Would you include additional goals? If so, what would they be? Provide a rationale for your views. ANSWER:



Control The violent person may want to control his victim’s behavior a  Retribution o Violence may be used to punish someone without calling the police or us the law into their own hands if they do not trust the law. 

 Deterrence o The attacker may want to stop or deter someone from repeating acts tha

 Reputation o An attack may be motivated by the need to enhance reputation and crea shield themselves from revenge and retribution if they choose to victimize o 

Student responses will vary

REFERENCES:

Rational Choice Theory

LEARNING OBJECTIV ES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.02 – 03.02

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

72. Cohen and Felson posit that the interaction of three variables reflective of routine American lifestyles affects the volume and distribution of predatory crime. Cohen and Felson refer to this as routine activities theory. Define this theory and list the three variables, providing at least three examples for each variable. Would you agree or disagree with the premise of this theory? Provide a rationale for your view. ANSWER:



Routine activities theory is the view that crime is a “normal” function expected if there is a motivated offender and a suitable target that is not  The three variables are capable guardian(s), suitable target(s), and m  Capable Guardian(s)  Homeowners  Security systems  Parents  Neighbors  Police officers  Suitable Target(s) § Unlocked homes § Expensive cars § Easily transportable goods—cell phone, iPad, laptop computer o Motivated Offender(s) § Unemployed teenagers § Drug addicts § Gang members 

REFERENCES:

Student responses will vary.

Rational Choice Theory

LEARNING OBJECTIV ES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.03 – 03.03

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

73. Identify and define the two branches of individual-level theories of delinquency. It is said these two theories, while independent of each other, do share some common ground. What are these commonalities? It is reported that people must change as opposed to society changing. Do you agree with this pronouncement? Provide a rationale for your answer. ANSWER:



Choice theory suggests that young offenders choose to engage in a beneficial and profitable.  Whether they join a gang, steal cars, or sell drugs, their delinq can be profitable and relatively risk free.  They have little fear of getting caught and, if they are apprehe fantasies of riches, whereas others may simply enjoy the excitement a beating up an opponent or stealing a car.  Trait theory links delinquency to biological and psychological traits o While it may be true that some youths choose to get involved in delinque psychological abnormalities, such as hyperactivity, low intelligence, biochem

 Choice and trait theories, though independent, are linked because th o Both focus on mental and behavioral processes at the individual level. o Delinquency is an individual-level problem, not a social problem. o Both recognize that because all people are different, each person reacts unique way.

o Not all people living under the same socioeconomic conditions behave in

o Because the root cause of delinquency is located at the individual level, d the individual offender—people rather than society must change. 

Student responses will vary.

REFERENCES:

Trait Theories: Biosocial and Psychological Views

LEARNING OBJECTIV ES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.07 – 03.07

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

74. Trait theorists recognize that delinquency involves two distinct traits; associated with these traits are two views or models that impact the interaction between the trait and delinquency. Identify and describe these two views/models. What are your thoughts on these models? Does one stand out as more or less relevant, or are they equally compelling? Support your position. ANSWER:



The vulnerability model supposes a direct link between traits and c  Some people develop physical or mental traits at birth, or soon danger of poor behavior choices.  They suffer biological or psychological problems that render th developing behavior problems.  The differential susceptibility model suggests that some people p susceptible to environmental influences. o They are at risk when they encounter unfavorable social environments, b and supportive environment.

o When the social environment is adverse, individuals with this particular s

o When the environment is supportive, those with the same make-up demo make-up renders them more susceptible to the environment, whether it is g 

Student responses will vary.

REFERENCES:

Contemporary Biosocial Theory

LEARNING OBJECTIV ES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.08 – 03.08

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

75. Identify and describe the delinquency control strategies based on rational choice; be sure to include applications and problems associated with prevention. Of these strategies, which one would you identify as producing the best outcomes for decreasing delinquency? Would you use the prevention as described or would you modify it in some manner? If so, how would you modify the strategy? If not, why not? Provide a rationale for your view.

ANSWER:



Situational Crime Prevention: This strategy is aimed at convincing wo doctrine that crime can be avoided if motivated offenders are denied acc  Applications of this strategy include home security systems or here, stay away; the potential reward is not worth the risk of apprehen  Problems with the strategy are the extinction of the effect and  General Deterrence Strategies: These strategies are aimed at makin threat of punishment is meant to convince rational delinquents that crime o Applications of these strategies include mandatory sentences, waiver to

o Problems with these strategies are that delinquents are immature and m punishment is low. 

