Muddy Urbanism by e. mecredy

Muddy Urbanism: Generating a Productive Coastline for Auckland http://www.muddyurbanismlab.wordpress.com/ MUDDY URBANISM First published in August 2013 Auckland, New Zealand Intellectual Copyright Authors and The University of Auckland School of Architecture and Planning ISBN 978-1-304-28755-7 This is a non-profit academic publication, self-published and printed online at http://www.lulu.com/ Editor: Kathy Waghorn Interview with Teddy Cruz Contributing Author: Andrew Barrie Graphic Designer: Herman Haringa, Zee Shake Lee Students: Angela Yoo, Antonia Lapwood, Chia Venn Khoo (KCV), Hannah Ryan, Herman Haringa, Raimana Jones, Sophia Whoi Seung Kim, Steven Lin, Vinni Paget, and Zee Shake Lee. Cover photograph: Nina Patel

CONTENTS Muddy Urbanism Kathy Waghorn

Projects

Agencies of Negotiation

Provocations

The Lab | The 5th Auckland Triennial

Tactical Urbanism: What About Clark’s Common Antonia Lapwood Infill Liaison Raimana Jones Amphibious Living Chia Venn Khoo (KCV) Much Ado About Pylons Sophia Whoi Seung Kim Te Waitahurangi Loop Hannah Ryan Whau-Bridge River Park Herman Haringa Industrial Recreation Zee Shake Lee Remediating the Whau Vinni Paget Programmatic Peninsula Steven Lin Mangrove Energy Farm Angela Yoo

Interview with Teddy Cruz

Diagramming a Productive Coastline

Muddy Urbanism Exhibition

Special Thanks

Photograph Vinni Paget

MUDDY URBANISM Kathy Waghorn

Waitematā Harbour

CBD

Avondale New Lynn

Whau Ward Area

Manukau Harbour

Auckland

Tāmaki Makaurau Auckland, the largest city in Aotearoa New Zealand, has a unique geography, with an extensive coastline abutting urban areas. While architects and designers often discuss the importance of ‛the waterfront’, the view of this watery edge is frequently restricted to the inner city and the exclusive beach suburbs. However Auckland ‛fronts’ the water in many different ways and spaces, most of which are ignored in an urban sense. One such space is the Whau River estuary. The Whau River bisects the inner west of Tāmaki Makaurau Auckland. Its path creates a portage, connecting the Waitematā and Manukau harbours, permitting the movement with waka (canoe) between the east and west coasts without the need to circumnavigate the upper North Island. This portage has seen over one thousand years of occupation and use. Pre-colonisation, the Whau was one of the main active frameworks of social connection and economic production along the coastlines of Tāmaki Makaurau. In the colonial economy it played a crucial role in the settlement and urbanisation of Auckland’s west, as both a transport route for food from areas south of the isthmus, and as a source of clay. Along the river banks numerous brick and pipe works produced an astonishing array of goods, all shipped by barge along the waterway to building sites in the inner city.

Tasman Sea

In latter decades however, the Whau has lost its

importance. No longer a transport route, and for much of the recent past a boundary between municipalities, it has increasingly become the site of multiple conflicts across jurisdictional, economic, land use and natural systems. Aesthetically unremarkable, the Whau now moves as a muddy tide through the mangroves to residential and industrial spaces, revealing nothing of the crucial role it has played in the inhabitation of this city. Muddy Urbanism is a special urban-research workshop at The School of Architecture and Planning (The University of Auckland) that engaged in the critical mapping of the Whau in order to visualise the many conflicts that have been hidden from institutional thinking and to propose new interfaces between urban policy, ecological systems and community participation for the regeneration of this catchment. This studio amplified the local as a critical site of intervention to design operational frameworks for rethinking existing land use, public and environmental infrastructure, and neighbourhood-based socio-economic development, in order to re-imagine a productive coastline for the many different waterfronts of Tāmaki Makaurau Auckland. Muddy Urbanism was part of the 5th Auckland Triennial, curated by Hou Hanru. It was led by Kathy Waghorn from The University of Auckland in collaboration with Teddy Cruz (San Diego).

Pacific Ocean 6

Project Leaders: Kathy Waghorn, Artist, designer and lecturer, School of Architecture and Planning, The University of Auckland. Teddy Cruz, Professor, Public Culture and Urbanism in the Visual Arts Department at University of California, San Diego; co-founder, Center for Urban Ecologies. Esther Mecredy, and Nina Patel. Design Studio Team: Herman Haringa, Raimana Jones, Chia Venn Khoo (KCV), Sophia Whoi Seung Kim, Antonia Lapwood, Zee Shake Lee, Steven Lin, Vinni Paget, Hannah Ryan, Angela Yoo.

Left and above: The temporal landscape under the Rata Street bridge. Photographs Hannah Ryan and Zee Shake Lee

PROJECTS The Muddy Urbanism Lab commenced with a series of critical mappings of the Whau River, which uncovered both the conflicts inherent to the space and the emergent urban potentials that might be generated by the neighbourhoods’ relationship to this waterway. From this focused research period each student then generated an urban proposal. Operating at very different scales (small part of neighbourhood to whole city) the projects range across programmatic concerns including new housing typologies, new forms of energy generation and ecological remediation, spaces for recreation, and uses of infrastructure. Each project responds to the particular conditions and conflicts identified in the Whau while also proposing strategies and tactics that might be employed for rethinking urban policy and modes of urban intervention in a wider sense.

1 Tactical Urbanism:

What About Clark’s Common p14

2 Infill Liaison p20 3 Amphibious Living p24 4 Much Ado About Pylons p28 5 Te Waitahurangi Loop p32 6 Whau-Bridge River-Park p36 7 Industrial Recreation p40 8 Remediating the Whau p44 9 Programmatic Peninsula p48 10 Mangrove Energy Farm p52

Photograph Vinni Paget

Waitematā Harbour

Great Nor

Te Atatu South

th Road

tern Motor

North Wes

way

9 6 7

Rosebank Peninsula

y lwa

Rai

Glendene

Kelston

4 8 3

Avondale

New Lynn

1 West Lynn Blockhouse Bay

Whau Ward Area

Green Bay

Manukau Harbour

1 Tactical Urbanism: What About Clark’s Common Antonia Lapwood

The Avondale Stream runs through the neighbourhood of Clark’s Common in New Lynn and currently divides the light industrial zone on Portage Road and the residential community of Ulster Road. Lack of access, disconnection between the zones, and minimal activation diminish the Avondale Stream, and its surrounds are a lost amenity to the area.

Left: Axonometric of Tactical Interventions. Left, below: Informal dump site behind residential fence line. Overleaf, p14: Fences of the Whau: mapping connectivity and inorganic waste. Overleaf, p16: Tactical Catalogue.

On the Western side of the stream, the industrial-zoned space behind the block is a largely impermeable surface, unused the majority of the time. On the residential side the back fence-line has created the condition of an informal rubbish-dump. The site is an interstitial space not only physically, but also politically, located along the previous boundary between Waitakere and Auckland City. Thus the neighbourhood has been strategically unresolved and ranked as low priority for redevelopment in the New Lynn Urban Plan for 2030. The site sits on the periphery of the proposed Bob Hill Precinct for the area, where the Eastern boundary runs along the stream, excluding the residential side and further creating a divide between the zones. Through mapping the social, environmental and political conflicts in the neighbourhood as a generational tool, a critique of conventional

‛top-down’ urban planning was developed which opposes existing frameworks that often eliminate or ignore site complexities rather than addressing them. This critical mapping generated a design catalogue of twelve tactical interventions that serve as a catalyst for long-term redevelopment and remediation of the neighbourhood through four strategic schemes of riparian improvement, temporary use, community schemes and appropriating space. These tactics are focused on operational restructurings that rethink roles of ownership, facilitation and exchange by considering institutional agencies as facilitators and residents as curators of their own neighbourhood; this can create new economies of exchange and knowledge that override existing arbitrary zoning, through exchange and performance beyond the physical environment. Tactical Urbanism challenges existing notions of ‛zoning’ ‛program’ and ‛development’ by creating speculative possibilities that examine the co-existence between long-and shortterm planning, large scale and small scale, and temporary and permanent interventions, beyond the homogeneity of urban-planning practice.

OPPORTUNITY

2 Infill Liaison Raimana Jones

Infill housing is the insertion of additional dwelling units on an existing property through the act of legal property subdivision. This has been a common approach to increasing density in Auckland’s suburbs, including those in the Whau River area. In this part of the city the large sections of the 1960s subdivisions have been further divided, with additional dwellings usually placed on the rear of the section. The ability to sub-divide in this way has created economic value, with large sections increasing in value due to their capacity to generate income for the land owner. However, the houses added into the suburban mix tend to be of the ‛cookie cutter’ variety—‛off the shelf‛ designs not well oriented to the site in terms of privacy, sunlight, communality or access. A bleak outcome of this is the increase of child mortality—infill housing, accessed via long shared driveways, has created dangerous spaces for children, where outdoor play and car parking occur in the same space.

While a reorganisation and redesign of driveways for future residential development have been included in Auckland’s draft unitary plan, shared driveways are not the only poor outcome of infill housing. There is an exceeding amount of social and physical boundaries in the

This proposal addresses interstitial spaces and underutilised assets such as the driveway and the space between dwellings (forbidden by property law to build on), and converts them into sites of production through the insertion of urban acupunctures. These interventions involve the re-orientation of houses, the conversion of carports into communal sheds that porously join adjacent dwellings, programmatic insertions, the re-negotiation of property lines, and the transformation of driveways into pedestrian and cycle lanes, threading networks of greenways in the new neighbourhood’s fabric.

