GID 2000-2010

Page 1



!"


!#

&ROHFFLÛQ *UÌoFD &DSLWDO %RRNV $%&'(%)*+,-$./ 7ÖWXOR *UÌoFD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD ê © 5RVV\ 5DPRV °QJHO 5RVDULR \ 0DXULFH 6ÌQFKH] ©'H OD SUHVHQWH HGLFLÛQ &DSLWDO %RRNV 'LUHFFLÛQ *UÌoFD 0DXULFH 6ÌQFKH] 'LVHÚR (GLWRULDO -DYLHU 5H\HV &RPSRVLFLÛQ \ HGLFLÛQ GH WH[WRV °QJHO 5RVDULR \ 5RVV\ 5DPRV ,6%1 ê ê ê ê ,PSUHVR HQ 5HSáEOLFD 'RPLQLFDQD 3ULQWHG LQ 'RPLQLFDQ 5HSXEOLF 7RGRV ORV GHUHFKRV UHVHUYDGRV (VWD SXEOLFDFLÛQ QR SXHGH VHU UHSURGXFLGD QL HQ WRGR QL HQ SDUWH VLQ HO SHUPLVR GH ORV DXWRUHV R OD HGLWRULDO

*UÌoFD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD ê


C'9;19+2' !P #$%&'('

)*$+',-./*&'0,#1$2'3',4,5'*6789,:19+;' <9(1&,='0*$+',4,='00>,=*3'0,4,)*7$+?1,@.9?A1B ,

N! -1,C'9?A',#$+3',*,57*9,#*D&',, -7*$;1,>,9',*&,$1/E0F @*$*,G1$3*99

NQ H&,I*80,671,31,19;$%,I'$,&'0,'J'0F C*3+&',K191(*0

LL *UÌoFD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH

-'3+9+?*9*,L!!!ML!N!F

LR C7&;7$*,#'I7&*$ SP #'&8;+?* T! C+72*2 N!L OI79;10,I*$*,$1?'$2*$, ?+1$;*0,/*+9*0F ,YRU\ 1XÚH]

N!Q *UÌoFD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD 1XHYDV PRGDOLGDGHV FUÖWLFDV )*J*,G'$9

NL" O($*21?+3+19;'0

!"


*Uテ経FD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD テェ


8QD DJHQFLD GH SXEOLFLGDG DO LJXDO TXH XQ IUXWHUR XQD EDQFD GH DSXHVWD R XQ SLFD SROOR FKLQR HV SDUWH GH DOJR PÌV JUDQGH HQ HVWH FDVR 6DQWR 'RPLQJR 'HVGH ORV LQLFLRV GH &DSLWDO '%* GHVGH OD VHOHFFLÛQ GHO QRPEUH TXH OOHYDUÖD QXHVWUD DJHQFLD KDVWD OD YLVLÛQ LQWHJUDO GH OR TXH KDFHPRV \ FÛPR OR KDFHPRV KHPRV WHQLGR PX\ FODUR OD UHODFLÛQ FLXGDGêFLXGDGDQR \ FRPR ÒVWD DIHFWD OD UHODFLÛQ PDUFDêFRQVXPLGRU 'HVSXÒV GH WRGR XQD DJHQFLD GH SXEOLFLGDG VL TXLHUH VHU H[LWRê VD GHEH DSUHQGHU D HVFXFKDU HVFXFKDU D ORV FLXGDGDQRV TXH GHDPEXODQ SRU WRGDV ODV DUWHULDV GH OD FLXGDG D WRGD KRUD \ WRPDQ GHFLVLRQHV TXH LPSDFWDQ ODV HPSUHVDV TXH QRV FRQWUDWDQ 'HEH DSUHQGHU D HVFXFKDU HO ULWPR GH XQD FLXGDG TXH FRQVWDQWHê PHQWH FRQGLFLRQD HVDV GHFLVLRQHV \ TXH LQpX\H GLUHFWDPHQWH HQ HO YRFDEXODULR YLVXDO TXH XWLOL]DPRV SDUD FRPXQLFDU OR TXH TXHUHPRV FRPXQLFDU 8QD FLXGDG HV SUREDEOHê PHQWH HO IDFWRU PÌV LPSRUWDQWH HQ HO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR FROHFWLYR GH VXV KDELWDQWHV \ VX PDQHUD GH PRGLoFDU \ DOWHUDU HO YRFDEXODULR GH VÖPERORV \ VLJQRV D QXHVWUR DOUHGHê GRU HV YLWDO (V HQ HVWD UHODFLÛQ WDQ HVSHFLDO GRQGH OR YLVXDO MXHJD XQ URO SULPDULR /D FLXGDG VXV VLJQRV VÖPERORV \ VHÚDOHV ODV FRQVXPLPRV GH PDQHUD JUÌoFD (O GLVHÚR JUÌoFR HV SDUWH HVHQFLDO GH XQD FXOWXUD \ VX LGHQWLGDG /RV FRORUHV IRUPDV \ HO WRQR GHWUÌV GHO OHQJXDMH JUÌoFR VRQ XQ UHWUDWR QR VÛOR GH ODV SHUVRQDV TXH OR SURGXFHQ VLQR WDPELÒQ GH TXLHQHV OR FRQVXPHQ 3RGUÖDPRV GHFLU VLQ QLQJáQ WLSR GH UHSDUR TXH HO GLVHÚR JUÌoFR HV OD IRUPD PÌV GHPRFUÌWLFD GH WRGDV ODV DUWHV YLVXDOHV (VWRV GLVHÚDGRUHV KDQ WRPDGR OD LGHQWLGDG GRPLQLFDQD \ OD KDQ OOHYDGR D XQ OHQê JXDMH JUÌoFR SRSXODU \ D OD YH] VRoVWLFDGR +DFLHQGR D YHFHV UHIHUHQFLD D WÒFQLFDV \ PÒWRGRV SRSXODUHV KDQ ORJUDGR OOHYDU XQ GLVFXUVR FRQWHPSRUÌQHR \ YDQJXDUGLVWD TXH HQ RFDVLRQHV KDFH UHIHUHQFLD D SHUVRQDMHV KLVWÛULFRV H LQOFOXVR SROÖWLFRV 'HVGH HO SOÌWDQR ORV FDFRêQHJUR HO 4XLVTXH\D 3DUN \ RWURV SHUVRQDMHV TXH KDQ PDUFDGR OD GRPLQLFDQLGDG (O OHQJXDMH JUÌoFR DO LJXDO TXH HO YHUEDO HVWÌ HQ FRQVWDQWH HYROXFLÛQ 1R VH SXHGH GHoQLU QL GHVFLIUDU FRPSOHWDPHQWH SRUTXH QXQFD VHUÌ LJXDO QL VLTXLHUD SRU XQ LQVWDQWH 3DUD &DSLWDO '%* \ &DSLWDO %RRNV HV XQ KRQRU SRGHU VHU SDUWH GH OD UHFRSLê ODFLÛQ GH HVWD LQLFLDWLYD TXH SRU SULPHUD YH] HYLGHQFLD OD LPSRUWDQFLD GH XQ OHQJXDMH XVXDOPHQWH XWLOL]DGR SDUD OD FRPXQLFDFLÛQ FRPHUFLDO \ SXEOLFLWDULD FRPR XQD KHUUDê PLHQWD FXOWXUDO VXPDPHQWH SRGHURVD !"#$%&'()"*%+&,-#.%/% 012&3&0"4$5"*&'67


0

*Uテ経FD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD テェ


(O &HQWUR &XOWXUDO GH (VSDร D HQ 6DQWR 'RPLQJR FRPR DJHQWH GH OD FRRSHUDFLร Q FXOWXUDO HVSDร ROD HQ 5HSรกEOLFD 'RPLQLFDQD SDUWLFLSD DFWLYDPHQWH HQ HO LQWHUFDPELR FUHDWLYR HQWUH QXHVWURV GRV SDร VHV 3RU HOOR QRV UHVXOWD LPSRUWDQWH SRGHU FRODERUDU HQ OD SXHVWD HQ FLUFXODFLร Q GH HVWD SXEOLFDFLร Q TXH SUHVHQWD HO JUDoVPR LQGHSHQGLHQWH GRPLQLFDQR Pร V UHFLHQWH SXHVWR TXH FRPR LQVWLWXFLร Q VLHPSUH KHPRV DSRVWDGR SRU OD FRQWHPSRUDQHLGDG OD FUHDWLYLGDG \ OD YR] FLXGDGDQD < HVWD SXEOLFDFLร Q FRQMXJD WRGR HOOR (Q OD UHYLVWD =RQD GH 2EUDV SXEOLFDED XQ HVSHFLDO VREUH 5HSรกEOLFD 'RPLQLFDQD TXH FRQWHQร D XQD HVSHFLH GH GLFFLRQDULR k!"#$%!%#&'("))%#'("#*&+#'("# ,&-".#,%-."#)&#/"0$"1#)&,#2%,$(3-.",1#)&#45!&#,%25&)#")#&.$"#+#)&#2()$(.&#!"#6&0$%# 7%350/%89 'H HVDV GHoQLFLRQHV HQWUH ODV TXH VH HQFRQWUDEDQ HQWUDGDV GH WRGRV ORV HVWLORV GHVGH kSHORWHURy D k0DUร D 8JDUWHy XQ LQFOXร DQ UHIHUHQFLDV D LOXVWUDGRUHV H LOXVWUDGRUDV R D FROHFWLYRV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ HOORV (VWR QRV SDUHFH XQ EXHQ HMHPSOR GH OD WUDVFHQGHQFLD TXH KD WHQLGR OD LOXVWUDFLร Q \ VX LPEULFDFLร Q HQ HO PXQGR GH ODV DUWHV YLVXDOHV HQ HO FRPLHQ]R GHO VLJOR ;;, HQ 5HSรกEOLFD 'RPLQLFDQD < SRU OR WDQWR OD LPSRUWDQFLD \ SUHVHQFLD TXH KD WHQLGR HQ OD รกOWLPD Gร FDGD HQ QXHVWUR &HQWUR \D TXH PXFKRV \ PXFKDV GH ORV SURWDJRQLVWDV GH HVWDV Sร JLQDV KDQ SDVDGR SRU QXHVWURV HVSDFLRV H[SRVLWLYRV KDQ GLULJLGR WDOOHUHV KDQ GLVHร DGR DFWLYLGDGHV \ GH XQD IRUPD X RWUD KDQ VLGR SURWDJRQLVWDV GHO &&(6' (Q HVWH FRQWH[WR QR KD\ TXH ROYLGDU TXH OD SURGXFFLร Q GH HVWRV LOXVWUDGRUHV H LOXVWUDGRUDV \ IXH XQ EXHQ HMHPSOR ODV LPร JHQHV YLVWDV HQ OD H[SRVLFLร Q SUHYLD D HVWD SXEOLFDFLร Q HQ HQ HO &&(6' IXH PLOLWDQWH HQ HO FRQWH[WR VRFLDO \ SROร WLFR GH HVD Gร FDGD *UDoVPR QDGD LQRFHQWH YRFHV TXH SODQWHDEDQ GHVGH GLYHUVDV SRVLรช FLRQHV \ FRQ GLIHUHQWHV VHQWLGRV GH OD FUร WLFD RWUD YLVLร Q GHO PXQGR TXH OHV URGHDED 3RU WRGR HOOR QRV FRQVLGHUDPRV XQRV SULYLOHJLDGRV SRU VHQWLUQRV WDPELร Q SURWDJRรช QLVWDV GH OD FUHDWLYLGDG GRPLQLFDQD \ GH FRPSDUWLU FRQ OD VRFLHGDG FLYLO VXV H[SUHรช VLRQHV \ SODQWHDPLHQWRV

8%"9:;<&6-<$5% '$#-=5%#&3&0-<5#%&0:*5:#"*&.-&1+4">"&-<&?"<5%&'%/$<@%

1


2

*Uテ経FD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD テェ


7RPDQGR HQ FXHQWD OD IDOWD GH XQD FUร WLFD PLOLWDQWH \ HO SRFR LQWHUร V SRU OD GRFXPHQWDFLร Q HQ QXHVWUR SDร V HVWH SUR\HFWR HGLWRULDO QR VROR VH HQIUHQWร FRQ OD HPRFLร Q QRVWร OJLFD GH XQD H[KLELFLร Q \ VXV SHUVRQDMHV VLQR TXH DEUD]ร OD SUHRFXSDFLร Q GH TXH DTXHOORV HYHQWRV TXH LQLFLDURQ D oQDOHV GH ORV V HQ OD SHULIHULD GHO DUWH HQ 6DQWR 'RPLQJR VH GLVROYHULDQ HQ HO WLHPSR VLQ QLQJรกQ UHIHUHQWH R QDGLH TXH ORV YLQGLTXH (VWH PDWHULDO VROR HV HO LQLFLR SDUD QXHYRV GLร ORJRV \D TXH QXHYRV kLQGHSHQGLHQWHVy VLJXHQ DรกQ FUHFLHQGR HQ RWUDV GLUHFFLRQHV XWLOL]DQGR RWURV PHGLRV \ EDMR OD OXSD GH RWURV WHPDV A%++B&A"/%+

8QD LPDJHQ GLFH Pร V TXH PLO SDODEUDV SHUR SDUD PL XQD SDODEUD ! UHVXPH HVWH OLEUR OOHQR GH LPร JHQHV &RODERUDFLร Q 3RUTXH VLQ FRODERUDFLร Q PXFKRV GH HVWRV SUR\HFWRV QR VH KXELHUDQ ! OOHYDGR D FDER GXUDQWH HVWRV Dร RV < VLQ FRODERUDFLร Q HVWD SXEOLFDFLร Q WDPSRFR H[LVWLUร D C<@-*&A%+"#$%

(VWH GRFXPHQWR HV XQD PHPRULD SDUD UHFRUGDU \ UHFRQRFHU D XQD JHQHUDFLร Q TXH KHUHGร kSร JLQD HQ EODQFRy \ GHFLGLร OOHQDUOD (VWDV Sร JLQDV VRQ Vร OR XQD SHTXHร D PXHVWUD GHO UHVXOWDGR !":#$=-&?(<=D-E

3


De Concho Primo a Juan Pablo Duarte y no al revés. !"!

$SXQWHV KLVWÛULFRV VREUH OD SURGXFFLÛQ JUÌoFD GH FRQWHQLGRV LQGHSHQGLHQWHV Sara Hermann

,

DUD LQLFLDU HVWRV DSXQWHV FUHR TXH HV LPSRUWDQWH GHoQLU DOJXQDV FXHVWLRQHV TXH WUDWDUHPRV \ TXH GH PXFKDV PDQHê UDV OLPLWDUÌQ QXHVWUR DQÌOLVLV \ REMHWR GH LQYHVWLJDFLÛQ (O WHPD GH OD JUÌoFD LQGHSHQGLHQWH WLHQH PXFKDV DULVWDV \ PXFKDV SUHJXQWDV GHVGH GRQGH DERUGDUVH (VWDV LQWHUURJDFLRQHV QR VROR VH UHoHUHQ D OD JUÌoFD HQ VÖ VLQR D VX FXDOLGDG GH LQGHSHQGLHQWH 3RU OR TXH SUHoHUR LQLFLDU FRQ XQD DFODUDFLÛQ QHFHVDUê LD }4XÒ FRQVLGHUR LQGHSHQGLHQWH OD JUÌoFD HO PHGLR JUÌoFR R HO FRQFHSWR TXH PDQHMD" (VWD SULPHUD FXHVWLÛQ HV SHOLDJXGD <R SDUD ORV oQHV GH PL DQÌOLVLV SUHoHUR GHoQLU HVWD SURGXFê FLÛQ GHQWUR GH ORV PÌUJHQHV GH OD LQGHSHQGHQFLD FRQFHSWXDO 0XFKD GH OD SURGXFFLÛQ JUÌoFD SULPHUD GH QXHVWUR SDÖV D OD TXH QRV UHIHULUHPRV HVWDEOHFH VX LQGHSHQGHQFLD GHVGH OR GLVFXUVLYR 3RU OR PLVPR SRGUHPRV YHU XQD LOXVWUDFLÛQ GH 5DPÛQ )UDGH SDUD

*UÌoFD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD ê

OD UHYLVWD :)#;<=5> GH DO PLVPR WLHPSR TXH ODV LOXVWUDFLRQHV GH ODV UHYLVWDV GH JUXSRV PDVRQHV GH SULQFLSLRV GH VLJOR TXH WHQÖDQ FLHUWR LPSDFWR HQ HVWH WLSR GH PHGLR JUÌoFR (VWDV H[SUHVLRQHV KDQ VLGR REê MHWRV GH SUHRFXSDFLÛQ DFDGÒPLFD GHVGH KDFH DÚRV 6LQ HPEDUJR WDPELÒQ HV FLHUWR TXH SRFDV YHFHV VH KD DFRPHWLGR VX HVWXGLR GHVGH OD SHUVSHFWLYD GH ORV HVWXGLRV YLVXDOHV \ KDVWD GHO SURSLR SHULRGLVPR TXH HV HO FDPSR TXH OHV GD RULJHQ \ TXH WRGDYÖD KR\ FRQVWLWX\H XQR GH VXV VRSRUWHV SULQFLSDOHV 'H DKÖ TXH FRQVLGHUH TXH VRQ ORV SXQWRV KLVWÛULê FRV GH FULVLV ORV TXH SURSLFLDQ OD JUÌoFD VREUH WRGR HO WUDEDMR JUÌoFR FUÖWLFR H LQGHSHQGLHQWH (VWR PH KDFH FRQFOXLU OD UHVSXHVWD D OD SULPHUD SUHJXQWD FRQ OD DoUPDFLÛQ GH TXH VL ELHQ HV FLHUWR TXH OD LQGHSHQGHQFLD GH OD JUÌoFD HVWÌ GHWHUPLQDGD SRU ORV PHGLRV IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH ORV WÒFQLFRV WDPELÒQ HVWDUÌ VLJQDGD GH PDQHUD LUUHYHUVLEOH SRU HO FRQWH[ê WR HQ TXH VH GHVDUUROOD