Specific Deterrence Strategy: This strategy refers to punishing known repeat their offenses. If delinquency is rational, then painful punishment o An application of this strategy is placement in a punitive juvenile detenti

o A problem with this strategy is that punishment may increase reoffending 

Incapacitation Strategies: These strategies attempt to reduce crime crime. If, despite the threat of law and punishment, some people still find incarcerate them for extended periods. o An application of these strategies is long, tough, mandatory sentences, p

o A problem with these strategies is that youths may be kept in prison bey offenders are locked up, and this is a very costly strategy. 

Student responses will vary.

REFERENCES:

Controlling Delinquency

LEARNING OBJECTIV ES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.04 – 03.04

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

76. While there is evidence suggesting an association between mental disturbance and delinquency, there are intervening variables that may account for the association. List and describe these factors. Do you think these factors are enough to question the validity of the psychodynamic theory? Support your position. ANSWER:



Psychologically troubled youths do poorly in school, and school failure

 

Psychologically troubled youths have conflict-ridden social relationshi While good parenting is considered a barrier against delinquency, abn hostile view of relationships, and acceptance of deviant norms may neutr conduct.  Children who suffer child abuse are more likely to experience m actual cause of both problems.  Living in a stress-filled urban environment may produce symptoms of  Youths who are delinquent have reduced life chances. o They do poorly in school and as adults are relegated to lower-class econo

o Educational failure and status deprivation are related to depression and o

 It is possible that the link is spurious and caused by the treatment of  The police may be more likely to arrest the mentally ill, giving the illu o However, some recent research by Hirschfield and his associates gives o increase the risk of arrest while others bring out more cautious or compassio

REFERENCES:

Psychological Theories of Delinquency

LEARNING OBJECTIV ES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.09 – 03.09

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

77. On the surface, incapacitation may appear as a logical means to reduce juvenile offending. However, strict incapacitation policies do not always produce the desired effects. List four of the six arguments presented in the text that incapacitation may not actually reduce juvenile crime rates. What is your position in regard to the arguments? Do you agree or disagree? Explain your position. ANSWER:



Incarceration, especially in an adult prison, exposes younger offender their lifestyle and help shape their attitudes.  These prisons are “schools for crime.” The short-term delinque experience has the long-term effect of escalating the frequency and se  If crime and delinquency are functions of rational choice, the profits o pays.” o There will always be someone ready to take the place of the incarcerated

o New delinquents will be recruited and trained, offsetting any benefit accr



Imprisoning established offenders may open new opportunities for co delinquents or controlled by their tougher rivals. o Incarcerating gang members may open illegal markets to new groups an ones they replaced.

 Teens are unlikely to be incarcerated in a juvenile facility or sent to p o By the time they are arrested, waived, and sent to an adult prison, they a

o A strict incarceration policy may keep people in prison beyond the time t adolescents is on the street.

 An incapacitation strategy is also terribly expensive. o The prison system costs billions of dollars each year, and incarcerating a year.

o Even if incarceration could reduce the crime rate, the costs would be eno

 Almost all delinquents eventually return to society. o Because many of these delinquents are drug- and gang-involved, most c

o Their return may contribute to family disruption, undermine social institu  

Rather than acting as a crime suppressant, incarceration may have th Student responses will vary.

REFERENCES:

Controlling Delinquency

LEARNING OBJECTIV ES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.05 – 03.05

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

78. Summarize contemporary research regarding the IQ and delinquency relationship. What is your view of the relationship between intelligence and delinquency? Support your view. ANSWER:

 

Hirschi and Hindelang revived interest in the association between IQ valid predictor of intelligence and that “the weight of evidence is that IQ delinquent involvement. They argued that a low IQ increases the likelihood of delinquent beha IQs do poorly in school, and school failure and academic incompetence a

       

Wilson and Herrnstein concluded that a clear and consistent link exits the average, to be a bit less intelligent and to have a different set of intel group. Contemporary research efforts have continued to uncover an associa Scores on intelligence tests have been used to predict violent behavi offenders. In addition to these micro-level studies, others using macro-le rates are associated. A number of research projects have found evidence that states and c rates than those with less-intelligent residents. Those experts who believe that IQ may have a direct influence on the between IQ and delinquency is the ability to manipulate abstract concept Low intelligence limits adolescents’ ability to “foresee the consequen Youths with limited intelligence are more likely to misinterpret events behavior. Student responses will vary.

