Biology Synoptic Essay

Enzymesandtheirimportanceinplantsandanimals(25marks)

Enzymesarebiologicalcatalysts,whichacceleratethespeedofchemicalreactionsinthebody withoutbeinguseduporchangedintheprocess.Animalsandplantscontainenzymeswhichhelp breakdownfats,carbohydratesandproteinsintosmallermoleculesthecellscanusetogetenergy andcarryouttheprocessesthatallowtheplantoranimaltosurvive.Withoutenzymes,most physiologicalprocesseswouldnottakeplaceHundredsofdifferenttypesofenzymesarepresentin plantandanimalcellsandeachisveryspecificinitsfunction.Enzymeshaveanactivesitewhich hasacomplimentarybasetoaspecificsubstrate,whenthesebindanenzyme–substratecomplex isshowmorecontent

Howeverifthetemperatureexceedstheoptimumtemperaturetheenzymebecomesdenatured.This isbecausethereistoomuchenergycausingtheenzymemoleculestovibratecausingthebonds maintainingtheirtertiarystructuretobreak.Theenzymeunravelscausingtheshapeoftheactive sitetochangesoitcannolongerfitwiththesubstrate.ChangesinpHalsoalteranenzyme'sshape. DifferentenzymesworkbestatdifferentpHvaluesTheoptimumpHforanenzymedependson whereitnormallyworks.Forexample,intestinalenzymeshaveanoptimumpHofabout7.5 whereasenzymesinthestomachhaveanoptimumpHofabout2.Substrateconcentrationalso affectstherateofreactionasthegreaterthesubstrateconcentrationthefastertherateofreaction andalltheactivesitesarefilled.Atthispointtherateofreactioncanonlybeincreasedifyouadd moreenzymesintomakemoreactivesitesavailableAninhibitorisasubstancethatslowsdownor stopsenzyme–substratecomplexesforming.Competitiveinhibitorshaveasimilarshapetothe substratewhichallowsthemtoentertheactivesitesothesubstratecannot;thereforetheyboth competefortheactivesiteIfyouaddmoresubstratetheeffectofthecompetitiveinhibitorwillbe reduced.Non–competitiveinhibitorsbindtotheenzymeawayfromtheactivesitebutchangethe tertiarystrictureoftheproteinandsotheshapeoftheactivesit.Thismeansthatthe

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Asthebellrungfortheendoffirstperiod,Igatheredmythingsandbegantowalktomysecond periodclass,Biology.BiologywasalwaystomethehardestsubjectIhadeverdealtwithbecause therewassomuchtolearn,study,andtrulyunderstand.Iwalkedthroughthedoorintothe classroomandI'llneverforgetthewordsIheardmyteachersaythatcaughtmesooff–guard."Get outyournotesandstudybecauseyouhaveatesttoday",hesaidAsIheardhimfinishhissentence, myeyeswidenandIquicklymovedtowardsmyseatandbegantoskimovermynotesasfastasI could.IhadcompletelyforgotthatIhadatestinbiology.

Whilereadingovermynotes,IkeptthinkingtomyselfthatIjustknewIwasgoingtofailthistest Afteracoupleofminutesofstudying,Iheardtheteachyell"5moreminutes".Ibegantoskimeven fasterovermynotes.ItfeltliketimewasmovingsofastbecausewhenIheardmyteachyell"times up",itseemedasifonly2minuteshadpassedby.Hepassedouttheanswersheetaroundthe classroomandinstructedustofilloutourstudentIDnumbers.Ilookedovertheunfilledanswer sheetandcountedtheamountofquestionsTherewere30questionsintotalwhichfrightenedme evenmorebecauseIhadtoanswer30questionsoninformationthatIbarelystudied.Thenhe handedoutthetestandIbecameextremelynervousbecausenotonlydidIbarelystudyandthere were30multiplechoicequestions,buttheclassroomwassocoldthat

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EcologyAnorganismhasseveralwaystoavoidbeingpratedupon.Onewaytoavoidthisisto practicecrptis.Crypisistheactionoforganismsavoidingpredationbyblendinginwiththeir backgroundsandmatchingthecolorpatternofabark,twigsorleaves.Palatableanimalsoften utilizethisstrategyaswell.Anothertypeofdefenseisaposematismorwarningcoloratio. Organismsthatproducenoxiouschemicalsoraccumalatethemfromfoodplants,advertisethefact thattheyareharmfulwithconspicouscolorpatterns.Mimicryistheresemblenceofanorganism towardsomeotherorganismoranobjectintheenviroment,evolvedtodecievepredatorsorpreyinto confudingtheorganismwiththatwhichitmimicsThepreyinvolvedwithinshowmorecontent Thesehypothesisarebasedontheassumptionthatthebirdsrealizedthattheredlarvaearemore tasteful,whiletheblueandlimelarvaewereoftendistasteful.Thefocusofthisexperimentisto findoutwhetherornotmimicrydevelopedandwhetherthebirdseitherlearntfromtheeffectsof mimicryorcaughtontothecolorpattern.