$ERUGDQGR HO WHPD GHVGH XQ SXQWR GH YLVWD FRQê WH[WXDO HQWRQFHV PH SODQWHR RWUDV LQWHUURJDFLRQHV }'HVGH TXÒ PRPHQWR VH SRGUÖD KDEODU GH XQD JUÌoFD LQGHSHQGLHQWH HQ QXHVWUR SDÖV" (VWD SUHJXQWD VH SXGLHUD UHVSRQGHU GH YDULDGDV PDQHUDV WDPELÒQ \ VXV RUÖJHQHV H[DFWRV VRQ PX\ GLIXVRV FRPR SDUD GDU XQD IHFKD SUHFLVD 6LQ HPEDUJR VH SXHGH KDEODU GH GHWHUPLQDGDV SXEOLFDFLRQHV TXH VLQ VHU LQGHSHQGLHQWHV SHUWHQHFÖDQ D JUXSRV LQWHOHFWXDOHV VRFLDOHV \ KDVWD UHOLJLRVRV HVWDEOHFÖDQ FÛGLJRV GH LQGHSHQGHQFLD GHVGH VX SURSLR JÒQHVLV JUÌoFR Pero establezcamos un contexto exacto primero: 8QD QRFKH GH QRYLHPEUH GH VH H[KLELHURQ HQ 3XHUWR 3ODWD RQFH SHOÖFXODV GH OD FDVD /XPLÒUH GH /\RQ HQ HO ORFDO GH OD 6RFLHGDG 5HSXEOLê FDQD (PSH]DED DVÖ OD KLVWRULD GH OD LPDJHQ HQ 5HSáEOLFD 'RPLQLFDQD (VWR OR GLJR SRUTXH HO HQIUHQWDPLHQWR GHO SáEOLFR D HVWH WLSR GH LPÌJHQHV IDYRUHFLÛ XQ VLQJXODU ÌPELWR GH HPLVLÛQ \ UHFHSê FLÛQ GH PHQVDMHV YLVXDOHV \ XQD QXHYD PRGDOLGDG GH JUÌoFD $O LPDJLQDULR HVWÒWLFR SHUVXDGLGR SRU FRUULHQWHV 5RPÌQWLFDV 1DFLRQDOLVWDV \ $FDGHPê

LFLVWDV HXURSHDV HVWUHFKDPHQWH YLQFXODGDV D ORV SURFHVRV KLVWÛULFRV TXH DFDHFÖDQ HQ QXHVWUR SDÖV VH OH VXPD OD LPDJHQ HQ PRYLPLHQWR XQD YLVLÛQ SDQRUÌPLFD GH OD UHDOLGDG (O FDXGLOOLVPR \ OD GHXê GD H[WHUQD VHUÖDQ OD H[FXVD SDUD TXH HQ VH DSUREDUD OD &RQYHQFLÛQ 'RPLQLFRê$PHULFDQD TXH RWRUJDED D (VWDGRV 8QLGRV HO FRQWURO GH ODV DGXDê QDV TXH HUD OR PLVPR TXH GHFLU GH OD HFRQRPÖD GRPLQLFDQD (VH VHUÖD HO SDVR LQLFLDO SDUD OD SULPHUD RFXSDFLÛQ GHO WHUULWRULR QDFLRQDO SRU ODV WURSDV QRUWHDPHULFDQDV HQ HO VLJOR YHLQWH SRU YÖD GH OD HFRQRPÖD TXH VH H[WLHQGH KDVWD (O FRURODULR GH OD LQYDVLÛQ VHUÖD OD WLUDQÖD GH 7UXMLOOR OD FXDO GXUÛ GHVGH KDVWD (V HQ HVWH HVSDFLR WHPSRUDO TXH VH LQLFLDQ GRV OÖQHDV IXQGDPHQWDOHV SDUD QXHVWUR DQÌOLVLV GH KR\ v 3UR\HFWRV HGLWRULDOHV FRQ EáVTXHGDV LQWHOHFê WXDOHV \ VRFLDOHV v 0DWHULDO JUÌoFR WLSR SDVTXÖQ R YRODQWH GH FDUÌFWHU SROÖWLFR IHVWLYR \ SXEOLFLWDULR (QWUH HVWRV SUR\HFWRV HGLWRULDOHV VH SRGUÖDQ PHQê FLRQDU OD UHYLVWD !"#$%&'( HO SHULÛGLFR !"#)*+','-./ ,* UHYLVWD 0".,-*#1#2345* UHYLVWD $.#6&','7, \

!""


"#

SRU VXSXHVWR 89,.#:3#;+<5'-. YROXPHQ SHULÛGLFR GH OD RUJDQL]DFLÛQ PDVRQD GHO PLVPR QRPEUH TXH OOHQDED VXV SÌJLQDV GH WH[WRV FUÖWLFRV SRHVÖD H LPÌê JHQHV GH UHpH[LÛQ VREUH OD VRFLHGDG GRPLQLFDQD GH HVH HQWRQFHV (Q FXDQWR DO PDWHULDO SROÖWLFR FUHR TXH HV IXQê GDPHQWDO PHQFLRQDU OD ODERU GH FRQoJXUDFLÛQ GH XQD LPDJHQ FRQWXQGHQWH \ GH DOWR DOFDQFH HQ ODV PDVDV TXH SURSXVLHURQ oJXUDV FRPR 5DPÛQ 0HOOD /LWKJRZ \ %LHQYHQLGR *LPEHUQDUG /D DSDULFLÛQ GH &RQFKR 3ULPR GHWHUPLQÛ XQ FDPELR GH FRQFLHQFLD HQ UHODFLÛQ FRQ HO PDWHULDO YLVXDO JUÌoFR 2WUD YH] YROYDPRV DO FRQWH[WR QR QRV GHEH SDUHFHU H[WUDÚR TXH ORV FRQWHQLGRV WH[WXDOHV GH ODV SXEOLê FDFLRQHV FRQVWLWX\HUD XQD IRUPD GH FRPXQLFDFLÛQ EDVWDQWH VHOHFWLYD FRPR KHUHGHUD GH IRUPDV GH KDFHU IRUÌQHDV (Q QXHVWUR FDVR HO FRQWURO GH ODV LPSUHQWDV GHVFDQVDED QL HQ HO HVWDGR QL HQ ORV LQYDVRUHV QRUWHDPHULFDQRV \ HO SDVTXÖQ \ OD FDULFDWXUD GRQGH SULPDED OD LPDJHQ YD D WHQHU XQ SHVR PD\RU TXH ORV RWURV WLSRV GH FRPXQLFDFLÛQ GHELGR IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH DO DQDOê IDEHWLVPR GRPLQDQWH HQ OD EDVH GH OD SLUÌPLGH VRFLDO 0H H[SOLFR PÌV FODUDPHQWH OD FRPELQDFLÛQ GH LPDJHQ \ WH[WR êSRU OR JHQHUDO VHQFLOOR \ EUHYHê GH HVWRV PHQVDMHV KL]R SRVLEOH GHVGH PX\ SURQWR VX HPSOHR FRPR LQVWUXPHQWR GH LQpXHQFLD SROÖWLFD \ GH FRQoJXUDFLÛQ GH OD RSLQLÛQ SáEOLFD /RV FUHDGRUHV SHUPDQHFÖDQ HQ PRGR DOJXQR DMHQRV D OR TXH RFXUUÖD HQ VX HQWRUQR \D VHD UHpHMÌQGROR HQ HO FRQWHQLGR GH SLH]DV R YLÚHWDV R ELHQ GDQGR VX YLVLÛQ FRPSURPHWLGD GHVGH FDULFDê WXUDV R WLUDV kGH RSLQLÛQy OR TXH SRGUÖDPRV OODPDU FRPHQWDULRV JUÌoFRV /ÛJLFDPHQWH GHVGH HO SRGHU VH DSURYHFKDURQ WDPELÒQ ODV SRVLELOLGDGHV SURSDJDQGÖVWLFDV GH OD VÌWLUD JUÌoFD (VWD IXQFLÛQ VH KL]R DáQ PÌV SDWHQWH HQ FLUFXQVWDQFLDV GH FULVLV R EÒOLFDV $O SDVDU GHO WLHPSR HVWD UHODFLÛQ VH KL]R PÌV HYLGHQWH 6REUH WRGR GXUDQWH OD *XHUUD GH $EULO

GH \ OD RWUD LQWHUYHQFLÛQ QRUWHDPHULFDQD < YROYDPRV DO FRQWH[WR (Q ORV DÚRV HO PXQGR GHO DUWH HUD HVWLPXODQê WH \ VX SURGXFFLÛQ PDWHULDO H LQWHOHFWXDO GHoQLWLYDê PHQWH LQGLVSHQVDEOH /RV PHGLRV LQQRYDGRUHV WDOHV FRPR OD JUÌoFD \ HO SHUIRUPDQFH VH GHVDUUROODEDQ /D SURGXFFLÛQ JUÌoFD GH ORV VHVHQWDV FDSWXUD QR VRODPHQWH XQ SHUÖRGR WXPXOWXRVR GH FDPELR SROÖWLFR \ VRFLDO VLQR TXH UHpHMD HO LPSDFWR GH ODV OXFKDV FLYLOHV \ ORV SULQFLSLRV GH XQD SDUWLFXODU LGHRORJLê ]DFLÛQ HQ HO PXQGR GHO DUWH GRPLQLFDQR (Q HVWH SDÖV HVWH GHFHQLR HVWXYR WLQWDGR SRU HO DMXVWLFLDê PLHQWR GHO WLUDQR 5DIDHO /HRQLGDV 7UXMLOOR HOHFFLÛQ \ SRVWHULRU GHUURWD GH -XDQ %RVFK FRPR SUHVLGHQWH FRQYXOVLRQHV \ SURWHVWDV VRFLDOHV TXH GHVHPERFDURQ HQ XQD *XHUUD &LYLO \ oQDOPHQWH XQD LQWHUYHQFLÛQ PLOLWDU QRUWHDPHULFDQD (VWH FRQYXOVR VWDWXV TXR

8Q PDWHULDO GH JUÌoFD LQGHSHQGLHQWH HYLGHQFLD FXHVWLRQD SHUVXDGH \ SODQWHD XQD LGHD GHVGH XQD SHUVSHFWLYD FUÖWLFD FRQWXQGHQWH

*UÌoFD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD ê

YD D SURGXFLU XQD UHDFFLÛQ HQ ORV FUHDGRUHV GH GLYHUVRV ÌPELWRV HVFULWRUHV \ DUWLVWDV UHVSXHVWDV TXH YDQ D LU GHVGH OD SDUWLFLSDFLÛQ DFWLYD HQ ORV PRYLPLHQWRV SROÖWLFRV \ FRQpDJUDFLÛQ EÒOLFD KDVWD OD GHoQLWLYD PRGLoFDFLÛQ GH VXV GLVFXUVRV JUÌoFRV TXH YDQ HQ HVH PRPHQWR D HVWDU FDUJDGRV GH DOXê VLRQHV DO FRQWH[WR GRQGH VH GHVDUUROODEDQ +H DTXÖ GRQGH VH SODQWHD OD XUJHQFLD FRPR HOHê PHQWR FDUDFWHUÖVWLFR \ GHoQLGRU GH OD JUÌoFD VREUH WRGR OD FDUWHOÖVWLFD GHO PRPHQWR 6HJáQ 'DQLOR GH


"4

ORV 6DQWRV kHQ HO HVSDFLR FXOWXUDO TXH FRQVWLWX\H OD GÒFDGD GHO SDUD OD VRFLHGDG GRPLQLFDQD VH SURGXFHQ VREUHVDOLHQWHV UHJLVWURV HGXFDWLYRV OLWHUDULê RV \ DUWÖVWLFRV TXH VL ELHQ VH H[SUHVDQ D LQVWDQFLD GH XQD YDULDFLÛQ VRFLDO H LGHROÛJLFD UHSUHVHQWDQ qHVRV UHJLVWURVê HO UHQXHYR \ OD FRQWUDSRVLFLÛQ GH ODV PDQLIHVWDFLRQHV FXOWXUDOHV TXH OH SUHFHGHQy" $ SDUWLU GH HVWH PRPHQWR HQ GLYHUVRV SXQWRV GHO SDÖV ORV FUHDGRUHV VH FRPLHQ]DQ D DJOXWLQDU SRU UD]RQHV LGHROÛJLFDV R HVWÒWLFDV GHSHQGLHQGR OD SUHGRPê LQDQFLD GH XQD X RWUD GH HVWDV UD]RQHV VHJáQ HO FUHDGRU R HO OXJDU GH GHVDUUROOR GH ORV PLVPRV (Q OD ]RQD XUEDQD GH 6DQWR 'RPLQJR GRQGH VH FRQFHQWUÛ OD OXFKD DUPDGD \ ORV FRQpLFWRV GHELGR D OD LQYDVLÛQ PLOLWDU QRUWHDPHULFDQD VH GHVDUUROODURQ JUXSRV FRPR HO =53,>3#89">95."#8*,?>'>9-'*,."'?>.@# ;5>3#1#$'A35.-'7,#1#!"#B9C* HQWUH RWURV (VWRV VHUÌQ ORV TXH VH DJUXSDURQ SRU UD]RQHV IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH GRFWULQDULDV \ GH FDUL] SROÖWLFR SDUD FRQWULEXLU GLê UHFWDPHQWH FRQ ODV WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV VRFLDOHV TXH VH FUHÖDQ QHFHVDULDV HQ HVH PRPHQWR /RV TXH HVWUXFWXUê DQ HVWRV FROHFWLYRV D SDUWLU GH PÛYLOHV LGHROÛJLFRV YDQ D WHQHU XQD DFWLYD SDUWLFLSDFLÛQ HQ OD JXHUUD

FLYLO GH \ VX REUD YD D IDYRUHFHU D OD FRQoJê XUDFLÛQ GHO OHQJXDMH GHO SXHEOR GH OD JXHUUD \ GH OD UHVLVWHQFLD D OD LQYDVLÛQ PLOLWDU QRUWHDPHULFDQD TXH RFXUULÛ FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD GH GLFKD UHYXHOWD SRSXODU 3DXOD *ÛPH] SODQWHD TXH HVWRV FROHFWLYRV GH DUWLVWDV kFRQoJXUDURQ HO SHUoO FXOWXUDO GH ORV DÚRV V FXDQGR OD VRFLHGDG GRPLQLFDQD IXH HVWUHPHê FLGD SRU IXHUWHV PRYLPLHQWRV VRFLDOHV GH SURIXQGDV FRQVHFXHQFLDV SDUD VX GHVDUUROOR VRFLDO SROÖWLFR \ FXOWXUDO HQWUH HOORV OD *XHUUD GH $EULO GH y# (VWD FROHFWLYL]DFLÛQ GH OD FUHDFLÛQ YD D SURGXFLU LPSRUWDQWHV FDPELRV HQ HO SDQRUDPD GHO GHVDUUROOR DUWÖVWLFR \ VRFLDO GH OD QDFLÛQ 6RQ HVWRV PLVPRV FUHDGRUHV DJOXWLQDGRV TXH FRQoJXUDQ HVD LPDJHQ GHO SXHEOR HQ RSRVLFLÛQ D OD LPDJHQ GH SDÖV 0H H[SOLFR DXQTXH FRQ IXHUWHV FRQQRWDFLRQHV SDWULÛWLFDV GHELGR D OD LQYDVLÛQ QRUWHDPHULFDQD HVWRV FUHDGRUHV VH SODQWHDQ GHVGH OD JUÌoFD HQ VX VHQWLGR PÌV LQGHSHQGLHQWH FUÖWLFR \ PRUGD] XQD UHVSXHVWD FRPR SXHEOR FRPR FRQJORPHUDGR GH SHUVRQDV EDWDOODQGR SRU XQ KRUL]RQWH FRPáQ $XQTXH OD XWLOL]DFLÛQ GH OD LPDJHQ FUÖWLFD HV


WDQ DQWLJXD FRPR ORV SURSLRV FRQpLFWRV EÒOLFRV VX IXQFLÛQ SURSDJDQGÖVWLFD QR KD VXIULGR PXFKRV FDPELê RV D OR ODUJR GH OD KLVWRULD \ VH KD YLVWR FHÚLGD HQ OD PD\RU SDUWH GH ORV FDVRV D XQRV XVRV PX\ GHoQLGRV 3RU OR JHQHUDO VH KD WUDWDGR GH XQD SURSDJDQGD GH FRQVXPR ORFDO TXH IXQFLRQD FRPR SURSDJDQGD SRVLWLYD SDUD ORV ORFDOHV \ GH DWDTXH DO HQHPLJR IRUÌQHR (VWR PH OOHYD GLUHFWDPHQWH D OD TXLQWD SUHJXQWD TXH PH SODQWHH }&ÛPR VH SXHGH DERUGDU HVWH IHQÛPHQR GHVGH HO SXQWR GH YLVWD KLVWÛULFR \ GLVFXUVLYR VLQ TXH VH UHoHUD H[FOXVLYDPHQWH D XQ JÒQHUR HQ HVSHFÖoFR FDUWHO SDVTXÖQ YRODQWH X RWUD IRUPD GH FRPXQLFDFLÛQ JUÌoFD "! +D\ IURQWHUDV PX\ GLIXVDV FRPR VH KDEUÌQ GDGR FXHQWD HQWUH ODV JUÌoFDV LQVHUWDV HQ SXEOLê

