Pollution and Food Safety by Elsaid Eldaly

Pollution and Food SaFety

Presented By

Dr. Elsaid A. Eldaly Prof. of Meat Hygiene -Food Control Dept. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Zagazig University/ Zagazig/ Egypt

The Nile is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa, generally regarded as the longest river in the world. It is 6,650 km long. The last 1,600 km of this journey goes through Egypt. It runs through the ten countries of Sudan, South Sudan, Burundi, Rwanda, Congo, Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda and Egypt.

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The Nile River is the lifeblood of Egypt. The river is the main source of freshwater for household use and irrigation, a source of power from the hydroelectric facility at Aswan, and a means of transportation for people and goods. The Nile water originates from the African plateau and crosses nine countries before reaching Egyptian territory (Sudan, South Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya, Zaire, Rwanda, Congo and Burundi). While ďŹ&#x201A;owing through these countries, the

Nile River is loaded with various types of

pesticides, heavy metals and many other contaminants. Thus, it arrives in Egypt after already being contaminated with different types of pollutants. 05/12/13

Pollution& pollutants What is pollution? Pollution is the introduction of substances in to the environment that alters its physical, chemical and biological properties in such a way that is harmful to living organisms.

Pollution is the act of contaminating the environment to the degree that it negatively affects people’s health especially prevalent in industrialised and urbanised areas.

The substances are termed as pollutants.

Pollution& pollutants Pollutants:

are a waste materials that pollutes air, water or soil. Types of Pollution There are many types of Pollution Water Pollution

Air Pollution Land Pollution Noise Pollution Radio Active Pollution

Water is Godâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Valuable Gift

Pollution Water Pollution The Contamination of water with undesirable substances which make it unfit for usage is termed water Pollution .

Pollution

Sources Water Pollution Factors that contribute to water pollution can be categorized into two different groups Direct sources Indirect sources Direct sources: are the easiest to identify and control Indirect sources: sources are unclear defined and harder to control 8

Pollution

Sources Water Pollution ď&#x192;źDirect sources Some direct sources of water pollution include: include oWaste products from factories oWaste from sewage system oWaste from power plants oWaste from underground coalmines oWaste from oil wells They are called point sources because they are direct sources of water pollution and can be reduced and monitored 9

Pollution

Sources Water Pollution ď&#x192;źExample of direct sources

Pollution

Sources Water Pollution Indirect sources

The term Indirect sources includes a large range of sources such as: when rain or snow moves through the ground and picks up pollutants as it moves towards a major body of water the runoff of fertilizers from farm animals and crop land air pollutants getting washed or deposited to earth storm water drainage from lawns, parking lots, and streets .

Pollution

Sources Water Pollution Indirect sources: Agricultural runoff

Pollution

Consequences of water Pollution

Aquatic life gets destroyed  Diseases like Cholera ,Malaria  Typhoid (spread during the rainy season ) 

Air Pollution Major sources of Air Pollution 1)Industries

2-)Automobiles and Domestic fuels

gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide 3-)High Proportion of undesirable 4-)Radio Active Pollution

Pollution

Causes of Radio Active Pollution Nuclear power

plants. Nuclear Weapon. Disposal of Nuclear Waste. Uranium Mining. Chernobyl

Pollution Effects of Radio Active Pollution  The

Diseases include blood in cough

 Ulcer  Swelling

of bone joints

 Cancer  Lung

Cancer  Skin Cancer  Bone Cancer  Eye Problems 16

Pollution CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION ď&#x192;&#x2DC;One of the main causes of air pollution is the release of carbon dioxide& Carbon monoxide into the atmosphere, due to of Deforestation and fuel burning. ď&#x192;&#x2DC;Sulfur dioxide is another air polluter and is released into the atmosphere by the burning of sulfur containing compounds of fossil fuels.. Sulfur in the atmosphere is responsible for acid rain 17

Pollution

OTHER EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION

Pollution ď&#x201A;&#x2014;With

Smog

the introduction of petroleum to replace coal economies in countries, photochemical smog has become predominant in many cities, which are located in sunny, warm, and dry climates with many motor vehicles

A smoggy city

Pollution Natural Air Pollutants Natural air pollutants can include: Smoke from wild fires Methane released from live stock Volcanic eruptions

Effects of air Pollution Air Pollution affects??? Human health Animals Plants The atmosphere as a whole

Land Pollution

Causes of Land Pollution

We can classify the major sources that lead to land pollution into: Mining and quarrying (‫) التعدين والمحاجر‬ Sewage waste Household Garbage Industrial Waste Agriculture ‫ا‬

Pollution Sources of Land Pollution ď ąAgricultur eď&#x192;&#x2DC;As there are more and more people

inhabiting the earth, food is in higher demand and so forests are chopped down and turned into farmland

ď&#x192;&#x2DC;In addition, herbicides, pesticides, artificial fertilizers, animal manure are washed into the soil and pollute it 23

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Pollution

Sources of Land Pollution Sewage Waste



Tons of domestic waste are dumped every day. Some waste from homes, offices and industries can be find their way to the land