MaterialsandMethods

Theprocedurethatwasutilizefromthisexperimentwasverytimeconsumingandinvolvedan assortmentofsmallprocedures.Thefirststepwastodecideuponthedifferentcolorsofthefood, andwhichspeculateonwhchcolorswouldbemostefficientfortheexperimentInourcasewe choosered,whichrepresentedakindofdangerouscolor,bluewhichwasstilldangerousbutalittle moreattractivethanredandlimewhichseemedlikeanicefriendlycolor.Afterthantheratios betweenthemodelswereagreeduponbaseduponwhatwethoughtthecolorswouldrepresent towardthebirds.ThepatternthatwasusedispatternA.Theredcolorhad100%mimicry, (palatable)and0%formodels(unpalatable).Thebluecolorhad75%mimicry(palatable)and25% formodels(unpalatable).Thelimehad25%mimicryand75%formodels(unpalatable).Afterthat decisionmakingtheclassbrokeupintodifferentgroupstofacilitatethelarvaemakingprocess.The classdividedintomixers,cutters,thosethat

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ImpactsontheEnvironmentalMovementDavidPark,Expos101,Prassack,11/15/2011The environmentalmovement,addressedin"RewildingNorthAmerica"byCarolineFraser,focuseson thenegativeoutcomesofhumanactivitiesintheenvironment.Itisamovementthatrestoresthe environmentthathumanshavedamaged.Scientistshaveaddressedtheidea,in"Alifeofitsown"by MichaelSpecter,ofusingsyntheticbiologytomendenvironmentalissuesSyntheticbiology combinesthe"elementsofengineering,chemistry,computerscience,andmolecularbiology...to assemblethebiologicaltoolsnecessarytoredesignthelivingworld"(Specter364).Thereareboth positiveandnegativeimpactsofasyntheticworldontheenvironmentmovementshowmore content...

However,syntheticbiologywouldessentiallycompeteagainstrewildingforfunds,andhinderthe environmentalmovement.Oneexampleofthecompetitionbetweentheenvironmentalmovementis theoptionofusingcoresandcorridorsversustopreviousestablishedprograms.Initially,the promotionofcoresandcorridorswasrejectedbytheorganizationsatfirstLateron,rewilding advocatescreatedanewgroup,"seekingtoreshapetheenvironmentalmovement,"andacquired moneyfromTompkinsandJohns.Therewildingmovementultimatelytookmoneyawayfromother programs,andchangedtheconceptoftheenvironmentalmovement.Nowanotherdecisionhastobe madebetweenrewildingandsyntheticbiology.Becausemoneyislimited,organizationscanonly supportalimitedamountofmovementsByfundingsyntheticbiology,otherenvironmental movementswillbehalted,whetheritisbetterorforworse.Theenvironmentalmovementis important,butitdoesnottakepriorityoversyntheticbiology.Ontheissueofnature,the environmentalmovementandasyntheticworldstandatdifferentspectrumsNaturehasconstantly beenmoldingtheearth,andeversincehumanscame,withtheirtechnology,theenvironmenthas startedtodeteriorate.Themovementfornaturefocusesonthenegativeimpactofhumansonto nature.Manyofthemovementsthatareinaffect"recognizedthatwildernesscannotbepreservedby sealingit

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ToanalysisthesynopticrelationshipistoshowthesignificanceoftheSynopticProblem.Inthe NewTestament,Matthew,Mark,andLukeareknownastheSynopticGospels.Allthreeofthem sharesomeofthesamestoriesandsomecommonmaterials,suchassomeofthearrangementsof thecommonmaterialfollowMark'sorderandsomecommonmaterialfromMattheworLukeare differentfromMark'sorder,andthensomeagreewithMark'sorder.AccordingtotheEightGeneral RulesoftheSynoptic,Matthewincludesroughly90%ofMarkandLukeincludesroughly50% SinceMarkisshorterthaneitherMattheworLuke,itincludesamuchsmallerpercentageofeachof them.TherearethreetheoriesthathavebeendiscussedtosolvetheSynoptic...showmorecontent... Forexample,Matthew4:17reads,"FromthattimeJesusbegantopreachandsay,Repent,forthe kingdomofheavenisathand"andMark1:15reads,"Thetimeisfulfilled,andthekingdomofGod isathand;repentandbelieveinthegospel"Themostimportantthingthatthesetwoscriptureshave incommonfromthestartisthatJesusisthespeaker,duetoitbeingwrittenin"red."Thisisthefirst agreementthatbothshareincharacterizeofJesus.BeforeviewingMatthew4:17,letreviewbackto Chapter1,2,and3,inthesethreechapters,thereisthe'TheBookofGeneration,theBirthofthe Messiah,andJohntheBaptistPreaching.InviewingChapterone,Jesuscomesdownthebloodline ofDavid,whichisprophecyintheOldTestament(2Samuel7:12)MatthewisspeakingofGod's covenantwithDavidthathasbeenprophecyaboutGodestablishingandfulfillingakingdomto come.Thisscripturefalls,rightinplaceafterJesus'baptism,thetemptationinthewildernessand JohntheBaptististakenintocustody,andtheSermonontheMount,knownas"TheBeatitudes" Matthew4:17issandwichedinthemiddleofallofthisChaosthatisgoingonbetween"The GenealogyofJesustheMessiah"and"TheSermonontheMount:TheBeatitudes."Inreading, Matthew4:17,Jesuswasannouncingthat"Hehascome."ForHestated,"Repent,forthekingdom ofheavenisathand."This