1 K. Wynn, “Surviving Driveways: Changes that can Save Children’s Lives,” New Zealand Herald, February 24, 2013.

2 Richard Sennett, “Boundaries and Borders” in Living in the Endless City, eds. Ricky Burdett and Deyan Sudjic (New York: Phaidon Press, 2011), 324–331.

The design of the classic Kiwi section is fatally flawed. It has created a death-trap for small children at risk of being run over. After a tragic summer on the nation’s driveways, we reveal new plans to protect our kids from reversing cars.1

Left: Re-designing neighbourhood morphologies. Process sketches.

neighbourhood’s fabric. The dominance of the car infrastructure (impermeable surface and car storage) and the proximity of impenetrable fences lead to a poor co-existential quality between both the infill and original houses resulting in badly designed neighbourhoods. American sociologist Richard Sennett defines the boundary as a static limit which cannot be strayed beyond, that tends to isolate and segregate differences therefore causing social death. Conversely, the border is a living edge, a zone of intensity of exchanges where porosity and resistance is constantly negotiated.2 A healthy neighbourhood seeks social exchanges but in this case, the physical form of this built environment denies corporeal touch which means that the architecture is incongruent with its inhabitants. This project ultimately asks how this neighbourhood morphology can be reorganised, so that new and old coexist to increase its environmental and social performance.

Left: Mapping of poor existing coexistential conditions in Avondale neighbourhood.

Right: Proposed neighbourhood morphologies. Axonometric drawings.

3 Amphibious Living Chia Venn Khoo (KCV)

Any river is really a summation of a whole valley. It shapes not only the land, but also the life and culture of the valley. To think of any river as nothing but water is to ignore the greater part of it. 1 Amphibious Living proposes a new housing and living typology that serves as a fully functional local community, challenging the perception that people have to live on land, and encouraging people to live by the river, to love the river and to be part of the mangrove ecology.

Left: Amphibious Living at the Whau River; a new housing typology for Auckland. Overleaf, above: Axonometric drawing. Overleaf, middle: Proposed Programs and interventions. Overleaf, below: Illustration of inverted spatial typology with the public space on the top level, private living area in the middle level and tidal backyard on the bottom level. Elevational view.

Pre-1800s, the Māori used the Whau for travel between the Waitematā Harbour and the Manukau Harbour. In the 1800s, European settlers used the Whau for marine transport. Unfortunately, with the introduction of new roads and railways, the importance of the river is slowly being forgotten, ultimately rendering it a ‛dead zone’. Urbanism shifted away from the river towards the main arterial roads and railway. This withdrawal led to an increase of unused spaces around the Whau River including deadend streets and mangrove areas. Amphibious Living introduces Southeast Asian dwelling typologies to the Whau. In Auckland,

people regard the mangrove area as muddy ‛wasteland’ and tend to avoid living near the river. Currently, buildings around the Whau River face away from it, ignoring its qualities of tide, open space, light, and bird and plant life. In order to break this boundary, Amphibious Living acts as a catalyst framework that creates a blurred-edge condition. More importantly, Amphibious Living proposes an inverted spatial typology by having public spaces such as streets and public parks on the top level and private living area such as residential at the bottom level, as opposed to common terrestrial spatial arrangement. This new typology is more functional for a mangrove terrain, and serves as a sensory appeal for people to embrace a different type of living. The Amphibious Living proposal repopulates the Whau as a space of work, life, and leisure. In order to have a truly active water-based suburb, local population-support infrastructure such as residences, child care, aged care, cafés, restaurants, environment and sports club spaces, a Playcentre, an outdoor cinema , a performance centre and a public park should be on site. Amphibious Living offers a socially engaging experience.

1 Hal Borland, This Hill, This Valley (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990), 71.

Roller Skating

Sunbathing

Kite Flying

Watching Movie

Outdoor Kitchen

Amphitheater

Public Park

Internal Courtyard

Rock Climbing

Storage

Campfire

Art Installation

Friends of the Whau Club

Fish Pond

Tennis Court Multipurpose Court

Ramp Park Rock Climbing Residential

Boat Shed

Garden

Tree

Performance Stage Sea Scouts Club Section

Public Park Sunken Seat Residential

Bath Basin

Sea Scouts Club

Friends of the Whau Club Section

Friends of the Whau Club

Performance Stage Art Installation

Public Space Private Space Tidal Backyard

4 Much Ado About Pylons Sophia Whoi Seung Kim

Power pylons were built along the Whau River corridor in the 1940s to transmit power from Otahuhu to Henderson, and remain as a crucial part of the national electricity grid.1 These pylons have always been associated with an unfriendly, hostile undertone but the fact is they will stay here for the next 30 years. Why not look at how we can create uses for these ‛pylon parks’? The aim of this project is to generate a plethora of urban scenarios, produced as a catalogue for sample pylon sites. These potentials are developed under tactical strategies to reimagine the spaces through permanent, adaptive, and temporary interventions.

Left: Proposed new interactions with pylons .

Permanent interventions regard the project with long-term strategies. This type of tactic can deal with potentials for remediating ecological space with infrastructure. International research has shown that birds breed at significantly higher rates amongst vegetation under pylons than in an open field.2 One of the proposals looks at introducing a bird conservation area underneath the pylons and in this manner promotes activation of the Whau River waterscape by reprogramming specificities of the natural environment.

Adaptive interventions deal with changing interfaces. Why don’t pylons generate alternative sources of power rather than just transmitting electricity? One design speculates on the use of solar panels installed on the arms of the pylons so that micro solar energy is generated. This could offer small communities access to free local power and provide a multiplicity of uses rather than monofunctionality. Temporary intervention involves impermanent activities or seasonal typologies to ensue on-site. This could mean installing LED lights onto the structure of the pylon to create a decorated Christmas tree in the days leading up to Christmas, presenting a potential for it to become an annual event that could be popularly recognised and become uniquely associated with New Lynn. All these propositions range from the serious to the eccentrically provocative, and are categorised into an assortment of possibilities. A series of ideas are drawn from this research in order for these marginal spaces to be considered differently as potential assets for the neighbourhood.

1 Auckland Council, “The Unitary Plan,” Auckland Council, accessed May 28, 2013, http://unitaryplan.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/pages/plan/Book. aspx?hid=37540&s=buffer%20corridor. 2 P. Tryjanowski , “A Paradox for Conservation: Electricity Pylons may Benefit Avian Diversity in Intensive Farmland,” Wiley Online Library, accessed April 23, 2013, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ conl.12022/abstract

effective practical use.

Content An illustration introduces the idea of each item

Open objective marginal open space

Index Icon These icons describe the kind of tactical strategies involved Caption Title for each idea of the catalogue

Making Making space space Increasing the area Increasing theofarea of a spacea around a pylona pylon space around

Open objective Open objective marginal marginal open space open space

Up management establish margin[al] space value

Mimicry Close objective Natural/artificial manipulation marginal closed space to imitate

Outdoor art class

View Process management Ruin preserve views/ make visible Action that allows time to govern the change of landscape

Ecology Transporting Transporting Contributing to the environment by effective practical use.

Conservation Solar access Special protection of a space Preserving natural light viewshafts

Mimicry Natural/artificial manipulation Close objective Close objective to imitate marginal marginal closed closed space space

Parasite micro-architecture that is Media dependant media on thetechnology pylon Involving

Ruin Process View management View management Up management Up management Action that allows time to govern preserve preserve views/ views/ make visible make visible establish establish margin[al] margin[al] space value space value the change of landscape

Keep Out Surveillance Construction of barriers/limits by structure and/or vegetation

Solar accessConservation EcologyEcology Conservation light viewshafts Contributing Contributing to the to environment the environment by byPreserving natural SpecialSpecial protection protection of a space of a space effective effective practical practical use. use.

Aural Quality Giving significance to the presence of sound

MimicryMimicry Natural/artificial manipulation Natural/artificial manipulation to imitate to imitate

Art Scene Raising interest in pylons by creative initiatives

Parasite Parasite Media micro-architecture micro-architecture that isthat is Involving media technology dependant dependant on the on pylon the pylon

SurveillanceKeep Out Ruin Process Ruin Process Keep Out Action Action that allows that allows time totime govern to govern Construction Construction of barriers/limits of barriers/limits the change the change of landscape of landscape by structure by structure and/or and/or vegetation vegetation

30Solar

Parasite micro-architecture that is dependant on the pylon

access Solar access Preserving naturalnatural light viewshafts Preserving light viewshafts

Aural Quality Aural Quality Giving Giving significance to the to the significance

Security Protection by utilising the pylons

Keep Out Construction of barriers/limits by structure and/or vegetation

Aural Quality Giving significance to the presence of sound

Art Scene Raising interest in pylons by creative initiatives

Security Protection by utilising the pylons

Left: Tactical strategies organising the interventions through typologies. Right: Catalogue that amalgamates tactical strategies to reimagine the spaces through time-based interventions.

5 Te Waitahurangi Loop Hannah Ryan

With a continually rising population (an expected increase of 10,000 people in New Lynn alone by 2031), the requirement for new open space is undeniable.1 New Lynn is anticipating the generation of one new park, but with population increase and consequential lack of area for open space, it is probable that this will be the last.