There is still a lot of garbage, such as refrigerators and washing machines that are dumped in landfills simply because they cannot be reused in anyway, nor recycled 25

Pollution

Sources of Land Pollution

Industrial Waste ď&#x201A;&#x2014;Plastics

factories, factories chemical plants, plants oil refineries, refineries nuclear waste disposal activity, large animal farms, coal-fired power plants, metals production factories and other heavy industry all contribute to land pollution

Pollution Land Pollution

Plastic

Chemicals

Garbage

Fertilization27

Mixed pollutants

Food safety

Food safety As we all know that all previously mentioned pollutants either air, water or land and else find their ways T o The Food Producing animals ( small and large animals, Poultry and Fish)and their products. T Foodborne illnesses o Sick Human Death 29

١٤٣٤/٠٧/٢

Safe Food Wholesome Meat A

product that is nutritious  With minimal microbial contamination,  No chemical residues above acceptable limits, No parasites  And when prepared properly is beneficial to human health when consumed. 31

Types of Food Contaminants

Biological contaminants  Chemical contaminants  Physical contaminants 

A-Biological contaminants Bacteria

Parasites

Fungi

Viruses Prions

Types of Food Contaminants

B- Chemical contaminants ď ąPermitted Food Additives Use of materials which enhance the acceptability of the products and/or aid in the development of the product ď ąNot-permitted

Food Additives Residues in meat: Are those substances which normally should not be present in meat and which in addition are known to be hazardous to human health or at least are suspected of being so. 33

Chemical contaminants (continue Drugs used

for therapeutical or prophylactic purposes in veterinary medicine (Veterinary drugs). Growth promoting substances. Heavy metals. metals Pesticides used for plant protection or pest control. Nitrate, nitrite and N-nitrosamines. N-nitrosamines Toxicants occurring in foods. Hormones 34

C-Physical contaminants Glass  Hair  Insects  Dirt  Metal 

Will not likely cause illness, but some physical contaminants can present a safety hazard. 35

Please keep the World clean

Future of our planet lies in our hands 36

Thank You For your attention

Elsaid A. Eldaly ‫السعيد أبوزيد الدالى‬

Therefore a study was carried out to investigate the extent of contamination with Organochlorine pesticide residues in Tilapia nilotica(Bolti) and Mugil cephlus(grey mullet)(as a local species, 50 samples of each )and Basa fish fillets and Mackerel fish (as imported ones, 50 samples of each) at Sharkia province markets , Egypt, as well as to assess the effect of some heat treatment ( grilling and frying) on the residual levels of such organochlorines, in order to ensure its safety for human consumption. Basa (Pangasius bocourti) fish fillets(imported fish mostly from Southeast Asia). These fillets chops produced from Basa fish which is a type of catfish native to the Mekong delta in Vietnam [is the region in southwestern Vietnam where the Mekong River approaches and empties into the sea through a network of distributaries. 05/12/13

Table 1: Incidence and concentrations of organochlorine pesticide residues (ng/g wet weight) in the analyzed fish samples collected from Zagazig markets, Sharkia province, Egypt. Pesticide Overall Tilapia nilotica Mugil cephalus Basa Mackerel No.& % (Bolti) (grey mullet) ( Pangasius bocourti) +ve samples No.

HCHs

DDTs

Lindane

Residues mean

+ve samples No.

3.90

33.15

1.09

Dieldrin

Aldrine

Endrine Chlordane

Residues mean

+ve samples No.

9.04

46.68

2.03

1.12

0.42

0.90

0.25

Residues mean

+ve samples No.

12.45

62.35

3.60

2.11

0.95

1.62

0.65

Residues mean No.

2.75

48.5

7.09

115

57.5

0.90

3.24

0.85

1.35

0.31

1.80

0.65

19.5

0.92

6.5

N.B. DDTs =o, p’-DDT + p, p’-DDD + p, p’-DDE + p, p’-DDT. HCHs= α + ß + γ + δ isomers 05/12/13

Table (2): Effect of frying process on organochlorine pesticide residues (ng/g wet weight) in the analyzed fish samples collected from Zagazig markets, Sharkia province, Egypt Pesticides

DDTs

Lindane

Dieldrin

Aldrine

Endrin

Fish spp.

No.