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TheSynopticGospelsarecomposedofthegospelsofMark,Matthew,andLuke.Thesethree gospelscoveredmanyofthesamestories;yet,theydisagreewitheachotheronvariousdetails withincertainstories.Also,numerouseventsthatareinMark,isnotinMattheworLukeandvice versa.ManyhistorianshaveconcludedthatMarkwasthefirstofthethreegospelswrittenandthat MatthewandLukeusedMarkasasourcetotheirowngospelsTheSynopticGospelswerefirst writteninGreek,whichwouldsuggesttosomeambiguitywithinMark,Matthew,andLukedueto certainperceptionsandtranslationswithintheGreeklanguage.Oneambiguitythatisshownwithin theSynopticGospelsdealtwithJesus'sviewonmarriageanddivorceUsingshowmorecontent ThisambiguitycouldhavebeenbecauseofthedifferentinterpretationsandtranslationsoftheGreek language.ThiscouldalsohavebeencausedbythefactthatMatthewandMarkmaynothaveagreed onwhereJesuswenttopreachthePharisees.

ThedisputeofdetailsbetweenMarkandMatthewcontinuesinMark10:1:"Andcrowdsagain gatheredaroundhimandaswashiscustom,heagaintaughtthem"BasedonMark'sgospelonce JesusarrivedatbothJudeaandbeyondtheJordan,heismetwithmanypeoplewhohe'dtaught. Matthew'sgospelthoughtotherwise.InMatthew19:2,"Largecrowdsfollowedhim,andhecured themthere."UnlikeMark'sGospelinwhichJesustaughtalargegroupofpeople,Matthewwrites thatonceJesusarrivesinJudeahecuredthelargegroupofpeople.Thisambiguitycouldhavebeen causedbecausethewordsforteachingandcureinGreekaresimilarItcouldsuggestthatMatthew meantJesuscuredthelargegroupofpeopleoftheirsins,whichwouldbemoreinlinewithMarkin whichJesusmayhavetaughtthelargegroupofpeopleonhowtoridoftheirsins.

BothMarkandMatthewalsoagreewitheachotheronpartsofthestoryofmarriageanddivorceIn bothMark10:2andMatthew19:2,itiswritten,"SomePhariseescame,andtotesthimtheyasked." BecauseoftheexactwordforworddescriptionofthePhariseestestofJesusinbothMarkand Matthew,itcanbeconcludedthateitherwerewritten

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Polymershavedifferentstructures.Theyalsohavedifferentfunctions.Describehowthestructures ofdifferentpolymersrelatetotheirfunction?

Polymersalargemoleculesmadeupofachainofsmallermolecules,knownasmonomers.The monomersthatapolymerismadeupofdecideitsstructureandthereforeit'sfunction.These monomersarelinkedandcoiledinaveryspecificmanorgivingthepolymeraspecifictertiary structure(anextensivelycoiledandlinkedpolymerchaincausedasaresultoftheformationofmore bondsforming).Thistertiarystructureiscrucialtothefunctionofapolymerasitdenotesthe necessaryshapeofthecomplementarymolecule.Thisiseasierexplainedthroughanexample.

Anexampleofashowmorecontent

Haemoglobinisjustoneofthemanypossibleformsandfunctionsofaproteinpolymer.Theyall havedifferentstructures,whichmakesthemspecialisedtocarryoutaparticularfunction.For exampleenzymesTheyareroughlysphericalinshapeduetothetightfoldingofthepolypeptide chains.Enzymesplayimportantrolesinmostbiologicalprocesses,inparticularmetabolismand synthesisThetertiarystructureofanenzymeisofparticularimportancetoitsfunctionandaslight changeinthechainsequenceandthereforeit'sshapecanresultinitbecominginactive.Enzymes workbycombiningwithasubstratetoformanenzyme–substratecomplex,thesubstrateisthen brokendownandreleasedEachenzymehasaparticularsubstratethatiscanbreakdown,thiswill bethesubstratewiththecomplimentarystructuretothatoftheactivesiteoftheenzyme.For examplestarchisonlybrokendownbyamylase.Astheshapeoftheactivesitedependsonthe shapeofthepolymershapesodoestheoverallfunctionoftheenzyme.