The loop is crucially completed by Herman’s Whau-Bridge River-Park, which allows one to cross the river through a multi-dimensional experience. Shake and KCV’s projects, Industrial Recreation and Amphibious Living respectively, can be accessed from Te Waitahurangi Loop, also enhancing the diversity of the overall experience.

As there are currently many existing and diverse open spaces resting along the Whau River’s edge, it makes sense to utilise these and to create linkages between both the green spaces and the Whau River. This idea of linkage between soft and hard spaces is something that the Auckland City Council has identified as an objective in the New Lynn Plan.2

Places of relaxation and reflection are created, where one may sit or rest away from the loop path and overlook the river and activity along the loop. It is a corridor that brings out the child in the adult, encouraging enjoyable physical activity, as well as time for reflection and relaxation, generating an enriched engagement with the water.

Essentially, Te Waitahurangi Loop is intended as a recreational corridor that connects existing recreational open spaces—many of which are vital for community and public activity—but crucially, it also encompasses another type of recreational volume—the Whau River.

The loop will be accessible from multiple neighbourhoods, including many current deadend streets, green spaces, and from the river itself, where accessibility becomes an extension of the haptic experience of place. Essentially, Te Waitahurangi Loop will become an amenity in itself—supporting and linking areas of physical activity and playfulness, as well as heightening the users’ overall sensory experience.

Only a small quantity of land is needed to make Te Waitahurangi Loop. However, as the river is a vast open space and essentially another activity space, the overall effect is of a large expanse. Te Waitahurangi Loop generates a lively and sensory experience, where materiality, colour, texture and gradient are in constant change. Different paths may be taken at high and low tides, allowing for multiple levels of interaction.

Left: Critical mapping of current land use on the loop. Overleaf: Appropriation of the loop.

One may take a seated flying fox or pivot swing over certain places at high tide to avoid obstructing the path of water activity, or at low tide the path may even change in gradient and become non-slip. 1 “Council Projects,” Auckland Council, Accessed April 12, 2013, http:// www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/EN/PLANSPOLICIESPROJECTS/COUNCILPROJECTS/Pages/newlynntransformation.aspx. 2 Ibid.

The generation of Te Waitahurangi Loop creates opportunity for community engagement, where community voice becomes amplified and solutions localised in order to shift the perception of the Whau River as a muddy landscape to a landscape that is influenced, and embraced, by its neighbouring communities. It will generate new interfaces between the land, water and community as well as creating a new experience of the city, and is a potential model for generating new open space in other parts of Auckland.

6 A

B C

Refer to related projects:

Whau-Bridge River-Park

Industrial Recreation

Amphibious Living

6 Whau-Bridge River-Park Herman Haringa

The Whau River has played a significant part in Auckland’s history, originally used by the Māori as a portage between the Waitematā Harbour and Manukau Harbour. It was later used by the early colonial settlers as a means of transporting goods to central Auckland from the industries set along the river banks. Since the introduction of better roads and the Auckland–Kaipara railway line, the industry has moved inland— neglecting the use of the river. This proposal seeks to reactivate the Whau River as a vibrant recreational surface. To create stronger public connection, greater focus will be placed on contact with the river itself, hinging a public-realm initiative onto an already proposed roading project. In 2009, as part of their 30-year plan, the (now defunct) Waitakere Council, along with the New Zealand Transport Agency, proposed a bridge in this location in order to better connect the former Waitakere City to Rosebank.

Left: Critical mapping of the existing infrastructure on the Whau river. Overleaf, above: Activation of the river surface. Overleaf, below: Diagram of functional program on the Bridge River-Park. Axonometric drawing.

This led to the rethinking of the monofunctionality of infrastructure. This expensive piece of infrastructure is only intended to do one thing: reduce congestion. An asset like this could do more for its community, opening up various questions: Can infrastructure organise complexity? Can infrastructure remediate ecological space? And can infrastructure encourage social exchange? These collectively

led to the Whau-Bridge River-Park proposal. The proposal becomes a threading together of two typologies: the transit bridge and public recreational space, creating a multiplicity of functions. The proposed Bridge River-Park will create not only a new east–west river crossing for vehicles, public transport, cyclists, and pedestrians, but also a new park typology. Threaded into the existing road networks and Hannah Ryan’s Te Waitahurangi Loop proposal, the bridge will allow people to cross and pause along the width of the river. The interconnected pathways leading down to the water provide an opportunity for the public to meander their way down the sides of the bridge. This gives the public the unique opportunity to interact with the water, mangroves and river ecology below, which would otherwise be difficult to access. Activating the surface of the water itself is to be achieved through a series of semi-permanent and freely floating infrastructure. These floating platforms are designed to move with the tides and accept multiple programs. As a result, the proposal allows the possibility to transform the unique water space into a stage for arts, music, sports and recreational purposes.

West End Rowing Club

bank

Kurt Bremer Reserve

Rose

Glendene

7 Industrial Recreation Zee Shake Lee

Industrial Recreation explores the possibility of expanding zoning categories through threading ‛living’ and ‛leisure’ programmes within the Span Farm industrial zone. Span Farm is an anomalous area on the western banks of the Whau River. Technically fringed by open public space (Span Farm Esplanade and Hepburn Reserve), this area of light industry turns its back to the river, and in doing so renders the water’s edge public space inaccessible. This public-owned piece of the ‘Queen’s Chain’ is colonised, fenced, gated, and padlocked.

Left: Impermanent architectures and informal recreational interventions perforate the Span Farm industrial area and re-territorialise inaccessible public space. Collage Overleaf, left: Mapping of existing mixed-use programmes (residential and recreational) within the Span Farm industrial area; Mapping of access to Span Farm Esplanade Reserve; Impeding public access to water edge. (Top to bottom) Overleaf, right: Proposed informal occupations, interventions and activities.

Hemmed in between the Whau and the low-rise residential suburb of Glendene, Span Farm exists in a passive contradiction of states. The industrial area was historically used for the brickwork industry before being planned as a waterfront industrial area in 1967. Unfortunately, this has strained the relationships between the residential, recreational and industrial programmatic conditions. Though incongruous, this remnant of the Whau’s industrial past shows traces of informal mixed use. Scattered amongst the light industrial uses are residential, leisure, and recreational programmes such as the Span Farm Boat Club (where people reside in caravans and buses), the West Auckland Radio-Controlled Car Club, the Bancroft Lunch Bar, a sports bar, and a pony barn. The proposition made here expands the possibility to increase the informal occupations, interventions and activities through several strategies which include opening locked-

down industrial routes, amplifying centre and edge connections, as well as introducing new interventions such as an urban skate route, a (black) market-place, a caravan park, a foreshore walkway, artificial landscapes, and further industrial recreations. Drawing on Iain Borden’s notion that “urban space is not just about the great monuments of city, but places where we go about our everyday lives,”1 this project expands from existing underlying models of urban living and occupation patterns. The proposed interventions emerge as agencies that reclaim and recolonise the water edge as public space. By layering temporalities, the architectures of impermanence fill in the gaps created by the industrial area’s modes of operation—which are active during the day but become an unproductive dead-zone in the night or at weekends—with active spaces of recreation. The proposed micro-spaces break down the monumentality inherent in industrial zoning and activate it through the urbanism of adaptation. By injecting elements of ‛live and play’ within the industrial areas, the proposal offers alternative urban experiences, and meanwhile challenges a new typology to mediate the cross-pollination of programmes with complex, gradual, and even invisible boundaries. By rethinking our existing zoning frameworks of top-down regulation, this proposal raises the question: Can homogeneous zoning envelopes be broken down and altered into agencies of operations to deal with the present urban complexities and diversities of social living? 1 Iain Borden, “Thirteen Tactics for the Good Life” in The Good Life: New Public Spaces for Recreation. ed. Zoë Ryan (New York: Van Alen Institute, 2006), 97.

Impeding public access to the esplanade reserves (Queen’s Chain)

8 Remediating the Whau Vinni Paget

This project addresses the serious issue of heavy-metal contamination within the Whau River. Heavy-metal contamination harms the aquatic ecosystem, reducing the possibility to positively utilise this natural resource. A recently developed technology called ‛phytoremediation’ may prove to be the solution to this problem. Phytoremediation is a natural process acquired by specific living organisms for the removal of heavy pollutants from the environment1. A strategy was devised to utilise this natural technology to its full potential. The strategy consists of 3 stages:

Left: The Remediating Landscape. Visualisation Overleaf: Staged Remediation of the Whau river.

Stage 1 - Prevention - The technology is first adapted at micro scales in an attempt to fight contamination before it enters the river’s waterways. Micro-scale systems target the main sources of metal contamination which include chemical run-off from roofs, contaminated water travelling through the storm-water drainage, and landfill seepage. Stage 2 - Passive Treatment - The technology is then adapted at a larger scale in an attempt

to remediate the current situation. A controlled wetland system aims to control the rate of flow of the water in order to take full advantage of the process of ‘phytoremediation’. This controlled wetland system also incorporates programmatic amenities to improve the economic value of the river. Stage 3 - Active Treatment - The final stage involves an active floating modular system. The modular system consists of a collection of pods that react and move to changes in levels of contamination. The pods accumulate in areas that require the most treatment, generating an efficient, targeted treatment process while also giving a visual representation of the state of the river. Alongside the remediation process, further strategies are employed to incorporate relevant commercial programmes or public amenities. These additional programmes will greatly contribute to the socio-economic status of the surrounding area as well as generating a closer connection and greater public awareness of the river’s value.