Tilapia nilotica Mugil cephalus Basa Mackerel Total Tilapia nilotica Mugil cephalus Basa Mackerel Total Tilapia nilotica Mugil cephalus Basa Mackerel Total Tilapia nilotica Mugil cephalus Basa Mackerel Total Tilapia nilotica Mugil cephalus Basa Mackerel Total

10 10 10 10 40 10 10 10 10 40 10 10 10 10 40 5 7 9 2 23 4 6 5 2 17

Mean + SE (ng/g) Before After 34.05+ 2.09 44.18+ 3.20 59.12+ 3.60 6.23+ 0.19 143.58+9.08 1.11+ 0.07 2.08+ 0.01 3.12+ 0.15 1.02+ 0.01 7.33+0.33 1.22+ 0.04 2.09+ 0.03 3.34+ 0.11 0.90+ 0.11 7.55+0.29 0.92+ 0.02 1.32+ 0.11 2.28+ 0.22 0.84+ 0.01 5.14+0.36 0.40+ 0.001 1.10+ 0.010 1.45+ 0.020 0.21+ 0.001 05/12/13 3.16+0.032

14.52+ 2.12 19.34+ 2.62 23.11+ 3.09 2.62+ 0.80 59.59+ 8.63 0.41+ 0.001 0.88+ 0.011 1.02+ 0.002 0.36+ 0.001 2.59+ 0.015 0.62+ 0.001 0.98+ 0.002 1.72+ 0.003 0.46+ 0.001 3.78+ 0.007 0.54+ 0.003 0.79+ 0.001 1.40+ 0.002 0.51+ 0.003 3.24+ 0.009 0.27+ 0.002 0.72+ 0.001 0.93+ 0.001 0.14+ 0.001 2.06+ 0.005

Reduction % 57.4 56.2 60.9 57.9 58.5 63.1 61.5 67.3 64.7 64.7 49.2 53.1 48.5 48.9 49.9 39.1 40.1 38.6 39.3 36.9 32.5 34.5 35.9 33.3 34.8

Table 3: Effect of grilling process on organochlorine pesticide residues (ng/g wet weight) in the analyzed fish samples collected from Zagazig markets, Sharkia province, Egypt. pesticides

DDTs

Lindane

Aldrine

Dieldrin

Endrin

Fish spp.

No.

*Tilapia nilotica *Mugil cephalus *Basa *Mackerel Total *Tilapia nilotica *Mugil cephalus *Basa * Mackerel Total *Tilapia nilotica *Mugil cephalus *Basa *Mackerel Total *Tilapia nilotica *Mugil cephalus *Basa *Mackerel Total *Tilapia nilotica *Mugil cephalus *Basa *Mackerel Total

10 10 10 10 40 10 10 10 10 40 5 7 9 2 23 10 10 10 10 40 6 5 11

Mean + SE (ng/g) Before After 34.05+ 2.09 44.18+ 3.20 59.12+ 3.60 6.23+ 0.19 143.58+9.08 1.11+ 0.07 2.08+ 0.01 3.12+ 0.15 1.02+ 0.01 7.33+0.33 0.40+ 0.02 1.32+ 0.11 2.28+ 0.22 0.14+ 0.01 4.14+0.36 1.22+ 0.04 2.09+ 0.03 3.34+ 0.11 0.90+ 0.11 7.55+0.29 1.10+ 0.01 1.84+ 0.02 2.94+0.03 05/12/13

19.85+ 1.32 23.53+ 2.04 32.39+ 2.75 3.73+ 0.04 79.50+ 6.15 0.52+ 0.04 0.95+ 0.01 1.27+ 0.05 0.45+ 0.01 3.19+ 0.11 0.25+ 0.01 0.88+ 0.03 1.51+ 0.05 0.09+ 0.01 2.74+ 0.10 0.82+ 0.02 1.46+ 0.90 2.21+ 0.17 0.62+ 0.01 5.11+ 1.10 0.78+ 0.01 1.29+ 0.03 2.07+ 0.04

Reduction % 41.7 46.7 45.2 40.1 44.6 52.0 54.3 59.3 55.9 59.5 35.0 33.3 33.8 35.7 33.8 32.8 30.1 33.8 31.1 32.3 29.1 29.8 29.6

Tilapia nilotica

Mugil cephalus

Basa

Mackerel

40 30 20 10

or da ne

Ch l

En dr in

dr in e Al

ld rin Di e

Lin da ne

HC Hs

Fig.1. Incidence of contamination of analyzed fish samples (No. =50 of each) with the different organochlorine pesticide analyzed .

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Tilapia nilotica

Mugil cephalus Basa

ng/g wet weight

Mackerel

40 30

10 0 DDTs

Lindane

Aldrine

Chlordane

Fig. 2.Organochlorine pesticide concentrations (ng/g wet weight) in the analyzed fish samples collected from Zagazig markets, Sharkia province, Egypt. Values represent the mean ± SE. DDTs =o,p’-DDT + p,p’-DDD + p,p’-DDE + p,p’-DDT. HCHs= α + ß + γ + δ isomers

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DDTs Lindane Aldrine Dieldrin Endrin

Reduction %

60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Tilapia nilotica

Mugil cephalus

Basa

Mackerel

Fig. 3 Reduction percentage of frying process on organochlorine pesticide residues in the analyzed fish samples.

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DDTs Lindane Aldrine Dieldrin Endrin

Reduction %

50 40 30 20 10 0 Tilapia nilotica

Mugil cephalus

Basa

Mackerel

Fig. 4 Reduction percentage of grilling process on organochlorine pesticide residues in the analyzed fish samples.

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Please keep the World clean

Future of our planet lies in our hands 46

Thank You For your attention

Elsaid A. Eldaly 47