AntibodiesareinvolvedintheimmuneresponseThey'remadeupoftwolightpolypeptidechains andtwoheavypolypeptidechainsbondedtogether.Antibodieshaveavariableregionwhichactsin asimilarwaytotheactivesiteofanenzyme.Eachantibodyhasavariableregionthatisthe complementaryshapeforaparticularantigenand

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BiologyIsTheScienceOfLife

Biology

TaniaEspinoza–Flores

Abstract

BiologyisthestudyoflifeBiologytalksaboutorganismsandhowtheyreacttocertaintoxins, whenyoumixthingsup.Thereareninefieldsinbiology.Someexamplesofthefieldsare evolutionarybiology,cellularbiology,andmolecularbiology.Biologyhasalonghistory.Biology isbeneficialinmanywaysBiologyhasimpactedpeopleinnegativeandpositivewaysPeoplewho studybiologyarecalledbiologists.

Biology,theScienceofLifeBiologyhasalonghistory.Earlyhumanswouldstudybiology.They hadtostudytheanimalsthattheyhunted,andtheyhadtoknowwheretofindtheplantsthatthey gatheredforfoodBiologyisthestudyoflifeBiologycomesfromGreekwordsTherearenine fieldsinbiology.Someofthenine...showmorecontent...

Itistheorganismsthatworktocreatenewthings.Anorganismisanindividualanimal,plant,or single–celledlifeform.Allorganismscometogetherandcreatesomethingnew.Theorganismstake energyfromtheenvironment,andfromthefoodtheyeat.Theneworganismsthattheoldones createdwillsoonmakeneworganismsThisformsacycleThecycleneverendsuntilsomething badhappenstotheorganisms.Aneasywayofsayingallofthisisbysayingthatthecyclecontinues untilsomethingbadhappenstotheorganisms.Biologistsaretheimportantscientistsofbiology. Biologistsstudythestructure,function,growth,origin,evolution,anddistributionofliving organisms.Biologistsstudylivingorganisms.Forexample,theystudyhumans,plants,animals,and manyotherlivingorganisms.Whentheystudytheseorganisms,theyfindoutmanythingsaboutlife andtheystudythemedicinethatweuse,sotheycanknowwhattypesofwayswewillreacttothe medicine.Peoplefromlongago,wouldusebiologytostudytheanimalsthattheyhunted,andthe plantstheyateIndeed,biologistsareveryimportantto

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TheSynopticProblem

Thesynopticproblemisthatofconsideringwhichofthe3synopticgospels.Matthew,Markand Lukewaswrittenfirstandperhapswhichgospelwaswrittenaidedviatheotherand/orwhichwriter usedthequestionableQsource

Itisbelievedthatthereisaliteraryconnectionbetweenthegospelsasthereisanobviousverbal agreementthatsuggestssomekindofinterdependencebetweenthemallItisbelievedthatthese similaritieshavearisenbecause

i.Allthegospelwriterswereinspiredbythepoweroftheholyspirit

iiTheyareallanaccountoftheJesusThereforeastheyareallaboutthesamepersontherewillbe similaritiesbetweentheir...showmorecontent...

TheliteraryconnectioncanbeseenintheBaptismstory.Markhas5verses,Matthew15andLuke 17.AndalsothePeterDisownsJesusMarkhas7verses,Matthew7andLuke9.Thefactthatthese storiesareineachgospelsuggestssomekindofclearconnectionbetweenthemall.

StreeterbelievedthattheorderofthegospelswasMarkfirstthenMatthewthenlastlyLuke.Healso believedthatallthegospelssharedacommonsourcewhichhecalledQ.ThisMarkanpriority theoryovertooktheMatheaupriorityinthe19thcenturyItwassuggestedthatMarkportrayedJesus tobetoohuman.Thatmarkshowedhim'faultsandall'andwhenthechurchwasfirstcompiledit wasseentobethecasethatMatthewwasputfirstasthemostimportantgospelwiththemostverses andthereforeastheysawit;themosthistoricalcontent.ItisbelievedthatasMarkisthepriority gospelandthatMatthewandLuketookMarksaccountandthenexpandedonittowritetheirown.It isalsotruethatusingthistheorytheMatthewandLukehavetakenMarksgospelandtidieditupby correctinghispoorGreek.ItisknownthatmarkusedlongnarrativesandinMatthewandLukeit canbeseenthatthesehavebeenabbreviated.Markisalsoseenastheprioritygospelasitappearsto giveanall

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LibertyUniversity

TheSynopticProblem

ApapersubmittedtoDrCharlesPowell

InpartialfulfillmentoftheRequirementsforthecourseNBST525

LibertyTheologicalseminary

By LaShawnSelf

Lynchburg,Virginia

Sunday,August14,2011

ThebooksoftheGospels,Matthew,Mark,LukeandJohn;wherewrittenover2000yearsago. ThesebooksexcludingtheGospelofJohnareoftencalledthesynopticGospels.Thetermsynoptic isderivedfromtheGreekwordmeaning"seeingtogether."Thesethreebooksarecomparablein theirrecordingoftheexistenceandministryofJesusThewordingofthesynopticGospelsis similaraswell.Forexample,theaccountofthehealingoftheleaperoccursinallthreebooksand the...showmorecontent...