REFERENCES:

Psychological Theories of Delinquency

LEARNING OBJECTIV ES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.09 – 03.09

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

79. Biosocial theories focus attention on biological and psychological conditions that promote antisocial behavior. Identify and describe the four major biosocial theories, including the strengths of each of the four theories. What is your opinion of biosocial theories? Do you agree or disagree with the premise? Explain your position. ANSWER:

Biochemical: Crime, especially violence, is a function of diet, vitamin intake

Strengths: Explains irrational violence. Shows how the environment interac

Neurological: Criminals and delinquents often suffer brain impairment, as m deficit/hyperactivity disorder and minimum brain dysfunction are related to Strengths: Helps explain the relationship between child abuse and crime, a violence (e.g., people who suffer head trauma may become violent).

Genetic: Delinquent traits and predispositions are inherited. Criminality of p

Strengths: Explains why only a small percentage of youths in a high-crime a

Evolutionary: Behavior patterns and reproductive traits, developed over the

Strengths: Explains male aggressiveness. Helps us to understand why viole

Student responses will vary.

REFERENCES:

Contemporary Biosocial Theory

LEARNING OBJECTIV ES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.03.07 – 03.07

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

Chapter_05_Social_Reaction_Social_Conflict_and_Delinquency

True / False

1. Social reaction theory is also commonly called critical theory. a.

True

False

ANSWER:

False

REFERENCES:

Social Reaction The

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.01

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

2. Secondary deviance produces a deviance amplification effect. a.

True

False

ANSWER:

True

REFERENCES:

Social Reaction The

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.03

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

3. People often interpret symbolic gestures from others, but rarely incorporate them in their self-image. a.

True

False

ANSWER:

False

REFERENCES:

Social Reaction The

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.01

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

4. While some judges feel sympathetic toward White defendants, they never help them avoid delinquent labels. a.

True

False

ANSWER:

False

REFERENCES:

Social Reaction The

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.05

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

5. In some cases, youthful offenders fight back against their negative labels. a.

True

False

ANSWER:

True

REFERENCES:

Social Reaction The

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.06

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

6. To drive home the point that the youthful suspect is an outcast who should be shunned by society, the justice system relies on a degradation ceremony. a.

True

False

ANSWER:

True

REFERENCES:

Social Reaction The

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.06

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

7. According to social conflict theory, those who hold power in contemporary society set the rules, control the law, and decide who is deviant, delinquent, and/or criminal. a.

True

False

ANSWER:

True

REFERENCES:

Social Conflict Theo

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.08

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

8. Conflict theorists suggest that the justice system is effective in limiting delinquency. a.

True

False

ANSWER:

False

REFERENCES:

Social Conflict Theo

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.08

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

9. The concept of restorative justice has its roots in symbolic interaction theory. a.

True

False

ANSWER:

False

REFERENCES:

Social Conflict Theo

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.09

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

10. Shame is a powerful tool of formal social control. a.

True

False

ANSWER:

False

REFERENCES:

Social Conflict Theo

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.09

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

11. In the long run it is less damaging to be falsely accused than to be a secret deviant. a.

True

False

ANSWER:

False

REFERENCES:

Social Reaction The

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.04

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

12. Being institutionalized as a juvenile will hit girls particularly hard. a.

True

False

ANSWER:

True

REFERENCES:

Social Reaction The

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.02

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

13. Youths who were in trouble and arrested at an early age are more likely to lose their jobs and have spotty employment records as adults. a.

True

False

ANSWER:

True

REFERENCES:

Social Reaction The

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.06

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

14. Control theory centers on a view of society in which an elite class uses the law as a means of meeting threats to its status. a.

True

False

ANSWER:

False

REFERENCES:

Social Conflict Theo

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.08

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

15. Globalization has allowed criminal gangs, but not individual offenders, to gain tremendous operational benefits while reducing risks of apprehension and punishment. a.

True

False

ANSWER:

False

REFERENCES:

Social Conflict Theo

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.08

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

16. There has been an ongoing effort to reduce the conflict created by the application of harsh punishments to offenders, many of whom are powerless social outcasts. a.

True

False

ANSWER:

True

REFERENCES:

Social Conflict Theo

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.10

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

17. Embarrassment is the feeling we get when we do not meet the standards we have set for ourselves or that significant others have set for us. a.