1 Prabhat Kumar Rai, Heavy Metal Pollution and its Phytoremediation through Wetland Plants (New York: Nova Science Publishers, inc, 2011), 24.

STAGE Prevention STAGE11 -- Prevention

STAGE 3 - Active Treatment

Artifical LightingLighting Artificial

Outer ShellShell Outer Gutter Catchment

Stormwater Catchment

Inner Cavity Inner Cavity

WiFi Engine Packs Packs WiFi Engine Swale Catchment

River Bank Catchment

Phytoremediation Phytoremediation Plant Plant STAGE22 -- Passive Treatment STAGE Passive Treatment

Propellers Propellers

Sub Mesh Sub Mesh

Controled Wetland

Natural Swimming Pool

Eel Nursery

Intergrated Wetland

Active Behavour of Pod System

Free floating pods amongst nodes

Nodes displaying high levels of toxicity

Accumulation of pods at high levels of toxicity

9 Programmatic Peninsula Steven Lin

Programmatic Peninsula is a speculative investigation into how zoning operates as an organisational tool. Specifically targeting Rosebank Peninsula as the site of interrogation, this project unveils the conflicts of urbanism currently occurring. Responses are generated from these conflicts that propose a scenario where zoning is repurposed as a generative device instead of the reductive tool it currently is. The current zoning of Rosebank Peninsula shows an evolution from a programmatic palimpsest of historical conditions. The peninsula originally consisted mainly of market gardens and orchards, but was slowly urbanised due to the spread of suburban life from the centre of Auckland. In the 1950s, the Auckland Harbour Board proposed to introduce a port at the northern end of the peninsula, which resulted in the industrialisation of the area. Sixty years onwards, the residue of this political planning has stemmed large homogeneous zones with inefficient adjacencies. Crossprogramming has become a common factor filtering through the singular-purposed zones. Also, the collision between jurisdictional boundaries and natural systems such as the Whau River has also caused an unproductive coastline.

Rosebank Road

INDUSTRIAL - LIGHT INDUSTRIAL - HEAVY RESIDENTIAL - SINGLE HOUSING RESIDENTIAL - MIXED HOUSING RESIDENTIAL - TERRACED APARTMENTS COMMERCIAL - MIXED TOWN CENTER SPECIAL PURPOSE SCHOOLS PARKS & RESERVES CROSS-PROGRAMMING CONFLICTS

Left: Current zoning conditions of Rosebank Peninsula. Overleaf: Proposed reogranisation of zoning, Rosebank Peninsula

Programmatic Peninsula counters conflicts of the current model of zoning with a proposed series of phases to rethink the process of zoning. Each phase intervenes with new systems of organisation on a more fine-grained scale

with consideration towards local conditions. A strip typology of program is adopted to increase productivity and access to the water’s edge. Also, residential dwellings are kept at a regulated distance away from the main arterial road for an optimised suburban sound level. The current zones of homogeneous singularity show an incapability to accommodate the shift from manufacturing to commercial services within the industrial. Therefore, the industrial zones are finely filtered by parcel size to allow a pixellation of commercial programs in parcels which are too small to accommodate manufacturing facilities. Topography is also utilised within the planning process where areas of contours unsuitable for construction are repurposed as parks and reserve zones. Building heights are no longer dictated by zone, but instead are adjusted according to the conditions of their proximity to create maximised sunlight exposure. Whilst Programmatic Peninsula acknowledges that the current geography of the peninsula is not tabula rasa and the reorganisation of the peninsula is highly unlikely, it serves as provocation to the current model of zoning. Through the simulation of a reorganised coexistence of typologies, this project interrogates how we might shift from a topdown to bottom-up approach. Programmatic peninsula projects a possibility of how homogeneous zoning can be translated into a pixellated and vernacular approach justifying a fine-grained methodology of organisation.

AREA TO APPLY NEW ZONING

OVERALL REORGANISATION OF ROSEBANK PENINSULA

PHASE 01: ORIENTATION TO THE WHAU QUEEN’S CHAIN AND RESERVES

RESIDENTIAL

COMMERCIAL

INDUSTRIAL

QUEEN’S CHAIN RESIDENTIAL - SINGLE HOUSING RESIDENTIAL - MIXED HOUSING COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIAL - LIGHT INDUSTRIAL - HEAVY NOISE POLLUTION FROM ARTERIAL ROAD REHABILITATED COMMERCIAL (LIGHT INDUSTRIAL PARCEL SIZE BELOW AVERAGE) REHABILITATED COMMERCIAL (HEAVY INDUSTRIAL PARCEL SIZE BELOW AVERAGE) REHABILITATED COMMERCIAL (NOISE POLLUTED RESIDENTIAL) HERITAGE SITES RECLAIMED PARKS

PHASE 02: RESIDENTIAL REHABILITATION ROSEBANK ROAD NOISE POLLUTION

RESIDENTIAL AFFECTED

RESIDENTIAL

COMMERCIAL

INDUSTRIAL

RESIDENTIAL

INDUSTRIAL

PHASE 03: INDUSTRIAL REHABILITATION REHABILITATED LIGHT INDUSTRIAL

REHABILITATED HEAVY INDUSTRIAL

PHASE 04: HERITAGE & PARK RECLAMATION RECLAIMED HERITAGE & PARK SITES

QUEEN’S CHAIN

PHASE 05: BUILDING HEIGHT CUSTOMISATION

10 Mangrove Energy Farm Angela Yoo

Mangrove Energy Farm is a speculative project which addresses the future implications of a new energy regime at Rosebank, an area under imminent threat from sea-level rise. Transforming the underutilised mangroves into productive landscapes, the project aims to help the progress of change from our urbanisations of consumption to ecologies of production.

to transform the abandoned mangroves at Rosebank into a productive coastline which can combat social determent to the coast. The PMFC gathers electrons released in the natural process of rhizodeposition. At a theoretical maximum, the technology could utilise half of the mangroves at Rosebank to power 10,000 homes. Mangrove Energy Farm has PMFC spider robots placed along nets above the mangroves to harness energy that can be sent back to the power grid. In the future development of cities, power grids should ideally be upgraded to internet grids which can dynamically manage energy in decentralised networks. Mangrove Energy Farm protects the coast, promotes ecosystems and is resilient infrastructure for a sea-level rise scenario. It also changes perception of the mangroves from abandoned assets to productive systems that serve the community through energy generation and natural climate-change mitigation.

Left, below: PMFC spider robots.

Our culture of consumption, born from a civilisation dependent on oil, has exhausted itself and we have reached the limits of economic growth within this system. Abundant cheap energy that once propelled immense global growth is now an unreliable, increasingly expensive and polluting foundation for our current urbanisations of consumption. According to Jeremy Rifkin, economic paradigm shifts occur when new energy systems merge with new communication technologies. We are now at the edge of a new shift with the merging of renewable energy and internet communication.1 Internet communication is decentralised, distributed and has the power to organise the democratisation of energy because renewable energy is everywhere.

Overleaf: Mangrove Energy Farm: Rosebank case study

Mangrove Energy Farm uses soft engineering and Plant Microbial Fuel Cell (PMFC) technology

Left, above: Mangrove Energy Farm walkway.

Mangrove Energy Farm is infrastructure for the emerging productive age, it is able to work within the biospheres of the earth, instead of colliding with natural systems—a problem with the way we have built in the past.

1 Jeremy Rifkin, The Third Industrial Revolution: How Lateral Power is Transforming Energy, the Economy, and the World. (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), 35.

//a rosebank case study

July 2008 - price of oil record peak at $147 per barrel resulting in

Global Economic Collapse oil crisis

Scale @ A3 1:15000

“Virtually every commercial activity in our global economy is dependent on oil and other fossil fuel energies.”

hydro

-Jeremy Rifkin, adviser to EU and president of Foundation on Economic Trends

solar

“Virtually every commercial activity in our global economy is dependent on oil and other fossil fuel energies.” -Jeremy Rifkin, adviser to EU and president of Foundation on Economic Trends

SEA LEVEL RISE 2100

up to 70% of Rosebank Industry at risk

biomass

wind

age of renewable energy

sun photosynthesis

plant microbial fuel cell (PMFC)

The age of oil is over and we must be looking at our sustainable options. biosphere

July 2008 - price of oil record peak at $147 per barrel resulting in

Marjolien Helder and David Strik are the founders of the PMFC technology that generates electricity from the natural living processes of plants.

power

Mangrove energy becomes catalyst for renewal Mangrove The mangroves can power energy 10,000 homes becomes catalyst for renewalmain power plant for Rosebank development The mangroves can power 10,000 homes

Mangrove root systems are efficient at dissipating wave energy.

natural barrier Mangrove root systems are efficient at dissipating wave energy.

main power plant for Rosebank development

PMFC robot 01

distribution

energy generation

distribution 54

SELL SURPLUS +

plants

Mangrove Energy Farm will be the main power plant in Rosebank but every new development/ new buildings are power plants building can become its Mangrove Energy Farm own power plant will be the main power plant in Rosebank but every new development/ building can become its

H+

H20

Plant micro-bial fuel cell gathers electrons released in the natural process of rhizodeposition.

mangrove energy farm

rhizodeposits micro-organisms

mangrove growth multifunction platform mangrove farm energy net walkway on top of mangroves viewing platform

plants

new buildings are power plants

module 01

hydrogen storage tank legs pmfc rod

natural barrier

power

Architecture bringing together the human political, social, economic sphere with the natural sphere