Thecommonbeliefamongsourcecriticsisthat,theGospelofMarkistheoldestandMatthewand LukeusedhisgospelalongwithanunknownsourcetowritetheirGospels.Evidencesupportingthis viewmakethemakesfourpoints.First,theLuke'sGospeliscontainsapproximatelyhalfofMark's informationandMatthew'sGospelencompassesalmostallofMark'sviews.Second,Mark'swords areusedverbatiumMatthewandLuke.Third,MatthewandLukefollowthesamesequenceof eventsasMarkFinally,MatthewandLukesometimesrewordMark'suncomfortablepassagesof scripturetoallowsmoothtransitionsandeaseofunderstanding.[5]MarkanPriorityTheMarkan PriorityisthebeliefthatMarkwasthefirsttowritehisaccountthenMatthewandLukeusedhis recordingsalongwithanunknownsourcetowritetheiraccountsAlthoughitissaidthatMatthew andLukeusedMark'saccountandanotherunknownsourcetowritetheirversionsofthegospel,itis alsobelievedthatMarkusedsomeunknownsourcetosupplementhisgospelaswell[6] WeaknessesintheMarkanPriorityToaccepttheMarkanPriorityonemustfirstdenouncetheword ofJesus,"thattheHolySpiritwouldbringallthingsbacktotheirremembrance";thetestimoniesof theearlychurchleadersandhistoricalfactsAlso,ifMatthewandLukewerepresentatthesame timethatMarkwaspresent,whywouldtheyneedtouseMark'saccount?[7]Someauthorsbelieve that

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TheFunctionsofProteins

Introduction

Proteinaccountsforaboutthree–fourthsofthedrymatterinhumantissuesotherthanfatandbone Itisamajorstructuralcomponentofhair,skin,nails,connectivetissues,andbodyorgans.Itis requiredforpracticallyeveryessentialfunctioninthebody.Proteinsaremadefromthefollowing elements;carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogenandoftensulphurandphosphorusProteinscannotbe storedexceptineggsandseedsandtheyformthebody'smainstructuralelementsandarefoundin everycellandtissue.Thehumanbodyusesproteinsforgrowthandtobuildandrepairbones, muscles,tissue,skin,internalorgansandblood.Hormones,antibodiesshowmorecontent

Catalysis

Theyserveasenzymaticcatalyststhatspeedupbiochemicalreactionswhileremainingunchanged intheprocess.Withoutthesebiologicalcatalysts,chemicalreactionswouldoccursoslowlythatlife asweknowitcouldnotexist.Withthem,chemicalreactionscanoccuratratesasmuchas10billion timesfasterthanwouldbepossiblewithoutenzymes.Enzymesarecriticaltodigestionand metabolism,theyarerequiredtoreleasenutrientsfromfoodssotheycanbeabsorbedandutilized bythebody.Ifenzymesarenotpresentinsufficientquantities,completedigestioncannottake place.Enzymesalsokeepthebody'smetabolic"machinery"runningsmoothly.Inturn,vitaminsand mineralsareessentialforproperenzymefunctioning

Transport

Proteinsarealsousedastransportmolecules,suchproteinishaemoglobinwhichtransportsoxygen inredbloodcellsallaroundthebodyThemainhaemoglobininadulthumansisHaemoglobinA anditcontainstwoalphaandtwobetasubunits.Haemoglobinalsotransportscarbondioxideaway fromthetissuestothelungswhereitisexhaled.

Haemoglobinsareachainofpolypeptidewhichisheldinpositionbythreetypesofbonds; disulphidebond,ionicbondandhydrogenbondHaemoglobinsareformedwhenfourGlobin moleculeslinktogether.