True

False

ANSWER:

False

REFERENCES:

Social Conflict Theo

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.09

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

18. The fear of shame can backfire or be neutralized. a.

True

False

ANSWER:

True

REFERENCES:

Social Conflict Theo

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.09

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

19. Research efforts have generally shown that BARJ (Balanced and Restorative Justice) programs have little to no success in reducing offender recidivism rates. a.

True

False

ANSWER:

False

REFERENCES:

Social Conflict Theo

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.10

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

20. Both positive and negative labels involve objective interpretation of behavior. a.

True

False

ANSWER:

False

REFERENCES:

Social Reaction The

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.02

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

Multiple Choice

21. If you were to investigate a theory that views sustained delinquent behavior resulting from destructive social interactions and encounters, which of the following should you choose? a.

Conflict

Social control

Social reaction

Critical

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Social Reaction The

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.07

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

22. The roots of social reaction theory can be found in what branch of sociology? a.

Symbolic interaction

Functionalism

Conflict

Deviance

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Social Reaction The

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.07

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

23. Jill is interested in understanding the theory that focuses on power in contemporary society. What theory should Jill investigate? a.

Social conflict

Social reaction

Social control

Differential association

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Social Conflict Theo

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.08

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

24. Alice is considered introverted. She has never engaged in any type of delinquent activities. A student at Sabre High School, her social skills are not commensurate with her age, prompting classmates to call her stupid. Her manner of dress is viewed

by her peers as “weird.” She is shunned in the cafeteria and is never chosen for group assignments or as a lab partner. As a result of Alice’s social condemnation by her classmates, she begins to commit minor and then more serious acts of delinquency. The process experienced by Alice is best associated with which of the following theories? a.

Social conflict

Labeling

Social control

Differential association

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Social Reaction The

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.02

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

25. What leads to a damaged self-image and an increase in antisocial behaviors? a.

Reintegrative shaming

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Degradation ceremonies

Dramatization of evil

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Social Reaction The

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.02

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

26. Labels become the basis of personal identity; as the labels become more and more negatively enforced by feedback from significant persons in the youth’s life, the youth’s identity transforms. What is this process called? a.

Dramatization of evil

Labeled deviant

Reintegrative shaming

Self-fulfilling prophecy

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Social Reaction The

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.06

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

27. Roscoe stole a Match-Box car to give to his cousin who is in the hospital. Roscoe is not caught and his cousin, who is dying from cancer, is happy for a short period of

time. Why type of deviance applies in this situation? a.

Primary

Covert

Overt

Secondary

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Social Reaction The

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.03

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

28. In addition to assuring reintegration of the offender, what is the intended process of restorative programs? a.

Repair injuries suffered by the victim

Repair injuries suffered by the victim and the community

Repair injuries suffered by the community

Repair injuries suffered by the victim and repay the justice system

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Social Conflict Theo

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.09

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

29. What source of labeling is extremely damaging because it may cause adolescents to seek deviant peers whose behavior amplifies the effect of the label? a.

Parental

Peer

Community

Judicial

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Social Reaction The

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.02

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

30. Youths who engage in delinquency and get caught and labeled are referred to as pure deviants, whereas youths who continually break rules and avoid labeling are referred to as secret deviants. What models of labeling would best fit these descriptions?

Conformists, pure deviants,

Secret deviants, conformists

Pure deviants, secret deviants

Falsely accused, secret deviants

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Social Reaction The

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.04

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Apply

31. Labeling alienates parents from their children and negative labels reduce children’s self-image and increase delinquency. What is this process called? a.

Stigmatization

Dramatization of evil

Reintegrative shaming

Reflected appraisals

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Social Reaction The

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.02

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

32. Lizzy is 16 years old; she was recently waived to adult court, charged with stabbing her father 60 times and her mother 61 times. Friends and neighbors said they always knew something “wasn’t right with that girl.” NCC ran a week’s worth of debates on their various discussion formats dissecting Lizzy’s past behaviors and current situation with their legal analysts. What is this discussion concerning the link between Lizzy’s past and present behaviors called? a.

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Retrospective reading

Reintegrative shaming

Degradation ceremony

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Social Reaction The

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.02

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Apply

33. If someone were interested in researching the theory that holds the view that society is in a constant state of internal conflict as different groups strive to impose

their will on others, what theory would best fit their research interest? a.

