Rural 9.2 Urban Migration
Made By Jo e y Yao
Research Question: What are the significant push and pull factors for Rural-Urban Migration in Jakarta?
Abstract My Research Question is, What are the significant push and pull factors for RuralUrban Migration in Jakarta? In order to get the information about Rural-Urban Migration in Jakarta, internet will be the source for my secondary research. It could provide the push and pull factors from surfing the web while researching for informations to support the methodology. For a primary source, a questionnaire was conducted and was being surveyed to maids and mechanic at each homes about the rural-urban migration. The survey went well and the informations were not really reliable because since the sample size is not big enough then the results will be biased. It shows in the push factor that there is not enough jobs and lower wages and it shows in the pull factor that people were attracted to come to Jakarta for working and finding money.
Background Information Indonesia, the fourth most populous nation in the world, is highly diverse in terms of both terrain and culture. Muslims, Christians, and Hindus, along with followers of other faiths, share this enormous archipelago in the waters between the Indian and Pacific oceans. While Jakarta is the largest city in Indonesia, Jakarta’s population is approximately 13,194,000 and is close to being overpopulated. (Graeme Hugo) Sonny Harry B. Harmadi, head of Demographic Institute at the University of Indonesia’s (UI) economics school, said on Saturday that reducing the pace of urbanization could only be done if the government created more employment opportunities in rural areas. “Promoting rapid agricultural and rural development is critical for stopping rapid urbanization, instead of only prohibiting people from moving to urban areas,” Sonny told The Jakarta Post. Rural dwellers continue to flock to the nation’s urban areas looking for work, leading to population explosions in Indonesia’s biggest cities, such as Jakarta. (Elly Burhaini Faizal) Chinese Indonesians are complaining that the Indonesian government is not doing enough to protect them. About 30,000 ethnic Chinese left Indonesia in 1998. Some 1,200 people, mostly ethnic Chinese, were killed during riots in May 1998, and 168 Chinese women were victims of organized rape during the riots. (David Lamb) One of the major problems confronting Ghana at the moment is the rapid rural-urban migration. In fact most of the major cities like Accra, Kumasi, Tokaradi among others are overpopulated with human beings. This has resulted in robbery, rape, indiscriminate littering of their streets. Unfortunately their leaders both past and present have not been able to find the solution for this situation. Now the government through the district assemblies has to spend several billions of cedis (Ghana current) in constructing public places of convenience, which should not have been the responsibility of the government. All this things are happening because Ghana have been overwhelmed with the number of people who have moved to these urban areas. (AllAfrica Global Media) In India, 14.4 million people migrated within the country for work purposes either to cities or areas with higher expected economic gains during the 2001 census period. Large numbers of migrants also work in the urbal manufacturing construction, services or transport sectors and are employed as casual laborers, head loaders, rickshaw pullers and hawkers. (Chandrima Chatterjee) In 1991, 39 million people migrated in rural-urban patterns of which 54% were female. Caste and tribe systems complicate these population movements. (IndiaMART)
Methodology The internet will be the source for the secondary sources, I have researched several websites on the rural urban migration in Indonesia and other countries. Sometimes, it’s not always what is expected to be, although it is not possible to check all of them one by one, it is still probably a good idea to try lots of links to see which website suits each individual the best by looking at the structure, language, and information. Finding pictures from the internet is also very easy, So in most people’s perspective, internet is the best source for researching. For the primary source, a questionnaire was conducted by a member from the class. The class picked 9 people that is working in each homes as maids, mechanics, or drivers which is then a non-random sample. After the analysis of the data is finished, it shows that 89% out of the 9 respondents were female and is working as maids. Most of them came here to Jakarta to find more jobs opportunities or higher wages but this is not a very good sample data and it might not show anything to us, in other words, not precise and trustable. Because the sample size is too small. An average of sample size is 50 - 100 people but, the teacher won’t let the class do that because it will take maybe days or a week or so to finish surveying people and the analysis of the data. A non-random sample is being used for this sample research. The advantages is that it is only required to observe on a small group of people so that it is possible to focus on each respondents needs which is not needed to go to Jakarta to survey each respondents taking weeks or months to complete the survey. The disadvantage of the sample is that it is biased. Because it only focuses on a certain small group which means that the results are not accurate and cannot be used as a reliable data. Since it is a small certain group of people, the research method is easy and it only takes about less than a week to finish collect the data and the analysis of the data. The class needed to make a Questionnaire and ask questions about the push and pull factors collect the data for a certain group. The advantages is that it is not required to take a week or more to collect the data, each individual who can translate the Questionnaire to their maids would be asked to go home and collect the data in one night and bring it back the next day. So it is just simple steps for collecting the data. The disadvantages are that it is small sample group. The conclusion will be effected because the sample size is not big enough and other people might have other opinions about this so the results may vary.
Question
Section
Percentage
Gender
Male Female
11% 89%
How long have you been in Jakarta
Less than a year 1-3 4-6 7+
11% 44% 22% 11% 11%
Age
Under Age 16 - 21 22 - 30 31 - 40 41+
22% 44% 22% 11%
Occupation
Maid Others (Mechanic)
89% 11%
Male 90
Female
Under Age 31 - 40
67.5
22 - 30
11% 11% 11%
45
22.5
0
16 - 21 40 +
22% Gender (%)
44%
A very significant number of respondents by 89% were female. On the other hand, 11% of the respondents were male.