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ShortessayGrowingupinamiddleclassfamilywithmygrandmothersufferingfromAlzheimer's isn'tthememoryIlovetokeepfrommychildhood.Withthechildhoodcuriosityinme,Ithinkthat iswhenIstatedtolovescience.Ihavealwayswonderedwhymygrandmotherwassuffering,and howcanIhelpher.Backthen,Ididnotreallyunderstoodhowgeneticshavetodowiththedisease, butIwasconvincedthatsciencehastheanswerItbrokemyhearttothinkhowhopelessIwasback then.AndIremember,oneofthemostfrequentlyaskedquestionswhenIwasIlittlechildwas "Whatdoyouwanttobewhenyougrowup?"."Scientist"hasalwaysbeenmyanswereverytime thequestionwasaskedIrememberwhenIhavetoexplaintomyclassmatesshowmorecontent IhaveobtainedvariousskillsetswhileIwasthere.Duringtheinternship,Iwastrustedwithsmall projectintheneurosciencefieldwhereIhavetodesignandoptimiseanexperimentinvolvingthe detectionoftheexpressionofJAK2andSTAT3inmicebrain.Thisiswheremycurrentinteresthas startedtogrowbiggerandstronger.ThemoreIreadintomolecularmedicine,themoreIrealisehow importantgeneticsregulationisinordertodiscoveranddeveloptechnologiestoregulatebiological processesandtreatvariousdiseases.Andmaybe,there'shopeforAlzheimers'stoo. Althoughitistoolateformetohelpmylategrandmotherwhopassedawaylastyear,mycuriosity stillgoeson.Throughouttheyear,biologistshailedplentyofbreakthroughsinAlzheimer'sresearch andneurologicaldiseases.Iwanttobeapartofthat.However,Istillhavealongjourneytogo,and thisisjustthebeginningIcouldbeconsideredforthisscholarship,sothatIdivedeeperintothe oceanofknowledgeandlearnasmuchasIcouldsothatIcancontributetotheadvancementof

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Biology:ACareerInTheCareerOfBiology

ThecareerIhavechosentoresearchandwriteaboutisbiology.Thestudyofliferangesacross multipleoptionsofdifferentsciences.Onewhowishestofollowinacareerinvolvingscience shouldconsiderbeingatypeofbiologist.Thiscareerwillimprovesocialskillsandexperienceinthe outsideworld.Biologyisagreatcareertosomeintocontactwithpeople,animals,andnew discoveriesThisessaywillhighlightkeyaspectsofthecareerIhavechosen Thedutiesofabiologistrequiremultiplesetsofdifferentskills.Mostbiologistshavetoprocessany analyzeddataandpresenttheresearch.Anothersetofrequiredskillsaremanaginglabtechnicians andprogramingcomputers(Chroncom)Specifictypesofbiologistswillneedtolearncertainskills toevenparticipateinthatfieldofstudy.Differenttypesofbiologistsincludewildlife,aquatic,and plantbiologists.Eachfieldhasdifferentcircumstancesoflifetostudyortakecareof.Thesecond branchofbiologyisbotanyandthatspecializesinbiophysicsandgenetics(CareerDiscovery Encyclopedia,Page106).

Thewordbiologycomesfromtheprefixbios,meaninglife,andlogos(wordordiscourse)The studyandpracticeofbiologywasfirstrecognizedbyGreekphilosophers.Thefirstsignificant contributiontobiologywasbyamannamedAlcmaeon.Hisworkwouldhavebeenpublishedat somepointbetween500and450BCE.Alcmaeonwasthefirsttoidentifythedifferencebetween understandingand

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You,Me,DNA,and23

Biologyisthescientificstudyoflivingthings.Chemistryisthescientificstudyofmatterandhowit changesThefieldsofsciencewherebiologyandchemistrymeetarebiochemistryormolecular biology.Scientistsinthesefieldsexaminehowchemicalsandmolecularcomponentscometogether inawaythatisbalancedenoughtocreatesomethingthathasnotbeendiscoveredonanyother planet:lifeDNAisthemoleculethataccountsforthechemicalunityandthephysicaldiversity betweenhumansandallotherknownspecies.

Everylivingthingismadeupofatleastonecell.Thehumanbodyis"formedfrombetween50and 100trillioncells"("PuttingDNAtoWork–Introduction–WhereIsDNAFound?").Cellsarethe buildingblocksoflifeasweknowit.Itistaughtthatcellsmakeuptissues,whichmakeuporgans, whichmakeorganisms,thenpopulations,communities,andecosystems,ultimatelycreatingthe biosphere––allofthelifeonEarth.Whilethisistrue,thereismoretothelowerendofthehierarchy. Asstatedbefore,cellsarethebuildingblocksoflife;butthebuildingblockshavetobebuiltoutof somethingthemselvesCellsarecomposedofmanyorganellesthatperformspecificfunctions withinthecellaswellasnucleicacids,proteins,carbohydrates,andlipids.Whilethesecomponents arenotlivingthemselves,thisiswherechemistrysynthesizeswithbiologyThereareavastand widevarietyoftypesofcells,eachspecializedto

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TheImportanceOfWaterToLivingOrganismsWaterisnormallythemostabundantcomponentof anylivingorganism.Asmosthumancellsareapproximately80%waterand60%ofthehuman bodyismadeupofit,itisextremelyimportantinmanydifferentwaystoboththesurvivalandthe wellbeingoflivingorganisms.Evolutionistsbelievethatlifeprobablyoriginatedinwaterandeven todaythousandsoforganismsmaketheirhomeinit.Wateralsoprovidesthemediuminwhichall biochemicalreactionstakeplaceTheimportanceofwatertolivingorganismsoriginatesfromits manypropertiesincludingitssolventproperties,itshighspecificheatcapacity,itshighlatentheatof vaporization,...showmorecontent...

