Purpose: • To present both sides of the argument fairly. • To use examples to back up your argument. • To come to a clear conclusion.
Introduction • Introduce the subject to the reader. • Tell the reader the two sides of the argument you are going to explain. Don’t forget to read back your work. Pretend that you know nothing about the subject – have you presented both sides of the argument fairly and have you used examples?
1st Paragraph • Explain the first side of the argument. • Find an example to back up your argument. Tip – Using ‘firstly’, ‘secondly’, ‘in addition’ will help you structure the argument.
Conclusion • Discuss your opinion on the subject. • Conclude with a closing opinion about the subject- which side of the argument you think is right and why. Tip – Using ‘therefore’, ‘as a result’ ‘furthermore’, ‘in conclusion’, ‘to sum up’ will help you make a clear conclusion.
2nd Paragraph • Explain the counter argument. • Find an example to back this up. Tip – Using ‘although’, ‘however’ ‘furthermore’ will help you structure the counter argument.
Purpose: • To present your ideas or opinions convincingly. • To get the reader to agree with you.
Introduction • Introduce your subject to the reader.
Conclusion
Don’t forget to read back your work. Pretend that you are sceptical about the subject – would it convince you?
• Sum up your main points. • Try to conclude by relating the subject to the reader.
Following Paragraphs • Explain the reasons for your ideas or opinions being the best! Tips - Be definite – your idea is the best – convince yourself and you’ll be able to convince the reader. - Be positive – it’s always better to hear how good your idea is rather than how bad other people’s are. Write about your ideas in their best light.
Be personal Using words such as ‘we’ or ‘I’ always sounds a lot more convincing – We all know that don’t we!
Use questions Why would you use questions? Well they make people think. They also get your readers involved in what you are writing.
Be emotional Use feelings to push ideas – words are your ammunition! In seconds they can make your friends laugh or your teacher angry, so why not use them properly to persuade your readers?
Repeat yourself This really emphasises the points you make to the reader. Repeat the points with new evidence.
Purpose: • To give readers guidance on a subject.
Introduction • Introduce your subject to the reader.
Conclusion • Sum up your main ideas.
Don’t forget to read back your work. Pretend that know nothing about the subject – would the advice be usefully?
Following Paragraphs • Take one paragraph for every main idea – explain the idea and give examples. • You should try to answer these advice questions – who, what, why, where, when, how. Tips - Make it personal – relate the advice to the reader and their experiences. Also use ‘we’ and ‘you’ to include the reader in the subject. - Have empathy – connect with the readers feelings, try to understand their point of view.
Useful language... might, can, should, could, ought to, may, maybe, don’t worry if, make sure that, you should, be careful to, think about, one solution might be, you might be able to.
Purpose: • To keep the reader engaged and intrigued in your original ideas.
need ... u o y t Wha al ideas • Origin s al word • Origin to the l • Appea senses
Original Ideas There is no formula for having a brilliant idea. A good trick is to start with a simple or obvious idea then turning it into something unusual.
Original Words 1. Vary your vocabulary – don’t use the same words all the time. 2. Use a thesaurus – try to find more interesting words to use.
Tips for writing short stories • Have only one or two main
Appeal to the Senses Think about describing your setting and characters using the senses; sight, touch, taste, smell and hearing.
characters. • Make your characters and plot realistic. • Get straight to the point - creative writing should mean creative reading too!
Language Devices to use... • Similes – comparison using ‘like’ or ‘as’ • Metaphor – a direct comparison • Alliteration – repetition of sound at the beginning of words • Assonance – repetition of sounds in the middle of words • Personification – giving objects human or animal qualities • Onomatopoeia – words that sound like their action
Purpose: • Inform readers of the facts in a way which is easy to understand with a clear structure.
Introduction • Introduce your subject to the reader.
Conclusion • Sum up your main points.
Following Paragraphs • Take one paragraph for every piece of information – explain the point to the reader in the simplest way possible. • You should try to answer these questions – what, when, who, and where – these are questions which give the reader information and therefore informs them. Don’t forget to read back your work. Pretend that know nothing about the subject – would the information help you understand it clearly?
TIPS structure To help you learly you your work c king maps in th e s u ld cou your main to organise points.
Purpose: • Inform readers of the facts in a way which is easy to understand with a clear structure. • To give reasons for the above information
Introduction • Introduce your subject to the reader.
Conclusion • Sum up your main ideas.
d TIPS derstan u un the o y ise elp To h d organ you give an tions e some a n a expl could us ps. a you nking m thi
Following Paragraphs • Take one paragraph for every piece of information – explain the point to the reader in the simplest way possible. • You should try to answer these questions – what, when, who, where, how, and why – these are questions which give the reader information and then the final two questions explain the reasons. Don’t forget to read back your work. Pretend that know nothing about the subject – would the information help you understand it clearly? Do the reasons you have given make sense?
Purpose: • Give the reader lots of detail. • Make the words interesting. • Help the reader to ‘see’ what you are describing.
Start by thinking about what you want to describe – what are the most interesting or intriguing features that you could point out to the reader? Try not to be obvious when describing what you can see – pick up on small details or odd features – again this keeps the reader interested. Use direct descriptions of taste or ones that can be connected to through comparison or theme, for example, if I were talking about a hot summer’s day I might talk about the taste of fresh strawberries as these are a summer fruit.