*UÌoFD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD ê

FDFLRQHV ORV PDWHULDOHV JUÌoFRV GH GLVWULEXFLÛQ PDVLYD HO FDUWHO \ RWURV PHGLRV GH FRPXQLFDFLÛQ JUÌoFD GH FRQWHQLGRV LQGHSHQGLHQWHV 0ÌV TXH GHWHUPLQDU XQ JÒQHUR HVSHFÖoFR TXH SXGLHUD FRQê VLGHUDUVH kPÌV SRSXODUy R kPÌV LQGHSHQGLHQWHy VH WUDWD GH GHWHUPLQDU VXV IXQFLRQHV SDUD FRQVLGHUDUODV FRPR HOHPHQWR XQLoFDGRU \ GHoQLGRU 8Q PDWHULDO GH JUÌoFD LQGHSHQGLHQWH HYLGHQFLD FXHVWLRQD SHUVXDGH \ SODQWHD XQD LGHD GHVGH XQD SHUVSHFWLYD FUÖWLFD FRQWXQGHQWH (VWR QRV OOHYD D ORV V \ D VX FRQWH[WR /D GÒFDê GD TXH FRPSUHQGH ê SRGUÖD VHU FRQVLGê HUDGD FRPR XQD GH ODV PÌV VRPEUÖDV GH OD KLVWRULD GRPLQLFDQD &RPR UHVDFD GH OD OXFKD SDWULÛWLFD FRQê WUD OD LQYDVLÛQ HVWDGRXQLGHQVH EDQGDV SDUDPLOLWDUHV GHVDUUROODURQ XQD FDPSDÚD GH DVHVLQDWRV VHOHFWLYRV TXH DWHUURUL]DURQ D OD FLXGDGDQÖD 0LHQWUDV HQ EDVH DO IUDXGH HOHFWRUDO -RDTXÖQ %DODJXHU VH UHHOHJÖD VLQ RSRVLFLÛQ DSDUHQWH HQ \ 8QD UHSDWULê DFLÛQ DUPDGD HQFDEH]DGD SRU HO FRQVWLWXFLRQDOLVWD \ H[ SUHVLGHQWH )UDQFLVFR &DDPDÚR HQ HV DQLTXLODGD \ VX OÖGHU DVHVLQDGR /RV H[FHVRV VDQJULê HQWRV \ ORV IUDXGHV HOHFWRUDOHV IXHURQ FROPDQGR OD FRSD GH OD SDFLHQFLD FLXGDGDQD $O WLHPSR TXH HVWR VXFHGÖD RWURV HOHPHQWRV VH VXPDUÖDQ D HVWH HVWDGR GH FRVDV 8Q FUHFLHQWH ERPEDUGHR GH LQIRUPDFLÛQ LPÌJHQHV \ SDWURQHV FXOWXUDOHV GH 1RUWHDPÒULFD YD LU WDPELÒQ PROGHDQGR OD SURGXFFLÛQ FXOWXUDO $O PLVPR WLHPSR OD DEXOLD JHQHUDOL]DGD SRU HO REYLR VHQWLGR GH GHVHVSHUDQ]D TXH LQYDGH D OD FLXGDGDQÖD GH OD PDQR FRQ OD FUHFLHQWH PHUFDQWLOL]DFLÛQ \ DFRê PRGDPLHQWR GH VXV JHVWRUHV SURYRFDQGR SURYRFDQGR OHQJXDMHV IDFLOLVWDV \ IÌFLOPHQWH YHQGLEOHV LPSUHJQD HO PXQGR GH ODV OODPDGDV EHOODV DUWHV PDV VLQ HPEDUê JR QR SDVD DVÖ FRQ HO PXQGR GH OD SURGXFFLÛQ JUÌê oFD /D SURGXFFLÛQ JUÌoFD FRPR HUD GH HVSHUDU VH FRQWUDSRQH WDPELÒQ GHVGH XQD YHUWLHQWH GH UXSWXUD GH UHEHOGÖD \ FRQWUDSRVLFLÛQ D HVDV PRGDOLGDGHV GH HMHFXFLÛQ DUWÖVWLFD $TXÖ RWUD SUHJXQWD IXQGDPHQWDO }(V SRVLEOH KDEODU GH XQD JUÌoFD LQGHSHQGLHQWH HQ FLUFXLWRV GHSHQGLHQWHV" (V QHFHVDULR PHQFLRQDU HQWRQFHV HO WUDEDMR GH )UDQN $OPÌQ]DU \ GH &DUORV 6DQJLRYDQQL GHVGH VXV SURSXHVWDV DUWÖVWLFDV LQGLYLGê XDOHV DVÖ FRPR HQ WUDEDMRV HGLWRULDOHV \ SHULÛGLFRV


FRPR OD FRODERUDFLÛQ SDUD HO VXSOHPHQWR ;D9E#GHO SHULÛGLFR $.#2*>'-'. 'XUDQWH VX UHGXFLGD WUD\HFWRULD FRPR DUWLVWD )UDQN $OPÌQ]DU WUDEDMÛ GHVGH OD JUÌoFD HQ ORV DVXQWRV WHPÌWLFRV TXH UHYDORUL]DQ FXHVWLRQHV GH FDUÌFWHU VRFLDO \ QDFLRQDO D WUDYÒV GH ORV URVWURV \ oJXUDV GH SDWULRWDV GRPLQLFDQRV \ H[WUDQMHURV FRPR /XSHUÛQ &DEUDO 6ÌQFKH] \ VREUH WRGR -XDQ 3DEOR 'XDUWH \ ORV SRHWDV 'RQ 3HGUR 0LU \ $LGD &DUWDê JHQD 6REUH ORV KÒURHV \ KHURÖQDV SXHUWRUULTXHÚRV FUHÛ XQ WUÖSWLFR HQ KRPHQDMH D $OEL]X &DPSRV \ WUDEDMÛ D OD SRHWD -XOLD GH %XUJRV &KLTXL 9LFLRVR DWHVWLJXD TXH kGHVGH OD GÒFDGD GH ORV )UDQN $OPÌQ]DU GHFLGH HVWDEOHFHU XQ FRQWDFWR PÌV GLUHFWR FRQ OD FRPXQLGDG ,QQXPHUDEOHV VLQGLFDWRV HVFXHODV FOXEHV \ SURYLQFLDV FRQRFLHURQ VX REUD \ GLVFXWLHURQ FRQ ÒO HQ VXV 7DOOHUHV GH ([SUHVLÛQ *UÌê oFD \ VXV LQQXPHUDEOHV PXHVWUDV FROHFWLYDV \ PX\ SRFDV LQGLYLGXDOHV GHELGR D VX FDUÌFWHU LQYHVWLJDWLê YR VX YLVLÛQ FRPR DUWLVWD \ FRPR GRPLQLFDQR y4 (VWD UHIHUHQFLD GHO WUDEDMR JUÌoFR FUÖWLFR D VLWXDê FLRQHV GH FULVLV DSXQWD QXHVWUDV LGHDV D OD FXHVWLÛQ

GH }GHVGH GÛQGH VH JHQHUD HVH WUDEDMR JUÌoFR" /OHJDQGR D OD GÒFDGD GH ORV HO JUXSR GH SHUê VRQDV TXH VH DYHQWXUDURQ D SODQWHDU XQ GLVFXUVR GHVGH OD JUÌoFD LQFOXÖD LQWHOHFWXDOHV DUWLVWDV SHQVDGRUHV HQ JHQHUDO 'H DTXÖ HQ DGHODQWH HV OD SURIHVLRQDOL]DFLÛQ GH HVWRV FUHDGRUHV OR TXH PDUFDUÌ XQD GLIHUHQFLD WDQWR HQ ODV IRUPDV HQWHQGLGDV FRPR ORV DVSHFWRV WÒFQLFRV \ IRUPDOHV FRPR HQ ORV FRQWHQLGRV HQWHQGLê GRV HQWRQFHV FRPR ODV FDSDFLGDGHV GLVFXUVLYDV FUÖWLê FDV GH HVWD JUÌoFD ,JXDOPHQWH OD LQIRUPDFLÛQ VHUÌ XQ GHWRQDQWH HQ HVWRV GLVFXUVRV JHQHUDQGR OD UHDO \ áQLFD HUD GHO GLVHÚDGRU{ TXH IXURU KD FDXVDGR F%5"+ 'H ORV 6DQWRV 'DQLOR &DWÌORJR k; ([SRVLFLÛQ &ROHFWLYD -XHYHV y /D *DOHUÖD $OWRV GH &KDYÛQ /D 5RPDQD 5HSáEOLFD 'RPLQLFDQD -XOLR *ÛPH] 3DXOD k'LPHQVLRQHV +HURLFDV DUWH GRPLQLFDQR GH ORV Vy 0XVHR GH $UWH 0RGHUQR 6DQWR 'RPLQJR 5HSáEOLFD 'RPLQLFDQD 9LFLRVR &KLTXL ;#F3',>3#.C*?#:3#=5.,G#;"+%,/ (.5 3HULÛGLFR +R\ $JRVWR


El país que me entró por los ojos. Camilo Venegas "0

?

6H GLFH TXH HO PXQGR FDPELÛ SDUD VLHPSUH HO GH VHSWLHPEUH GH (O PÖR VH WURFÛ PHVHV DQWHV HO GH QRYLHPEUH GH (VH GÖD DWHUULFÒ HQ HO DHURSXHUWR GH /DV $PÒULFDV HQ 5HSáEOLFD 'RPLQLê FDQD FRQ GRV PDOHWDV OOHQDV GH OLEURV \ PáVLFD 7UDÖD FRQPLJR WDPELÒQ OD GHFLGLGD LQWHQFLÛQ GH QR YROYHU D &XED &XDQGR VDOÖ GH /D +DEDQD HO FLHOR HVWDED QXEODGR \ KDFÖD PXFKR IUÖR VHJáQ OD HVFDOD TXH WHQHPRV ORV FXEDQRV SDUD PHGLU OD WHPSHUDWXUD &XDQGR OOHJXÒ D 6DQWR 'RPLQJR WRGR HVWDED GHVSHMDGR \ ODV FRVDV SDUHFÖDQ KHUYLU 8Q PHGLRGÖD LQWHUPLQDEOH VH FHUQÖD VREUH FDGD FRVD +DEÖD RWUD GLIHUHQFLD TXH VDOWDED D OD YLVWD ORV FRORUHV (O PXQGR TXH GHMÒ DWUÌV HVWDED GHVFRORULê GR 0H IXL GH XQ SDÖV HPEDUJDGR SRU ODV PDQFKDV GH KXPHGDG HO JULV \ HO RFUH /OHJXÒ D RWUR GRQGH VLHPSUH VH ODV DUUHJODQ SDUD TXH WRGR SDUH]FD DFDEDGR GH SLQWDU 5HFXHUGR KDEHU DQRWDGR HVR HQ XQD OLEUHWD k'RQGH TXLHUD TXH ORV GRPLQLFDQRV HQFXHQWUDQ XQ HVSDFLR HQ EODQFR OR OOHQDQ GH FRORUHV (V PX\ UDUR HQFRQWUDU XQD FDVD \ PXFKR PHQRV XQ HGLoFLR GH XQ VROR FRORUy (UD DSHQDV XQD SULPHUD LPê SUHVLÛQ XQD HQWUH WDQWDV

*UÌoFD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD ê

$ OD PDÚDQD VLJXLHQWH FRPHQFÒ D WUDEDMDU HQ HO SHULÛGLFR :)#?&.5-" 7RGR OR TXH VDEÖD GH ORV GRPLQLFDQRV VH OR GHEÖD D ORV GLDULRV GH -RVÒ 0DUWÖ ORV FXHQWRV GH -XDQ %RVFK \ ODV FDQFLRQHV GH -XDQ /XLV *XHUUD /RV FDÚDYHUDOHV GH *XLOOR 3ÒUH] \ ORV PHUHQJXHURV GH <RU\L 0RUHO FRPSOHWDEDQ PL HVFDVD YLVLÛQ 8Q FDPSHVLQR GH *XUDER DFDEDED GH DVXPLU OD SUHVLGHQFLD $ GLIHUHQFLD GH VXV DQWHFHVRUHV -RDTXÖQ %DODJXHU \ /HRQHO )HUQÌQGH] QR YHVWÖD GH IXQHUDULR VLQR GH JXD\DEHUD \ VRPEUHUR GH 3DQDê PÌ 7DPSRFR HUD UHEXVFDGR HQ VXV GLVFXUVRV 6XV IUDVHV HUDQ OODQDV{ HQ HO PHMRU GH ORV FDVRV

?"<5%&'%/$<@%&+-&"4#-<.-&"&4$'XUDQWH PLV SULPHURV GÖDV HQ HO SDÖV WUDWÒ GH HQê WHQGHU OD JHQWH TXH OR YLYÖD 1L ORV SHULÛGLFRV QL OD UDGLR R OD WHOHYLVLÛQ SXGLHURQ H[SOLFDUPH QDGD (Q HVRV PHGLRV SRU OR JHQHUDO VH KDEODED XQ LGLRPD PX\ GLIHUHQWH DO TXH \R RÖD HQ OD FDOOH &DQVDGR GH OHHU \ RÖU HQ YDQR PH SXVH D PLUDU )UHGG\ *LQHEUD \ $OIRQVR 'LFHQWD XQ DPLJR HVSDÚRO TXH PH DFRJLÛ HQ VX FDVD GXUDQWH ORV SULPê HURV PHVHV IXHURQ FODYHV HQ PL SURFHVR GH DGDSWDê FLÛQ &RQ )UHGG\ HQWHQGÖ TXH OD DOHJUÖD HV XQD GH ODV IRUPDV TXH WLHQH HVWH SXHEOR GH KDFHU FDWDUVLV &RQ $OIRQVR DSUHQGÖ D RULHQWDUPH \ D PLUDU


3RU PXFKR WLHPSR IXL DO SHULÛGLFR D SLH $ SHVDU GH TXH WRGRV PH DFRQVHMDEDQ GH TXH QR OR KLFLHUD GLVIUXWDED FDPLQDU SRU HVH HVWUHFKR FDOOHMÛQ HQ TXH VH FRQYLHUWH OD FDOOH 'RFWRU 'HoOOÛ HQWUH OD *XVWDYR 0HMÖD 5LFDUW \ OD -RKQ ) .HQQHG\ 1DGD PH H[SOLFÛ PHMRU OD LGHQWLGDG GH ORV GRPLQLFDQRV TXH HVDV SRFDV FXDGUDV $OOÖ HVWDED WRGR OR TXH QHFHVLWDED VDEHU GH 6DQWR 'RPLQJR ORV JHVWRV ODV YRFHV ORV VDERUHV ORV RORUHV OD PáVLFD HO VLOHQFLR \ VREUH WRGR HO UXLGR $XQTXH /D +DEDQD HV WDPELÒQ XQD FLXGDG UXLGRVD QR OOHJD DO H[WUHPR GH 6DQWR 'RPLQJR GRQGH VH OH ULQGH FXOWR D OD HVWULGHQFLD (Q HVD FDOOH WDPELÒQ HQWHQGÖ OD JUÌoFD GRê PLQLFDQD SXHV HQ HOOD VH MXQWDQ FDUWHOHV GH WRGR WLSR \ FRQ WRGR SURSÛVLWR &ROPDGHURV SROÖWLFRV PHUHQJXHURV SHOXTXHURV SROOHURV HOHFWULFLVWDV

KDEÖD GHVDUUROODGR XQD VHQVLELOLGDG TXH OHV SHUPLWÖD UHFUHDU HO OHQJXDMH YLVXDO GH OD JHQWH HQ ODV SÌJLQDV GHO GLDULR 'H HVDV FRQYHUVDFLRQHV VXUJLHURQ ODV LGHDV SDUD KDFHU YDULDV SÌJLQDV \ QR SRFRV UHSRUWDMHV YLVXDOHV &XDQGR UHJUHVR D HOORV UHFREUR HO DVRPEUR TXH YLYÖDQ HQ DTXHO PRPHQWR YXHOYR D WHQHU OD LQRFHQFLD FRQ OD TXH GHVFXEUÖ FDGD ULQFÛQ GH XQD PDQHUD GH VHU GRQGH OD GLYHUVLGDG HV OR TXH XQLoFD

G%+&.;"+&.-!@&,5%0", 'XUDQWH GRV DÚRV IXL HO HGLWRU GH B.?'*,3?1 XQ VXSOHPHQWR GRPLQLFDO TXH WXYR !"#8.5'A3H $XQTXH OD GLUHFFLÛQ GHO SHULÛGLFR TXHUÖD XQD SXEOLFDFLÛQ OLJHUD TXH GLVWUDMHUD D ORV OHFWRUHV GXUDQWH HO oQ GH VHPDQD QXQFD OR FRQVHJXÖ /D UHYLVWD FRPR \R VHQWÖD GHPDVLDGD DGPLUDFLÛQ SRU OD FXOWXUD GRPLQLFDQD FRPR SDUD PHQRê VSUHFLDUOD (VD REVWLQDFLÛQ SURYRFÛ QR SRFRV FRQWUDWLHPSRV < FUHR TXH \D HV KRUD GH DJUDGHFHUOH D /XLV &DQHOD -RVÒ 0ÌUê PRO %HUQDUGR 9HJD )HUQDQGR )HUUÌQ \ )UHGG\ *LQHEUD WRGDV ODV YHFHV TXH PH VDOYDURQ HO SHOOHMR &DGD YH] TXH XQD SRUWDGD HVFDQGDOL]DED D DOJXLHQ XQR GH HOORV DSDJÛ HO IXHJR D WLHPSR 'H WRGDV ODV FULVLV KXER GRV TXH HVWXYLHURQ D SXQWR GH SRQHUOH oQ D OD SXEOLFDFLÛQ $PEDV WXYLHURQ TXH YHU FRQ XQ VXFHVR HO GÖD HQ TXH )HUQDQGR )HUUÌQ HQWRQFHV GLUHFWRU GHO SHULÛGLê FR PH SUHVHQWÛ D 0DULR 'ÌYDORV 6X LQWHQFLÛQ HUD TXH DTXHO PXFKDFKR FRQ kLQTXLHWXGHV DUWÖVWLFDVy HVDV IXHURQ VXV SDODEUDV FRODERUDUD HQ DOJR 3RFDV VHPDQDV GHVSXÒV 0DULR \ \R ÒUDPRV FRPR KHUPDQRV )XH REUD GH ODV FRLQFLGHQFLDV &RPSDUWÖDPRV OD PLVPD YLVLÛQ GHO PXQGR ORV PLVê PRV JXVWRV OLWHUDULRV \ PXVLFDOHV OD PLVPD SDVLÛQ SRU HO EÒLVERO \ OD FXOWXUD SRSXODU 3DUD FROPR GH kPDOHVy DPERV VRPRV KLSHUDFWLYRV $XQTXH VXV SULPHUDV FRODERUDFLRQHV IXHURQ