Social control

Social conflict

Labeling

Symbolic interaction

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Social Conflict Theo

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.08

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

34. Alicia shoplifted in a boutique known for its trendy clothes. Alicia is caught with a $200.00 purse and a $75.00 tank top. After the charges are read aloud in court, Alicia is severely scolded by the judge who states that Alicia’s actions were greedy and tells Alicia it is obvious that she is self-absorbed. Alicia is adjudicated delinquent. What process is exemplified by Alicia’s encounter with the juvenile justice system? a.

Dramatization of evil

Strategic labeling

Degradation ceremony

Reintegrative shaming

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Social Reaction The

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.02

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Apply

35. King has been in and out of the juvenile court for a variety of minor offenses. Some within the court refer to the court as King’s revolving door as adjudication does not appear to inhibit his delinquent behaviors. His court-appointed counselor has suggested that the justice system may actually be sustaining rather than inhibiting King’s behavior. What theory aligns with the court counselor’s view? a.

Symbolic interaction

Social control

Labeling

Social conflict

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Social Conflict Theo

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.08

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Apply

36. What theorists view the law and justice system as vehicles for controlling the

have-not members of society? a.

Symbolic interaction

Social control

Social conflict

Labeling

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Social Conflict Theo

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.08

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

37. Jack is researching delinquency and capitalism; specifically, that delinquency is a normal response to the conditions created by capitalism. What theory should Jack be researching? a.

Social control

Social reaction

Social conflict

Law and justice

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Social Conflict Theo

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.08

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

38. What two concepts do social reaction theorists indicate apply to labeling? a.

Interaction, stigmatizing

Interpretation, symbolic interaction

Stigmatizing, interpretation

Interaction, interpretation

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Social Reaction The

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.02

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

39. Jack is captain of the football team, the criminal justice student association president, and has an outstanding GPA. He was just notified that he had received a full-ride scholarship to an Ivy League university. The week before the big playoff game, it was discovered that Jack had cheated on his history exam. Upon review of

several of his essays, it was also discovered that he had plagiarized a lot of the material included in the papers. Everyone was shocked when Jack’s academic dishonesty became known throughout the school. Jack was removed as president of the student organization as well as captain of the football team, he could not participate in the playoff game, and worst of all, he was stripped of the scholarship. Jack dropped out of high school rather than return and face everyone; he eventually wound up a petty thief who was in and out of prison. Jack’s academic dishonesty essentially created a new identity for Jack; this is what type of labeling? a.

Primary deviance

Labeling

Secondary deviance

Shaming

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Social Reaction The

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.06

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Apply

40. What term refers to the use of humanistic, nonpunitive strategies to right wrongs and restore social harmony? a.

Neutralization

Restorative justice

Balanced justice

Deinstitutionalization

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Social Conflict Theo

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.10

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

41. By focusing attention on the social interactions and reactions that shape individual behavior, what does labeling theory recognize about delinquency? a.

Labeling a youth as delinquent does not matter

Delinquency is not a disease or pathological behavior

Understanding agencies or individuals charged with control over delinquents is not nece

There is no distinction between delinquent acts

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Social Reaction The

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.07

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

42. What is the policy that substitutes alternative, community-based sanctions for state training schools? a.

Deinstitutionalization

Treatment

Reintegration

Diversion

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Social Reaction The

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.07

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

43. Stigmatized as troublemakers, youth may begin to incorporate the label into their own self-image. What is the consequence of labeling called? a.

Self-rejecting attitude

Personal reassessment

Degradation ceremony

Self-fulfilling prophecy

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Social Reaction The

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.06

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

44. In what country does criminal prosecution proceed only when the normal process of public apology, compensation, and the victim’s forgiveness breaks down? a.

Germany

Sweden

England

Japan

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Social Conflict Theo

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.09

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

45. Which of the following theories supports the use of Family Group Conferencing in deciding the resolution of the delinquent/criminal act?

Social control

Social reaction

Reintegrative shaming

Restorative justice

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Social Conflict Theo

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.10

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

46. Techniques used to allow offenders to understand and recognize their wrongdoing and to shame themselves refers to what process? a.

Degradation ceremonies

Retrospective reinterpretation

Reintegrative shaming

Deinstitutionalization

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Social Conflict Theo

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.09

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

47. What is the peacemaking technique in which offenders, victims, and other community members are brought together in an effort to formulate a sanction that addresses the needs of all concerned parties? a.