$ mangrove

Global Economic Collapse

-Oyster-tecture : Rising Currents exhibition -New Urban Ground mangrove

2.6 sq km area mangroves

is there an alternative to retreat?

cathode

UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007 : leading cause of human induced climate fossil fuels change is the burning of UN fuelsIntergovernmental fossil Panel on Climate Change 2007 : leading cause of human induced climate change is the burning of fossil fuels

what happens at the coastline?

mangroves

Map Title

Rosebank is at serious threat of sea level rise. According to Brunn rule, a sea level rise of 1cm induces a coastal retreat of 1m. Social determent to the coast is to be expected.

membrane

-Stephenson&Turner, Storm surge in Auckland

oil crisis

soft engineering - protect the coast

what happens at the coastline?

tamaki drive 2011

fossil fuels

“Mitigation means the difference between 2 feet of sea-level rise and 6 feet of sea-level rise. Just because we’re focusing on “Mitigation means the adaption doesn’t mean we’re difference between 2 feet of giving up on mitigation.” sea-level rise and 6 feet of sea-level rise. Just soft engineering - protect the coast -Ellen Douglas, Boston because we’reHarbor focusing on -Oyster-tecture : Rising Association Preparing for the Rising adaption Tide Report doesn’t mean we’re Currents exhibition giving up on mitigation.” -New Urban Ground

This map/plan is illustrative only and all information should be independently verified on site before taking any action.Copyright Auckland Council. Boundary information from LINZ (Crown Copyright Reserved). Whilst due care has been taken, Auckland Council gives no warranty as to the accuracy and completeness of any information on this map/plan and accepts no liability for any error, omission or use of the information. Height datum: Auckland 1946.

Created: Friday, 5 April 2013,8:30:06 a.m.

anode

LA ND -Jeremy Rifkin, adviser to EU and President of Foundation on Economic trends

-Ellen Douglas, Boston Harbor Association Preparing for the Rising Tide Report

feedback loops

-David Adam, The Guardian, 11 March 2009

Y RG GY ER ENE EN

“Not a single government in the world is suggesting a radical change in the structuring of economic life climate predictions that would bringchange us anywhere near the level which is necessary to save “Not a single government in the human civilization.” world is suggesting a radical change in the structuring ofPresident economic life -Jeremy Rifkin, adviser to EU and of Foundation on Economic trends that would bring us anywhere near the level which is necessary to save human civilization.”

global sea level rise

-Stephenson&Turner, Storm surge in Auckland

sea level rise

rosebank

tamaki drive 2011

-David Adam, The Guardian, 11 March 2009

LA ND

climate change predictions

feedback loops

PLANT-E

global sea level rise

power grid The buildings in Rosebank can share electricity through the smart grid if power grids are upgraded power grid in the future. The buildings in Rosebank can share electricity through the smart grid if power grids are upgraded in the future.

AUCKLAND

smart grid

SELLtoSURPLUS + Incentive saving energy is to sell the surplus back to the grid.

smart grid Incentive to saving energy is to sell the surplus back to the grid.

New developments in the area are sea resilient and equipped with energy harnessing technology

carbon neutral city independent from centralised national grid

Photographs Zee Shake Lee, Nina Patel, KCV, and Vinni57 Paget

AGENCIES OF NEGOTIATION Interview with Teddy Cruz

Interviewer: Can you describe the kind of work you have been doing alongside Kathy? Teddy Cruz: [. . .] The opportunity for me coming here was [. . .] to become a part of a conversation but also [to] become aware of the very specific set of issues across a variety of registers from social, political, economic to cultural dynamics in the area. For me, that became an emblematic aspect of what the Triennial can produce—the opportunity of engaging in the meeting of knowledge. I came with my own set of procedures from my own history and engagement with the particular area where I work in the Tijuana and San Diego border. As I came to encounter the investigation the students with Kathy were producing, in that sort of meeting of those processes, a lot of conversations began to emerge that [were] truly operational in re-imagining not only the potential of these spaces but [also] the possibilities that a transformation of institutional thinking can open up by enabling that meeting of knowledge. In a sense, as I was mentioning to the students, this became a learning experience for me because I was introduced to a very specific situation—the Whau River. Not only its current condition, as almost forgotten, but also at times I imagine almost an invisible natural system to the institutions. I began to see it as a dumping site at times or an indifferent relic, a type of left-over space enabling people to meander through. It wasn’t doing that much or producing that much in terms of social, cultural or public space. As Kathy and the students guided me through those environments it was truly resonating and echoing the types of institutional indifference

Photograph Nina Patel

that I’ve been engaging in my own locality—the institutional stupidity that has enabled the types of conflicts or collisions across communities and jurisdictions. The types of separations between urban policies that tend to operate in a faulty way, unable to include the kinds of bottom-up natural and social economic dynamics. So, the same types of issues began to surface. [. . .] The intelligence of the kind of work Kathy and the students had already produced enabled a fertile platform to begin with, for me at least, in order to then engage in a one-week workshop. [This was] where the effort was to attempt to organise the kind of epistemological systems, the kind of theoretical reflections, the types of operational concepts that the process itself had produced. So in other words, the students produced propositions—at times buildings, at times reflections on historical processes—a variety of approaches that produced a kind of cloud of not only propositions but issues, conditions as well. I’ve been quite interested in the construction and designing of conditions within which opportunities can be organised. Not only material systems as an architect but really propositions in rethinking urban policy, economics or a kind of political economy of urban development and so on. So simply, the exercise became, with the students, a conversation. It was really organising what I ended up reflecting on as the architecture of a conversation. Taking as a point of departure the stuff, the things the students produced and also the pieces of thinking they approximated, and trying to extract from all of that a series of maps or conceptual diagrams.

[This] could give us very pointed provocations about how to critique institutions, about how to amplify the conflicts that we were dealing with, about how to even re-imagine certain definitions. For example, one that I carried with me but was also enabled here was the possibility of rethinking the meaning of infrastructure as a mono-functional thing, as a top-down large project that is indifferent to the smaller scales and the emergent informal dynamics in the city, or infrastructure as a way of mediating and organising complexity, as one of the students of Kathy suggested in the conversations. All of these are beautiful redefinitions of the conventions, in terms of language that we have perpetuated from the institutional vantage point. Re-imagining zoning, for example, which tends to be blind in its rigid compartmentalisation of the city into islands of use that do not relate to each other. That zoning could be rethought as a more permeable and flexible scaffold within which other categories of use can be enabled. So, we brought up this issue of: can zoning be a generative tool of activity and economy, as opposed to a punitive tool that prevents socialisation and so on? If you see the maps, [pages x-x] you will see how pregnant they are [with] this conceptual material.

[. . .] I’m very interested in the relationship between theory and practice. And the work the students produced was so rich in a set of relations from which to theorise. I love this notion where reality demands a new theory. I think it’s important to say that the students were

engaged in the construction of a theory and of a language as we were moving through the projects and the sites. The diagrams contain that type of material. Very provocative, amplifying the controversies, the conflicts, the critique of institutional protocols, of fixed language in the definition of urban policy. From there, they begin to set up a very interesting set of relations that could allow us to re-imagine infrastructure, zoning, community participation, ecological systems as productive frameworks and so on. So that’s what the studio really produced in one week, it was really an attempt to organise those relations or conditions. That’s really again what brings us to the issues of the Triennial.

to the platform of the museum as a way of generating approximations and propositions in a sense, engaging the institutions of planning, in terms of The Lab, as a kind of extension of the architecture studio and the urban studio in the university. So by bringing the issues of concern around which the conversation is reorganised, I think The Lab definitely plays an important role within an exhibition like the Triennial. For a moment, I’m again thinking of the necessary role that cultural institutions have in visualising the conflicts and issues that are mobilising the rethinking of contemporary culture.

Interviewer: How did you see The Lab functioning within the Triennial? It would be great to get some of your observations, and if you could talk perhaps about whether you’ve seen sites like The Lab within other triennials and biennials. For Auckland, this is a very new thing and this is only our 5th Auckland Triennial! Teddy Cruz: [. . .] it was suggested somewhere in the conversation in the Triennial, that art might just carve a sacred space for itself, that it does not want to mess up or mess with those institutions. When in reality, I think this is really the urgency that art needs to engage, because we have perpetuated the idea again of art or even the avant-garde [. . .] as a project that depends on the critical distance from the institutions to critique them from the periphery. I believe that we need to shift the terms and really speak of a critical proximity instead—a critical proximity to the very institutions from which we can reimagine all the arrangements in a sense. Maybe I’m being a romantic about this, but I believe that art can play an instrumental role [. . .] in entering into that debate with institutions. Not from a distance, but from within the institution’s own procedures and systems of governance. [. . .] The museum is not only a site of display but also a site of the production of knowledge. In a way the issues are brought

Left: Teddy Cruz. Photograph Herman Haringa Right: Site visit to the Whau River. Photograph Zee Shake Lee