$OJXQDV YHFHV FRQ KXPRU RWUDV FRQ LQVROHQFLD SHUR VLHPSUH GH OD PDQHUD PÌV FUHDWLYD SRVLEOH WUDWDEDQ GH YLQGLFDU OR TXH QDGLH TXHUÖD YHU R OR TXH PXFKRV SDVDEDQ SRU DOWR EDFKDWHURV PDVDMLVWDV FKLFKDUURQHURV \ FRTXHURV VH DQXQFLDQ FRQ LGÒQWLFD GHVSURSRUFLÛQ VL GHMDU DSHQDV XQ HVSDFLR HQ EODQFR 0XFKDV YHFHV FXDQGR OOHJDED DO SHULÛGLê FR OH FRPHQWDED PL H[SHULHQFLD YLVXDO D ORV GLVHÚDGRUHV (UDQ PXFKDFKRV PX\ MÛYHQHV UHFLÒQ JUDGXDGRV GH $OWRV GH &KDYÛQ (OORV WHQÖDQ OR PHMRU GH ORV GRV PXQGRV (Q OD (VFXHOD GH 'LVHÚR

"1


"2 WH[WRV VX DSRUWH HVHQFLDO IXH FRQHFWDU D XQ JUXSR GH MÛYHQHV FUHDWLYRV FRQ OD UHYLVWD *UDFLDV D HVR FRPHQ]DURQ D SXEOLFDUVH HQ VXV SÌJLQDV REUDV JUÌoFDV TXH KDVWD HVH PRPHQWR VROR WHQÖDQ FDELGD HQ ORV PXURV GH OD FLXGDG +XER GRV SRUWDGDV FODYHV /D SULPHUD QR WHQÖD WÖWXOR VROR HO URVWUR GH -RDTXÖQ %DODJXHU FRQ HO GHGR ÖQGLFH VREUH OD ERFD H[LJLHQGR VLOHQFLR (Q OD VHJXQGD DSDUHFÖD OD 9LUJHQ GH OD $OWDJUDFLD FRQ HO URVWUR GH )HoWD OD *UDQGH OD LQGHVFULSWLEOH PHUHQJXHUD $PEDV LOXVWUDFLRQHV IXHURQ ODV SULPHUDV oUPDGDV SRU HO FROHFWLYR 6KDPSRR TXH HVWDED LQWHJUDGR SRU 0DXULFH 6ÌQFKH] °QJHO 5RVDULR \ HO SURSLR 0DULR /D FRODERUDFLÛQ FRQ HOORV PH SHUPLWLÛ FRQRFHU D RWURV MÛYHQHV FRQ LQTXLHWXGHV SDUHFLGDV \ XQ GLVFXUVR VLPLODU

1*&HI+$* +D\ XQD GH 6KDPSRR TXH TXHGÛ LQFRQFOXVD FRPR HO SUR\HFWR PLVPR \ TXH DKRUD VH H[KLEH HQ HO &HQWUR /HÛQ GH 6DQWLDJR GH ORV &DEDOOHURV C(O IÛVLOy HV XQD PRWRFLFOHWD DWUDSDGD HQ ÌPEDU FRPR ORV LQVHFWRV GH /D (VSDÚROD SUHKLVWÛULFD $XQTXH VH WUDWD GH XQD REUD WULGLPHQVLRQDO VX OHQJXDMH HV GHPDVLDGR JUÌoFR GH DOJXQD PDQHUD VLJXH VLHQGR XQD LOXVWUDFLÛQ k(O IÛVLOy TXHGÛ LQFRQFOXVR SRUTXH GH XQ GÖD SDUD RWUR VH WRUQÛ LQYLDEOH (Q ORV PHVHV oQDOHV

*UÌoFD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD ê

GHO JRELHUQR GH +LSÛOLWR 0HMÖD DTXHO FDPSHVLQR GH *XUDER TXH YHVWÖD FRQ JXD\DEHUDV \ VRPEUHUR GH 3DQDPÌ VH SURGXMR XQD FULVLV HFRQÛPLFD VLQ SUHFHGHQWHV HQ 5HSáEOLFD 'RPLQLFDQD (O GÛODU VH GLVSDUÛ D WDO SXQWR TXH D 6KDPSRR OH IXH LPSRVLEOH VHJXLU FRPSUDQGR UHVLQD SDUD UHYHê VWLU VX PRWRFLFOHWD 'H DKÖ HQ DGHODQWH VXV PHGLRV GH H[SUHVLÛQ FRPR PXFKRV RWURV MÛYHQHV FUHDWLYRV VH FLUFXQVFULELHURQ DO ÌPELWR GH OD JUÌoFD \ D DOJXQDV DFFLRQHV SXQWXDOHV FRPR LQWHUYHQFLRQHV HQ &DVD GH 7HDWUR HO &HQWUR &XOWXUDO GH (VSDÚD R XQ FROPDGR $XQTXH DáQ QR KDEÖD FRPHQ]DGR OD HUD GH ODV UHGHV VRFLDOHV QL HO HQRUPH FDPELR FXOWXUDO TXH HOODV GHVDWDURQ ,QWHUQHW KDEÖD FRPHQ]DGR D GHPRFUDWL]DU HO DFFHVR D OD LQIRUPDFLÛQ 8Q MRYHQ GLVHÚDGRU GRPLQLFDQR \D QR HVWDED WDQ GHVFRQHFWê DGR GHO PXQGR FRPR KDFÖD DÚRV DWUÌV 'H PDQHUD DLVODGD VLQ TXH QDGLH ORV FRQYRê FDUD ORV FUHDGRUHV FRPHQ]DURQ D PRYLOL]DUVH /D FODVH SROÖWLFD OD FULVLV HFRQÛPLFD \ HO FRQVHUYDGXê ULVPR QDFLRQDO HUDQ HO IRFR GH VXV DWDTXHV VLHPSUH LQJHQLRVRV FRQ XQ OHQJXDMH LQÒGLWR LQFOXVR HQ ORV DQXQFLRV SXEOLFLWDULRV PÌV RVDGRV 3DUD FROPR GH VÖPERORV ORV GRV JUDQGHV FDXGLOORV GH OD SROÖWLFD GRPLQLFDQD GH OD VHJXQGD PLWDG GHO VLJOR ;; -XDQ %RVFK \ -RDTXÖQ %DODJXHU PXULHURQ HQ HVRV DÚRV %RVFK XQ UHYROXFLRQDULR HQ HO PÌV DPSOLR VHQWLGR GH OD SDODEUD %DODJXHU HO


รกOWLPR EDVWLร Q GHO WXMLOOLVPR \ DGPLQLVWUDGRU GH ORV SHRUHV PDOHV QDFLRQDOHV (Q XQ SDร V GRQGH VH FHOHEUDEDQ HOHFFLRQHV FDGD GRV Dร RV VL VH TXHUร D XQ HVSDFLR SรกEOLFR KDEร D TXH GLVSXWร UVHOR DO GHVSOLHJXH DYDVDOODGRU GH ORV FDQGLGDWRV 3RU HVR XQD GH ODV UHVSXHVWDV IXH XQ FDUWHO TXH SURSRQร D SDUD GLSXWDGR D /XLV 'ร DV ร FRQR GH OD FXOWXUD GH UHVLVWHQFLD (O รกQLFR UHFXUVR GHO TXH GLVSRQร DQ DTXHOORV PXFKDFKRV HUD VX SURSLD LPDJLQDFLร Q \ DOJรกQ LPSUHVRU DPLJR &RUUร DQ LQVLVWR ORV รกOWLPRV Dร RV GH OD HUD DQDOร JLFD $รกQ HUD LPSHQVDEOH FRPSDUWLU FRVDV HQ RWUR OXJDU TXH QR IXHUD OD Yร D SรกEOLFD

!%."H%="J&,"5;<&6$@%5-&B&%5#"+&)"$<"+ 9LVWRV HQ OD GLVWDQFLD 0RGDIRFD 3DWร Q %LJRWH \ OD UHYLVWD#$.#I.',. VRQ FRQWHPSRUร QHRV (O GDWR FURQROร JLFR VREUH FXร O VXUJLร SULPHUR R HQ TXร Dร R HVSHFร oFR QR KDFH WDQWD IDOWD (VRV WUHV FDVRV FRPR PXFKRV RWURV EXVFDEDQ QXHYRV PHGLRV GH H[SUHVLร Q HQ XQ SDร V GRQGH KDEร D \D GHPDVLDGRV YLHMRV PHGLRV GH H[SUHVLร Q $OJXQDV YHFHV FRQ KXPRU RWUDV FRQ LQVROHQFLD SHUR VLHPSUH GH OD PDQHUD Pร V FUHDWLYD SRVLEOH WUDWDEDQ GH YLQGLFDU OR TXH QDGLH TXHUร D YHU R OR TXH PXFKRV SDVDEDQ SRU DOWR (UD FRPR VL VH HPSHร DUDQ

HQ YROYHU D GHMDU DO GHVFXELHUWR OR TXH RWURV KDEร DQ WUDWDGR GH WDSDU \ HQWHUUDU OR Pร V SRVLEOH /D UHYLVWD /D 9DLQD HV SUREDEOHPHQWH HO PHMRU WHVWLJR GH HVRV Dร RV TXH VH SXHGD FRQVHUYDU HQ XQD KHPHURWHFD SRUTXH GLFH OR TXH ORV PHGLRV WUDGLFLRQDOHV SDVDURQ SRU DOWR R FDOODURQ (Q VXV Sร JLQDV VH KDFH XQ XVR GH ODV LGHDV TXH HQ ORV SHULร GLFRV HUD LPSHQVDEOH 7DQWR OHMRV OOHJR OD GHVLOXVLร Q SRU HVRV Gร DV TXH ORV DVHVRUHV GH OD FDPSDร D GH /HRQHO )HUQร QGH] SXGLHURQ DKRUUDUVH HO VORJDQ kb( SD IXHUD TXH YDQ y GLMR XQD YR] SRSXODU \ HQFRQWUร XQ LQWHUPLรช QDEOH HFR HQ ODV PDVDV (VH PRPHQWR HO GHO WULXQIR GH )HUQร QGH] HQ HV HO GH PD\RU RSWLPLVPR TXH UHFXHUGR HQ HO SDร V 3RU XQ PRPHQWR PXFKRV FUHร PRV TXH ODV FRVDV KDEร DQ FRPHQ]DGR D FDPELDU 3HUR HQ OXJDU GH SURSRQHUVH XQD JUDQ 5HSรกEOLFD 'RPLQLFDQD /HRQHO SUHoULร FRQVWUXLU XQ k1XHYD <RUN FKLTXLWRy 7DUHDV JLJDQWHVFDV FRPR OD HGXFDFLร Q GH OD JHQWH IXHURQ DSOD]DGDV SRU REUDV PRQXPHQWDOHV FRPR HO 0HWUR GH 6DQWR 'RPLQJR (O YLUXV GH OD GHVLOXVLร Q FRPHQ]ร D LQFXEDUVH GH QXHYR \ FDGD YH] TXH HVR VXFHGH ORV FUHDGRUHV VH YXHOYHQ PXFKR Pร V FUHDWLYRV 3XHGH SDUHFHU XQD UHGXQGDQFLD SHUR HQ YHUGDG HV FDVL XQ D[LRPD

"3


#!

6ROR TXH HVWD YH] ORV HMHPSORV GH 0RGDIRFD \ 3DWLQ %LJRWH VH PXOWLSOLFDURQ \ VXUJLHURQ PXFKRV FROHFWLYRV R LQGLYLGXDOLGDGHV FRQ LQWHUHVHV VLPLODUHV $XQTXH SURYHQร D GH OD HVFXHOD GH -XDQ %RVFK /HRQHO )HUQร QGH] WUDWร GH SDUHFHUVH D -RDTXร Q %DODJXHU HQ VX VHJXQGR \ WHUFHU PDQGDWR 8Q JUDoWรช WL HQ XQD SDUHG GH 6DQWR 'RPLQJR OR UHVXPLร GH HVWD PDQHUD k/HRQHO HV %DODJXHU FRQ ,QWHUQHWy (O FKDW GH +RWPDLO FRPHQ]DED D SHUGHU SRSXรช ODULGDG +DEร D VXUJLGR XQD QXHYD KHUUDPLHQWD TXH VH OODPDED )DFHERRN GRQGH FDGD TXLHQ HUD GXHร R GH XQ PXUR YLUWXDO 3DUD FRPSDUWLU XQD LGHD \D QR HUD QHFHVDULR LQWHUYHQLU OD FLXGDG EDVWDED FRQ FRPSDUWLUOD HQ WX SURSLR PXUR VLQ WHQHU TXH SHGLUOH SHUPLVR D QDGLH

'-*&=%*/".%&"&KL$55-# /RV Dร RV GH /HRQHO FRPHQ]DURQ FRQ XQD FHOHรช EUDFLร Q HQ OD FDOOH \ WHUPLQDURQ FRQ XQ PRYLPLHQWR GH LQGLJQDGRV HQ ODV UHGHV VRFLDOHV (O PXQGR FDPELร FRPR QXQFD HQ HVH SHULRGR GH WLHPSR 6H

*Uร oFD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD รช

GLFH TXH HO FDPELR FXOWXUDO SURYRFDGR SRU OD :HE HTXLYDOH DO GH OD LQYHQFLร Q GH OD LPSUHQWD $XQTXH VH RUJDQL]DURQ YDULDV H[SRVLFLRQHV SDUD PRVWUDU OD JUร oFD LQGHSHQGLHQWH SURGXFLGD HQ 5HSรกEOLFD 'RPLQLFDQD XQD GH ODV Pร V LPSRUWDQWHV QR VH SURGXMR HQ XQ FHQWUR FXOWXUDO QL HQ XQ PXVHR VLQR HQ XQ FROPDGR $ PXFKRV OHV SDUHFLร XQD EURPD D RWURV XQD LUUHYHUHQFLD Pร V 3HUR HQ UHDOLGDG VH WUDWDED GH XQ WULEXWR DO SXQWR GH SDUWLGD GH OD PD\RUร D GH ORV VLJQRV GH XQD LGHQWLGDG (O FROPDGR WLHQH WRGR OR Eร VLFR TXH QHFHVLWD XQ GRPLQLFDQR SDUD YLYLU &RQYHUWLU D OD &RQVWLWXFLร Q HQ XQD PDUFD GH SDSHO VDQLWDULR FXHVWLRQDED D OD QDFLร Q GHVGH OD EDVH Pร V VLPSOH GH VX HFRQRPร D /DV REUDV VH FRQรช IXQGร DQ FRQ OD PHUFDQFร D /D H[SRVLFLร Q VH LQWHJUร GH WDO PDQHUD DO HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR TXH VX SรกEOLFR SDUHFร DQ FRQVXPLGRUHV \ YLFHYHUVD $OJXQRV FDSร WXORV GH OD KLVWRULD UHFLHQWH GHO SDร V SDUHFHQ oFFLRQHV SDUD FRPLFV SHUR FXDQGR XQR ORV YH H[SOLFDGRV GH XQD PDQHUD Pร V JUร oFD UHDFFLRQD DQWH XQD UHDOLGDG TXH D YHFHV ODFHUD \ VLHPSUH GHVFRQFLHUWD /DV Sร JLQDV GH HVWH OLEUR H[SOLFDQ PHMRU TXH QDGD OR TXH GLJR (O YDORU GH HVWD REUD QR VROR UDGLFD HQ VX FRQรช WHQLGR TXH HV H[FHSFLRQDO VLQR HQ OR TXH VLJQLoรช FD (Q OD รกOWLPD Sร JLQD GH HVWH YROXPHQ WHUPLQD XQD 5HSรกEOLFD 'RPLQLFDQD \ HPSLH]D RWUD +DVWD DTXร OOHJร HO SDร V GHO VLJOR ;; (O GHO ;;, KD\ TXH LU D EXVFDUORV D ODV UHGHV VRFLDOHV 2WUD JUDQ YLUWXG GH HVWD REUD HV TXH UHFRJH HO ODGR Pร V KRQHVWR GH WRGD XQD JHQHUDFLร Q GH GRPLQLFDQRV VXPDPHQWH FUHDWLYRV LQJHQLRVRV \ YLVFHUDOHV /D PD\RUร D GH HOORV VRQ SXEOLFLVWDV XQ RoFLR GRQGH KDQ ORJUDGR XQD LPSRUWDQWH WUD\HFWRรช ULD SHUR TXH QR OHV KD SHUPLWLGR WHQHU OD OLEHUWDG FUHDWLYD TXH WXYLHURQ DTXร +DFH Dร RV TXH YLYR HQ 5HSรกEOLFD 'RPLQLรช FDQD 0LV UHFXHUGRV GH &XED SXHGHQ YHUVH FRQ ORV RMRV FHUUDGRV SRUTXH OD PD\RUร D GH HOORV FRQVLVWHQ HQ FDQFLRQHV IUDVHV R GLVFXUVRV 0L H[SHULHQFLD HQ HVWH SDร V HQ FDPELR WLHQH TXH YHUVH SDUD TXH VH HQWLHQGD $TXร WRGR GHVGH OR Pร V VLPSOH KDVWD OR Pร V FRPSOHMR HQWUD SRU ORV RMRV