Thefactthatmostsmallbiologicalmoleculesdissolveinwaterisveryimportantbecauseallthe chemicalreactionsthattakeplaceincellsdosoinaqueoussolution.Plantscamonlyobtainmineral saltsinsolutionandhumandigestionwillonlydissolvesolublefoods,meaninglargestarch moleculesmustbebrokendownintosolublesugars.Alsomanyorganismslivinginwaterspend mostoftheirtimeunderwater,yettheyrequireoxygentorespire,andaswaterissuchagood solventtherequiredoxygengasisdissolvedinwaterWater'ssolventpropertiesalsoallowittoact asatransportmediumforpolarsolutesforexamplethemovementofmineralstolakesandseasand removalofmetabolicwastessuchasureaandammoniainurineWater'sthermalpropertiesrelateto itsheatcapacity.Waterhasahighspecificheatcapacitycomparedwithotherliquids.Thismeans thatalargeincreaseinenergyresultsinacomparativelysmallriseinthetemperatureofthewater. Thisisbecausemuchoftheheatabsorbedisusedtobreakthehydrogenbondsthatholdthe moleculestogether.Waterisgoodatmaintainingitstemperatureatasteadylevel,irrespectiveof fluctuationsinthetemperatureofthesurroundingenvironment.Thisisimportantbecausetherange oftemperaturesinwhich

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EvolutionaryBiology:

GlobalWarmingNegativelyAffectingEcosystem'sandOrganismsWithin DaretMckay

SydenhamHighSchool

BylookingattheevolutionoftheEarth'sclimate,wecanseethatclimatechangeisoccurringbut morespecifically,globalwarming.Climatechangeisoccurringasaresultofthegreenhouseaffect, meaningthatsunlight'senergyandheatisbeingtrappedwithintheEarth'satmosphereand furthermorewarmsthesurfaceofEarth(NASA,n.d.).Evolutionarybiologyisdescribedtobe geneticinheritance(orchange)withinapopulationfromgenerationtogeneration(Understanding Evolution,2015).Byexaminingtheevolutionarybiologyofecosystemsandtheorganismswithinit, wewillseethatglobal...showmorecontent...

Climatechangeisalteringthepatternoflifeontheplanet,causingwidespreadspeciesextinction, migrationandbehaviorchanges(Suzuki,n.d.).Forexample,femalecariboumigrateinthespringto smallpocketsofvegetationwheretheyfeedandraisetherecalves,butforthelastdecadespringhas comesoearlythatbythetimethecariboureachthecoastalplan,theirprincipleoffoodplanthas alreadygonetoseed(Suzuki,n.d.).Thisprovesthatthefemalecaribouaregoingtohavetochange breedingtimeframes,aswellasmigration,whichwillhaveanoverallaffectontheecosystemThis alsomeansthatanimalsandplantswillhavetopermanentlymigratetofindsuitablehabitatsbut somewillnotbeabletomovefastenoughtokeepupwiththepaceofclimatechange(Suzuki,n.d.).

Infact,bysayingthatitmeansthatsomespecieswillhavetomove10timesfasterthantheydid duringthelasticeagejusttosurvive.Over30%oflandsurfacesinCanadawillrequire unrealisticallyhighmigrationratestokeepupwithprojectedclimatechange(Suzuki,n.d.).Another exampleofthisissueiswithCollaredLemmings.Theyareanimportantpreyforsnowyowls,which mayloseasmuchas60%oftheirhabitat.Lossoftundrahabitatcouldradicallyreducethe availabilityofvitalbreedinghabitatformillionsofgeeseandshorebirds(Suzuki,nd)Ingeneral ecosystemsarebeingdestroyeddueto

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WhyIChoseBiology

UntilIstartedhighschool,IhadnoideawhatmajorIwantedtopursueincollege.Afterall,there aresomanyoptions,andeventhoughsomepeopleknowwhattheywanttodofromthetimethey areinelementaryschool,thatwasnotmyexperience.AlthoughIalwayshadsomeideasbefore enteringninthgrade,IwasstillwaitingtofindsomethingIreallyloved.Duringmyfreshmanyear,I finallyfoundthatthing––biology

Beforehighschool,Ihadneverlookedforwardtoascienceclass.TheonlyreasonIeventook biologyfreshmanyearwasbecauseitseemedtobethelesseroftwoevils,theotherbeingearth science.Asitturnedout,thatbiologyclassbecamethemostpivotalcourseItookduringmyfour yearsofhighschool,andwasamajorfactorinmydecisiontochoosebiologyasmymajor.show morecontent