So yes, I am [. . .] critical of something else that was somehow suggested in our conversations about the Triennial. [That is] that art [. . .] takes a role of being absent from the drama of reality or is in the context of an absence, of laziness, or daydreaming. That it is through that process that art constructs culture. I think that it is the opposite. [. . .] I think [. . .] that the Triennial can open a space within the exhibition to enable the entering into those urgencies that are brought into the forum, to reorganise a conversation. I think that this is a very important role that [the] Triennial can have [. . .] —not creativity just for creativity’s sake but really as a way again of engaging knowledge production. I think it can also be said very directly, not only is it producing knowledge but enabling or facilitating the transference of knowledge. So The Lab, in the context of the students’ and Kathy’s work, and my participation, is attempting to not only look at issues and conditions embedded in the particular ecological systems of the Whau River and its multiple controversies and conflicts across again what I mentioned—communities, jurisdictional boundaries, rigid zoning and so on. That we not only acted in The Lab as a way of bringing issues to the forum, from which again, the conversation and debate is organised. But at the same time, there might be a possibility that The Lab produces a new agency of negotiation—the council members and community members can come here to

the museum and be introduced to the content of the work. The students, Kathy, and the institution—in this case the university—might then serve as an interlocutory, a representative or a translator of these issues to begin asserting pressure against the institutions of planning. That’s the task I think, that’s the challenge. Not only do I love the idea that the forum produces knowledge and reminds us the issues of concern, but at the same time potentially it constructs new institutional platforms from which to move forward. I think that is a fantastic role of artistic practice, that we can become facilitators of the transference of knowledge from the bottom up to the top down and back, but also [become] representatives of that knowledge towards the institutions of planning. I think that is something that clarifies better that art is not separate to the institutions. Interviewer: It’s so refreshing. I am very pleased you came, and that The Lab is part of the Triennial. It is very interesting—Sarati talking about idleness, laziness, and then you talk about results. You talk about the generation of knowledge and the next step, and the changes that could take place. The possibility of change within Auckland is quite meaningful. Teddy Cruz: Yes, one of the issues we discussed with the students had to do with this. The pretention of our ideas of public space is to just simply beautify the space and wait for people to show up magically. When in reality, there

has to be a more concerted effort in curating and facilitating points of access into those spaces—by in fact inscribing into those spaces

protocols, processes and programming that can differentiate those spaces, enabling them to be truly democratising and open. Somebody has to curate that. It’s not about retreat, which has been part of my critique at times of our practice[—]this retreat from that specificity. We want to dwell on this endless ambiguity, where through free imagination, anything could be possible. Where in reality, we need to engage levels of specificity and inscribing it into not only the territory but also generic and neutral conceptions of space, that specificity can enable a more intensified version of social justice and accessibility. So that is the role that The Lab plays—approximating those fragments of specificity that can enable the curating or the conceptualising of the systems and the conditions in which those potentialities could be manifested. If you want to speak of social change, it will not come about magically, it has to be facilitated. The role of institutions, communities and universities in reorganising their own conversations that have been fragmented is at stake. This is a summoning of a very new type of conversation.

Kathy Waghorn: It’s forms of attention as well I think. The art gallery has been a place to look intently at things, in its traditional role. If you say, if The Lab sits within the gallery, then you are able to put something in the gallery to look at it intently. One of the things that I think is potentially quite useful regarding The Lab is that we could have done this studio at the university but somehow putting it in the gallery says it’s in a place where it needs to have attention paid to it. After all, if it’s in the gallery, it’s part of the cultural institution, it’s valuable. I think that The Lab being in the middle of the gallery says, “pay attention”. It is put into an environment where you are asked to pay attention to it. Interviewer: But it’s kind of interesting looking at these two different kinds of institutions coming together. The gallery is a very old-style kind of institution, and it’s interesting to think about these two coming together. Kathy Waghorn: But the thing that the old-style institution of the art gallery has done is inscribe value. So if the institutional framework of the gallery is able to inscribe value, then what you put in The Lab gets value inscribed upon it by the role of that institution. I think that’s a tremendously useful lever for us actually—to be able to put something like the Muddy Urbanism studio in there, and say it must be of value if it’s in this place.

Left: Site visit to the Whau River with Teddy Cruz. Below: Visit to the Avondale markets with Teddy Cruz. Photographs Kathy Waghorn

universities do not want to take a position towards issues of urgency today. So, in this neutralising of the political, there is a huge problem in a sense. I was invited recently to give a talk in Phoenix, Arizona, which I didn’t want to do because, obviously, Phoenix, Arizona is the epicentre of this anti-immigration policy in the United States. I decided to go even though some of my friends who are activists said why would you want to go there to Phoenix, to engage that kind of place? I decided to go [. . .] because boycotting this type of thing was only hurting the public, the students. It was a major student symposium. But as I was there [. . .] even with the conversations within the event, there was no mention of these anti-immigration policies. There was a need to take a position to suggest that this anti-immigration ended up hurting the city in a way. In other words, what you were saying earlier is that the issue of the fact that institutions not only offer the space for enabling levels of legitimation of certain

information by placing that information in the forum, or the gallery, but [also] enable levels of official precedence within the institutions of the city. But the next question I would have, which is maybe more critical, is: what role would a museum have in shepherding, stewarding and representing those ideas? I’ve been noticing the withdrawal of institutions from the issues of urgency [. . .] I think there has been a neutralisation of institutions, in not taking a position for fear of being politically incorrect and undermining the kinds of economies of support or patronage and so on. It’s a very difficult topic. What role do institutions have in truly being representatives, politically speaking, of the issues that have assembled in the forum? ___________________

i Referring to curator and art historian, Sarat Maharaj, the keynote speaker for the 5th Auckland Triennial. Most recently chief curator of the Göteborg International Biennial for Contemporary Art, (2011), Maharaj also co-curated the 29th São Paolo Biennial, (2010), and curated the 3rd Guangzhou Biennial, (2008). Maharaj is Professor of Visual Art and Knowledge Systems at Lund University, Sweden and Visiting Professor at Goldsmiths College, London.

Interviewer: But it’s coming into quite a traditional, conservative space. Communicating knowledge in this older system is quite interesting. Teddy Cruz: Something that comes to mind is this issue of the role of institutions in a sense of politicising the debate. In the United States, there has been a fear of institutions. Even public

PROVOCATIONS

Diagramming A Productive Coastline: Intensive workshop with Teddy Cruz

The Muddy Urbanism Lab was extended by a four-day intensive workshop with 5th Auckland Triennial guest Teddy Cruz, Professor in Public Culture and Urbanism in the Visual Arts Department at University of California, San Diego, and the co-founder of the Center for Urban Ecologies. Teddy operates an expanded mode of architectural practice, one that operates through a forensic engagement with the economic, political and social structures that underpin lived spatial realities. Teddy’s most comprehensive body of research to date centres on the Tijuana–San Diego border. Emphasising the elastic and porous nature of this boundary, a series of projects have sought to identify the messy and complex realities of this space and to make visible the transgressive actions taking place in the border zone. Deploying his operational tactic to ‛visualise conflict’ the first act of this research was to critically map a sixty-mile border crosssection, a line bisecting the boundary and proceeding thirty miles into each national territory. The photographic montage produced gives evidence of the conflicting agendas coalescing along this line: vast suburban

Photograph Vinni Paget

‛McMansion‛ property development versus the landscape, large-scale highway infrastructure disrupting natural hydrological networks and watersheds, gated communities separating themselves from everyday life, the formal and informal city meeting where immigrants, eschewing local zoning restrictions, retrofit the San Diego inner-city suburbs to accommodate their own social and spatial practices. Unexpected symbioses are also revealed, the military bases at the border, being the only non-urbanised area, incidentally allow space for ecological regeneration. The Muddy Urbanism workshop commenced with the students introducing Teddy to the spatial, political, legislative, economic and social terrain, and an identification of the conflicts emergent in Whau River estuary and neighbourhoods. The diagrams on the following pages set out these conflicts and speculate as to the operational frameworks which can be produced to rethink existing land use, public and environmental infrastructure, and neighbourhood-based socio-economic development, in order to re-imagine a productive coastline for Auckland.

Left: Intensive workshop with Teddy Cruz; mapping the provocations opened up in the student proposals.

Overleaf: Workshop with Teddy Cruz outcome exhibited in The Lab. Photographs Kathy Waghorn and Herman Haringa

Photograph Herman Haringa

FROM URBANISATIONS OF CONSUMPTION TO ECOLOGIES OF PRODUCTION OIL BASED URBANISATION HAS FUNDAMENTALLY ORGANISED OUR GLOBAL GROWTH OUR CULTURE OF CONSUMPTION HAS EXHAUSTED ITSELF

Top-down authority ignores bottom-up conditions

The global economy is completely dependent on the oil era

Besides fossil fuels, it is institutional ‘stupidity’ that has contributed to climate change

Centralised model replicated across global sectors are

Economic and Political instability caused by increased demand for a dwindling energy source

There are no ‘natural disasters’, disasters happen with natural systems

Current neo-liberal thinking fails to recognise externalities The oversight of economic, environmental and social externalities result in ‘abandoned’ assets

MODERN RENEWABLE ENERGY AND NETWORKED COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES MERGE TO DRIVE THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW RELATIONSHIPS Communication

Energy

Distribution

Remediation

Moving from centralised communication

Moving from elite Fossil fuel energies

Moving from hierachical distribution to masses

Moving from underutilised resources

To collaborative communication and knowledge transfer

To accessible renewable energy and new forms of local economies

To lateral networks between masses

To a productive landscape

PARADIGM SHIFT FROM DEPENDENCY ON CENTRALISED SYSTEMS TO DISPERSED ECOLOGIES OF PRODUCTION

TOP-DOWN RESOURCES Institutional funding and regulatory frameworks

Flexibility of dispersed system can address the complexities and

Natural Systems

LATERAL GOVERNANCE

STRATEGIES OF URBAN PEDAGOGY INTERVENE IN DEVELOPING A NEW PUBLIC CONSCIOUSNESS

BOTTOM-UP KNOWLEDGE Community based socio-economic organisation

recalibrating global issues to local ecological systems

AMPLIFIED SHIFT IN PERCEPTION OF VALUE

NATURAL RESOURCES

Considering local externalities to uncover and amplify potentials in value

Common Interests Common Adjacencies Common Agendas

ce ten

nti

gin

e erv

int

o-e xis

WHAT CONSTRUCTS A COMMUNITY?

re-imagining a productive system which operates within its immediate environment

cti

COMMUNITY

PRODUCTIVE COASTLINE

pro

STRATEGIES FOR NEW MODES OF CO-EXISTENCE BETWEEN NATURAL RESOURCES, LOCAL COMMUNITIES, AND POLITICAL-ECONOMICS OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT

socio-economic gain

UNDERSTANDING LOCAL SPECIFICITY

Local spatial and economic relations amplify engagement of common interests, adjacencies and agendas

ECONOMY SHIFT IN NEW ECONOMIC STRATEGY The shift in focus from organisations of consumption to ecologies of production alters the existing logic and allows new relationships to produce value

Credit: Angela Yoo and Vinni Paget

Photograph Nina Patel

Amplifying common interest within community

How can we create public engagement? Negotiation

Integration of culture

Can infrastructure mediate the interface between land and water?