A significant number of respondents were mostly 16 - 21 years old taking 44% from the rest of the ages below and above.
90
11%
67.5
A very significant number of respondent’s occupation by 89% were maids while the least significant amount of respondent worked as a mechanic.
45
22.5
0
Occupation (%) Maid
Others (Mechanic)
22%
22%
44%
Less than 1 year 4-6
1-3 7+
A significant amount of respondents who stayed/ lived here were the ones that had been stayed for 1 - 3 years by 44% from the rest of the respondents.
Not enough jobs
Poor Medical
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4 0
12.5
25
37.5
50
0
10
20
Low Wages 1
2
2
3
3
4
4 15
30
40
Poverty
1
0
30
45
60
0
12.5
25
37.5
5
1 2 3 4 0
17.5
35
52.5
70
67.5
90
67.5
90
Natural Disaster
1 2 3 4 0
22.5
45 Religious Conflict
1 2 3 4 0
22.5
45 Racism
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4 0
12.5 25 37.5 Poor Education
50
0
25
50
75
Forced to Leave
100
1
2
3
4
Job opportunity
Medical Care
Higher Wages
Living Conditions
Education
Political Stability
Freedom
Family and Friends
0
20
40
60
80
Analysis of Data Push Factors: The table shows clearly that the respondents have their own reasons to leave their hometown. ‘Not enough Jobs, Low Wages, Poverty, and Poor Education are considered as the most important push factors for all the respondents. Not enough jobs is the highest factor chosen by 44% of all the respondents while the 2nd highest factor is Low Wages by 55%. The respondents chose Poverty and Poor Medical as their least, with only 11% choosing Poverty and Poor Medical. On the other hand, Forced To Leave, Racism, and Religious Conflict are the least important factors. All the respondents marked Forced To Leave as the least, by 99%.
Pull Factors: The table shows clearly that different respondents attracted with the pull factors from Jakarta. ‘More Jobs Opportunity, and Higher Wages are considered as the most important pull factors. More Jobs Opportunity are the highest pull factor chosen by the 77% of all the respondents, with 55% of respondents chose Higher Wages. The respondents chose Better Medical Health Care, and Educational Reasons as their least, with only 22%. However, Political Stability, and Finding Family and Friends are chosen as the least important pull factors. 66% of the respondents chose Political Stability and 55% for Finding Family and Friends.
Conclusion From the research, it can be concluded that It is shown that the most significant push factor is that there is not enough jobs available and receiving low wages in rural areas. While the most significant pull factor is that there are more jobs opportunities for them and they also will get higher wages in the urban areas.
Works Citied - AllAfrica Global Media. "Ghana: Checking Rural-Urban Migration." All Africa. 2007. Web. 4 Nov. 2011. <http://allafrica.com/stories/200710190885.html>. - Chandrima Chatterjee. "Migration - Rural to Urban." India Development Gateway. Web. 5 Nov. 2011. <http://www.indg.in/social-sector/social-vulnerable-groups/migration-2013rural-to-urban>. - David Lamb. "Asia: Urban-Rural, Economy - Migration News." Migration Dialogue. Web. 03 Nov. 2011. <http://migration.ucdavis.edu/mn/more.php?id=1654_0_3_0>. - Elly Burhaini Faizal. "Rural Development Will Curb Migrants | The Jakarta Post." Home | The Jakarta Post. Web. 03 Nov. 2011. <http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/09/05/ rural-development-will-curb-migrants.html>. - Hugo, Graeme. "Indonesia's Labor Looks Abroad." Migration Information Source. Web. 03 Nov. 2011. <http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?ID=594>. - IndiaMART. "Rural-Urban Migration in India,Rural Population Migrated To Urban Areas." Investment Guide, India Finance, Stock Market, BSE, NSE, Mutual Funds. Web. 05 Nov. 2011. <http://finance.indiamart.com/india_business_information/ rural_urban_migration_population_india.html>. - Inlooptv. "INTHELOOP.TV: The City With Too Many People." INTHELOOP.TV. Web. 05 Nov. 2011. <http://blogintheloop.intheloop.tv/2010/10/19/the-city-with-too-many-people.aspx>. - World Mysteries. "The World Population â&#x20AC;&#x201D; World Mysteries Blog." World Mysteries. Web. 05 Nov. 2011. <http://blog.world-mysteries.com/science/the-world-population/>.
Appendix.1 Push Factors
1
2
3
4
Not enough Jobs
N/A
1
4
4
3
3
2
1
N/A
N/A
5
4
Poverty
2
4
2
1
Poor Education
2
4
3
N/A
Forced To Leave
9
N/A
N/A
N/A
Racism
8
1
N/A
N/A
Religious Conflict
8
1
N/A
N/A
Natural Disaster
6
N/A
3
N/A
1
2
3
4
Poor Medical Low Wages
Appendix.2 Pull Factors More Jobs Opportunity
N/A
N/A
2
7
Better Medical Health Care
3
2
2
2
Higher Wages
1
N/A
3
5
Better Living condition
N/A
2
3
4
Educational Reasons
2
3
2
2
Political Stability
6
2
1
N/A
Freedom
3
1
5
N/A
Finding Family and Friends
5
2
2
N/A