To help you use more interesting vocabulary write a list full of words that come to your mind when you think about the subject/thing. Try to use your senses to help you. Sounds are an important part of memory and using them in descriptions helps the reader stay interested.
Try to use language devices to describe these things
Smell is a strong sense which can be used to connect ideas, themes or descriptions. For example the description of a newborn baby might be enhanced by talking about the smell of baby lotion and talcum powder – these are smells that most people can connect with.
Language Devices to use... • Similes – comparison using ‘like’ or ‘as’ • Metaphor – a direct comparison • Alliteration – repetition of sound at the beginning of words • Assonance – repetition of sounds in the middle of words • Personification – giving objects human or animal qualities • Onomatopoeia – words that sound like their action
Try not to be obvious when describing what feel or touch – pick up on small details or odd features – again this keeps the reader interested.
Purpose: • Structure your sentences • Make your writing more readable • Make your ideas clear
Always use CAPITAL LETTERS at the start of sentences & for titles. Always use END STOP punctuation at the end of a sentence.
End stop punctuation can be a full stop, question mark or exclamation mark.
Always use CAPITAL LETTERS for proper nouns.
A proper noun is a noun which refers to a person, place or thing. Examples Europe, Titanic, Shakespeare, The Fast & The Furious
Using commas.
ONLY use a comma for: Lists of adjectives List of items To separate main and subordinate clauses To add a tag on question to the end of a sentence
Purpose: • Structure your essays • Make your writing more readable • Make your ideas clear & logical
SPEAKER
PLACE
INFORMATION
TIME
New/different person is speaking.
Move to a new/ different place.
New information or a new topic.
Move to a new/ different time.
openers are words to begin a sentence
The... Next... Then... When... After... I... We... They... It... First... Secondly...
Before... Once... As time... On... Eventually... During... Regardless Soon... of... My... Fortunately... So... Unfortunately.. If... Afterwards... The last time... Despite... Meanwhile... Even though... However... Having decided... Although... I felt as...
adjectives are words which describe
People adorable adventurous aggressive annoying beautiful clumsy confident considerate excitable glamorous grumpy helpful important intimidating obnoxious odd talented thoughtless timid handsome
Objects
Good feelings
bright clear colourful distinct drab elegant filthy gleaming grotesque long magnificent muddy precious sparkling spotless strange unsightly unusual valuable
brave calm cheerful comfortable courageous determined eager elated encouraged energetic enthusiastic excited exuberant fantastic fine healthy joyful pleasant relieved
Bad feelings angry annoyed anxious ashamed awful bewildered bored clumsy confused defeated defiant depressed disgusted disturbed dizzy embarrassed envious frightened hungry lonely
Size big colossal enormous gigantic great huge immense large little long mammoth massive mini miniscule puny short tall teeny tiny
Time ancient brief early fast late modern old quick rapid short slow swift young
nouns are words which name things
Everyday objects lamp clock chest chair table picture door window clothes light money paper wallet football television computer kettle drawers camera
People father mother son brother sister uncle aunt grandfather grandmother friend baby crowd audience policeman policewoman astronaut firefighter clown
Locations
Vehicles
city car town lorry village truck house coach home minibus church wagon school trailer playground bus swimming pool speedboat park chariot station submarine supermarket flying saucer fairground wheel castle traffic library forest coast beach breakfast potato orange hotel vegetables carrots pear office cake sandwich pineapple theatre
Clothes jacket coat trousers jeans t-shirt blouse shorts shirt skirt socks shoes trainers hat cap
Food
cheese yoghurt dessert
fruit lunch dinner
verbs are action words
Movement Voice bounce carry collapse crawl dance dash drive hit hop hurry jump push pull roll rotate run shake skip sneak spin split
stroll stumble tap throw trudge turn wander wave wind zoom
giggle hum laugh rap scream shout sigh sing sob talk whisper yawn
I love words!!
Objects bend break burn close control crush fold melt mend mould open repair smash stretch throw twist
Emotion
caress eat feel hear lick listen observe smell sniff taste touch
admire bawl blubber cry despair frown grin laugh love sigh smile smirk tremble weep wince worry
Other interesting verbs change collect design
focus find identify
Senses Thought
locate plan prevent
report suggest search
comprehend conceive contemplate daydream dream evaluate lament mediate ponder reflect speculate think visualise
select terminate visit
adverbs are words which describe actions
How? angrily anxiously cautiously cheerfully courageously crossly cruelly defiantly doubtfully elegantly enthusiastically foolishly frantically gently gladly gracefully happily hungrily
When? afterwards again before beforehand early lately never now often punctually recently soon then today tomorrow yesterday
How often?
How Where? much?
above almost always around completely annually away entirely constantly below little daily down much hourly downstairs rather monthly everywhere totally never here very occasionally inside often outside once there regularly up repeatedly wherever sometimes usually yearly Other interesting verbs additionally fittingly insufficiently appropriately hence suitably consequently however therefore
connectives link clauses or sentences together
When? afterwards as at that moment finally first just then last later meanwhile soon subsequently then until when while
Why? as a result because consequently for this reason in the end so therefore
Opinion fortunately happily luckily sadly unfortunately
But... alternatively although anyway aside from besides but despite however in spite of nevertheless on the other hand since whereas yet
And...
also and as well as furthermore in addition moreover with