5th International Toxicology symposium In Africa Jointly Hosted by Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology and Hokkaido University 11-14/ 9 / 2013
Seasonal variation of antibiotic residues in some slaughtered animals at Mansoura abattoir - Egypt
By
Elsaid A. Eldaly Prof. of Meat Hygiene Food Hygiene Dept. Faculty of Vet. Medicine Zagazig University-Zagazig-Egypt
The African people's life and health needs to be better than they are, food safety especially of animal origin is one of the most important and effective factor in their health, therefore, our work was carried out to throw a light on the seasonal variation of antibiotic residues in cattle and buffalo carcasses (kidney , liver and muscle) through the following: (1) Qualitative analysis (by Microbial Inhibition Assay technique) (2) Quantitative determination of oxytetracycline & penicillin residues in positive samples (by Microbial Inhibition Assay technique) using (HPLC). (3) Assessment of the effect of high temperature on the persistence of oxytetracycline residues
Antibiotics are used in food producing animals not only to treat disease (therapeutically) but also to maintain health (prophylactically) and promote growth. They are administrated to animals by injections, orally in feed or water, topically on the skin and by intramammary and intrauterine infusions. Lack of proper application, handling and Failure to observe withdrawal period in the different animal species before slaughtering for human consumption may be responsible for residual accumulation in meat particularly when treated with an extra-label dose
Common causes of antibiotic residues in meat and/or meat products 1-) Extended usage or excessive dosage. 2- )Failure to observe the withdrawal time. 3-) Vet. Drugs are not used according to label direction. (Prescription not respected)
4-) extra-label doses
Extra- label (off-label) vs. Label drug use.
Higher dose than label. Different rout than label. Different species than label. Different diseases indication than label. Changing the frequency of administration. Changing the amount of drug injection site.
Tetracyclines (Chlortetracycline, Oxytetracycline and Tetracycline) are broad-spectrum antibiotics widely used in modern animal husbandry and may result in unsafe residues in animal-derived food products. Oxytetracycline is one of the major antibiotics responsible for violative levels in animal meat
Human health problem that could arise from consumption of unacceptable levels of antibiotic especially oxytetracycline residues in meat include hypersensitivity, gastrointestinal disturbance, bone and teeth problems in children and bacterial resistance. Violative residues of penicillin are the most frequently cited causes of allergic reaction in persons that consume animal products containing residues .
Since most foods of animal origin are cooked before consumption, information about the effect of cooking on residues is required to give a more accurate estimate of consumer exposure to these compounds In order to ensure the safety of food and protect human health, regulations and maximum residue limits (MRLs) to monitor the level of antibiotics residues in food of animal origin have been established by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Union (EU) and FAO/WHO,(codex alimentarius commission to be 200, 600, and 1200 Îźg/kg for muscles, liver, and kidney, respectively and for penicillin 50 Âľg/kg for muscle, liver and kidney(The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additive, 2004).
Cattle 120
Exp. Procedure
Kidney (No.200)
Liver (No.200)
Buffalo 80
-ve Microbial inhibition assay
+ve
Muscle (No.200)
HPLC Positive samples were extracted Carcasses’ A total of 600 samples samples were from collected kidney, liver at and All organ samples were subjected to analyzed using HPLC for determination of Dakahlia and muscle(200 province of slaughterhouses. each), weretoobtained microbial inhibition assay, determine the concentration and seasonally, 150 sampleofof Oxytetracycline each season. positive samples. Penicillin residues.
Oxytetracycline
Penicillin
Eldaly
nutrient ager containing B.subtilis BGA
Kidney
Liver
cork borer Muscle
if the inhibition zone around the sample of 2mm or more evaluated as positive. If kidney only positive, all organs should be condemned and the carcass pass. Kidney & muscle samples positive the all carcass and organs should be condemned
incubated at 30 oC for 24 hours
HPLC +ve samples by microbial inhibition assay
Were extracted and analyzed by For determination the residual concentration of: Oxytetracycline and Penicillin G
Results
Overall incidence of antibiotic residues in the examined carcasses by microbial inhibition assay.
12 10
% 10
8 6
5
4 2 0 s Buffalo
Cattle
Overall incidence of antibiotic residues in the examined samples by microbial inhibition assay.
4
% 3.5
3
3
2 1.5
1 0 Muscle
Liver
Kidney
Incidence of antibiotic residues in the examined carcasses in four seasons by microbial inhibition assay.