#"


@kยงร \Z Bg]^i^g]b^gm^ Dominicana 2000-2010. ##

(Q 5HSรกEOLFD 'RPLQLFDQD SDVร GH WHQHU HO SUHVLGHQWH GH PD\RU HGDG DO Pร V MRYHQ GH /DWLQRDPร ULFD (VWR PDUFร XQ FDPELR VLJQLoFDWLYR HQ HO LPDJLQDULR VRFLDO GH XQ SDร V FRQ XQ DOWR SRUFHQWDMH GH SREODFLร Q MRYHQ TXH GHMDED DWUร V XQ SDVDGR OOHQR GH UHSUHVLร Q \ UHFLELUร D OOHQR GH H[SHFWDWLYDV XQ QXHYR VLJOR (Q HVWH FRQWH[WR FRPHQ]DURQ D VXUJLU GLIHUHQWHV SURSXHVWDV JUร oFDV LQGHSHQGLHQWHV TXH SODQWHDURQ QXHYRV GLVFXUVRV \ FXHVWLRQDPLHQWRV VREUH SURFHVRV VRFLDOHV SROร WLFRV \ PLJUDWRULRV 3URSXHVWDV SURYHQLHQWHV HQ VX PD\RUร D GH HVWXGLDQWHV \ QXHYRV SURIHVLRQDOHV GH ODV ร UHDV GHO GLVHร R JUร oFR \ OD SXEOLFLGDG VH HVSDUFLHURQ SRU GLIHUHQWHV HVSDFLRV DSR\ร QGRVH HQ OD DXWRJHVWLร Q HO FRQYHQFLPLHQWR SHUVRQDO \ ODV JDQDV GH SODVPDU VXV LGHDV ,QYDGLHURQ FHQWURV FXOWXUDOHV EDUHV FROPDGRV HVSDFLRV DO DLUH OLEUH \ SDUHGHV GH 6DQWR 'RPLQJR ,PSULPLHURQ VXV SURSXHVWDV HQ FXDOTXLHU IRUPDWR TXH WXYLHURQ D VX DOFDQFH FDPLVHWDV DoFKHV VWLFNHUV VWHQFLOV FDUร WXODV GH GLVFRV UHYLVWDV \ OLEURV

*Uร oFD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD รช

$ YHFHV XVDURQ HO UHFXUVR GH OD Vร WLUD \ OD SDURGLD SDUD SODQWHDU VX YLVLร Q VREUH QXHVWUD LGHQWLGDG \ VX FRQVWUXFFLร Q SHUPDQHQWH UHpHMDQGR OD PDQHUD HQ TXH HO GRPLQLFDQR HQFDUD VX FRWLGLDQLGDG 5HFRUGDQGR FRQ KXPRU \ QRVWDOJLD LPร JHQHV GHO SDVDGR GH WHOHYLVLร Q GRPLQLFDQD PHUHQJXH \ FXOWXUD GH ORV V &RQWUDSRQLHQGR XQ SDร V Pร V LQJHQXR H LGHDOL]DGR FRQ XQR QXHYR DOWDPHQWH FDPELDQWH TXH WUDMR OD SULPHUD Gร FDGD GHO VLJOR (VWH OLEUR UHFRSLOD GLIHUHQWHV WUDEDMRV GH XQD OLVWD GH FROHFWLYRV \ JHVWRUHV LQGLYLGXDOHV TXH ORJUDURQ WHQHU JUDQ QRWRULHGDG HQ HVWD SULPHUD Gร FDGD +DFH XQ UHFRUULGR SRU OXJDUHV \ HYHQWRV GRQGH ORV PLVPRV WUDQVLWDURQ FRQ VXV SURSXHVWDV +DVWD FRQHFWDU FRQ HO PRPHQWR SUHVHQWH GRQGH VLJXHQ HPHUJLHQGR QXHYDV SURSXHVWDV LQGHSHQGLHQWHV KR\ GRWDGDV GH SRGHURVDV KHUUDPLHQWDV GH GLIXVLร Q FRQ QXHYRV GLVFXUVRV \ SODQWHDPLHQWRV TXH QRV VLJXHQ SUR\HFWDQGR FRPR XQD FXOWXUD GH JUDQGHV FRQWUDVWHV SRU HO FLEHUHVSDFLR


#4


*Uテ経FD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD テェ



!#0

*Uテ経FD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD テェ


!#1

Cultura Popular


#2

&ROHFWLYR

*Uテ経FD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD テェ


#3

0RGDIRFD 0RGDIRFD


4!

2PDU &DUUHUD .QHEHO

*Uテ経FD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD テェ


4"

(QJHO /HRQDUGR


4#

0RGDIRFD

0RGDIRFD

*Uテ経FD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD テェ


44

7LQJROD


0RGDIRFD

*Uテ経FD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD テェ


&DUPHQ 'HÚÛ

.DNDLWR


40

5HYLVWD /HQJXD

*Uテ経FD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD テェ


41

7LQJROD


42

-XDQJR 'ÌYDORV

*UÌoFD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD ê


43

$QD 'ÖD] $QD %DQDQD


2VPDQ\ 5RGUÖJXH]

*UÌoFD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD ê


0DXULFH 6ÌQFKH]


0DXULFH 6ÌQFKH]

*UÌoFD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD ê


&ROHFWLYR 6KDPSRR


&ROHFWLYR 6KDPSRR

*Uテ経FD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD テェ


0RGDIRFD


0RGDIRFD

0RGDIRFD

*Uテ経FD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD テェ


7LQJROD


3DWLQ %ÖJRWH

3DWLQ %ÖJRWH

*UÌoFD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD ê


0DXULFH 6ÌQFKH]


2VPDQ\ 5RGUÖJXH] -HDQQHWWH 3UDWV 4XLVTXH\D 3DUN

$QD 'ÖD] $QD %DQDQD

*UÌoFD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD ê


0RGDIRFD


-RVÒ &UX] 6XUoWR

*UÌoFD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD ê


(GXDUGR 6XÌUH] '&2


*Uテ経FD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD テェ


Política


0DXULFH 6ÌQFKH]

*UÌoFD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD ê


&ROHFWLYR 6KDPSRR


/D 6HGHUÖD


(QJHO /HRQDUGR


0!

!"#"$%"&' !"#"$%"&() !"#"$%"&' !"#"$%"&() !"#"$%"&' !"#"$%"&()

!"#$%#&'!'!" &KULVWLDQ ( 3LPHQWHO 3HÚD

*UÌoFD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD ê


QUE VAYAN A ENVE N E NA R A SU MADRE 0"

NO A LA CEMENTERA &KULVWLDQ ( 3LPHQWHO 3HÚD


0#

0RGDIRFD

*Uテ経FD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD テェ


04

0RGDIRFD

<DWDEXHQR


/D 9DLQD

*Uテ経FD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD テェ


03

-RUJH *RQ]ÌOH]


1!

*Uテ経FD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD テェ


1"

0DXULFH 6ÌQFKH]


1#

0RGDIRFD

0RGDIRFD

*Uテ経FD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD テェ


14

3DWÖQ %LJRWH


-DLPH *XHUUD

*Uテ経FD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD テェ


-DLPH *XHUUD


10

/D 9DLQD

*Uテ経FD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD テェ


11

'DYLG 3Ã’UH] .DUPDGDYLV 5HJLQD -RVÃ’ *DOLQGR


12

/D 9DLQD

*Uテ経FD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD テェ


ยกNo puede negar el color!

ยฐQJHO 5RVDULR (QJHO /HRQDUGR

13


2!

*Uテ経FD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD テェ


2"

<bn]Z]


2#

/D 9DLQD

*Uテ経FD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD テェ


0RGDIRFD

24


*UÌoFD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD ê


0HOLVVD 0HMÖD 5L]LN


20

2OJD 9DOGH]

*Uテ経FD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD テェ


21

/D 9DLQD


22

0DXULFH 6ÌQFKH]

*UÌoFD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD ê


23

$OHMDQGUR &DSHOOÌQ


3!

*Uテ経FD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD テェ


1

2 3

3"

4 5

6

7

8

9

10

11 12

13

14 15 16 17 19

18 20

21 22 24 25 26

23

°QJHO 5RVDULR 0DULR 'ÌYDORV


3#

*XLVHOW 7KDL]

*Uテ経FD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD テェ


34

-RVÒ &UX] 6XUoWR


*Uテ経FD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD テェ


-RVÒ )UDQN 6XEHUR


30

(OHQD )HUQÌQGH]

*UÌoFD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD ê


31

0RGDIRFD


32

*Uテ経FD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD テェ


33

0RGDIRFD


"!!

*Uテ経FD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD テェ


"!"

Anexos


:ingm^l iZkZ k^\hk]Zk ciertas vainas Bohkr G¼¶^s

"!#

'

-+=:M#$/$-<5%+& $ oQDOHV GH ORV \R QR OHÖD EORJV WDPSRFR Hê]LQHV R UHYLVWDV GLJLWDOHV 0ÌV ELHQ FROHFFLRQDED ORV VXSOHê PHQWRV FXOWXUDOHV GH ORV SHULÛGLFRV ORFDOHV DVÖ PH FRQYHUWÖ HQ WHVWLJR GH OD UHGXFFLÛQ GH VXV SÌJLQDV KDVWD VX H[WLQFLÛQ 3DUDGÛMLFDPHQWH PLHQWUDV ORV HVSDFLRV WUDGLFLRQDê OHV SDUD OD GLIXVLÛQ GHO DUWH \ OD FXOWXUD HQYHMHFÖDQ WRGD XQD JHQHUDFLÛQ GH DUWLVWDV HPHUJHQWHV H[SRê QÖD VXV FUHDFLRQHV HQ EDUHV SDUTXHV \ FXDOTXLHU RWUR HVSDFLR SáEOLFR ROYLGDGR HQWUH ORV PXURV GH OD =RQD &RORQLDO (Q XQD RFDVLÛQ UHJUHVDQGR D PL FDVD GH QRFKH GHVSXÒV GH FRPSDUWLU FDIÒ FHUYH]DV \ FRQYHUVDê FLRQHV VREUH $UWH HQ OD =RQD DO OOHJDU D OD 'XDUWH FRQ 3DUÖV WXYH XQD H[SHULHQFLD WUDQVIRUPDGRUD (Q XQD GH ODV DFHUDV GH HVWD IDPRVD LQWHUVHFFLÛQ VH KDEÖD LQVWDODGR XQ SXHVWR GH UHYLVWDV RIUHFLHQGR XQD JUDQ YDULHGDG GH SXEOLFDFLRQHV QDFLRQDOHV H LQWHUQDê FLRQDOHV QXHYDV \ XVDGDV *UDFLDV D HVH OXJDU SXGH OOHYDUPH D FDVD HMHPSODUHV GH +HDY\ 0HWDO 0$' $MR %ODQFR \ (O -XHYHV SRU WDQ VÛOR GLH] SHVRV ([SORUDQGR ODV SÌJLQDV GH ODV SXEOLFDFLRQHV SHULÛGLFDV GRPLQLFDQDV \ H[WUDQMHUDV TXH GHVFXEUÖ WDQWR HQ ORV SXHVWRV GH UHYLVWDV FDOOHMHURV FRPR HQ ODV ELEOLRWHFDV GHO SURIHVRU )DXVWLQR 3ÒUH] GHO

*UÌoFD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD ê

&HQWUR &XOWXUDO GH (VSDÚD GHO $UFKLYR *HQHUDO GH OD 1DFLÛQ \ GH OD %LEOLRWHFD 1DFLRQDO HO FRQFHSWR GH UHYLVWD TXH WHQÖD IXH FDPELDQGR WRWDOPHQWH 0LHQWUDV PÌV OHÖD QR SRGÖD GHMDU GH SUHJXQWDUPH SRU TXÒ QR KDEÖD XQD SXEOLFDFLÛQ LPSUHVD TXH GLIXQGLHUD HO WUDEDMR GH TXLHQHV HVWDEDQ KDFLHQGR DUWH IXHUD GH ODV JDOHUÖDV \ ORV PXVHRV 0%<-N$%<-+ &DVL oQDOL]DQGR OD GÒFDGD GH ORV FRPHQFÒ OD FDUUHUD GH 3XEOLFLGDG HQ OD 8$6' )UHQWH D OD )DFXOWDG GH +XPDQLGDGHV GHEDMR GH XQD LQPHQVD PDWD GH PDQJR TXH SURWHMÖD GHO VRO D ORV HVWXGLDQWHV kDOWHUQDWLYRVy FRQRFÖ D XQ FROHJD PX\ HVSHFLDO OODPDGR )HUQDQGR 6RULDQR $GHPÌV GH VHU GLVHÚDGRU JUÌoFR \ GH WHQHU DÚRV GH H[SHULHQê FLD HQ HO ÌUHD HGLWRULDO SRVHÖD XQD VáSHU FRPSXWDê GRUD FRQ WRGRV ORV SURJUDPDV GH GLVHÚR JUÌoFR LQVWDODGRV DOJR H[FHSFLRQDO HQ HVD ÒSRFD (Q ORV DOUHGHGRUHV GH OR TXH HV KR\ OD )DFXOWDG GH $UWHV GH OD 8$6' VH LQLFLÛ XQD KHUPRVD UHOê DFLÛQ GH DPLVWDG \ FRQIUDWHUQLGDG XQ kFRURy HQWUH FUHDGRUHV JUÌoFRV WDOHV FRPR 'DYLG 3ÒUH] k.DUPD 'DYLVy (QJHO /HRQDUGR :LOOLDP 5DPÖUH] \ $QGUHZ 5DPÖUH] LQWHUDFFLÛQ TXH VLUYLÛ FRPR IDFWRU GHWHUPLê QDQWH DO LQLFLDU ORV SURFHVRV FUHDWLYRV HQYXHOWRV HQ FDGD QXHYR HMHPSODU GH /D 9DLQD


(Q XQD GH HVDV FRQYHUVDFLRQHV TXH LQLFLDEDQ GHVSXร V GH FODVHV \ WHUPLQDEDQ GH PDGUXJDGD HQ HO EDU 6RKR OH FRPHQWร D )HUQDQGR VREUH PL SDUWLFLSDFLร Q HQ HO HTXLSR TXH SURGXMR $OWHUQDWLYD XQD GH ODV SULPHUDV SXEOLFDFLRQHV GH Fร PLF H[SHUรช LPHQWDO HQ 6DQWR 'RPLQJR EDMR OD GLUHFFLร Q GHO DUWLVWD SOร VWLFR -RQร V 0XYGL (QWUH URFN ERUUDFKRV EXOORVRV \ XQD QXEH GH KXPR GH FLJDUUR FRLQFLรช GLPRV HQ OD QHFHVLGDG GH FUHDU XQD SXEOLFDFLร Q DO VHUYLFLR GH TXLHQHV QR WHQร DQ XQ HVSDFLR HQ ORV PHGLRV WUDGLFLRQDOHV

RVLGDG D SUREDU XQD PXHVWUD GH OD kHUD GLJLWDOy b\ QRV JXVWร $ SDUWLU GH HQWRQFHV k)RWRFKร y k)ULMDQy \ k&RUร Oy SDVDURQ D IRUPDU SDUWH HVHQFLDO GH QXHVWUD YLGD GLDULD (O GH GLFLHPEUH GH GHVDoDQGR HO kFXFRy GHO < . FRPSUร PL SULPHUD 3& JUDFLDV D XQ SUร VWDPR PDGUHรชKLMR VLQ LQWHUHVHV &RQ XQ SHGD]R GH OD WHFQRORJร D GLJLWDO HQ OD VDOD GH PL FDVD UHDOLFร PL SULPHU WUDEDMR GH GLVHร R JUร oFR kD FRPSXWDGRรช UDy HO ORJR GH /D 9DLQD ,PSULPร XQD PXHVWUD \ VH OD OOHYร D XQ GLVHร DGRU JUร oFR OODPDGR (GG\ 1รกร H] TXLHQ KDEร D VLGR Fร PSOLFH GH PLV LQLFLDWLรช YDV GH DUWH GHVGH TXH ร UDPRV QLร RV ร VWH OH GLR HO YLVWR EXHQR DO ORJR \ VX DSR\R \ FRUUHFFLRQHV QR VH KLFLHURQ HVSHUDU &RQ XQ QRPEUH \ XQ ORJR \ JUDFLDV DO WLHPSR \ GLQHUR RIUHFLGR YROXQWDULDรช PHQWH SRU HVWH JUXSR GH DPLJRV DUWLVWDV GH OD 8$6' OD (VFXHOD 1DFLRQDO GH %HOODV $UWHV \ &KDYร Q VH KL]R SRVLEOH HO GLVHร R H LPSUHVLร Q GHO SULPHU QรกPHUR GH /D 9DLQD &RQFOX\HQGR DVร XQD ODERU LQLFLDGD HQ HO FRQ OD UHFROHFFLร Q GH ODV FRODERUDFLRQHV TXH OXHJR LQWHรช JUDURQ HO FRQWHQLGR GH OD SXEOLFDFLร Q (Q PHGLR GH OD HPRFLร Q FDXVDGD SRU YHU PDWHULDOL]DGR HO IUXWR GH PXFKDV KRUDV GH VDFULoFLR VXUJLร OD QHFHVLGDG GH KDOODU XQ HVSDFLR SDUD OD SXHVWD HQ FLUFXODFLร Q $Vร IXH FRPR QRV DFHUFDPRV D XQD LQVWLWXFLร Q TXH YHQร D DXVSLFLDQGR DFWLYLGDGHV SRFR XVXDOHV FRPR PXHVWUDV GH Fร PLF H[SHULPHQWDO \ Yร GHR DUWH HQWUH PXFKDV RWUDV (VH OXJDU IXH HO &HQWUR &XOWXUDO GH (VSDร D LQVWLWXFLร Q TXH DGHPร V GH VXV LQVWDODFLRQHV IDFLOLWร OD LPSUHVLร Q \ GLVWULEXรช FLร Q GH OD LQYLWDFLร Q DO HYHQWR (QWUH PรกVLFD H[SHULPHQWDO HQ YLYR GDQ]D SLQรช WXUD \ DFFLRQHV HVSRQWร QHDV HO SULPHU HMHPSODU GH /D 9DLQD VH KL]R SรกEOLFR XQD QRFKH GH GLFLHPEUH GHO Dร R $ SDUWLU GH HQWRQFHV VH UHDOL]ร XQD SXHVWD HQ FLUFXODFLร Q GLVWLQWD SDUD FDGD QรกPHUR \ WRGDV IXHURQ HYHQWRV DUWร VWLFRV PHPRUDEOHV FRPR SRU HMHPSOR /D 9DLQD 0XOWLPHGLD HQ HO 0XVHR GH $UWH 0RGHUQR

