In higher education you are expected to cite all sources of information that you use to help you with your written assignments. Citing your references correctly is an essential part of your academic work for three main reasons: 1. To acknowledge the sources you have used as the basis of your research. Failure to do this could be construed as plagiarism. 2. To enable other people to identify and trace your sources quickly and easily. 3. To support facts and claims you have made in your text. There are three types of academic referencing that are in use at Swindon College, depending upon your subject area: 1. Harvard (standard) 2. Numeric 3. American Psychological Association (APA) (Harvard variant) Although there are many variants of Harvard formatting, this pamphlet provides guidance on Harvard standard referencing according to the British Standards Institution, 1989 and 1990 (BS 1629 and BS 5605). Your tutor may require a variant of the formatting given in this pamphlet. To find out which format you should be using within your subject area please check, with your tutor, your course handbook, and your VLE course area. Definition of Terms Direct Quotation
stating an author’s ideas / arguments in their own words; usually punctuated with quotation marks (“...”).
Indirect Quotation; Referral to give a description of, or refer to, the original author’s work or argument. Paraphrasing
using someone else’s ideas or arguments, but in your own words.
Summarising
to sum up the essence or main point of what the original author is saying.
Citing
acknowledging, within your piece of work, the source from which you obtained the direct or indirect quotation.
Reference List
full details of the sources of information which you have quoted from within your work.
Bibliography
full details of all the resources that you have used during your research.
Harvard Referencing Citation (within your work) Citing an indirect quotation within your text involves stating the author’s surname and the date of the publication: Sebright (1992), Smith (1986) and Williams (1972) theorised… It has been argued (Salter 1965) that… ...the results of the study were questionable (see Jones 1973). If you need to cite a publication with two authors then both surnames should be stated: It has been indicated (Fisher and Harrison 1998) that... If you need to cite a publication with three or more authors then the first author should be stated followed by ‘et al’: The work of Smith et al (1977) concluded… If you need to cite two or more publications published by the same author within the same year, you would add sequential letters (a, b, c) to the dates: The work of Forrister (1980a) and Forrister (1980b) concluded… Citing a direct quotation within your text involves stating the author, date and page number of the publication: “You will see that the Harvard and Numeric Styles of citation are very different from one another.” Fisher and Harrison (1998, p.4) The use of an ellipsis (three full stops) before, between or after a direct quotation indicates any omissions. If you need to add your own words within the direct quotation they should be displayed within square brackets: Grainger (1990, p.4) has argued “...it is simply not possible to know everything…[but] it can be stated that some knowledge is attainable.” If you are only quoting a small amount of text it is common practice to include the direct quotation within your paragraph, between quotation marks (“…”): Jones (1989, p.114) has challenged, what he calls, the “peculiar assertion” by Howard that the moon is populated by librarians. When quoting a substantial amount of text it is common practice for the direct quotation to be indented on both sides and to omit the quotation marks: Plagiarism is using the work of others without acknowledging your source of information or inspiration. This includes using words more or less exactly as they have been used in articles, lectures, television programmes, books, or anywhere else, using other people’s ideas or theories without saying whose ideas they are, [and] paraphrasing what you read or hear without stating where is comes from. (Cottrell, 2003, p.133).
Harvard Referencing Citation (within your work) continued When citing a document that you have not seen, but is referred to in one of your sources you should link them by using the term, ‘cited in’: ...equivalent to key skills (Dow 1964) cited in Cottrell (2003). Citing a web site within your text involves stating the web site address and the date of the publication or last update: …states that referencing is key to academic study, (http://i-cite.bham.ac.uk/referencing.htm, 2007) To cite an article within a web site you should use the author surname and follow the guidelines for referencing electronic publications for your reference list.
Your Reference List At the end of your piece of work you must list full details of all your sources of information. This can be split into two lists; the Reference list and the Bibliography list (though some tutors prefer only one list). Traditionally, the Reference list contains all of the sources of information that you have cited within your text, whilst the Bibliography list contains the sources of information that you have read in order to complete your piece of work. If your tutor requires only one list you would usually only be expected to only include the sources that you have cited in your work. The following information gives the Harvard format and style to display your reference and bibliography list in line with the British Standards Institution. You must ask your tutor what format they expect from you.
Reference List - Books The reference list appears alphabetically (by author surname) at the end of your piece of work, starting on a new piece of paper. Author Surname, Initials., Year of publication. Title. Edition. Place: Publisher (some tutors prefer the date to appear within brackets; you will need to check this). You should always look for the referencing information within the title page rather than the cover of the book. Book information is formatted as follows: Referencing Single Authors: Cottrell, S., 2003. The study skills handbook. 2nd ed. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Referencing Multiple Authors (place the author names in the same order as in the book) Three or less: Cutler, T., Williams, K., and Williams, J., 1986. Keynes, beveridge and beyond. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Four or more: Clark, M., et al., 1998. Researching and writing dissertations in hospitality and tourism. London: Thomson.
Harvard Referencing Referencing Editors: Barnet, S, and Stubbs M., ed., 2007. A short guide to writing about art. 7th ed. New York: Longman. Referencing Corporate Authors: The Library Association, 1990. Copyright in public libraries. 2nd ed. London: The Library Association. ‘In’ Referencing: Dow, D., ed., 1964. Key Skills. In: Cottrell, S., 2003. The study skills handbook. 2nd ed. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 34-35. Referencing Theses and Dissertations: McCarthy, D.F., 1981. Group representation in the plural society: the case of the poverty lobby. Ph.D. theses, Cambridge University. Referencing Collaborative Works (encyclopaedias, dictionaries etc.) can be referenced by their title: The europa world yearbook, 1996. London: Europa Publications Ltd. Anonymous Works: Anon., 1978. Social anthropology. Manchester: Puffin. Conferences The editing individual or organisation, ‘ed’., year. Title. Full date of conference, Year. Place: Publisher. Paepcke, A., ed., 1992. OOPSLA ‘92 Conference on object-oriented programming systems, languages, and applications, Vancouver, 18-22 October, 1992. New York: The Association for Computing Machinery. Referencing Individual Papers within a Conference: Cook, W. R., 1992. Interfaces and specifications for the small talk-80 collection classes. In: Paepcke, A., ed., 1992. OOPSLA ‘92 Conference on object-oriented programming systems, languages, and applications, Vancouver, 18-22 October, 1992. New York: The Association for Computing Machinery.