Cattle Spring; 10
Buffalo Winter; 5
%
%
Summer; 16.7 %
% Winter; 6.7
5%
% Autumn; 6.7
Autumn; 5
Summer; 10 %
Incidence of antibiotic residues in the examined samples of cattle carcasses in four seasons by microbial inhibition assay . %
Incidence of antibiotic residues in the examined samples of buffalo carcasses in four seasons by microbial inhibition assay. %
5
5
5
5
5 4 3 2 1 0
Summer 0
0 0 0 Autumn Kidney
0 0 Winter Liver
Muscle
0Spring 0
Mean values of Oxytetracycline and Penicillin G ( Âľg/g ) residues in positive sample all over the year Tetracycline
Penicillin G
8.85
10 8 6 4 2 0
0.66
Muscle 0
0.99
Liver
1.6 0.38
Kidney
Relation between detectable concentration for samples by HPLC and permissible limits in four seasons according to Egyptian standards (es: 3685 / 2008 cac/mrl: 02 _ 2006)
Season
Oxy.
6860
1200
Liver
Oxy. AB.
900
600
1st
Cattle
Sampl e
Specie s Cattle
Kidney
3rd
Cattle
4th 5th
2nd
Summer
Kidney
Organ
Result
Limit
Oxy.
569
1200
Kideny
Oxy.
62.7
1200
Buffalo
Liver
Pen.
99
50
Buffalo
Muscle
Oxy.
1875
200
type
Above MRL
Below MRL
Relation between detectable concentration for samples by HPLC and permissible limits in four seasons according to Egyptian standards (ES: 3685 /2008 CAC/MRL: 02 _ 2006)
Season Autumn
Sampl e 1st
Specie s Cattle
Organ Kidney
AB. type Oxy.
Result 993
Limit 1200
2nd
Cattle
Liver
Oxy.
768.7
600
Below MRL
Above MRL
Relation between detectable concentration for samples by HPLC and permissible limits in four seasons according to Egyptian standards (ES: 3685 /2008 CAC/MRL: 02 _ 2006)
Above MRL
Season
Sampl 1st e
Specie Cattle s
Organ Liver
AB. Oxy. type
Result 6202
Limit 1200
Winter
2nd
Cattle
Kidney
Pen.
380
50
3rd
Buffalo
Muscle
Oxy.
31.8
200
Below MRL
Relation between detectable concentration for samples by HPLC and permissible limits in four seasons according to Egyptian standards (ES: 3685 /2008 CAC/MRL: 02 _ 2006)
Season
Spring
1st Sampl e
Cattle Specie s
Liver
Organ
Oxy. AB. type
6064
600
Result
Limit
2nd
Cattle
Kidney
Oxy.
44.56
1200
3rd
Cattle
Muscle
Oxy.
95.7
200
4th
Buffalo
Liver
Oxy.
36462
600
Above MRL
Below MRL
Assessment of heat treatment (20 mg/ kg B.W.) as a single dose for five successive days
I.M. injected with oxytetracycline
3 groups, 5 hens each
e c s i v d e , ne d e lea r e c t h & g u d a l e S at r Oxy. Conc. in muscle using HPLC
Boiling for 30 minutes
Chicken broth
Perfect grilling
Oxy. conc. after heat treatments
Detected samples/ Reduction % Before heat treatment
After boiling for 30 min
In chicken broth
After perfect grilling
Conc. mean
Conc. above Or below MRL
239.27
60% 100% 80%
11.89
√
0.00
16.41
√
√
Risks of antibiotic residues Allergies: certain antibiotics used in farms can cause allergies, even when used at very low doses e.g penicillins. Resistance: the use of antibiotics in farms (with wrong doses or prescription not respected) can help develop resistant bacteria which can be transmitted to human through food products. Direct toxicity: the direct toxicity antibiotics is generally very limited , the most frequently cause of possible toxicity is that chloramphenicol, ( also it is
Risks of antibiotic residues
ďƒ˜Carcinogenic and mutagenic effects for some antibiotics, which are now forbidden. e.g quanoxaline and Carbadox. ďƒ˜Teratogenic effects, the possibility of presence of antibiotics residues in food with an effect on embryo (newborn malformation) e.g sulfonamides and tetracyclines.
Occurrence of Veterinary drug residues in edible animal tissues is a global problem. In view of all these circumstances, foods of animal origin must be monitored for the presence of Veterinary drug residues
.
Thank You For your attention
Elsaid A. Eldaly