A new infrastructure can be driven by the activation of tidal space

Intervention entering the natural environment

Can public i nf r

Plantlife

Coastal

What drivers

What urban potentials can an uninterrupted Queens Chain offer?

Compose social space with natural environment derelict environment

Can Infrastructure Re-mediate Ecological Space?

Added amenity to the water surface

Emergence of new activities

the value of abandoned assets?

Reprogramming

of infrastructure?

Government Agencies

y is there su ch Wh

Ministry for the Environment What is this ‘Shape’? “Shape the way we grow.”8

Local Boards “A well connected, accessible Auckland”9

Auckland City Council “Optimise, integrate and align network utility Provision and planning.”10

Credit: Herman Haringa and Sophia Whoi Seung Kim

Could there be better integration of local best interest

Ministry of Transport

Can there be improved cross pollination of knowledge?

estuary wildlife.5

A NEW EXPERIENCE OF THE CITY: BLURRING THE THRESHOLD BETWEEN TERRAIN AND WATER

Who are the ‘approved organisations’?

“By collaborating internally, with ‘approved organisations’ and across other government entities in order to achieve our statutory objective.”13

Transparency of State-owned Enterprises at a local level

“… water and other natural resources as taonga (treasures) with spiritual and metaphysical properties...empowers all living things, makes human beings a part of the natural world…”6

Who are the key stakeholders?

How is communication coordinated?

Building a mutual relationship between recreational activity and places of dwelling on land and water.

“Key stakeholders are involved in planning, operating and using of transportation networks.”12

Complexity of ethical dimension “To be enchanted is to be struck and shaken by the extraordinary that lives amid the familiar…”7

Accessibility as an extension of the haptic experience of place

New Zealand Transport Agency (NZTA)

Interrelationship between agents and community

“Interaction of the transport network and land use.”11

‘Whau River Crossing Project’ Consultants

‘Waterview Causeway Upgrade Project’

Who else can be an ‘approved organisation’?

Community interest groups

Opus International Consultants

How is the Council fragmented?

Enjoy watching the changing tides of the Rewarewa River leading to the Whau estuary while listening to the Tuis,

Community Developers ‘Prime water view real estate’

REORGANISING INSTITUTIONALISED NETWORKS

Agencies currently corporate and

LAND

Could these stakeholders work together, rather than

productive dia log k of ac ue al

“Properties on the river only come up for sale once in a lifetime, because once they’re here, people love it and they just stay.”4

Tourism New Zealand

Auckland region transmission line maintenance “We need to continually operate, maintain and develop New Zealand’s transmission network to ensure we meet the ongoing electricity needs of New Zealanders.”6

Amplifying the community voice and rethinking the public realm: the shifting perception of a muddy landscape

Property

Home owners

How could infrastructure grow without being purely necessity driven?

WATER

How can higher political powers contribute?

‘100% pure New Zealand’

Environmental agencies

Value of space

Government

“We keep New Zealand’s energy

Can infrastructure be more responsive to the community?

Does public participation extend beyond the immediate environment?

“We back New Zealand’s talent, ideas and enterprise”7

How are relationships created?

Mediation of institutional collaboration

s agencies? ros ac

State-owned Enterprises

“We value positive working relationships with land owners.”4

Can infrastructure adapt itself to accommodate a diversity of scale and uses, anticipating changes of

Responsibility

Transpower

Public/private partnership

COMMUNITY

how must this threshold be maintained?

U AT

“East Tamaki Primary School, $15,000 awarded for the development of new garden area.”2

“We give back to the community where we work.”3

As a state-owned enterprise, could it be more active in its localities?

How can this giving be less piecemeal?

INT

INFRASTRUCTURE AS A MEDIATING SYSTEM “Te Otinga Ki Tamaki Te Kohanga Reo, $21,500 awarded for kitchen area refurbishment.”1

What is the critical mass that

RE-IMAGINING OWNERSHIP: NEW INTERFACES BETWEEN WATER, LAND AND COMMUNITY

Can the temporal dynamics of the tide

the environment

Ownership

N N: OF T TIO PA MEN ICI E RT AG PA AN LIC CO-M UB R P THE FO IN LE NT RO ME EW AGE A N ENG Y NIT MU

River-scape

How to intervene the border between environmental systems and urban development?

New scales of social organisation are needed to engage the local

M CO

What potential dynamics can activate the water surface?

How do open spaces attract opportunities for generation? Open Space

“… pollution is caused by us and our modern way of living…our backyards and our daily activities…commercial and industrial areas…the worst of the pollution is not visible to the naked eye.”2

Mediation of formal and informal programmes

Threading the interface with public space

Infrastructure as destination

How does this allow for collective projects between multiple disciplines?

Enhance accessibility to ecological space

What programmes can be overlapped?

Transit

What is complexity of space?

ownership

Socioeconomic generations

Temporal dynamics of the public spectrum Flows of goods

Spatial

and boundaries

Public sectors encroaching private land

Public Realm

Can Infrastructure Organise Complexity?

Mediation of

Management

G NIN HE

Attraction of government sector investment

Diverse

Recreation

Public space becomes an agent for rethinking

RETHINKING THE MONOFUNCTIONALITY OF INFRASTRUCTURE

Rethink ownership models

of interest between developers and environmentalists

T NG RE

Attraction of private investment

Inclusion of informal economy

e curate a multi plic ctur tru ity as

What is ownership?

What is multiplicity?

Temporal dynamics

Investment

Municipality

Open space is more than manicured green space, it needs to be activated with socio-economic management.

is economic performance? Stimulation of economic performance

systems

ergies? syn of

Economics

Mutually

Create public awareness to the river

Can Infrastructure Encourage Social Exchange?

What policies must be addressed?

Enables social resiliency

Blurring the edges of public space and infrastructure

NT :

How does community groups become the mediators of the social fabric?

“…lost a great deal of habitat for native species…cleared for development.”1

Enabling new interfaces

Symbiotic relationship to the city services

Reconnecting local natural systems and communities to rethink environmental policy

What agency is necessary?

Negotiating the spatial public quality

Integration of recreational space

“…image of modernity as disenchanted…a place of dearth and alienation [as opposed to a place of]…community and cosmological coherency…”3

ER FA TH CE B EI NT ETW ER EE TW N T INI H NG E EN TID VIR E L ON INE ME AN NT D I AN NF D U RA ST RBAN RU CT DEV UR EL OP E

Public and private sector collaboration

Synergy and contingency between infrastructure and agencies

What cohesion can be created?

Catalyst for new public programming

Can nature be the mediator between environmental regeneration and new form of urban development.

“Wakascape” continuation of water to land. The idea of water and land as an entirety

AECOM Causeway Alliance

Sensory experience as a result of local input

Generation of gradient of intimacy

Fulton Hogan Leighton

Coffey SKM Geotechnics

Credit: Hannah Ryan and Chia Venn Khoo (KCV)

Permanence

Governmental zoning exhibits a reductive process which separates the urban programmes conventionaldifferent land uses.

HOW TO REORGANISE A NEIGHBOURHOOD MORPHOLOGY TO INCREASE ITS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL PERFORMANCE

Authorative placing of adjacent programmes, regardless of their incompatibilities, simulates the situation where each programme asserts a negative effect on its neighbouring programme.

the local. By adopting a generic model of programme categorisation, an unproductive region of separation is created.

Homogeneous singularity

Inaccessible public space

Jurisdictional and natural systems collide

Incapacity of an institutional whole to deal with complexity and diversity within an urbanism of social structure. The regulated top-down approach rejects the mediation of cross-pollination of programmes within a zone.

An existing compendium of public amenities and spaces are underutilised due to poor accessibility. The categorisation of zoning becomes a blockade for both the physical presence and the awareness of public realms.

Ignorance of the potential in natural systems such as the Whau River and the possible productivity of the coastline. Zoning is decontextualised and the geography becomes unconsidered within the process of determining placement of programme.

Permeable surface construction as a community event

Converting car storage into porous joints

Spatial reorientation

Collaboration of agencies: Housing Associations and Council Residential deck construction to face the Whau River

Boundaries/ setback adjustment Fence phaseout scheme

TOP-DOWN REGULATION

Education of

Localised diffusion instead of existing institutional

membrane

Breaking down the singularity of zoning envelopes

Creation of a semi-permeable membrane of two agenfusion through a boundary allow a new matrix of programmes to manifest?