Reference List - Journal Articles Journal information is formatted as follows: Author, Year of publication. Article Title. Journal Title, Volume number (Part number) or date, Page numbers. (someJ.,tutors the date to appear brackets; you132(341), will need 14-16. to check this) Greenfield, 1990.prefer The sevso treasure: the within legal case. Apollo, Gott, R., 1989. Crumbs and The Capitalists. The Guardian, 20th Jan, 21-22. Multiple or Anonymous Authors: The same rules apply as in books. Referencing Newspaper Articles: Reed, J., 2007. Open road lies beyond the traffic jam. Financial Times Motor Industry supplement, Sept 11. p 1.
Harvard Referencing
Reference List - Electronic Publications Referencing Internet Sources: Author or Editor, Year of publication or last update. Title [online]. Place of publication: Publisher. Available at: <web address> [Accessed access date]. If you cannot find the author then reference by the title. If there is no date available then add ‘no date’ in italics or within brackets. Publisher details are considered optional as this information may be unavailable. Stevens, S., no date. I-Cite: guide to citing references [online]. Birmingham: University of Birmingham Information Services. Available at: <http://i-cite.bham.ac.uk/referencing.htm> [Accessed Oct 07]. Referencing Internet Images: Follow the guidelines for referencing internet sources, but reference by the creator or owner of the image (if available, otherwise use the web site name). Remember, web sites often use other people’s images. Google Image should never appear in your reference list; Google always display images from other people’s web sites. If you plan to reuse any images outside of your academic work you must always request permission from the owner of the image. Referencing Electronic Journals: Author, Year of publication. Title. Journal Title [online], Volume(issue). Available at: <web address> [Accessed access date]. Langer, JA., (1986). Learning through writing: study skills in the content areas. Journal of Reading [online], 18(6). Available at: <http://www.journalofreading.com/1986Langer.htm> [Accessed Dec 90] Referencing Electronic Mail: Discussion lists: Author, Year. Title of Message. Discussion List Title [online], day and month. Available at: email address or <web address> [Accessed access date]. Personal email: Author, (email address) year, Title of email, day and month. Email to: recipient’s name (email address). Referencing CD-ROM and Online Databases: Bibliographic databases: Database [type of medium, e.g. online or CD-ROM]. (Inclusive Dates). Place: Publisher. Emerald [online]. (1967-2007). Bingley: Emerald Insight. Encyclopaedia Britannica 2008 Ultimate Edition [CD-ROM]. (2008). Staffordshire: Focus Multimedia Ltd. Electronic Journal Articles: Author, Year of Publication. Title. Journal Title [type of medium], Volume(issue), pages if given. Available from: database title [Accessed access date]. Zinser, R., 2003. Developing career and employability skills: a US case study. Education and Training [online]. 45(7). Available from: Emerald [Accessed Oct 07].
Harvard Referencing
Referencing - Other Materials Published Music: Composer, Year. Title. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher. Beethoven, L. Van., 1950. Symphony no. 1 in C, Op.21. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Sound Recording: Author or Editor. Year. Recording Title. In: Medium Title. Type of Medium. Place of Publication: Publisher, location on medium, track number (if available). Ely, J., 1990. Drivinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; to the poorhouse in a limousine. In: Live at Liberty Lunch. Stereo Sound Disk. New York: MCA, MCG 6113, Side B Track 2. Illustrations: Illustrator, Year. Title. Material Type. At: Location. Archive/Register Number (if available). Sandby, P., 1746. A bandit with a halbert. Pen and Ink. At: London: British Museum Department of Prints and Drawings. Register Number 1880-9-11-1773. Films, Videos and Broadcasts: Now Voyager, 1942. Film. Directed by Irving Rapper. USA: Warner. Father Ted, 1995. Episode 1, Good luck Father Ted. TV, Channel 4. Apr 21. Crimewatch UK, 1993. TV, BBC1. Jan 21. Today, 2007. Interview: Chief Constable Peter Fahy, Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Underage Drinking. Radio, Radio 4. Aug 17. British Standard Publications: British Standards Institution, 1981. BS 5930: 1981. Code of practice for site investigations. Patents: Aziz, A., 1997. Method and apparatus for a key management scheme for internet protocols. United States Patent Application 68-438, 27 May. For more information about referencing your work, including the various styles see: Fisher, D., and Harrison, T., 1998. Citing References. Oxford: Blackwell. HE Study Skills, 2007. Academic Referencing [online]. Swindon: Swindon College. Available at: <http://vle.swindon-college.ac.uk/course/view.php?id=760&topic=5>. Neville, C., 2007. Open Up Study Skills: The Complete Guide to Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism. Berkshire: Open University Press. Oxford Brookes University Library, 2007. Library Guides Online [online]. Available at: <http://www.brookes.ac.uk/library/guideintro.html>. University of Bath Library, 2004. Library and Learning Centre Citing References [online]. Bath: University of Bath. Available at: <http://www.bath.ac.uk/library/guides/references.html>. With thanks to Fisher and Harrison, 1998