In higher education you are expected to cite all sources of information that you use to help you with your written assignments. Citing your references correctly is an essential part of your academic work for three main reasons: To acknowledge the sources you have used as the basis of your research. Failure to do this could be construed as plagiarism. To enable other people to identify and trace your sources quickly and easily. To support facts and claims you have made in your text. There are three types of academic referencing that are in use at Swindon College, depending upon your subject area: Harvard (standard) Numeric American Psychological Association (APA) (Harvard variant) This pamphlet provides guidance on numeric referencing taken from Swindon College Department of Art and Design. To find out which format you should be using within your subject area please check, with your tutor, your course handbook, and your VLE course area. Definition of Terms Direct Quotation
stating an author’s ideas / arguments in their own words; usually punctuated with, “...”.
Indirect Quotation; Referral to give a description of, or refer to, the original author’s work or argument. Paraphrasing using someone else’s ideas or arguments, but in your own words. Summarising
to sum up the essence or main point of what the original author is saying.
Citing
acknowledging, within your piece of work, the source from which you obtained the direct or indirect quotation.
Endnotes
full details of the sources of information which you have quoted from within your work.
Bibliography
full details of all the resources that you have used during your research.
Numeric Referencing Citation (within your work) Citing sources within your text involves using a sequence of numbers, which are formatted in superscript 2 or brackets (2). Be consistent though; choose one format and stick to it. Citing indirect quotations within your text: There is a range of concepts related to post-modernism including, commodity fetishism, the collapse of cultural hierarchies, and hyper-reality1. Any combination of these terms can be used to discuss current art and design. An approach based on television discourse is used by the theorist, Dick Hebdige 2, in which his writing’s fragmented structure uses chapters of contrasting size and style, to mirror the rhythm of TV adverts, channel hopping and the TV viewer’s drifting state of attention. The overall context for this explanation of post-modernism is that there is no social ideology apart from consumerism3. Citing a direct quotation within your text: “in art, literature, film, TV and popular music… (demonstrate) parody, pastiche, simulation and allegory”4 The numbers will link your citation to your endnote list at the end of your piece of work: End notes 1: Ward, G, Post-modernism: teach yourself, Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1997. 2: Hebdige, D, “A report on the Western Front; post-modernism and the ‘politics’ of style”, The BLOCK reader in visual culture, Routledge, London, 1996, pp. 280-305 3: For a discussion of the emergence of post-modernism in the context of consumerism, see Jameson, F, “Postmodernism & consumer society”, in Foster, H (ed.), Post modern culture, Pluto Press, London, 1983, pp.111-125. 4: op cit. Ward, G, Post-modernism: teach yourself, p.285 If you cite the same source consecutively (immediately after the last citation) within your text then you can use the ‘ibid’ reference within your endnotes: 1: Ward, G, Post-modernism: teach yourself, Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1997. 2: ibid., pp.24-25 If you cite the same source non-consecutively (other citations occur in-between the two that are the same) within your text then you can use the ‘op. cit’ reference within your endnotes: 1: Ward, G, Post-modernism: teach yourself, Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1997. 2: Hebdige, D, “A report on the Western Front; post-modernism and the ‘politics’ of style”, The BLOCK reader in visual culture, Routledge, London, 1996, pp. 280-305 3: op cit. Ward, G, Post-modernism: teach yourself, pp.70-100
Numeric Referencing
Citing an illustration or source of illustration: The Portrait of Lisa Gherardini, wife of Francesco del Giocondo fig1 depicts a woman whose gaze meets the viewer's with an expression often described as enigmatic. These numbers will link to your illustration references list at the end of your piece of work: Illustration References Fig.1: Leonardo Da Vinci, Portrait of Lisa Gherardini, wife of Francesco del Giocondo, Paris, Musée du Louvre, circa 1503–1507 For your endnote list it is best practice to look for the referencing information within the title page rather than the cover of the book. Some example endnote formats: 1: Author’s Surname and Initials, Title, Publisher, Publisher Location (city), Year, Page Number(s). 2: Author’s Surname and Initials, “Title of Article”, Title of Source, Publisher, Publisher Location (city), Year, Page Number(s). 3: Author’s Surname and Initials, Full Web Site Address, Date Accessed. Some example illustration reference formats: Fig.1 Author’s Surname and Initials, Title Publisher, Published Location (city), Year, Page Number(s). Fig.2 Artist’s Surname and Initials, Title, Full Web Site Address, Date Accessed. Fig.3 Designer’s Surname and Initials, Title, Full Web Site Address, Date Accessed. An example endnote list: 1: Bayley, S, 20th Century Design Icons, Sage, London, 1984, p.78. 2: Ollins, W, Corporate Identity, Routledge, London, 1980, p.136. 3: op cit, Bayley, S, 20th Century Design Icons, p134. 4: Anon, CocaCola.com/history/html, Accessed 24.09.2007. 5: Goizueta, R, Icon Design, Liberty, New York, 1978, p.224. 6: Livingston, Alan and Isabella, The Thames and Hudson Encyclopaedia of Graphic Designers, Thames and Hudson, London, 1992, p.22. 6: Beeby, R, PepsiCola.com/history/html, Accessed 27.09.2007. 7: Danks, P, Trace Elements exh. Cat. Swindon Museum and Art Gallery, Swindon UK, 2000, pp.24-35. 8: ibid., pp.10-15. 9: Ginsborg, M, ‘Preface: What is Drawing?’, What is Drawing, ed. Angela Kingston, Black Dog, London, 2003, pp.11-12.
Numeric Referencing
When writing your dissertation you will need to restart your citation numbering for every new chapter: Chapter 1: post-modernism There is a range of concepts related to post-modernism including, commodity fetishism, the collapse of cultural hierarchies, and hyper-reality1. Any combination of these terms can be used to discuss current art and design. Chapter 2: understanding consumerism An approach based on television discourse is used by the theorist, Dick Hebdige 1, in which his writing’s fragmented structure uses chapters of contrasting size and style, to mirror the rhythm of TV adverts, channel hopping and the TV viewer’s drifting state of attention. The overall context for this explanation of post-modernism is that there is no social ideology apart from consumerism2. Your endnote list will also need to be split into chapters: End notes Chapter 1 1: Ward, G, Post-modernism: teach yourself, Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1997. Chapter 2 1: Hebdige, D, “A report on the Western Front; post-modernism and the ‘politics’ of style”, The BLOCK reader in visual culture, Routledge, London, 1996, pp. 280-305 2: For a discussion of the emergence of post-modernism in the context of consumerism, see Jameson, F, “Postmodernism & consumer society”, in Foster, H (ed.), Post modern culture, Pluto Press, London, 1983, pp.111-125. For more clarity on how to create your endnotes please consult your tutor (and see below). For more information about referencing your work, including the various styles see: Fisher, D., and Harrison, T., 1998. Citing References. Oxford: Blackwell. HE Study Skills, 2007. http://vle.swindon-college.ac.uk/course/view.php?id=760&topic=5. Accessed 01.09.2007. Neville, C., 2007. Open Up Study Skills: The Complete Guide to Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism. Berkshire: Open University Press. Oxford Brookes University Library, 2007. Library Guides Online [online]. Available at: http://www.brookes.ac.uk/library/guideintro.html. University of Bath Library, 2004. http://www.bath.ac.uk/library/guides/references.html. Accessed 02.10.2007. With thanks to Swindon College, Department of Art and Design, 2007