Community restitution

Reintegrative shaming

Sentencing circles

Intermediate sanctions

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Social Conflict Theo

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.10

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

48. Jack lives with both biological parents in a middle-class neighborhood. Jack was caught with alcohol in his locker at school and ended up in juvenile court. What theory acknowledges middle-class delinquency?

Social conflict

Restorative justice

Social control

Social reaction

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Social Conflict Theo

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.08

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Apply

49. What is seen as a set of principles, a philosophy, an alternate set of guiding questions, and questions that provide an alternative framework for thinking about wrongdoing? a.

Symbolic interaction

Intermediate sanctions

Community restoration

Restorative justice

ANSWER:

REFERENCES:

Social Conflict Theo

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.09

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

Completion

50. What are significant predictors of serious delinquent behaviors? ANSWER:

Perceptions of negative

REFERENCES:

Social Reaction Theory

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.06 – 0

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

51. What often involves conforming to group norms that conflict with those of conventional society? ANSWER:

Membership in a deviant subc

REFERENCES:

Social Reaction Theory

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.06 – 05.06

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

52. Name the four possible outcomes developed by Becker in the relationship between labeling and delinquent or other deviant behavior. ANSWER:

Pure deviant Falsely accused Secret deviant Conformist

REFERENCES:

Social Reaction The

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.04

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

53. What occurs when a deviant event comes to the attention of significant others or social control agents who apply a negative label? ANSWER:

Secondary deviance

REFERENCES:

Social Reaction The

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.02

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

54. According to social conflict theory, what happens to society as different groups strive to impose their will on others? ANSWER:

It is in a state of internal c

REFERENCES:

Social Reaction Theory

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.07 – 05.0

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

55. What refers to the reassessment of a person’s past to fit a current generalized label? ANSWER:

Retrospective readin

REFERENCES:

Social Reaction The

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.06

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

56. What process occurs when offenders begin to understand and recognize their wrongdoing? ANSWER:

Reintegrative sham

REFERENCES:

Social Conflict Theo

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.09

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

57. What important principle of social reaction theory states that those with economic and social power benefit while those who are powerless are penalized? ANSWER:

The law is differentially a

REFERENCES:

Social Reaction Theory

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.05 – 05.

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

58. What is the process of removing juveniles from adult jails and placing them in community-based programs to avoid the stigma attached to these facilities? ANSWER:

Deinstitutionalizatio

REFERENCES:

Social Reaction The

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.07

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

59. What helps socialize youth into the wider society, instilling in them such desirable values as discipline, caring, and respect for others? ANSWER:

Employment (work)

REFERENCES:

Social Conflict Theo

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.08

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

60. What is the process of creating a worldwide economy through transnational markets and political and legal systems and who is most affected?

ANSWER:

Globalization Minority youth

REFERENCES:

Social Conflict Theo

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.08

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

61. What is restorative justice? ANSWER:

The use of humanistic, nonpunitive strategies to right wrongs

REFERENCES:

Social Conflict Theory

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.09 – 05.09

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

62. Conflict theorists view delinquency as a normal response to what conditions? ANSWER:

Conditions created by cap

REFERENCES:

Social Conflict Theory

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.08 – 05.0

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

63. What does labeling perspective identify as the role played by social control agents? ANSWER:

Process of delinquency cau

REFERENCES:

Social Reaction Theory

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.02 – 05.02

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

64. On what concept should restorative programs focus? ANSWER:

Balance

REFERENCES:

Social Conflict Theo

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.10

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

65. Rather than a distributor of retribution and revenge, what does the justice system become under restoration? ANSWER:

A healing process

REFERENCES:

Social Conflict Theo

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.10

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

66. People communicate via symbols that stand for or represent something else. To what does this refer? ANSWER:

Symbolic interaction

REFERENCES:

Social Reaction The

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.01

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

67. Why do the meanings of concepts and symbols change over time? ANSWER:

Because interpretation changes ove

REFERENCES:

Social Reaction Theory

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.01 – 05.01

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

68. What does “stigmatize” mean? ANSWER:

To mark someone with disgrace or reproach; to characterize or bra

REFERENCES:

Social Reaction Theory

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.02 – 05.02

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

69. Name two types of shaming. ANSWER:

Stigmatization Reintegrative

REFERENCES:

Social Conflict Theo

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.09

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Remember

Essay

70. Describe the concept of symbolic interaction, including some examples. Explain your view of this concept. ANSWER:



     REFERENCES:

Symbolic interaction theory holds that people communicate via symb represent something else.  For example, when you see a person with a gold ring on the fo not merely a piece of jewelry but a representation or symbol of the we most likely emotionally stable, ready for commitment, and so on.  Wearing an expensive watch such as a Rolex symbolizes that t to as a status symbol. A Rolex may keep no better time than a Timex, of thrift and frugality.  Sometimes symbols take the form of a gesture. If a guy asks a turns her back, he quickly gets the message: This is not going to work misread. People often interpret symbolic gestures from others and incorporate paper, it tells you that you are an excellent student, and the symbol pum Symbols are also used by people to let others know how well they are How people view reality depends on the content of the messages and these interactions, and how this shapes future behavior. There is no objective reality; people interpret the reactions of others, changes over time, so do the meanings of concepts and symbols. Student views will vary.

Social Reaction Theory

LEARNING OBJECTIV ES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.01 – 05.01

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

71. Identify and describe sources of labels and how labels from the juvenile justice system can be devastating. Explain why you agree or disagree with this idea. ANSWER:

        

Young people who perceive that they have been negatively labeled b likely to self-report delinquent behavior and to adopt a deviant self-conce They are likely to seek out deviant friends and join gangs, association Parental labeling is extremely damaging because it may cause adoles of the labeling. Children negatively labeled by their parents routinely suffer a variety This process has been observed in the United States and abroad, indi In addition to these informal labels, official labels from the juvenile ju An official label increases the risk of adolescents later dropping out o increases the likelihood of future criminality. The younger the adolescent, the more powerful the influence of the n Student views will vary.

REFERENCES:

Social Reaction Theory

LEARNING OBJECTIV ES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.02 – 05.02

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

72. Describe the concept of primary and secondary deviance and explain how secondary deviance involves resocialization into a deviant role. Explain your view of this theory. ANSWER:

 

Primary deviance involves norm violations or crimes that have very li For example, a college student takes a “five-finger discount” a it to get an A in a course, goes on to graduate, is admitted into law sch

goes unnoticed, it is a relatively unimportant event that has little bear Secondary deviance occurs when a deviant event comes to the atten negative label. o The newly labeled offender then reorganizes his or her behavior and pers



o The shoplifting student is caught by a security guard and expelled from c his options are limited; people who know him say he “lacks character,” and dealer and winds up in prison.      

Secondary deviance involves resocialization into a deviant role as it p Offenders feel isolated from the mainstream of society and become fi similarly labeled to form deviant subcultures or groups. Ever more firmly enmeshed in their deviant role, they are locked into labels, and identity transformation. The concept of secondary deviance expresses the core of social react transformed. Efforts to control the offenders, whether by treatment or punishment Student views will vary.

REFERENCES:

Social Reaction Theory

LEARNING OBJECTIV ES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.03 – 05.03

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

73. Discuss Becker’s Fourfold Model of Labeling as presented in the text. Explain why you agree or disagree with Becker’s theory. ANSWER:

      

Youth who engage in delinquency and also get caught and labeled ar Conformists are both rule-abiding and free of negative labels. Some youth are falsely accused or blamed for something they did no labeling; these are called secret deviants. Pure deviants are the youths most likely to repeat their antisocial act and never engage in antisocial behaviors. If labeling theory is valid, then the falsely accused will be more likely secret deviants. While the latter may be more troubled, because they have escaped t According to social reaction theory, negative labels, even false ones, result in a delinquent career.



Student views will vary.

REFERENCES:

Social Reaction Theory

LEARNING OBJECTIV ES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.04 – 05.04

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

74. Explain differential labeling and the major premise of social reaction theory. Explain your view on differential labeling. ANSWER:

        

An important principle of social reaction theory is that the law is diffe power and penalizing the powerless. The probability of being brought under the control of legal authority i standing. While wealthy white-collar criminals are most often punished by crimes, such as burglary or car theft, most often face incarceration and o While substantive and procedural laws govern almost every aspect o controls its operation at every level. From the police officer’s decision on whom to arrest, to the prosecuto of charges to bring or whether to treat the offender as a juvenile or prose sentence, discretion works to the detriment of minorities, including Africa While differential labeling may be the norm, some juvenile court judg delinquent labels, especially if they seem to come from “good families,” w A major premise of social reaction theory is that racial, age, income, that the law is differentially constructed and applied. It favors the powerful members of society who direct its content and control, such as minority group members and the poor who demand equa If the law were totally unbiased, official data would reflect self-report racial and class groups. Student views will vary.