Can a conventional whole be fragmented and pixelated to allow for an urbanism of adaptation? Can homogenous zoning envelopes be altered into agencies of minute operations to allow for urban complexities?

Creating value through the hybridisation of programmes

programmatic use

CAN ZONING BE A GENERATIVE TOOL?

Understanding the localised conditions and ecologies of each system for optimising the function of agencies. ble an open realm of social and vernacular organisation to construct a more sustainable model of urbanism?

Through a new combination of systems, could programmes gain an additional asset which harvests the potential for economic generation?

Expanding zoning categories into combinatory typologies

Simulating the coexistence of typologies

Are there new typologies that can be generated through cross-programming? What opportunities can be exploited through the threading of different programmes? Can there be an evolution of zoning which surpasses the existing categories of land use?

The bottom-up agencies exhibit the potentials of heteregeneous programming which compliments the complexity and diversity of social structure. In what ways can the adaptations of similar ecologies be simulated for the customisation of new potentials?

Urban pedagogy

frameworks

NEW STRATEGIES OF KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER

Council construction and framing supplied 

Existing informal uses within municipal zoning envelopes Top down + Bottom up

Sport facilities next to lift-manufacturer’s factory

Shed with ponies next to power substation

Front yard of a residential house converted into a dairy as an economic generator

Locally sourced recycled timber

Caravan living next to a sports bar within a boat yard Abandoned steel frameworks set up as an informal market An old publishing factory converted into a three-storey gymnasium Single-family homes converted into hostels for denser living

Holistic not

Community-designed walkway along inaccessible stream edge funded by Council with locally sourced recycled materials

Tools of participation Socio-spatial planning tactics

Residents maintain beyond their fence line collectively

Residential dwelling of a single mother turned into a daycare centre Radio-controlled car-racing tracks next to steel-treatment plant

Sculptures made from metal scraps displayed in front of lift-manufacturer factory

Artist inhabiting old industrial workshop utilising the existing technology, machinery and space to produce artwork—taking advantage of accessbility to materials, forms of fabrication and expertise within the proximity

Housing Associations youth planter box scheme

Programmatic insertions that bind the neighbourhood together through common interests

Amenities that encourage recreational activities between residents

Coexistence

ACTIVATING INTERSTITIAL SPACES AND UNDERUTILISED ASSETS

Fishing deck and boat ramp behind industrial buildings

Credit: Steven Lin and Zee Shake Lee

Abandoned factory turned into landscape for skating

NEW ECONOMIES OF EXCHANGE

Regulations support collaboration

Short- term interest

Mediation Ownership of local resources

Neighbourhood as selfdeveloper

Socioeconomic gains Shared amenities

Transcending arbitrary zoning through synchronisation

HOW TO SYNCHRONISE RESIDENTIAL AND INDUSTRIAL ZONING WITHIN THE SAME COMMUNITY Night cinema and markets generating local activity within a current industrial vacuum after hours

Local Boards Environmental Agencies

Negotiation

Residents

Informal growth

COMMUNITY AS CURATOR Community Leaders

Local knowledge and familiarity

Large prestressed concrete pipes converted into elements of skate park

Interdependence of long and shortterm planning

ventures and socio-cultural

Semi-public and private coexistence

Industrial tenants

Dumpster converted into a small recreational swimming pool

Tension between long- and shortterm strategies and tactics reduced by collaboration between community and institutions

of common interests

Used shipping containers turned into self storage services

Living room of a residential house refurbished into a new hair salon

Temporary interventions as a cultural generator and new sense of identity for neighbourhoods

Community stakeholder meetings and discussions

COULD THE INTERSTITIAL ENVIRONMENT BE AN INSTRUMENT TO NEGOTIATE CONSTITUENCIES AND IMPROVE SOCIAL EXCHANGE?

Tyre retaining-wall constructed by community along the stream edge

Temporal renting of relocated Titirangi theatre for other cultural events to secure it as a longterm cultural venue

Temporary tactical interventions as a catalyst for formal urban development

Tannery reappropriated as exhibition space shortterm with possibility of permanent transformation as a creative venue

Re-imagination of density

Inorganic-waste collection day situated within an under-utilised space creating exchange between residents and industrial tenants

CAN LONG- AND SHORTTERM PLANNING SYSTEMS CO-EXIST AND MUTUALLY BENEFIT ONE ANOTHER? Informal art installation at the water’s edge to eventuate into a formalised art walk implemented by the council

Tools of communication

Shift in attitudes for institutional governance and communities

BOTTOM-UP AGENCY

Formal development

Generic solutions to complex conditions

ownership of resources

Collaboration of agencies: Housing Associations and Council

Reconstructing social norms

Local stakeholders to initiate reform

Housing associations Developers

Community leaders as exemplars of positive change

Environmental Agencies to the

Financial resources

INSTITUTIONS AS FACILITATORS

CAN LOCAL MODELS OF MUTUAL RESPONSIBILITY OF CHANGE REPLACE EXISTING PROTOCOLS OF INSTITUTIONAL DIRECTIVES?

Programatic insertion

Transforming driveways into pedestrian and cycle lanes

Existing formal zoning frameworks

Implementary traction

Re-negotiating property lines

Creating porous edges

Car storage re-zoning

Council Local Boards

Institutional knowledge

Friction between incoherent programmes

adjacencies

Physical restructuring

Tertiary Institutions

Local knowledge

Harsh divisions of land use

Long-term planning

Tannery art workshops for local residential community

Pop-up Bouchon within industrial building to cater for local residents Portion of

industrial building transformed into community park

Seasonal camping along the industrial zoning that runs parallel to the Whau River

Common interests

Landlords

Community restructuring

Credit: Angela Yoo and Vinni Paget

Above: Intensive diagramming workshop with Teddy Cruz. Photographs Kathy Waghorn, Herman Haringa, and Antonia Lapwood

THE LAB The Lab at the 5th Auckland Triennial represents a major opportunity to develop local architectural culture. Teams of academics, students, and architects will contribute to The Lab, a design-based open laboratory described by curator Hou Hanru as ‛the brain’ of the Triennial. The Lab is a joint project of the architecture and spatial design faculties of The University of Auckland, AUT, and UNITEC, and extends a series of inter-disciplinary design projects run collaboratively between the three institutions. The goal of The Lab is to bring the energy and flexibility of the architectural design process into the gallery, and it will unfold through the Triennial as a sequence of five design projects and a roster of related events—workshops, lectures, actions, debates, tours, performances, roundtable discussions—all responding to the challenges posed by Hou Hanru’s If You Were To Live Here… theme. The city is consumed with concerns of the quantitative: ‘How much have you got?’ The Lab’s role is to act as a catalyst for critical examination of the qualitative in the city. What role do the creative disciplines play in the urban realm? How might they engender a different quality of life? How might we live here ‛better’? While creative practitioners operating in the public realm address such questions daily and the architectural culture we are building holds these questions central, The Lab is intended as a catalyst to embed such

Photograph Sophia Kim

speculations within our broader urban culture. Designed by Mike Davis and Sara Lee from The University of Auckland, the physical space of The Lab in the Chartwell Gallery is a flexible system allowing quick and easy transition between exhibition and event modes. Graphic designers Jonty Valentine and Amy Yalland will document the proposals and events generated in The Lab in real time, creating papers to take away and an ever-changing wall installation. Architecture is an inherently optimistic occupation. While the art world is tolerant, perhaps even encouraging, of its practitioners exploring the darker human impulses, architects are with few exceptions engaged only to lighten, order, expand, or otherwise improve part of the world. Hanru’s inclusion in the Triennial of projects explicitly concerned with architecture and urban design allows for a double optimism. We can be hopeful that the projects developed in The Lab will act as catalysts for ongoing thinking, discussion, and action within our cities, but also that their inclusion will enrich connections with visual arts culture, both locally and globally. The projects in The Lab are a chance not only to think about how we live and imagine new possibilities, but to develop relationships and build culture.

Andrew Barrie

Left: Soundshells with recordings of ambient sound and imagery of power pylons in Tony Segedin Park and on the Whau river. Above: Pylons down the Whau river mapped on the project model. Photographs Sophia Kim

Photographs Zee Shake Lee, Nina Patel, and Sophia Kim

Photograph Amy Yalland

Above: Timeline of the Whau river as documented through popular media, publications, research papers, photographic record and other means. Credit: Nina Patel Photographs Kathy Waghorn and Herman Haringa

Left and overleaf: Exhibition at The Lab. Photographs Zee Shake Lee and Amy Yalland

Photographs by Zee Shake Lee and Sophia Whoi Seung Kim

Left: Panel discussion with community and governance stakeholders. Photograph Amy Yalland

Left: Presentations to public, community stakeholders, and visiting architecture students from Woodbury University. Photographs Amy Yalland and Zee Shake Lee

Photograph Zee Shake Lee

Special Thanks Andrew Barrie Anto Yeldezian Amy Yalland Esther Mecredy Frances Cooper Gerard Gruiters Gilbert Brakey Hou Hanru Jordon Saunders Mike Davis Nina Patel Ross McGarva Sara Lee Sacha Milojevic Teddy Cruz Thomas Ward

Photograph Nina Patel

Muddy Urbanism

Articles inside

5 Te Waitahurangi Loop

4 Much Ado About Pylons

7 Industrial Recreation

What About Clark’s Common

2 Infill Liaison