'H HVWD PDQHUD DVXPLรช PRV OD LQFRUSRUDFLร Q GH OD LFRQRJUDIร D SRSXODU GRPLQLFDQD SURGXFLHQGR DVร GLVHร R FRQ VDERU ORFDO JUร oFR XUEDQR H LQGHSHQGLHQWH $Vร IXH TXH HQ VX DSDUWDPHQWR GH OD =RQD 8QLYHUVLWDULD )HUQDQGR PH SUHVHQWร XQ SUR\HFWR HGLWRULDO TXH ร O PLVPR KDEร D LQLFLDGR XQ LQWHQWR GH UHYLVWD LQGHSHQGLHQWH FRQ HO QRPEUH GH 2UELWD 3RU UD]RQHV TXH \D QR UHFXHUGR HVWH QXQFD VH KL]R SรกEOLFR 7DQWR $OWHUQDWLYD FRPR 2UELWD VLUYLHURQ FRPR ORV SXQWRV GH HQFXHQWUR SDUD IXWXURV PLHPEURV GHO FROHFWLYR /D 9DLQD O4#-<.$E"P/D 9DLQD VXUJLร FXDQGR HO SDQRUDPD GH OD JUร oFD SRSXODU HQ 6DQWR 'RPLQJR VH HQFRQWUDED EDMR HO HQFDQWR GH ODV QXHYDV WHFQRORJร DV (Q HVH PRPHQWR PXFKRV FUHDGRUHV YLVXDOHV QRV DFHUFDPRV FRQ FXULรช

"!4


&RQ ODV FHOHEUDFLRQHV SRVWHULRUHV D OD SXHVWD HQ FLUFXODFLÛQ OOHJDURQ ODV SUHRFXSDFLRQHV DFHUFD GH FÛPR GLVWULEXLU HMHPSODUHV GH /D 9DLQD 6LQ H[SHULHQFLD SUHYLD QRV GHGLFDPRV D OD YHQWD GLê UHFWD HQ VLWLRV WDQ GLVSDUHV FRPR OD FDOOH (O &RQGH HO 0HUFDGR 0RGHOR OD 8$6' \ ORV DOUHGHGRUHV GHO 0RQXPHQWR D ORV +ÒURHV GH OD 5HVWDXUDFLÛQ HQ 6DQWLDJR < FRPR HVWUDWHJLD SDUD DVHJXUDU QXHVWUD SUHVHQFLD HQ OXJDUHV IUHFXHQWDGRV SRU DUWLVWDV HVWXGLDQWHV XQLYHUVLWDULRV \ SHUVRQDV LQWHUHVDGDV HQ OD FXOWXUD SRSXODU GLVHÚDPRV QXHVWURV SURSLRV H[KLELGRUHV GH KRMDODWD PDGH LQ 9LOOD &RQVXHOR SDU FRORFDUORV HQ ORV SXQWRV GH YHQWD /D QXHYD UHYLVWD EODQFR \ QHJUR SRFR D SRFR IXH GÌQGRVH D FRQRFHU HQ HO DPELHQWH DUWÖVWLFR kXQGHUê JURXQGy GH 6DQWR 'RPLQJR /D LGHD GH XQD SURê SXHVWD HGLWRULDO YDQJXDUGLVWD H LQGHSHQGLHQWH DWUDMR OD DWHQFLÛQ GH PXFKRV HQWUH HVWRV SHUVRQDV FRQ HO GHVHR UHDO GH FRODERUDU R IRUPDU SDUWH GHO HTXLSR JHVWRU GH OD SXEOLFDFLÛQ $VÖ IXHURQ VXPÌQGRVH DO JUXSR 5RVV\ 'ÖD] 9LUJLQLD 3HUGRPR 2PDU &DUUHUD \ )DUDK 3DUHGHV TXLHQHV GHVHPSHÚDURQ ODERUHV GH GLUHFFLÛQ GH DUWH WDUHDV ORJÖVWLFDV \ FXDOTXLHU RWUD QHFHVLGDG VXUJLGD HQ HO SURFHVR GH SURGXFFLÛQ GH /D 9DLQD 0%<=*:+$%<-+ 'HVGH HO KDVWD HO HO FROHFWLYR /D 9DLQD SXEOLFÛ GH PDQHUD LQGHSHQGLHQWH VLHWH SUR\HFê

*UÌoFD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD ê

WRV HGLWRULDOHV /RV FXDWUR SULPHURV FRQWHQLHQGR QDUUDWLYD \ SRHVÖD FÛPLFV IRWRJUDIÖD \ RWUDV IRUPDV GH H[SUHVLÛQ DUWÖVWLFD RULJLQDOHV H LQÒGLWDV 0LHQWUDV TXH ORV WUHV áOWLPRV H[SHULPHQWDURQ FRQ YDULDFLRQHV HQ HO IRUPDWR LQFX\HQGR XQR WULDQJXODU OODPDGR 'HVGH HO ,QWHULRU 6LQ &DUJRV GH &RQFLHQê FLD (O PLVPR LQFOX\Û XQ &' FRQ PáVLFD RULJLQDO FRPSOHPHQWDQGR ORV WH[WRV \ ODV LPÌJHQHV HQ OD SXEOLFDFLÛQ 2WUR GH ORV HMHPSODUHV VH DSURSLÛ GH ORV FÛGLJRV GH ORV k0DWDWLHPSRVy SDUD SURGXFLU XQ WUDEDMR FUÖWLFR VREUH OD VRFLHGDG GRPLQLFDQD $ OR ODUJR GH OD H[LVWHQFLD GH OD SXEOLFDFLÛQ ORV FUHDGRUHV GH /D 9DLQD GLVIUXWDPRV GH DEVRê OXWD OLEHUWDG FUHDWLYD SRU HO KHFKR GH QR KDEHU HVWDGR DWDGRV D LQWHUHVHV FRPHUFLDOHV UHOLJLRVRV R SROÖWLFRV 'H HVWD PDQHUD DVXPLPRV OD LQFRUê SRUDFLÛQ GH OD LFRQRJUDIÖD SRSXODU GRPLQLFDQD SURGXFLHQGR DVÖ GLVHÚR FRQ VDERU ORFDO JUÌoFR XUEDQR H LQGHSHQGLHQWH /R TXH FRPHQ]Û FRPR XQD LGHD FRQ XQ QRPEUH FRORTXLDO HV KR\ XQ SXQWR GH UHIHUHQFLD DO PRPHQWR GH DQDOL]DU OD JUÌoFD LQGHSHQGLHQWH GH 6DQWR 'RPLQJR GXUDQWH OD SULPHUD GÒFDGD GHO SUHVHQWH VLJOR $VÖ OR FRQoUPDQ HQWUH RWURV IDFWRUHV OD FDQWLGDG GH DUWLVWDV YLVXDOHV PáVLFRV HVFULWRUHV SHULRGLVWDV FDWHGUÌWLFRV \ SHUVRQDV HQ ORV PHGLRV GH FRPXQLFDFLÛQ TXH XWLOL]DURQ ODV SÌJLQDV GH /D 9DLQD DQWHV GH TXH OD SDODEUD EORJ IXHUD LQFRUSRUDGD D QXHVWUR YRFDEXODULR



@k§Û\Z Bg]^i^g]b^gm^ =hfbgb\ZgZ3 Gn^oZl fh]Zeb]Z]^l \k²mb\Zl Maja Horn "!0

1

O 0XVHR GH %URRNO\Q HQ 1XHYD <RUN SUHVHQWÛ HQ XQD GH ODV H[ê KLELFLRQHV PÌV FRPSOHWDV GH DUWH FDULEHÚR FRQWHPSRUÌQHR (Q OD H[KLELFLÛQ k,VOD LQoQLWD DUWH FDULEHÚR FRQWHPSRUÌQHR y VH LQFOX\Û XQD REUD GHO &ROHFWLYR 6KDPSRR TXH GLIHUÖD GH ODV RWUDV REUDV GRPLQLFDQDV \ FDULEHÚDV HQ OD PXHVWUD /D REUD WLWXODGD k' OD 0RQD 3OD]D y GH HVWH FROHFê WLYR GRPLQLFDQR GH DUWH \ SXEOLFLGDG FRQVLVWÖD HQ XQ DQXQFLR GH WHOHYLVLÛQ DOWDPHQWH UHDOLVWD \ SODQHV DUTXLWHFWÛQLFRV SDUD XQ PDOO HQ HO &DQDO GH OD 0RQD GLVHÚDGR SDUD VHUYLU FRPR SDUDGHê UR SDUD ORV PXFKRV GRPLQLFDQRV TXH WUDWDQ GH KXLU GH OD LVOD HQ HPEDUFDFLRQHV SUHFDULDV KDFLD 3XHUWR 5LFR (VWD IRUPD GH HPLJUDFLÛQ LOHJDO HV XQ WHPD IUHFXHQWH HQ HO DUWH FDULEHÚR TXH WLHQGH D UHSUHVHQWDUOR D WUDYÒV GH LPÌJHQHV FRQGHQDWRê ULDV \ RVFXUDV SDUD UHWUDWDU DVÖ OD GHVHVSHUDFLÛQ \ PXFKDV YHFHV HO oQ WUÌJLFR GH ORV PLJUDQWHV (Q FRQWUDVWH HO &ROHFWLYR 6KDPSRR GH PDQHUD LGê LRVLQFUÌWLFD DEDUFD HO WHPD D WUDYÒV GHO OHQJXDMH OXVWURVR GH OD SXEOLFLGDG HYRFDQGR HO DPELHQWH OXMRVR GH XQ FOXE QÌXWLFR PX\ FRQWUDULR D OD UHDOLGDG PLVHUDEOH GH ORV HPLJUDQWHV LOHJDOHV OD LURQÖD PRUGD] \ OD FUÖWLFD VRFLDO GH OD SLH]D VXUJH SUHFLVDPHQWH GH HVWD LQFRQJUXHQFLD (VWD REUD

*UÌoFD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD ê

\ HVWUDWHJLD FUÖWLFD GHO &ROHFWLYR 6KDPSRR HV LQGLFDWLYR GH XQ IHQÛPHQR PÌV DEDUFDGRU HQ OD HVIHUD FXOWXUDO GRPLQLFDQD GRQGH YDULRV FROHFWLê YRV TXH FRPELQDQ HO DUWH \ OD SXEOLFLGDG HQ VXV SUÌFWLFDV FUHDWLYDV VH KDQ IRUPDGR DO SULQFLSLR GHO VLJOR ;;, (O WUDEDMR FUHDWLYR GH FROHFWLYRV FRPR 0')& /D 6HGHUÖD \ /D 9DLQD UHSUHVHQWD XQD UXSWXUD VLJQLoFDWLYD GHQWUR GH OD JHQHUDFLÛQ GH DUWLVWDV GHO DUWH GRPLQLFDQR FRQWHPSRUÌQHR /RV RWURV DUWLVWDV VHOHFFLRQDGRV SDUD OD H[ê KLELFLÛQ GHO 0XVHR GH %URRNO\Q -RUJH 3LQHGD 5DTXHO 3DLHZRQVN\ 3ROLELR 'ÖD] \ )DXVWR 2UWL] IRUPDQ SDUWH GH OD JHQHUDFLÛQ GH DUWLVWDV YLVXDOHV GRPLQLFDQRV GHO VLJOR ;; WDUGÖR TXH GHVDUUROOÛ VX REUD HQ GLÌORJR FHUFDQR FRQ ODV FRUULHQWHV DUWÖVWLFDV GH OD UHJLÛQ FDULEHÚD 6HJáQ OD FUÖWLFD GH DUWH 9HHUOH 3RXSH\H kHO WUDEDMR GH HVWRV DUWLVWDV GRPLQLFDQRV HV UHSUHVHQWDWLYR GHO DUWH FDULEHÚR FRQWHPSRUÌQHR HQ JHQHUDO{ OD FDUDFWHUÖVWLFD PÌV FRPáQ VLHQGR XQD QXHYD PÌV UHpH[LYD FRQFLHQFLD VRFLRêSROÖWLFDy 'HVGH TXH VXUJLÛ HVWD JHQHUê DFLÛQ HQ ORV RFKHQWD HO DUWH YLVXDO GRPLQLFDQR KD IRUPXODGR XQD SHUVLVWHQWH \ SURIXQGD FUÖWLFD GH ODV HVWUXFWXUDV LGHROÛJLFDV \ GH ORV YDORUHV VRFLRêFXOê WXUDOHV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ OD UD]D OD FODVH VRFLDO HO JÒQHUR \ OD LGHQWLGDG QDFLRQDO TXH SHUSHWáDQ


"!1 ODV JUDQGHV LQHTXLGDGHV VRFLDOHV \ HFRQร PLFDV HQ HO SDร V (VWD JHQHUDFLร Q DUWร VWLFD KD HOHJLGR HQ PXFKDV RFDVLRQHV OD LQVWDODFLร Q FRPR VX YHKร FXOR H[SUHVLYR SUHIHULGR SDUD GDU IRUPD D HVWD kFRQFLHQรช FLD VRFLRรชSROร WLFD y FRLQFLGLHQGR FRQ WHQGHQFLDV SDUHFLGDV HQ HO PXQGR GH DUWH HQ JHQHUDO 6X REUD HV WHVWLPRQLR GH OD HUXSFLร Q GUDPร WLFD GH IXHU]DV kPRGHUQDVy HQ HO VLJOR ;; WDUGร R HQ HO &DULEH IDFLOLWDGD SRU OD SROร WLFD HFRQร PLFD QHRรชOLEHUDO H LPSXOVRV JOREDOHV UHVXOWDQGR HQ IHQร PHQRV FRPR HO WXULVPR PDVLYR HO LQFUHPHQWR HQ OD SURVWLWXFLร Q ]RQDV IUDQFDV FRQ SRFRV GHUHFKRV ODERUDOHV \ IRUPDV GH PLJUDFLร Q LOHJDO \ SHUMXGLFLDO /D WDUHD FUร WLFD HPSUHQGLGD SRU HVWD JHQHUDFLร Q DUWร VWLFD KD VLGR KDFHU YLVLEOH D ORV TXH Pร V VXIUHQ GH HVWDV FRQGLFLRQHV DGYHUVDV PXMHUHV SREUHV SURVWLWXWDV RV QLร RV H +DLWLDQRV TXH YLYHQ HQ OD 5HSรกEOLFD 'RPLQLFDQD 6X HVWUDWHJLD FULWLFD GH KDFHU YLVLEOH D HVWDV YLGDV SUHFDULDV HV OR TXH 9HUHG 0DLPRQ HQ VX HQVD\R k(O WHUFHU FLXGDGDQR 6REUH PRGHORV GH FULWLFLGDG HQ SUร FWLFDV GH DUWH FRQWHPSRUร QHR y OODPD XQ kPRGHOR FOร VLFR GH FULWLFDy GHGLFDGR D kTXLWDU HO YHOR SDUD GHVHQPDVFDUDU OD UHDOLGDG GH OR VRFLDOy (Q FRQWUDVWH FRQ HVWH kPRGHOR FOร VLFR GH FUร WLFDy HO WUDEDMR GH ORV QXHYRV FROHFWLYRV GRPLQLFDQRV HPSUHQGH XQ FDPELR SURQXQFLDQGR HQ OD PRGDOLรช

GDG FUร WLFD /D PRGDOLGDG FULWLFD TXH GHWHFWR HQ VXV REUDV UHVXHQD FRQ HO DUJXPHQWR GHO oOร VRIR IUDQFร V -DFTXHV 5DQFLร UH VHJรกQ TXLHQ HO SRWHQFLDO SROร WLFR GHO DUWH QR HV WDQWR HO UHYHODU UHDOLGDGHV kHVFRQรช GLGDV y VLQR kHO LQYHQWDU oFFLRQHV TXH GHVDIร DQ GLVWULEXFLRQHV H[LVWHQWHV GH OR UHDO \ GH OR oFWLFLRy (O HVIXHU]R SDUD UHFRQoJXUDU ODV oFFLRQHV TXH HQPDUFDQ \ VXVWHQWDQ OD UHDOLGDG LPSOLFD WDPELร Q VHJรกQ 5DQFLร UH TXH HO DUWH GHVDIร H VX SURSLR PDUFR kUHDO y GHVGLEXMD kODV PLVPDV IURQWHUDV TXH GHoQHQ VX DFWLYLGDG { GHVSOD]DQGR ODV IURQWHUDV GH DUWH{y 6LJQLoFDWLYDPHQWH XQR GH ORV DVSHFWRV FODYHV GH HVWH QXHYR IHQร PHQR HQ OD HVIHUD FXOWXUDO GRPLQLFDQD HV TXH QR VH UHVWULQJH DO ร PELWR WUDGLFLRQDO GHO DUWH $XQTXH HO PRGR FUร WLFR GH HVWRV FROHFWLYRV FRLQFLGH FRQ WHQGHQFLDV FRQรช WHPSRUร QHDV LQWHUQDFLRQDOHV VX DUWH QR VXUJLร GH WDOHV OLQHDPLHQWRV (V LPSRUWDQWH VHร DODU TXH HVรช WRV FROHFWLYRV WDOHV FRPR HO &ROHFWLYR 6KDPSRR /D 9DLQD /D 6HGHUร D 0RGDIRFD R HPSH]DURQ FRPR SXEOLFLWDULDV R VH IRUPDURQ FRQ PLHPEURV TXH WUDEDMDQ HQ SXEOLFLGDG (Q HVWH WUDVIRQGR DUJXPHQWR HQ HO KHFKR GH TXH HQ VX YLYLU GLDULR WLHQHQ TXH PDQHMDU FRQ KDELOLรช GDGHV GLVFXUVRV H LPDJLQDULRV oFWLFLRV \ D OD YH] TXH GHEHQ VDEHU H[DFWDPHQWH TXH HV SODXVLEOH \ GHVHDEOH SDUD HO SรกEOLFR GRPLQLFDQR


"!2

/RV QXHYRV FROHFWLYRV GRPLQLFDQRV HVWร Q SUHRFXรช SDGRV FRQ ORV GLVFXUVRV SROร WLFRV SURSDJDGRV SRU HO JRELHUQR GRPLQLFDQR \ VXV PHWร IRUDV GH SURJUHVR PRGHUQL]DFLร Q H LGHQWLGDG QDFLRQDO D WUDYร V GH ODV FXDOHV VH OHJLWLPD HQ HO LPDJLQDULR QDFLRQDO (O LPรช SXOVR IXHUWH GH HVWRV FROHFWLYRV GH TXHUHU LQWHUYHQLU HQ HVWRV GLVFXUVRV H[SOLFD VX LQVLVWHQFLD HQ QR OLPรช LWDU VXV SUR\HFWRV D HVSDFLRV GH DUWH WUDGLFLRQDOHV PXVHRV JDOHUร DV HWF VLQR FLUFXODU GH GLIHUHQWHV PDQHUDV VXV WUDEDMRV HQ OD HVIHUD SรกEOLFD FRPR SRU HMHPSOR D WUDYร V GHO SUR\HFWR GH $UWH 8UEDQR 6DUPLHQWR TXH XWLOL]ร YDOODV GH FRQVWUXFFLร Q FRPR HVSDFLR GH H[KLELFLร Q OD GLVWULEXFLร Q GH OD UHYLVWD /D 9DLQD R ORV WรชVKLUWV GH 0')& 3RU HMHPSOR HO DQXQFLR GH WHOHYLVLร Q SDUD HO PDOO HQ HO FDQDO GH OD 0RQD LQFOXLGR HQ OD H[KLELFLร Q GHO 0XVHR GH %URRNO\Q FLUFXOร SULPHUR HQ ORV PHGLRV HQ OD 5HSรกEOLFD 'RPLQLFDQD TXH OR GLVFXWLHURQ FRPR VL IXHUD QRWLFLD YHUGDGHUD /D SURSXHVWD SDUD k' OD 0RQD 3OD]D y DXQTXH DSDUHQWHPHQWH WDQ DEVXUGD IXH SHUFLELGD FRPR XQD SRVLEOH QRWLFLD SODXVLEOH \ WUDWDGD GH WDO PDQHUD (VWR WDO YH] QR VRUSUHQGH WDQWR GDGR TXH DQWHV \D KDEร D FLUFXODGR HQ OD 5HSรกEOLFD 'RPLQLFDQD XQD SURSXHVรช WD kUHDOy SDUD OD FRQVWUXFFLร Q GH XQD LVOD DUWLoFLDO IUHQWH D OD FDSLWDO SDUD SURYHHU XQ HVFDSH GH OXMR SDUD OD FODVH DGLQHUDGD VHSDUDGD GH OD SREUH]D \ ORV GHVDPSDUDGRV TXH SXOXODQ SRU HO PDOHFร Q GH OD FLXGDG /D SLH]D GHO &ROHFWLYR 6KDPSRR D WUDYร V GH OD H[DJHUDFLร Q DSXQWD D OD DEVXUGLGDG FRWLGLDQD TXH VH YLYH HQ OD 5HSรกEOLFD 'RPLQLFDQD GRQGH WDOHV SUR\HFWRV SUHWHQFLRVRV \ HO YDVWR OHQJXDMH GH SURJUHVR \ GH OD PRGHUQรช L]DFLร Q FKRFDQ FRQ OD SREUH]D \ ODV FUHFLHQWHV LQHTXLGDGHV VRFLDOHV LPSXOVRUDV GH OD HPLJUDFLร Q PDVLYD GHO SDร V (VWH WUDEDMR FUHDWLYR DO LJXDO TXH HO WUDEDMR FUHDWLYR GH RWURV FROHFWLYRV SRU HMHPSOR HO k0DWDWDLQy GH /D 9DLQD WUDWD GH VREUHรชH[WHQGHU GH PDQHUD DEVXUGD OR SODXVLEOH SDUD SUREOHPDWL]DU OR TXH DSDUHQWHPHQWH VH SUHVHQWD FRPR kVHQVDWRy

HQ OD VRFLHGDG GRPLQLFDQD FRPR OD LVOD DUWLoFLDO HO SUR\HFWR GHO PHWUR HWF (VWD HVWUDWHJLD HV XQ HMHPSOR SDUDGLJPร WLFR GH OR TXH OD FUร WLFD &DUULH /DPEHUWรช%HDWW\ OODPD kOR SDUDoFWLFLR y OR TXH VHJรกQ HOOD kKD VXUJLGR FRPR XQD FDWHJRUร D LPSRUWDQWH HQ HO DUWH UHFLHQWHy 2EUDV GH DUWH SDUDoFWLรช FLDV VRQ REUDV TXH kWLHQHQ XQ SLH HQ HO FDPSR GH OR UHDOy k(Q OR SDUDoFWLFLR SHUVRQDMHV H KLVWRULDV UHDOHV \ R LPDJLQDULDV LQWHUVHFDQ FRQ HO PXQGR WDO FRPR VH YLYHy (Q HVWH VHQWLGR kORV SDUDoFรช FLRQHURV SURGXFHQ \ DGPLQLVWUDQ SODXVLELOLGDGy OR TXH VH SXHGH SUHVHQWDU FRPR kUHDOy DO SรกEOLFR

/RV QXHYRV FROHFWLYRV GRPLQLFDQRV HVWร Q SUHRFXรช SDGRV FRQ ORV GLVFXUVRV SROร WLFRV SURSDJDGRV SRU HO JRELHUQR GRPLQLFDQR \ VXV PHWร IRUDV GH SURJUHVR PRGHUQL]DFLร Q H LGHQWLGDG QDFLRQDO

*Uร oFD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD รช

\ DVร SXHGH UHYHODU D OD YH] kHO FRQVHQVR DFHUFD FRPR VRQ ODV FRVDV SHUR WDPELร Q SXHGH KDFHU XQD QXHYD UHDOLGDG SDUHFHU VHQVDWDy /DV REUDV SDUDoFWLFLDV FRPR HO DQXQFLR GHO &ROHFWLYR 6KDPSRR HO C0DWDWDLQ GH /D 9DLQD R HO SDVDSRUWH FUHDGR SRU /D 6HGHUร D HPSOHDQ XQD PRGDOLGDG FUร WLFD TXH WUDWD GH FRPSOLFDU \ FXHVWLRQDU OR TXH DO SXHEOR 'RPLQLFDQR VH SUHVHQWD FRPR SODXVLEOH 0LHQWUDV TXH HVWRV FROHFWLYRV RIUHFHQ XQ GHVDIร R LQTXLHWDQWH DO VWDWXV TXR SROร WLFR \ VRFLDO OD UHODFLร Q TXH PDQWLHQH FRQ HO PXQGR GH DUWH GRPLQLFDQR HV PXFKR PHQRV WHQVD /RV HVSDFLRV WUDGLFLRQDOHV


GH DUWH LQFOX\HQGR HO 0XVHR GH $UWH 0RGHUQR ODV JDOHUÖDV FRQFXUVRV GH DUWH \ ELHQDOHV HQ OD 5HSáEOLFD 'RPLQLFDQD HQ JHQHUDO KDQ DFRJLGR VXV H[SUHVLRQHV FUHDWLYDV 'DGR TXH VH SUHVXPH PXFKDV YHFHV XQD UHODFLÛQ DGYHUVD R SRU OR PHQRV WHQVD HQWUH HO ÌPELWR GH OD SXEOLFLGDG SRU VX ÒQIDê VLV HQ HO FRQVXPR \ HO DUWH PRGHUQR HVWH IHQÛPHQR PH FDXWLYÛ GHVGH TXH OOHJXÒ OD SULPHUD YH] D OD 5HSáEOLFD 'RPLQLFDQD HQ 'H PDQHUD HoFD] \ SURYRFDGRUD HVWRV FROHFWLYRV GRPLQLFDQRV \ VXV PLHPEURV PDQHMDQ FRQ Ò[LWR YDULRV FRQWH[WRV WDQWR DUWÖVWLFRV FRPR QRêDUWÖVWLFRV \ ORV FRPELQDQ VLQ WUDWDUORV FRPR DQWLWÒWLFRV SXEOLFLGDG YV DUWH QL ORV FRPELQDQ GH PDQHUD FRPSODFLHQWH ODV GRV WHQGHQFLDV TXH KDQ GRPLQDGR HQ HO PXQGR GHO DUWH PRGHUQR RFFLGHQWDO 6H SXHGH SUHJXQWDU SXHV SRU HO SRU TXÒ GH HVWD UHFHSFLÛQ IDYRUDEOH HQ HO PXQGR GHO DUWH QDFLRQDO H LQWHUQDFLRQDO 6L VX WUDEDMR HV WDQ SODXVLEOH HQ HVWH ÌPELWR }TXÒ QRV GLFH GH ODV koFFLRQHVy TXH SUHGRPLQDQ HQ HVWRV PRPHQWRV HQ HO PXQGR GHO DUWH" 4XLHUH GHFLU TXH HO IHQÛPHQR FUHDWLYR D TXH VH GHGLFD OD H[KLELFLÛQ k*UÌoFD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQDy QR VÛOR HYLGHQFLD XQD QXHYD PRGDOLGDG FUÖWLFD TXH VXUJLÛ FRQ HVWD JHQHUDFLÛQ VLQR WDPELÒQ QRV GHMD SDOSDU ODV UH

FRQoJXUDFLRQHV DUWÖVWLFDV TXH HVWÌQ RFXUULHQGR HQ HVWRV PRPHQWRV WDQWR HQ OD 5HSáEOLFD 'RPLQLFDQD FRPR HQ HO ÌPELWR GHO DUWH FRQWHPSRUÌQHR JOREDO ! 2M#"+&=$5"."+&& G"/M-#5Q6-"55BJ&0"##$-R k0DNHê%HOLHYH 3DUDoFWLRQ DQG 3ODXVLELOLW\ y 2FWREHU 6XPPHU ê !"$/%<J&S-#<-.R k7KH 7KLUG &LWL]HQ 2Q 0RGHOV RI &ULWLFDOLW\ LQ &RQWHPSRUDU\ $UWLVWLF 3UDFWLFHV y 2FWREHU 6XPPHU ê ,%:4-B-J&S--#*-R &DULEEHDQ $UW /RQGRQ 7KDPHV DQG +XGVRQ A"<=$T#-J&8"=9:-+R k&RQWHPSRUDU\ $UW DQG WKH 3ROLWLFV RI $HVWKHWLFV y &RPPXQLWLHV RI 6HQVH 5HWKLQNLQJ $HVWKHWLFV DQG 3ROLWLFV 'XUKDP 'XNH 83

2M#"+&=%<+:*5"."+&& 0"M#-#"&8-#-EJ&A$5"&"<.&1+/-#"*."&!$P"#-+&S"**-+R! k/D SLQWXUD \ HO GHVDUUROOR VRFLRFXOWXUDO HQ 5HSáEOLê FD 'RPLQLFDQD GXUDQWH HO VLJOR ;; y /DV DUWHV SOÌVWLFDV HQ HO &DULEH SLQWXUD \ JUDEDGR FRQWHPê SRUÌQHR (G <RODQGR :RRG 3XMROV /D +DEDQD (GLWRULDO 3XHEOR \ (GXFDFLÛQ *ÛPH] 3DXOD k/D IRUPXOD GH 6KDPSRR FUHê DWLYLGDG UXSWXUD UHpH[LRQHV VREUH XQD KLVWRULD UHFLHQWH y $UWHV 6DQWR 'RPLQJR ê 8"#<UJ&A$="#.%&A"/I<J&-.R&O#5-&0%<5-/4%#(<-%& '%/$<$="<%R 0DGULG (GLWRULDO 7XUQH 0LOOHU -HDQQHWWH ê $UWH 'RPLQLFDQR 6DQWR 'RPLQJR &2'(7(/ 0RVDND 7XPHOR HG ,QoQLWH ,VODQG &RQWHPSRUDU\ &DULEEHDQ $UW /RQGRQ %URRNO\Q 0XVHXP LQ $VVRê FLDWLRQ ZLWK 3KLOLS :LOVRQ 3XEOLVKHUV

"!3


!

""!

V1<&-+"&U4%="&B%&-+5"M"&*-B-<.%&/:=D%+& =I/$=+J&<%&5"<5%&+W4-#&DU#%-+&+$<%&D$+5%#$"+& 4-#+%<"*-+&=%/%&*"+&.-&O.#$"<&K%/$<-&B&'"<$-*& 0*%L-+R&K#"5"/%+&.-&=#-"#&:<"&+-#$-&.-&=I/$=+& TXH UHpHMDUDQ DOJXQDV GH ODV VLWXDFLRQHV .-&<%+%5#%+&B&<:-+5#%+&"/$@%+&-<&?"<5%& '%/$<@%R&X:-#;"/%+&."#*-&:<&5%9:-&4-#+%<"*&B& .%/$<$="<%R 1*&$<5-#<-5&+-&=%<)$#5$I&-<&:<"&-N=-*-<5-&")-<$."& 4"#"&=%/4"#5$#&<:-+5#%+&4#%B-=5%+R&K-<;"/%+& :<&#$<=I<&.%<.-&4%.;"/%+&-N4%<-#&<:-+5#"+& $.-"+&B&D"=-#*"+&**-@"#&"&:<&/"B%#&<W/-#%&.-& 4-#+%<"+RY

2+/"<B&A%.#;@:-E&& 4XLVTXH\D 3DUN

*Uテ経FD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD テェ


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oQDOHV GH PDU]R WHQÈDPRV SODQWHDGR DEULU XQ EORJ GRQGH SXEOLFDUÈDPRV :<&=%/$=&<:-)%&="."&+-/"<"&]-+5%&#-+:*5I&+-#&/(+&=%/4*$=".%&.-&*%&9:-& <%+&$/"@$<"/%+&4%#&*%&=:"*&5-#/$<I&+"*$-<.%&="."&.%+&+-/"<"+J&/(+ R PHQRV \ WHQGUÈD GH SURWDJRQLVWDV D SHUVRQDMHV 'LHJR *DEULHOD A"/%<-J&_$H"&B&O<@-*"R&?-&**"/"#;"&X:$+9:-B"&,"#`R&F:-+5#"&"/$@"&O*$<"& G"<.#B&<%+&.$+->I&-*&*%@%R 1*&a&.-&"M#$*&.-*&Z[[\J&X:$+9:-B"&,"#`&V"M#$I&+:+&4:-#5"+YR&1<);"/%+&:<& /"$*&"&5%.%+&<:-+5#%+&=%<%=$.%+&$<)$5(<.%*%+&"&)-#&-*&M*%@R&1<&*"&4#$/-#"& +-/"<"&=%<+-@:$/%+&/(+&.-&bJ[[[&)$+$5"+&B&-*&.%/"$<&9:$+9:-B"4"#`R =%/R&,"#"&-*&4#$/-#&/-+&<%+&D"M;"<&/-<=$%<".%&.%+&)-=-+&-<&A-/%*"=D"R QHW )XH XQD H[SHULHQFLD H[WUHPDGDPHQWH GLYHUWLGD \ JUDWLoFDQWH TXH 5:)%&:<"&.:#"=$I<&.-&\&/-+-+R&!-&"=-45"#%<&"&0D")I<&4"#"&=:#+"#&-*& ">%&.$@$5"*&B&B"&<%&$M"&"&5-<-#&-*&5$-/4%&4"#"&4%.-#&+-@:$#&$*:+5#(<.%*%& ]:<"&*(+5$/"&4%#9:-&9:-."#%<&:<%+&+$<&$*:+5#"#^R&X:$+9:-B"&,"#`&=-##I&+:+& 4:-#5"+&-*&\&.-&+-45$-/M#-&.-*&Z[[\R&K%.");"&D%B&D"B&4-#+%<"+&9:-&+-&/-& "=-#="<&"&.-=$#/-&9:-&*%&#-=:-#."<RY

8-"<<-55-&,#"5+& 4XLVTXH\D 3DUN

"""


""#

VG"&/"B%#;"&.-&*"+&4-#+%<"+&9:-&5$-<-<&=$-#5"+& "45$5:.-+&=#-"5$)"+&+$-<5-<&*"&<-=-+$.".&.-&)-#+-& $<)%*:=#"."+&-<&"*@W<&4#%B-=5%J&$<.$)$.:"*&%& =%*-=5$)%&9:-&*-+&4-#/$5"&-N4#-+"#+-&%&."#*-& #$-<."&+:-*5"+&"&+:+&$.-"+R&c%&=%/%&$*:+5#".%#"& +$-/4#-&5-<;"&-<&/$&=:".-#<$5%J&$.-"+J&H#"+-+J& +`-5=D-+&B&9:$E(+&<%&+-&/-&D:M$-#"&%=:##$.%& D"=-#&"*@%&4#%.:=5$)%&=%<&-+%J&4-#%&/$+& "/$@%+&G%+&!%."H%="J&9:-&D"<&+$.%&:<"&.-& /$+&4#$<=$4"*-+&/%5$)"=$%<-+J&"*&)-#*%+&"&-**%+& 4#%.:=$-<.%&+:+&4#%4$"+&=#-"=$%<-+J&H:-&:<& $/4:*+%&"&9:-&B%&.-+"##%**"#"&/$+&4#%4$"+& $.-"+&B&+$-/4#-&/-&D"<&M#$<.".%&+:&"4%B%J&+:+& -<+->"<E"+&B&+:&=#;5$="R&]X:-&4"B%*"^Y

O<"&';"E $QD %DQDQD

!

*Uテ経FD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD テェ


k(Q QXHVWUR FDVR QRV YDOÈDPRV GH ORJRV JU·o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·oFR \ OD SUHVHQFLD GH ORV 4#%5"@%<$+5"+&.-5#(+&.-&-+5%+RY

!%."H%="

""4


VG"&=#;5$="&4-#+%<"*&B&.-*&-<5%#<%& .%<.-&D-&=#-=$.%&+$-/4#-&H:-#%<& /$+&/%5$)"=$%<-+&4"#"&*"&=#-"=$I<&B& -N4#-+$I<R

(O GLVHÐR JU·oFR HQ 5' HVWXYR KDVWD -*&$<$=$%&.-&-+-&4-#;%.%&%#$-<5".%&="+$& -N=*:+$)"/-<5-&"&*"&4:M*$=$.".&B&<%& +-&D"M;"&:5$*$E".%&=%/%&-N4#-+$I<& "#5;+5$="&<$&.-&<$<@:<"&%5#"&;<.%*-&.-& =%/:<$="=$I<&"+%=$"."&=%<&*"&=#;5$="RY 1..B&FW>-E&&]G"&S"$<"^

Vd<5#%.:=$#&-*&P:-@%& -<&-*&5#"M"P%Y 1.:"#.%&?:(#-E&]'02^

*UÌoFD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD ê


VF%+&/%5$)I&*"&H"*5"&.-&/-.$%+&$<.-4-<.$-<5-+&9:-& DVXPLHUDQ HO ULHVJR GH SXEOLFDU WUDEDMRV JU·oFRV -N4-#$/-<5"*-+J&"9:-**%+&9:-&"M%#."#"<&5-/"+& =%<5#%)-#+$"*-+J&9:-&5#"<+@#-.$-#"<&*%+&H%#/"5%+& -+5"M*-=$.%+R& K"/M$U<&-*&$<5-#U+&.-&#-.-+=:M#$#&*%&4%4:*"#&.-+.-& *"&4-#+4-=5$)"&*%="*R &UHR TXH OD JU·oFD kQR FRPHUFLDOy VH DSRGHUÑ .-&*"+&HI#/:*"+&5#".$=$%<"*-+&.-&*"+&/"#="+&9:-& H%#/"<&4"#5-&.-&*"&$=%<%@#"H;"&4%4:*"#&.%/$<$="<"& 4"#"&#-=#-"#*"+&"&/%.%&.-&+(5$#"&]4%#&-P-/4*%J& -*&"<5$@:%&*%@%&.-&:<"&#-=%<%=$."&5$-<."&4%#& .-4"#5"/-<5%+J&M"+".%&-<&:<&4-#+%<"P-&/$5%*I@$=%& /"#$<%&/$5".&4-EJ&/$5".&/:P-#J&H:-&:5$*$E".%&4%#& !%."H%="&-<&:<%&.-&+:+&.$+->%+&.-&="/$+-5"+^RY

d)%#B&FW>-E&]G"&S"$<"^


VG"&/%5$)"=$I<&)$<%&4%#&-*&.-+-%&.-& ":<"#&<:-+5#"+&H:-#E"+&B&<:-+5#"+& $<=%<H%#/$.".-+R

""0

K%.%+&B&="."&:<%&.-&*%+&#-=*"/%+& 9:-&5-<;"/%+&5%.%+&*%+&=$:."."<%+& "&4:<5"&.-&*-<@:"&B&9:-&<:<="&<%+& "5#-);"/%+&"&-N4#-+"#R& G"&/$#"."&$<+:*"#J&*"&%M+-#)"=$I<&.-& <:-+5#%&-<5%#<%&B&=%/4%#5"/$-<5%& +%=$"*J&*"&#-$)$<.$="=$I<&.-&<:-+5#"& LGHQWLGDG JU·oFD OD GHQXQFLD Q*W.$="Q&.-&*%+&"M+:#.%+&.-&<:-+5#"& .%/$<$="<$.".RY 7$+-**-&_$"**%&]c"5"M:-<%^ *UÌoFD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD ê


VF%&#-=:-#.%&=%/%&H:-&9:-&+:#@$I&5%.%& #-"*/-<5-J&4-#%&-<5#-&=%<)-#+"=$%<-+&e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e"5B&0"4#$*-+&]0%*-=5$)%&f^

""1


V1<&-+-&/%/-<5%&*%&9:-&5%.%+& 5:)$-#%<&-<&=%/W<&-#"&:<"&MW+9:-."& .-&$.-<5$.".&-<&:<&4";+&9:-& +:4:-+5"/-<5-&<%&5-<;"&*"&+:B"R ""2

G%&D"=;"<&B"&+-"&M:+="<.%&-<& *"+&#";=-+&4#%H:<."+&.-&*"&=:*5:#"& GRPLQLFDQD R HQ LQpXHQFLDV -N5#"<P-#"+g&-*&"$+*"/$-<5%&.-&-+5"+& .%+J&+:+&4#%4$"+&)$)-<=$"+&%&*"& /-E=*"&.-&5%.%&-+5%R&1<&/$&%4$<$I<J& -+5"&/-E=*"&-<&+$&-#"&*"&$.-<5$.".& 9:-&5"<5%&+-&M:+="M"RY 2/"#&0"##-#"&e<-M-*&]G"&?-.-#;"^

*Uテ経FD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD テェ


VG%+&-*-/-<5%+&=%/:<-+&$M"<& .-+.-&*"&-N4-#$/-<5"=$I<J&-*&M"P%& 4#-+:4:-+5%J&"&*"&:5$*$E"=$I<&.-& UHFXUVRV WRPDGRV GHO GLVHÐR JU·oFR B&*"&4:M*$=$.".R& G"&"/M$@h-.".&.-&4#%B-=5%+&9:-& HUDQ VRFLDOHV JU·oFRV DUWÈVWLFRV 4-#H%#/"<=-+&B&D"44-<$<@+&"*& /$+/%&5$-/4%&B&+$<&4#-5-<.-#*%RY 1<@-*&G-%<"#.%&&]G"&S"$<"^

""3


"#!

V1<&-+-&/%/-<5%&-*&5-/"&.-&V=%*-=5$)%+Y& 5%.");"&-#"&/:B&.$+5"<5-R&F%&=#-%&9:-& D"B"/%+&+$.%&-*&4#$/-#%J&4-#%&:<%&.-&*%+& SULPHURV HQ KDFHU SLH]DV oUPDGDV FRPR =%*-=5$)%R&1*&/-<+"P-&-#"&/(+&$/4%#5"<5-& 9:-&-*&$<.$)$.:%R&?"*$-#%<&/:=D"+&=%+"+& LQWHUHVDQWHV UHYLVWDV JUXSRV GH GLVHÐR 4-#%&+%M#-&5%.%&+-&=%/-<EIJ&@#"=$"+&"& 4-#+%<"+&=%/%&!":#$=-&?(<=D-EJ&C<@-*& A%+"#$%&B&8%#@-&7%<E(*-E&"&#-=%<+$.-#"#& -+%&.-&+-#&V"#5$+5"YR&c%&)-<;"&.-&:<& M"=`@#%:<.&.-&-+=:-*"&.-&"#5-&B&/-&"M#$I& /:=D%&*"&/-<5-&/$&=%<-N$I<&=%<&-**%+RY&

!"#$%&'()"*%+&]0%*-=5$)%&?D"/4%%^

*UÌoFD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD ê


Vi<&"4%#5-&$/4%#5"<5-&H:-&9:-& /:=D"&@-<5-&+-&=%<%=$I&.:#"<5-&-+5"& U4%="R&,-#+%<"+&9:-&)-<;"<&.-&*"& 1+=:-*"&.-&6-**"+&O#5-+J&4:M*$=$+5"+J& .$+->".%#-+&B&-+=#$5%#-+R&O&4"#5$#& .-&-+5%&+-&H%#/"#%<&/(+&=%*-=5$)%+R& 25#%&"4%#5-&H:-&9:-&*"&@-<5-&+-& "5#-)$I&"&.-=$#&*%&9:-&4-<+"M"RY G:$+&S"*)-#.-J&0D"@%&7"#=;"J&!-*$++"& !-P;"&A$E$`&B&2/"#&0"##-#"&]G"&?-.-#;"^

"#"


"##

V?-&/%+5#IJ&.-+.-&.$H-#-<5-+&4-#+4-=5$)"+J& *"&=%<=$-<=$"&=%*-=5$)"&=%<5-/4%#(<-"& D"=$"&*"+&.$+=#-4"<=$"+&+%=$"*-+&B& -=%<I/$="+&.-&<:-+5#"&=:*5:#"R& j:M%&:<&.$+=:#+%&/"#=".%&4%#&*"& :5$*$E"=$I<&.-&.$)-#+%+&/-.$%+&-+5U5$="/-<5-& -<#$9:-=$.%+&=%<&:<&4:<5%&.-&)$+5"& HVSHFÈoFR QDFLRQDOLVWD \ GHVDoDQWH i<"&4#-%=:4"=$I<&4%#&*%+&5-/"+&+%=$"*-+&.-& -+-&/%/-<5%&B&:<"&/"#="."&)"*%#$E"=$I<& .-&*"&$.-<5$.".&<"=$%<"*RY

,"%*"5&.-&*"&0#:E&B&k%$*%&,$/-<5-*&& ]A-)$+5"&G-<@:"^

*UÌoFD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD ê


$JUDGHFHPRV D -RDTXร Q %HQLWR \ &ULVWLQD 5LFR GHO &HQWUR &XOWXUDO GH (VSDร D HQ 6DQWR 'RPLQJR &&(6' SRU VX DSR\R GHVGH HO LQLFLR D 0DULR 'ร YDORV \ -RVร *UDWHUDX[ HQ &DSLWDO '%* \ &DSLWDO %RRNV SRU D\XGDU D TXH HVWH SUR\HFWR OOHJXH D EXHQ SXHUWR D 6DUD +HUPDQQ SRU DOODQDU HO FDPLQR KDFLD XQD PHMRU FRPSUHQVLร Q GHO GHVDUUROOR GH OD JUร oFD HQ QXHVWUR SDร V D &DPLOR 9HQHJDV \ 0DMD +RUQ SRU FRPSDUWLU VX YLVLร Q \ H[SHULHQFLD GHVGH DIXHUD ,YRU\ 1รกร H] GHO FROHFWLYR /D 9DLQD SRU WUDQVSRUWDUQRV D XQD ร SRFD DQร ORJD D -DYLHU 5H\HV SRU FUHHU HQ HVWR Pร V DOOร GHO GLVHร R \ OD GLDJUDPDFLร Q (VFDUOHW +HUUHUD -DLPH *XHUUD \ 0ร [LPR GHO &DVWLOOR JUDFLDV 0HQFLร Q HVSHFLDO D FDGD XQR GH ORV kLQGHSHQGLHQWHVy TXH IRUPDQ SDUWH GH HVWH OLEUR \ DTXHOORV SHUVRQDMHV TXH D\XGDURQ SDUD TXH *Uร oFD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD VLJD KR\ VX FXUVR 5RVV\ 5DPRV ยฐQJHO 5RVDULR \ 0DXULFH 6ร QFKH]

"#4


&RQWDFWRV

j-=5%#&A%.#;@:-E

2+/"<B&A%.#;@:-E

KHFWRUEZQ#\DKRR FRP

RVPDQ\URGULJXH]#JPDLO FRP

a&,%+5"*-+

d"<&S;=5%#

YDOHULDOHUQHU#PDF FRP

LDQ#PRGDIRFD QHW

$OHMDQGUR &DSHOOÌQ DOHMDQGURFDSHOODQ#JPDLO FRP

LYRU\QXQH]#JPDLO FRP

O<"&';"E&]O<"&6"<"<"^

!

DQDULPDFRQEDQDQD EORJVSRW FRP

8"$/-&7:-##"

DQDGLD] #JPDLO FRP

HOPDUHPRWR#PDF FRP

#ULPDFRQEDQDQD

-DYLHU 5H\HV

SDRODWGHODFUX]#JPDLO FRP ZZZ SDRODWGHODFUX] FRP k%$*%&,$/-<5-* ]RLOR PDP#JPDLO FRP #]RLORBSLPHQWHO A%++B&';"E GLDURV\#JPDLO FRP

O<.#-L&A"/;#-E

UH\HVMDY#JPDLO FRP

A%++B&A"/%+

DQGUHZUDPL#JPDLO FRP

MDYLHUUH\HV WXPEOU FRP

URVSRS#JPDLO FRP

GLDURV\#JPDLO FRP

d)%#B&FW>-E

,"%*"5&.-&*"&0#:E

8-"<<-55-&,#"5+

?"#"&j-#/"<<

C<@-*&A%+"#$%

ZZZ MDQHSUDWV FRP

VDUDKHUPDQQ#\DKRR FRP

OOHJRDQJHO#JPDLO FRP

MDQHSUDWV#JPDLO FRP

#DQJHOQLFNQDPH 0"/$*%&S-<-@"+ HOIRJRQHURYHQHJDV EORJVSRW FRP #FDPLORYHQHJDV 0D"@%&7"#=;" FKDJRW]#JPDLO FRP 0D#$+5$"<&,$/-<5-* FSLPHQWHO #JPDLO FRP FKULV ELJRWHHVWXGLR EORJVSRW FRP '")$.&,U#-E&]e"#/".")$+^ NDUPDGDYLV#JPDLO FRP 1..B&FW>-E! HGG\ QXQH]#JPDLO FRP 1.:"#.%&?:(#-E&]'02^ FKLFOHHQHOFHUHEUR#JPDLO FRP 1*-<"&_-#<(<.-E FDVLHOHQD#JPDLO FRP 1<@-*&G-%<"#.% HQJHO OHRQDUGR#JPDLO FRP _"#"D&,"#-.-+&S$-#" IDUDK SDUHGHV#JPDLO FRP _-#<"<.%&?%#$"<% QHXURQLWDV#JPDLO FRP 7:$+-*5&KD"$E

8%#@-&7%<E(*-E MRUJH#PRGDIRFD QHW

S$#@$<$"&,-#.%/% YLUJLQLDSHUGRPR#JPDLO FRP l$**$"/&A"/;#-E

-RVÃ &UX] 6XUoWR

ZLOOLDP#GHVLJQDFWLRQ RUJ

VXUoWR#JPDLO FRP

GLVHZLOO #JPDLO FRP

e"5B&0"4#$*-+

,"5;<&6$@%5-

NDW\FDSULOHV#KRWPDLO FRP

ZZZ SDWLQELJRWH FRP

G:$+&!%*$<"

X:$+9:-B"&,"#`!

SLDVOHYL#KRWPDLO FRP

TXLVTXH\DSDUN EORJVSRW FRP

/XLV 9DOYHUGH

G"&?-.-#;"!

/XLV#ODVHGHULD QHW

ZZZ ODVHGHULD QHW

!"P"&j%#< PDMD #JPDLO FRP !":#$=-&?(<=D-E

ZZZ ODSL[HOHULD QHW !%."H%="! PRGDIRFD QHW

PDXULFHVDQFKH]U#JPDLO FRP

A-)$+5"&G-<@:"!

WKHROGV\VWHP WXPEOU FRP

UHYLVWD OHQJXD#JPDLO FRP

!-*$++"&!-P;"& PHOLVVDPUL]LN#JPDLO FRP !"#$%&'()"*%+ GDYDOHWWH#JPDLO FRP

ZZZ UHYLVWDOHQJXD FRP #5HYLVWD/HQJXD K$<@%*"& WLQJROD QHW

#GDYDOHWWH

0"+"&.-&K-"5#%

PDULRGDYDORV FRP

ZZZ FDVDGHWHDWUR FRP

2*@"&S"*.-E

0-<5#%&0:*5:#"*&.-&1+4">"

ROoSXD#JPDLO FRP

ZZZ FFHVG RUJ

2/"#&0"##-#"&e<-M-* RGFDUUHUDNQHEHO#JPDLO FRP

JXLVHOW WKDL]#JPDLO FRP JXLVHOWWKDL] FRP

*UÌoFD ,QGHSHQGLHQWH 'RPLQLFDQD ê

LQIR#FFHVG RUJ !:+-%&.-&O#5-&!%.-#<% FRQWDFWR#FXOWXUD JRY GR




Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.