In higher education you are expected to cite all sources of information that you use to help you with your written assignments. Citing your references correctly is an essential part of your academic work for three main reasons: 1. To acknowledge the sources you have used as the basis of your research. Failure to do this could be construed as plagiarism. 2. To enable other people to identify and trace your sources quickly and easily. 3. To support facts and claims you have made in your text. There are three types of academic referencing that are in use at Swindon College, depending upon your subject area: 1. Harvard 2. Numeric 3. American Psychological Association (APA) Although there are many variants of Harvard formatting, this pamphlet provides guidance on the American Psychological Association referencing style taken from the University of Bath‟s Department of Sports Development and Recreation. To find out which format you should be using within your subject area please check, with your tutor, your course handbook, and your VLE course area.
Definition of Terms Direct Quotation Indirect Quotation; Referral
stating an author‟s ideas / arguments in their own words; usually punctuated with, “...”. to give a description of, or refer to, the original author‟s work or argument.
Paraphrasing
using someone else‟s ideas or arguments, but in your own words.
Summarising
to sum up the essence or main point of what the original author is saying.
Citing
acknowledging, within your piece of work, the source from which you obtained the direct or indirect quotation.
Reference List
full details of all of the sources from which you have quoted from within your work.
APA Referencing Citation (within your work) Citing an indirect quotation within your text involves stating the author‟s surname and the date of the publication: Rogers (1994) has suggested that body image is related to self-esteem… ...in a recent study of reaction times (Rogers, 1994), the methods employed… In 1994, Rogers compared two different theories… If you reuse a source within the same paragraph there is no need to repeat the date: In a recent study of reaction times, Rogers (1994) described the method … Rogers also found… If you need to cite a publication with two authors then both surnames should be stated, separated by an ampersand (&): … the findings suggest … (Wasserstein & Zapulla, 1999). If you need to cite a publication with three - five authors then cite all authors the first time the reference occurs; in subsequent citations include only the surname of the first author, followed by „et al‟ and the year if it is the first citation of the reference within a paragraph: Wasserstein, Zapulla, Rosen and Rock (1999) found that … Wasserstein et al. (1999) found that … (subsequent first citation per paragraph thereafter). Wasserstein et al. found that … (omit year from subsequent citations after first citation within a paragraph). If there are six or more authors, cite only the surname of the first author followed by „et al‟ and the year for the first and subsequent citations: Adam et al. (1990) suggested that the left side of the brain … To cite more than one work at the same time, include all cited authors in brackets in alphabetical order by the first author‟s surname. Separate the citations with semicolons: Several studies…(Adam et al., 1990; Cook, 1985; Wasserstein & Zapulla, 1999). If you need to cite two or more publications published by the same author within the same year, you would add sequential letters (a, b, c) to the dates: ...Johnson (1991a) has progressed both experimental and practical aspects of software technology to the point where they provide a serious challenge to Pacific Belt dominance (Johnson, 1991b)… Citing a small (one line) direct quotation within your text involves stating the author, date and page number of the publication and to include quotation marks (“…”): ... whilst it is possible that “poor parenting has little effect on primary educational development it more profoundly affects secondary or higher educational achievement” (Healey, 1993, p.22) The use of an ellipsis (three full stops) before, between or after a direct quotation indicates any omissions.
APA Referencing Citation (within your work) continued Longer direct quotes (of 40 or more words) should be: preceded by a colon indented from your main text (half an inch, 1.3cm or 5 spaces) double spaced not have quotation marks cite author, year and page number: It was just a fragment, no more than 30 seconds: The Euston Road, hansoms, horse drawn trams, passers-by glancing at the camera but hurrying by without the fascination or recognition that came later. It looked like a still photograph, and had the superb picture quality found in expert work of the period, but this photograph moved! Walkley (1995, p.83). When citing a document that you have not seen, but is referred to in one of your sources you should link them by using the term, „cited in‟: ... a change in family circumstances can affect a child‟s emotional stability (Pollock, 1995, as cited in Jones, 1996, p.10.)
Your Reference List Everything you cite in your essay will be listed once (alphabetically by author or originator) and subdivided by year (and letter if necessary) on a separate sheet of paper at the end of your piece of work. The APA style requires the second and subsequent lines of the reference to be indented. You should always look for the referencing information within the title page rather than the cover of the book. Reference information is formatted as follows: Book Author surname, Initials., (Year). Title of publication. Place of publication: Publisher Journal Article Author surname, Initials., (Year). Title of article. Journal name. Volume Number. First and last page numbers. Corporate Author Corporate name., (Year). Title of publication. Place of publication: Publisher. Government Publication Government Department/Institute. (Year). Title of document. (Number of document, if given) Place of publication: Publisher. Conference Proceedings Author, Initial. (Year). Title of conference paper. In Initial, Author/Editor of conference paper, conference proceedings title (pp. xx – xx). Place of publication: Publisher. Newspapers Journalist name, initial. (Year, Date). Title of news item. Name of newspaper, Page numbers. Theses Author, initials. (Year). Thesis title. Level of thesis. Awarding Institution.
APA Referencing Your Reference List continued Videotape Name (function of the originator(s), e.g. director or producer). (Year and date). Title [Television broadcast]. Country of origin: Movie studio/ distributor. Film Name (function of the originator(s), e.g. director or producer). (Year). Title [Motion picture]. Country of origin: Movie studio/distributor. TV Broadcast Name, Initial. (Producer or Director). (Year). Title [Television series]. Place of publication: Publisher. Internet Author/editor, initials. (Year). Title. Retrieved date, from URL. Electronic Journal (www) Author surname, initials. (Year). Title. [Electronic version] Journal title [online], volume (issue), page(s). Add the Date retrieved and URL to the end if you think that the online version differs from the printed version. Full Text Journal (online database) Author surname, initials. (Year). Title of article. Journal name, 78, 443-449. Retrieved Date, Year, from Database name. Example Reference List: Beckleheimer, J. (1994). How to cite URLs in a bibliography? Retrieved December 13, 1995, from http://www.nrlssc.navy.mil/meta/bibliography.html Clarke, L. (1998). Schizophrenia: All in the mind or locked in the brain? Journal of Advanced Nursing. 21, 9-18. Kirkland, J. (1988). Lay pressure groups in the local education system: a study of two English boroughs. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Brunel University, London. Passer, M. W. (2004). Psychology: The science and mind of behavior (2nd ed.). London: McGraw-Hill. For more information about referencing your work, including the various styles see: Fisher, D., and Harrison, T., (1998). Citing References. Oxford: Blackwell. HE Study Skills, (2007). Academic Referencing. Retrieved September 19, 2007, from http://vle.swindon-college.ac.uk/course/view.php?id=760&topic=5. Neville, C., (2007). Open Up Study Skills: The Complete Guide to Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism. Berkshire: Open University Press. Oxford Brookes University Library, (2007). Library Guides Online. Retrieved October 02, 2007, from http://www.brookes.ac.uk/library/guideintro.html. University of Bath Library, (2004). Library and Learning Centre Citing References. Retrieved October 02, 2007, from http://www.bath.ac.uk/library/guides/references.html.
With thanks to the University of Bath, Department of Sports Development and Recreation, 2006