Becausegeneticresearchissonewandsomanypossibilitiesforusingthisnewtechnologyarestill beinguncovered,Icouldhavetheabilitytodomajorresearchintheareathroughmystudiesat JohnsHopkins.Forexample,althoughscientistsknowsomeoftheusesofstemcells,theyalsoknow thattherearemanymorethingstheycanbeusedforthathavenotbeenfoundyet.Iamhopingthat bymajoringinbiology,Iwillhaveanopportunitytoworkinthefieldofgeneticsanddoresearch thatwillsavemany

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Whyoffspringproducedbythesameparentsaredifferentinappearance

Offspringdiffersomewhatfromtheirparentsandfromoneanother.Instructionsfordevelopment arepassedfromparentstooffspringinthousandsofdiscretegenes,eachofwhichisnowknownto beasegmentofamoleculeofDNAThisessaywillexploresomeofthereasonsbehindhowand whythesedifferencesinappearancearise,fromthebasesequenceofDNAthroughtotheobserved phenotype.

Genescomeindifferentvarieties,calledallelesSomaticcellscontaintwoallelesforeverygene, withonealleleprovidedbyeachparentofanorganism.Genotypereferstotheinformation containedinanorganismsDNA,orgeneticmaterial.Itsphenotypeisthephysicalshowmore content

Theproblemwithcrossingoveristhatsomeunexpectedresultscanoccur.Forinstance,the offspringofabullhomozygousfortworecessivebutdesirabletraitsandacowwith"normal"genes willallhaveonecopyofeachrecessivegene.Butwhentheseoffspringproducegametes,one recessivegenemaymigratetoadifferentchromosome,sothatthetwotraitsnolongerappearinone gamete.Sincemostgenesworkincomplicitywithotherstoproduceacertaintrait,thiscanmake theprocessofanimalbreedingveryslow,anditrequiresmanygenerationsbeforethedesiredtraits areobtained

Inmeiosisthepairsofchromosomes(thatcodeforpossibleoutcomesofcharacteristics)temporarily joinandexchangeinformation(crossingover)creatingdifferentcombinationsofgenetypes (alleles)Forexample;apairofchromosomescouldbeadominantallele(genetype)andarecessive allelewhichmightcodeforbrownhair.Aftercrossingoveritmightberecessivewhichcouldbe blondhair.

Chromosomeslineupindifferentorders(randomassortment)sowhentheygotoeithernewcellon cellmighthavedominantforonecharacteristic(egbrowneyes),recessiveforanother(egblond hair),anddominantforathirdone(e.g.canrolltongue)whereastheothercreatedcellmightbe dominant,dominantdominant(browneyes,brownhairandcanrolltongue.

MorerareismutationwhereDNAisrandomlyaltered(althoughcertainthingscanmakethismore likelyegUVlight)This

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LipidsandCarbohydrates

Lipidsareagroupofsubstances,whichincludefats,oilsandwaxes.Carbohydratesincludesugars, starches,glycogenandcellulose.Theyarestoredinplantsasstarchesandinanimalsasglycogen.

Therearemanydifferencesbetweencarbohydratesandlipids.Forexamplelipidsareinsolublein waterwhereascarbohydratesaresolubleinwater.Thisisbecauselipidscontainnon–polar hydrocarbonunitswhereaswatercontainspolarhydrocarbonunitsSowhenthetwoaremixed togetherthereisnoattractionbetweenparticlessonobreakdownispossible.Butlipidscaresoluble innon–polarsolvents,e.g.alcohol.Carbohydrateshavepolarhydroxylgroups,sothereshow morecontent

B.Usingexamplestoillustrateyouranswer,describethefunctionsoflipidsinorganism.

Lipidsareausefulenergysource.Theyarealsoanenergystore,sincetheyareinsolubleinwater andhaveahighenergycontentitmakesthemidealforstorage.Thisenergystoreisusedmakeup forheat,movementandenergylostbyrespiration.Thisenergystoreisalsousefulinplants(e.g. sunflower)becauseitisneededforseeddispersion.Lipidscanalsobeusedasinsulation.Fat insulatesthebodybecauseitconductsheatslowlyThistypeofenergystorecanbeseenwithpolar bears,forexample.Theyhaveathicklayeroffatbeneaththeirskinforinsulation.Somemammals, e.g.whalesorpenguins,don'thavefurlikepolarbearsdosotheyneedextrainsulationcalled 'blubber'becausethereisnofurtheretotrapairandtoinsulatefurtherTheinsulatingfeatureof lipidsalsoprotectsinternalorgans.Lipidsalsostoreenergyusefulforhibernation.Phospholipidsare themajorcomponentsincellmembranes;theyareidealforthisduetotheirabilitytobepermeable withsomesubstancesbutimpermeabletoothers.Oilsandwaxespreventevaporationthroughthe skinorthroughtheleavesofplants.Anotherimportantfunctionoflipidsisthat

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