REFERENCES:

Social Reaction Theory

LEARNING OBJECTIV ES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.05 – 05.05

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

75. Describe the concept of damaged identity. Explain why you agree or disagree with the idea that once labels are applied, they increase the likelihood of persistent offending. ANSWER:

      

Stigmatized as “troublemakers,” adolescents may begin to incorpora troublemaker, it must be true.” Although labels may not have caused adolescents to initiate delinque persistent offending because the adolescent now has a “damaged identit Damaged identities follow adolescents around and may never go awa Their bad behavior can even be captured by cell phone cameras and provokes some adolescents into repeating their antisocial behaviors, crea called a cumulative disadvantage. Bearing a negative label limits conventional opportunities, such as ed Delinquents who were labeled in adolescence are much more likely to overcome labels and do well in school and obtain meaningful employmen Student views will vary.

REFERENCES:

Social Reaction Theory

LEARNING OBJECTIV ES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.06 – 05.06

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

76. Describe globalization and delinquency. Explain why you agree or disagree with the premise that globalization will have a profound influence on the future of indigent youth. ANSWER:

  

Technological advances such as efficient and widespread commercial from global cell phone connectivity to the Internet), and the growth of int activities. These changes have facilitated the cross-border movement of goods Internet chat rooms to plan their activities. Gangs can now cross unpatrolled borders to expand their activities to

  

Transnational crime groups freely exploit this new freedom to travel t in countries with ineffective or corrupt law enforcement, and launder thei Globalization has allowed both individual offenders and criminal gang of apprehension and punishment. Student views will vary.

REFERENCES:

Social Conflict Theory

LEARNING OBJECTIV ES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.09 – 05.09

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

77. Describe the relationship between class and delinquency. Explain why you agree or disagree that the capitalist system affects youth differently at the different class levels. ANSWER:

     

In the lowest classes, youths form gangs, which can be found in the m These gangs serve as a means of survival in a system that offers no r Lower-class youths who live in more stable areas are on the fringe of from meaningful opportunity. In regard to middle-class delinquency, the alienation of individuals fro human feeling—all qualities of capitalism—contribute to middle-class deli Because capitalism is dehumanizing, it is not surprising that even mid escape. Student views will vary.

REFERENCES:

Social Conflict Theory

LEARNING OBJECTIV ES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.08 – 05.08

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

78. Identify and describe the levels within our society where restorative justice is being utilized. What is your view on restoration programs in these areas? Provide a rationale for your view. ANSWER:

 



Community. Communities that isolate people and have few mechan delinquency. Those that implement forms of community, engage in dialog guided by restorative justice practices and principles may create a climat Schools. Some schools have embraced restorative justice practices resorting to more punitive measures such as expulsion. Schools in Minnes in “relational rehabilitation” programs that strive to improve individuals’ r been harmed by their actions. Police. Restorative justice has also been implemented by police whe models are an attempt to bring restorative concepts into law enforcemen to listen and respond to the needs of those who will be affected by their a with input and exchanges between officers and citizens. Courts. Restorative programs in the courts typically involve diverting and reconciling the conflicts between offenders and victims via victim ad crime victims and their families are brought together with offenders and the needs of each party. Victims are given a chance to voice their stories, some service (such as fixing damaged property). The goal is to enable off amends, and to be reintegrated into society. Student answers will vary.

REFERENCES:

Social Conflict Theory

LEARNING OBJECTIV ES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.10 – 05.10

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

79. Describe Balanced and Restorative Justice (BARJ). Explain why you agree or disagree that justice is best served when the victim, community, and offender are viewed as equal clients of the justice system. ANSWER:

  

According to the balanced approach, the juvenile justice system shou development, and community protection. Holding offenders accountable to victims. Offender accountabili amends for the harm resulting from their crimes by repaying or restoring Providing competency development for offenders in the syste release. Competency development, the rehabilitative goal for interventi the system more capable of being productive and responsible in the com

   

Ensuring community safety. The community protection goal explic —a safe and secure community. The balanced approach means that justice policies and priorities shou system balance should be pursued. The goal of achieving balance suggests that no one objective can tak “out of balance” and implies that efforts to achieve one goal (e.g., offend goals. Student views will vary.

REFERENCES:

Social Conflict Theory

LEARNING OBJECTIV ES:

JUDE.SIEG.15.05.10 – 05.10

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand