ACCORD PARIS AMBITIOUS by EUROMAD SARL & ADEFG

The Beginning of the scenario: 3rd stage. ACCORD PARIS AMBITIOUS The film opens with a reminder of energy and climate.

ALIGNMENT SUN VENUS PLUTO JANUARY 2018 - OUTSIDE.NIGHT

Alan: Energy is the ability of a physical system to provide work and to bring about change. Pearl: The energy is invisible. It is impossible to touch or hold in the hand, but it is everywhere such as the creative energy of images, the electric energy, the lightning energy, the energy of the movement, the radio energy and the solar energy. Help me produce this Documentary on Energy and the Global Environment â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Accord Paris Ambitious (APA). Participate and thank you in advance. Pearl R. R.

Alan: Energy is not created, is not lost, it is constantly changing. There are nine forma of energy such as: 1. Chemical energy: comes from the reaction of atoms and molecules. 2. Kinetic energy: comes from moving objects. 3. Electric energy: comes from electrons in motion. 4. Electromagnetic energy: is the energy associated in the form of various varieties of rays or waves, including radio waves, microwaves, heat, light, X-rays and Gamma rays. 5. Magnetic energy: is due to magnetic attraction. 6. Nuclear energy: comes from the fusion of atoms or the split. 7. Potential energy: is due to the position of an object. 8. Stellar energy: A series of nuclear fusion reactions transform hydrogen into helium by releasing a huge amount of energy into the starâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s core. 9. Sound energy: comes from the vibration of objects.

Pearl: Energy in the world comes from three sources such as coal, natural gas and oil, called fossil fuels because they consist of decomposed, semi-fossilized remains of organizations several years ago. The energy is such that: 1. The creative energy of image: a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanner makes it possible to create images by pulse. 2. Electrical energy: is obtained by the fusion of ions and electrons. 3. Lightning energy: consists in transforming potential energy into kinetic energy. 4. The energy of movement: is obtained by movement of objects. 5. Radio energy: is obtained electromagnetic waves. 6. Solar energy: is obtained from the light and heat of the sun traveling through space.

ENERGY - IMAGE - OUTSIDE.DAY Alan: Another common source of energy is the biomass of materials and products that have been living for a short time, such as wood or animal feces. Fossil fuels are consumed faster before they are formed. As a result, the reserves will not last beyond 100 years or more than 200 years. Pearl: Energy can turn into matters (Atoms) and matters into energy. Pearl: Matter is transformed into energy by a process called nuclear fission. Substances, such as some forms of uranium, have large unstable nuclei. When they are bombarded with atomic particles such as neutrons, these nuclei crack, releasing a flow of energy and other neutrons that sustain the process.

INSTITUTE CURIE - SEAT - OUT.DAY Alan: In which year is the Institute Curie created? Where is his seat? Pearl: Institute Curie was created in 1905. Its headquarters are at 26, Ulm Street â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 75005 Paris. Alan: Who is she? What is her specialty? Pearl: Marie Curie is a French chemist and physicist of Polish origin. Alan: What research did she do? Pearl: Marie Curie helped other scientists to develop nuclear energy. Alan: Is she renamed? Pearl: An exceptional scientist, she is the first woman to have received the Nobel Prize, and so far the only one to have received two. 6

CURIE MUSEUM - SEAT - OUTSIDE.DAY Alan: Where is the museum? Pearl: The Curie Museum is located in Warsaw. Alan: Why is it in Warsaw? Pearl: She was born Maria Salomea Scklodwska in Warsaw (Kingdom of Congress, present-day Poland). Alan: Is she the only laureate? Pearl: Marie Curie remains to this day the only laureate to have been rewarded in two distinct scientific fields. Alan: And her husband, what about? Pearl: In 1903, a few months after supporting her thesis on radioactive substances, Marie Curie shared the Nobel Prize in physics avec with her husband Pierre Curie.

MARIE CURIE - PHOTO - OUTSIDE.DAY Alan: After, what is she discover? Pearl: In 1911, Marie Curie won a second Nobel, alone, in chemistry, for her discovery of polonium and radium, two new radioactive elements. Alan: What could she prove? Pearl: Marie Curie learned that uranium produced strange rays. Alan: What tests she tries? Pearl: Marie Curie began to test many substances to see if they also produced this type of rays. Alan: What is their effect? Pearl: Her term ÂŤ radioactivity Âť refers to the energy released by these materials.

NUCLEAR CENTERS - EXTRACTION CERN - GENEVA - INSIDE.DAY Alan: What does the abbreviation CERN mean? Pearl: CERN (European Council for Nuclear Research) is the largest particle physics center in the world. Alan: Where does nuclear fission occur? Pearl: Nuclear fission occurs in nuclear centers. Alan: What is developed by scientists? Pearl: Scientists have developed the opposite process of changing energy to matter. Alan: How are the particles created? Pearl: Under ideal conditions, particles of matter are created where there is no matter. 9

ELECTRICITY - IMAGE - OUT.NIGHT Alan: What is the preferred form of energy in our time? Pearl: Our favorite form of energy is electricity. Alan: In what form is it transported? Pearl: Electricity is transported over very long distances in cables. Alan: What are its properties? Pearl: Electricity is converted into heat, light, movement, sound and other useful forms. Alan: Where do their sources come from? Pearl: Fossil fuels are very polluting, our main sources of energy for making electricity.

RENEWABLE ENERGY - OUTSIDE.DAY Alan: What are they developing scientists? Pearl: Scientists are therefore developing inexhaustible and non-polluting sources of renewable energy. Alan: What are these forms of energy? Pearl: Here are the water (hydraulic energy), the tides, the underground hot rocks (geothermal energy), the sun, the waves and the wind. Alan: What new energy source did they create? Pearl: Wind turbines are the modern versions of windmills. Alan: What energy do they produce? Pearl: Wind turbines produce electricity from the energy of moving air.

PLANETARY CITIZEN DEBAT - MAP OUTSIDE.DAY

Alan: What is the object of the global debate? Pearl: Planetary energy is the organization of a global citizen in energy and climate.

EXPLORER 6 - SATELLITE - NASA Alan: Which satellite did them launch the Americans? Pearl: Explorer 6 is an American satellite launched on August 7, 1959. Alan: What is its mission? Pearl: It is a small spherical satellite designed to study certain energy radiations, cosmic rays, geomagnetism, radio propagation in the Earth’s atmosphere and micrometeorites. Alan: What is the result? Pearl: This balance is important because it affects the climate of the globe. Alan: What is the first satellite launched by NASA, in which year? Pearl: Explorer 7 is a small American science satellite NASA’s Explorer program launched on October 13, 1959 that collected data on the Earth’ space environment. It is the first satellite to have measured the radioactive balance of the Earth. 13

TOPEX-POSEIDON - (1992) - SATELLITE Alan: What is the mission of the next satellite? Pearl: TOPEX-POSEIDON is an oceanography satellite developed by CNES and NASA and lunched in 1992 by Ariane 4 rocket. Alan: What is the mission of this Topex-Poseidon? Pearl: September 1992, the Topex-Poseidon mission begins to collect data on the oceans with unprecedented details.

HEART OF THE SUN - STAR - IMAGE Alan: How do the stars produce their energy? Pearl: A Series of nuclear fusion reaction transforms hydrogen by releasing a huge amount of energy into the starâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s core. Alan: What is our closest star and what is it? Pearl: Our nearest star is the Sun; itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a huge globe of hot (incandescent) gas. Alan: How much is its diameter and mass? Pearl: Its diameter is 109 times that of the Earth and its mass represents 745 times that of all the planets of the Solar System together.

SOLAR ERUPTION - STAR - IMAGE Alan: What is the importance of the heat of its rays? What is the Sun’s source of energy and how does it work? Pearl: Without the warmth of its rays, there would be no life on Earth. The Sun’s energy source is a nuclear boiler buried deep beneath its surface. She has been burning for years. Alan: Where is the energy of the Sun produced and at what temperature? Pearl: The energy of the Sun is produced in its heart, where it is hot (15 million °C) that the gas atoms are disintegrated, just leaving their nuclei bare.

PHOTOSPHERE - THE SUN - IMAGE Alan: And how does it move? Pearl: Energy travels through the radioactive and convective zones towards the surface, or photosphere. Alan: Where does it go from the photosphere and in what form? Pearl: It leaves the Sun, mainly in the form of light and infrared radiation. Alan: How far does it go in space? Pearl: It crosses the atmosphere of the Sun which extends to millions of kilometers in space.

Alan: How long does it take for a photon trip? Pearl: A photon released into the heart takes 30, 000 years to reach the surface. Alan: How is his journey? Pearl: It collides with the gas particles giving it a random path. Alan: What happens at each collision? Pearl: At each collision, the photon loses energy and can decompose into other photons. Alan: How does it behave? Pearl: Leaving the heart like a gamma ray, it emerges from the surface like a photon of visible light. Alan: What happens during nuclear reactions? Pearl: In the heart of the Sun, energy is released when the hydrogen changes to helium during the nuclear fusion reaction sometimes called thermonuclear fusion. Alan: What is nuclear fusion? Pearl: This is the natural reaction resulting from the assembly of two light atomic nuclei to form a heavier nucleus, either in the Sun or in most stars of the Universe.

HELIUM CORE - FUSION - IMAGE Alan: How is a helium nucleus formed? Pearl: Four hydrogen nuclei (protons) merge, or join, to form a helium nucleus. Alan: What are the released particles and in what form? Pearl: Particles called electrons and neutrinos are released, with flashes of radiant energy in the form of gamma photons. Alan: What are neutrinos called and how do they work? What do they do ghost particles? Pearl: Neutrinos produced by nuclear reactions in the heart of the Sun travel through space. Many of these ghost particles cross the Earth.

DETECTOR - NUTRINOS - IMAGE Alan: How many neutrinos can they detect? Pearl: Neutrino detectors can detect only a few. Alan: How do they protect it from cosmic rays? Pearl: For example, the one in Sudbury, Canada, is 2 kilometers underground to protect it from cosmic rays that would disrupt its measurements. Alan: What are the temperaments of astronauts? Pearl: Astronomers are perplexed because they find fewer neutrinos than they expected.

THE SUN - PHOTOSPHERE - IMAGE Alan: How is it constituted the Sun? Pearl: The outer layers of the Sun consist of 73% hydrogen, 25% helium and 2% other elements. Alan: How is the composition of the Sun? Pearl: In the heart, where more than 600 million tons of hydrogen are converted to helium every second, the amount of hydrogen is only 34%, while the amount of helium rises to 64%.

SOLAR OSCILLATIONS - IMAGE Alan: How are they caused solar oscillations? Pearl: The photosphere - the surface of the Sun rises and falls in a complex movement of vibrations, many of which, solar oscillations, are caused by gravity and pressure generated below the surface in the convective zone and combed inside the Sun. Alan: How do they scientists to study the internal structure of the Sun? Pearl: By carefully mapping the vibrations of the photosphere, scientists can study the internal structure of the Sun. 22

Alan: The pressure in the center of the Sun is immense, generating temperatures close to 15 million degrees Celsius; what do these conditions give? Pearl: These conditions give rise to nuclear reactions which themselves generate powerful radiant energy releases.

THE SUN TREMORS - IMAGE Alan: How are they caused the Sun tremors? Pearl: Some solar oscillations can cause Sun tremors. Alan: What are the consequences of Sun tremors? Pearl: These are shock waves extending at the boundary of hot gas circulation zones, called convection cells.

Alan: How much is the value of the energy carried by the shock waves? Pearl: The energy carried by the shock waves is equal to the energy that would be released by the explosion of 1.2 billion tons of a powerful explosive.

VISIBLE DISK OF THE SUN - IMAGE Alan: What is a visible disc of the Sun? Pearl: The visible disc of the Sun, which is thought to be its surface, is called photosphere (of the Greek « sphere of light »). Alan: How is the photosphere? Pearl: The Photosphere is not as solid as the Earth’s surface, but presents itself as an ocean of bubbling 500 km thick gas marking the apex of warm, opaque gas currents rising from within. 24

Alan: What happens at the level of the photosphere? Pearl: At the level of the photosphere, the gas is transparent, allowing the light to escape into space. Alan: How do temperatures vary? Pearl: Temperatures range from 8 500°C at the base of the photosphere to 4 200°C at the top and the average temperature is about 5 500°C.

Alan: What device do you use to analyze this light? Pearl: A spectrograph is used for the analysis of this light, making it possible to affirm that the Sun consists mainly of hydrogen and helium.

SPECTOGRAPH - LIGHT - IMAGE Alan: How is the rotation speed of the Sun? Pearl: The Sun is a globe of gas that does not turn on itself at constant speed, as a solid object would do.

ECUADOR OUTSIDE.DAY

GLOBE

IMAGE

Alan: How long does it turn the equator in relation to the polar zones? Pearl: The equator runs about 25 days, while the polar areas do it in 35 days. Alan: What do we think of the behavior of the interior of the Sun? Pearl: The fact that the surface of the Sun oscillates suggests that on inner part of the Sun behaves like a solid ball, with a rotation of a period of 27 days.

PARIS AMBITIOUS AGREEMENT - WWV - IMAGE - OUTSIDE.DAY Alan: When did the global citizen debate take place? Pearl: On June 6th, 2015 was held the global citizen debate called ÂŤ World Wide Views Âť in English. Alan: What is the purpose of organizing such a debate? Pearl: The organization of a global citizen debate is centered on climate and energy. Alan: In how many countries are organized the global citizen debate? Pearl: The global citizen debate is organized in 100 countries.

Alan: How much do they participate on the global citizen debate? Pearl: 10, 000 citizens (100 citizen’s X 100 countries) participate in the global citizen debate that is to say 100 citizens representing (from) 100 countries. Alan: How does the unfolding of the global citizen debate work? Pearl: An identical questionnaire and method for each country and results instantly accessible on the Internet. Alan: What are the challenges of «World Wide Views »? Pearl: The «World Wide Views » allow citizens to seize the stakes of international negotiations in order to be part of public decisions, thus promoting the word of citizens on complex issues. Alan: How will the recommendations made by the citizens of the «World Wide Views » are presented? Pearl: The recommendations made by citizens of the «World Wide Views » on climate and energy 2015 are presented to the negotiators during the intersession of June 15th, 2015. Alan: What are the results of «World Wide Views » and what do they do with them? Pearl: Citizens around the world express their strong support for an Ambitious Paris Agreement.

COP21 - PARIS - OUTSIDE.NIGHT Alan: What is COP21? Pearl: This is the 2015 Paris Conference on Climate Change at Le Bourget de France. Alan: Why do they influence the negotiators of COP21? Pearl: It is to make peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s voices heard. Alan: How about the COP21 Agreement in Paris? Pearl: The agreement of the COP21 in Paris must open a credible way to limit the global warming to 2 degrees. Alan: What message is it addressed to the leaders? Pearl: Citizens around the world have sent their leaders the clear message of taking immediate and ambitious climate action that leads to significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by the end of the century.

NEW-YORK - HEADQUARTERS - OUT.D Alan: When and how is the final report launched? Pearl: The final report is launched on Saturday, September 26th, 2015 at high-level event at the United Nations General Assembly in New York ÂŤUN Web TelevisionÂť.

HENRIETTA LEAVITT (1868-1921) Alan: Who is Henrietta LEAVITT? What did she discover? Pearl: Henrietta LEAVITT is an American astronomer who, by studying the Cepheid variable stars, discovers that their cycle of variations is linked to their brilliance.

OBSERVATORY HARVARD MASSACHUSETTS - HEADQUARTERS OUTSIDE.DAY Alan: What is her goal? Pearl: Astronomer at the Harvard Observatory, Massachusetts, Henrietta LEAVITT measures the brilliance of star images on photographic plates. Alan: Since when did she make this observation? Pearl: For many years, she studied variable Cepheid in the clouds Magellan. Alan: What does she find? Pearl: In 1912 she confirmed that the longer the cycle, the brighter the star.

Alan: What is the result? Pearl: By measuring the duration of its cycle, one can thus obtain the distance of the star starting from its apparent magnitude and its real magnitude. Alan: What do we deduce? Pearl: The distance of the Magellan clouds is fixed at 100, 000 light-years. Alan: For what reasons? Pearl: These are small galaxies, located beyond our own.

CECILIA PAYNE - GAPOSCHKIN (19001979) - ASTRONOMER - IMAGE Alan: Who is she Cecilia PAYNE GAPOSCHKIN? Pearl: Cecilia PAYNE GAPOSCHKIN is an American astronomer of English origin, the first to suggest that hydrogen and helium are the main components of the Universe. Alan: What is her claim? Pearl: After attending Arthur Eddingtonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Cambridge, Cecilia PAYNE decides to become an astronomer.

Alan: For what reasons does she leave England? Pearl: In 1923 she left England for Harvard, USA, to work with Harlow Shapley. Alan: What is her goal working with him? Pearl: She demonstrates that the temperature of a star is related to its spectral type, and then establishes that the stars of the main sequence are almost entirely composed of hydrogen and helium. Alan: What did she discover; by what means? Pearl: In 1934, she married Sergei Gaposchkin. Together, they identify variable stars by photographic observation. Alan: What has she discovered yet? Pearl: She also studies very bright stars, used to measure the distance of the most distant galaxies. Alan: What distinction did she receive? Pearl: In 1956 she was named to the Harvard Chair of Astronomy. Alan: What did she bring her this distinction? Pearl: She is the first woman to teach at this university.

LUNAR PROBES OUTSIDE.DAY

(1959)

IMAGE

Alan: What programs did the two great powers achieve? Pearl: The Soviet Union and the United States are simultaneously launching probes towards the moon. Alan: Did they succeed the Americans? Pearl: Pioneer, NASA’s «National Aeronautics and Space Administration» fails.

LUNA 3 (1959) - IMAGE - OUTSIDE.DAY Alan: Did they succeed the Russians? Pearl: The Russian program is happier. Luna 2 crashes on the surface of the Moon in September 1959. Luna 3 sends the first images of the hidden face in October. Alan: Whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s in Explorer 7 launched by the Americans? Pearl: Explorer 7 takes the first instruments to study the climate. 39

EXPLORER 7 OUTSIDE.DAY

(1959)

NASA

Alan: What does this little satellite do? Pearl: Explorer 7, is a small US science satellite NASAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Explorer program launched on October 13rd, 1959 that collected data on the Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s space environment. Alan: What is the experience with this satellite? Pearl: A meteorological experience in space carried out aboard the American satellite. It measures the solar radiation touching the Earth and reflecting itself in space. Alan: What is the function of this satellite? Pearl: It is the first satellite to have measures the radioactive balance of the Earth.

SATELLITES - OBSERVATION EARTHLY - OUTSIDE.DAY Alan: What are these observation satellites used for? Pearl: Earth observation satellites allow scientists to study the surface of the Earth. Alan: What can they say? Pearl: They may indicate that crops are lacking in an area, ice caps are melting, or mineral resources are being located. Alan: How can they do to discover? Pearl: This is possible because satellite instruments analyze light and other radiation reflected or emitted by particular points.

Alan: Is discovery limited? Pearl: Each object (building, forest, etc.) has its own signature in the field of radiation. Alan: Is the observation point fixed or variable? Pearl: By flying over the planet regularly, satellites can spot changes in different regions.

SATELLITES GOES - OUTSIDE.DAY Alan: Where are the GOES satellites placed? Pearl: GOES satellites are placed in geostationary orbit over the US and the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

SATELLITE NOAA 10 - OUTSIDE.NIGHT Alan: What is the NOAA 10 satellite? Pearl: The NOAA 10 satellite rotates around the Earth in 100 (one hundred) minutes; it flies over the same point every 12 hours.

OCEAN MONITORING - ERS1 - IMAGE OUTSIDE.DAY Alan: What is the program with ERS1? Pearl: Oceans cover more than two-thirds of the globe. Alan: What can it observe? Pearl: It is important to observe what is happening inside and above them to understand the Earth and its climates. Alan: What other factors can it observe? Pearl: By knowing, for example, where are the currents, what is the level of the temperatures and the strength of the winds. 44

Alan: Are there no other ways to observe? Pearl: If planes and boat scan not constantly monitor all the sea areas, satellites can. Alan: What is the satellite corresponding to this monitoring? Pearl: One of the first for this job is ERS-1.

TOPEX-POSEIDON (1992) - CNES - NASA OUTSIDE.DAY Alan: How many satellites are on the program? Pearl: More than 30 new satellites are planned, some likely to detect 32 to 256 different bands of wavelength.

NAVETTE COLUMBIA (1981) - NASA OUTSIDE.DAY Alan: What is the purpose of the program at the launch of the American shuttle Columbia? Pearl: April 12-14, 1981, the US shuttle Columbia, is placed in Earth orbit, during which are made observations of the Earth.

COSMIC FLUCTUATIONS (1992) - COBE SATELLITE - OUTSIDE.NIGHT Alan: What is the program with the COBE satellite? Pearl: The COBE satellite « Cosmic Background Explorer » gives a detailed map of the fossil radiation. Alan: What is the content of this card? Pearl: The map reveals fluctuations due to slight variations in the density of the original Universe, formation of galaxies and clusters of galaxies.

TELESCOPE OF OUTSIDE.NIGHT

KECK

(1992)

Alan: Where is the Keck Telescope installed? Pearl: The Keck Telescope is located in Mauna Kea, Hawaii. Alan: What does it contain? Pearl: The Keck Telescope has a mirror 10 meters in diameter. Alan: Is it unique? Pearl: This is the first specimen of a new family. Alan: What is the mirror? Pearl: The main mirror consists of 36 hexagonal segments, whose alignment is controlled by computer.

GALILEO - SATELLITE NAVIGATION Alan: Who is it which originated the logo and the flag of Galileo? Pearl: The logo of the Galileo project is inspired by that of the European Space Agency « ESA » and the European flag. Alan: What is it position? Pearl: Galileo (Positioning System) travels in a medium (23, 222 kilometers) in three distinct orbital planes with a 56° tilt. Alan: How will it communicate with other satellites? Pearl: These satellites emit a signal of their own and retransmit a navigation signal provided by the Galileo control segment. The latter consists of two stations also responsible for monitoring the orbit and the state of the satellite.

GALILEO - SATELLITE NAVIGATION Alan: How many satellites are launched; what is their position? Pearl: As of December 12th, 2017, twenty-two satellites have been launched but two of them have been placed a different orbit than the target orbit. Alan: How much does it cost? Pearl: The final cost is estimated at 5 billion Euros.

GEOGRAPHICAL OBSERVATION SATELLITE - OUTSIDE.NIGHT

Alan: How are they grouped the contributions to the observation of the geographic substratum? Pearl: The contributions that relate to the observation of the geographic substratum can be grouped under two themes:  « man and the global environment »;  « scales of observation and the global environment ». Alan: How is the link between forests and the global climate system established? Pearl: The link between forests and the global climate system is established with the functioning of the carbon cycle, the water cycle, and with the provision of aerosols.

Alan: What is the follow-up to the current balance sheet? Pearl: It follows the importance to be given to the current balance of forest. Alan: What about the meaning of the contribution? Pearl: The contribution to greater control of the planetâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s observation is in line with the concerns of the observers.

SPATIO -TEMPORARY OBSERVATIONS OUTSIDE.DAY Alan: What about the relevance of the approach? Pearl: The relevance of the approach depends on the quality, the variety and the diffusion of the observations made on different spatio-temporal scales.

PLANETARY ENVIRONMENT PROBLEMS - OUTSIDE.DAY

Alan: How are they solved the problems of the global environment? Pearl: The problems of the global environment are solved by the great teachings.

GLOBAL CHANGE - OUTSIDE.DAY Alan: To what extent can concerns about « Global Change » be spread? Pearl: The division of tasks between atmospheric physics and geography has something very instructive in that concerns about « Global Change » cannot be left to the global and macro-regional levels alone.

GREENHOUSE GAS - OUTSIDE.DAY Alan: What is the response to the increase in greenhouse gases? Pearl: Be that as it may, the increase in greenhouse gases is not questionable; it makes sense to find an « environmental » response.

CONCLUDING OUTSIDE.NIGHT

OBSERVATIONS

Alan: What are the concluding observations? Pearl: The focus must be on sea level behavior, confirmed by the concluding observations.

UNCERTAINTIES EXPECTED - COBE Alan: What is the current finding despite the uncertainties mentioned? Pearl: Beyond the uncertainties mentioned, there is currently no indication of a lowering of sea level, but rather a tiny upward trend.

ARGUMENT PRESUMPTION - OUTSIDE Alan: What major argument of the presumption is admitted? Pearl: The main argument of the Presumption admits that greenhouse gases have increased the sea level (which can be considered the best integrator of global trends) to a small reaction, certainly but in direct correlation with this event. Despite the reservations made, we will not eliminate thermal graphs of the atmosphere.

ATMOSPHERE - THERMAL GRAPHICS OUTSIDE.NIGHT Alan: What is it adopted in view of paleoclimatology? Pearl: Given the lessons of paleoclimatology, reasoning by analogy is therefore adopted. Alan: As the presumption is accepted, is the change in process evolution inevitable? Pearl: Maybe not. What is striking, in fact, is that the forecasts have been constantly revised downward since the first estimate in terms of atmospheric temperatures: the same is true of the sea level.

Alan: What about the expected event? Pearl: One can then wonder if the event expected, assuming that premonitory indices are now in place, will not be finally, plus a series of retouching and readjustments that a strong change, especially if we take into account the differentials of behaviors imposed by geography. Alan: What are the major consequences of a significant increase in sea level? Pearl: Even with a relatively significant increase in sea level, some points on the coast would not suffer any major consequences.

FORECASTS - TESTIMONIALS OUTSIDE.NIGHT Alan: What do they confront the forecasts? Pearl: Forecasts must confront the rise of seas and oceans with the appearance of the coastline. Alan: What are the consequences of previous reflections? Pearl: Reflections are consistent with the commitment of personal responsibility; they do, however, only synthesize the testimonies as perceived, in their diversity and complexity.

COMPOSITION OUTSIDE.DAY

INTERVENTIONS

Alan: What is the composition of the interventions about? Pearl: In this regard, the composition of the interventions made it possible to introduce into the problem of Global Change, nuances must encourage to cover all scales of the investigation and to prepare without doubt for a ÂŤ plural Âť vision closer to what we can expect, that invite the monolithic schemes (in their zonal pace) to which we tend too much to reduce the event.

STATEMENT OUTSIDE.DAY

CONCLUSIONS

Alan: What can be deduced from the importance of the Statement? Pearl: The important Statement that should not encourage relaxation in terms of gas control and deforestation, but on the contrary, the maintenance of vigilance. Alan: What are the conclusions to the problems of the global environment? Pearl: The interventions respond to a wide range of niches that must be placed in the global environment. For this, the climate provides a common thread, and more precisely its contemporary variability where atmospheric physicists and geographers meet.

PLANETARY ENVIRONMENT PROBLEMS - OUTSIDE.DAY

Alan: How is it approached the global environment? Pearl: The Global environment is discussed here in terms of Global Change. It contains the anthropogenic greenhouse effect, with these uncertainties (the reality of the phenomenon; the modalities; the magnitude). Alan: What is the collaboration of geographers and physicists about? Pearl: In this regard, the collaboration of geographers and physicists allows a relevant consideration of the atmosphere and its interface, at various spatio-temporal scales. Alan: What does it suggest the behavior of the sea level? Pearl: Current sea level behavior suggests a presumption of warming.

Alan: What does it confirm the trend? Pearl: If the trend is confirmed, it may remain relatively small and widely diversified in its effects. Alan: What are the keywords? Pearl: The keywords are the physics of the atmosphere, the geography of climates, the greenhouse effect, the climate system, modeling and observation. Physics of the atmosphere: is the application of physics to study the atmosphere of the Earth and other planets. 66

The Geography of Climates: the climates of the temperate zone, halfway between the poles and the equator, regions with temperate climate cover more than half of the Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surface. The interior of the land is subject to the continental climate: winters are cold, summers are hot and stormy. The Greenhouse Effect: is a natural process resulting from the influence of the atmosphere on the different thermal flows contributing to the ground temperatures of a planet. The Climate System: is the set of interactions between the atmosphere, the ocean, the cryosphere, the lithosphere and the Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s biosphere, which under the influence of solar radiation determines the climate of the planet. Modeling: Climate Change scenarios of global models, one of the main reasons for the rapid development of climate models (GCMs and RCMs) is to determine the effect of increasing GHGs on climate change, climate change during the 21st century. Observation: is an experiment of selection and collection of information on a phenomenon, an object of study, with a view to deriving hypotheses or verifying those resulting from previous observations.

UNCERTAINTIES OUTSIDE.DAY

CO2

CH4

Alan: What are the problems of the global environment? Pearl: The problems of the global environment are market by certainties and uncertainties. Alan: What are the certainties? Pearl: Greenhouse gases have been rising since the beginning of the industrial era. Alan: How is the correlation between climatic variations and the chemical composition of the atmosphere? Pearl: A correlation is very strong between the climatic variations observed during the last glaciations and the chemical composition of the atmosphere.

Alan: What is the response to climate phases? Pearl: Thus the concentration (peak) of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) responds to warm climatic phases. Alan: What are the uncertainties? Pearl: Uncertainties dominate. Alan: What are the uncertainties about the functioning of the global climate system? Pearl: They result, in the optics of the warming, oceanatmosphere relations and the terrestrial-atmosphere relations. Alan: How are they treated the elements of uncertainty? Pearl: The elements of uncertainty will be decomposed by means of environments, which will make it possible to fix the framework in which are located the major planetary correlations (variation of the climates, the temperatures and the marine levels).

OBSERVATORY - INTERVENTION Alan: What are the interventions to balance? Pearl: There is a certain balance between those who think about ÂŤ the climate system Âť and those are more directly involved in observing the substratum (continental and oceanic). This calls the grouping of physicists of the atmosphere on the one hand, geographers on the other.

SENTINEL-1 – COPERNICUS FLAP Alan: What is special about this satellite? Pearl: Sentinel-3 is a series of Earth observation satellites of the European Space Agency « ESA » developed within the framework of the Copernicus program. Alan: What is the purpose of this program? Pearl: The aim of the program is to provide European countries with complete and up-to-date data for environmental control and monitoring. Alan: What is its mission? Pearl: Sentinels-3 must measure, in particular, the quantities characterizing the dynamic processes affecting the oceans, such as the height of ocean waves, the speed of the winds, the temperature of the oceans and their color.

SENTINEL-2 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; RADAR OBSERVATION Alan: Which satellite is launched to allow continuous observation? Pearl: The Sentinel-1A satellite has been launched for allweather radar observation, synthetic aperture radar. Alan: What other satellite is it launched to see in high resolution? Pearl: The Sentinel-2A satellite has been for high resolution optical observation, visible and infrared image, and multi spectral imager. Alan: What is the satellite to bring together the two? Pearl: Sentinel-3 satellites are one of the space components of this program, which includes the Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-3, for ocean observation, radiometers, multi spectral imager and altimeter.

SENTINEL-3 – SPECTRAL IMAGER Alan: What is the Satellite with the ability to hold more instruments? Pearl: The Sentinel-3 Satellite with a weight of 1.2 tons carries four main instruments as:    

the Imaging Radiometer « SLSTR »; the Microwave Radiometer « MWR »; the Altimeter Radar « SRAL »; the Imaging Spectrometer « OLCI ».

Alan: What is its mission? Pearl: Sentinel-3 is designed for an oceanographic mission as well as vegetation monitoring on land, planned launch by the Rocket launcher in 2017.

SENTINEL-3 - ALTIMETER Alan: What is the positioning compared to others? Pearl: The Sentinels-3 must, in operational configuration, circulate in pairs in a sun-synchronous orbit to allow a collection of data with a period of one to two days. Alan: What other satellite is it to launch for the study of the composition of the atmosphere? Pearl: Sentinel-4 will be assigned to meteorological and climatological. Sentinel-4 will not be a standalone satellite but an instrument embedded on Third Generation Meteosat (TGM) placed in a geostationary orbit. The first satellite of this family should be launched in 2021.

SOURCE: THE MEDIA

This is the story of energy and the planetary environment. The New Planetary highlights an exceptional, intelligent and scientific woman at the global level. The sequence starts with the big international bets of the planet. In 1992, the UN Earth Conference was held in Rio, followed by debates at the economic, political, social and scientific levels of the world in order to link development and environment. What is the way to combine ecological interdependencies and sovereignty at the national level? Having access to energy is the key to economic development and constitutes the pillar of state power. Where is Franceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s place in the field of energy and the global environment on the international scene? The nuclear sector, developed by France, makes it possible to supply 80% (equivalent to 40% of its total consumption). As the energy supplied by nuclear power is only 6% of world consumption, Franceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s position is exceptional and stable. Because of the importance of dangers, nuclear energy is abandoned by many European countries as it emits no greenhouse gas or no solution has been provided for any problem. 85 % of global energy uses comes from fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas), and is economical, easy to use and conserve. Its disadvantages relate to its possible exhaustion, to its major effects in the face of ecology.

La caméra balaie la ville de Paris, et plan rapproché sur la rue d’Ulm - 75005 Paris. The camera goes back to the open air and close-up on the seat of the Marie Curie Institute - 26 street of Ulm. The team films Alan and Pearl at the Marie Curie Institute in Paris highlighting research. Pearl: In 1911, Marie Curie won a second Nobel, alone, in chemistry, for her discovery of polonium and radium, two new radioactive elements. Alan: What could she prove? Pearl: Marie Curie learned that uranium produced strange rays. Alan: What tests did she try? Pearl: Marie Curie began to test many substances to see if they also produced this type of rays. Alan: What are its effects? Pearl: Her term « radioactivity » refers to the energy released by these materials. The camera leaves Alan and Pearl, describes a circle that brings us back to the seat of ESA. Alan: White face on his face. (He smiles). He goes to the ESA headquarters, accompanied by Pearl while talking. 76

The camera is part of traditional media meeting press breakfast with the ESA Director General. Fade to white, the camera sweeps the press conference which starts at 9 (am) in the morning by the presentation of the Director General, followed by an interview. The Director General: Faded white on his face, he took stock of the work done by ESA and future prospects; faded out on the presentation of the small geostationary satellites and the list of official dates for future launches. How is the implementation of the development and preservation of natural environments carried out? The different types of sustainable energy (renewable and safe) are unlimited and not exploited in the energy world. Hydropower, a source of energy used in the world, produced from the flow of water is the most suitable for nature. Biomass (wood, plants, etc.) must be framed by ecological projects (renewal of CO2 resources, land use and food security). Biomass, of natural origin, remains the essential source of energy, easy to use to civilization cut off from the evolved world. Wind energy (technologically mature and economically profitable), a new source of energy produced by the force of the wind, has become an ecological solution.

The discovery of wind energy and solar energy is turning the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s energy field upside down. Solar energy, captured in a technological way (the Sun sends energy to Earth 10. 000 times greater than the current needs of humanity) becomes a source of natural energy contributing to the need of man. Finally, other technologies exist, such as geothermal energy or, at the experiment stage, the energies of the sea (tides, currents, waves, swell). There are solutions for sustainable energy storage and discontinuous production pose a problem in a stable manner. Their rapid development is in contrast with the lack of activity both in terms of the production system and the profitability of suppliers. It is conceivable to design gas-fired power plants similar to coal rather than sustainable energies whose installation is difficult (solar panels or wind turbines). States are expected to agree on the establishment and fixing of economic provisions, knowing that the passage is not short. The strong is to arrive at setting up its development without harming nature in an intense way. The camera leaves the ESA site, describes a circle that brings us back to the CNES (National Center for Space Studies) site. The head office of CNES located in Paris allows its services to define the main strategic directions of the company and the priority programs. 78

The camera sweeps the city of Paris and close-up on the Place Maurice Quentin. The camera goes up in the open air and close-up on the headquarters of the National Center for Space Studies « CNES ». CNES represents France at ESA and is successfully reframing its activities on an ambitious national program that is much more application oriented. CNES is responsible for a large number of space projects. CNES works in collaboration with Arianespace (Evry) and European Space Agency (ESA), in five areas of activity: 1. Access to space (investments in launchers). 2. Earth, environment and climate (science and innovation for sustainable development). 3. Consumer Applications (telecoms and navigation). 4. Science and innovation (for astronomy and fundamental physics). 5. Security and Defense. The camera of the New Planetary Civilization will seize the films on the milestones in astronautics of the year 2018 etc. The National Center for Space Studies « CNES » is still in 2018, the National Space Agency the largest of the European Union countries. CNES is a public industrial and commercial « EPIC » institution charged with developing, proposing and implementing the French space program to the French government. 79

Budget: France is the second country in the world (after the United States) in terms of investment in space. CNES has a budget of 2.438 billion Euros in 2018, which remains the largest in Europe (38 to 39 Euros per capita in 2018). It includes the portion donated to the European Space Agency, of which CNES is the largest contributor (965 million Euros in 2018), which is devoted essentially to scientific missions (Astronomy, Exploration of the Solar System, Earth Study) and investments in launchers. CNES, for historical reasons, is the European Space Agency most involved in the development of European launchers. CNES supports part of the Kourou launch base management and the investments needed to accommodate the new launchers. CNES does not manage the budget paid to the European organization EUMETSAT, the head of the meteorological system. CNES is also involved in the development of the Ariane 5ME, which would replace Ariane 5EGA in 2018 and has more capacity and more flexibility thanks to the Vinci cryogenic engine. CNES is participating in the debate on the future European launcher by exploring several topics: avionics, evolution of solid propulsion, kerosene / oxygen propulsion.

Exploration of Solar system:  Picard, launched in 2010, is a micro-satellite that studies the Sun.  Participated in NASA Science Laboratory Martian Mission via ChemCam and SAM embedded instruments.  Participation in the joint ESA / Japan BepiColombo mission to Mercury.  Participation in ESA Rosetta Project.  Satellite Taranis study of energy phenomena associated with thunderstorms. Alan: What is the BepiColombo mission that will explore Mercury in 2018? Pearl: Being a planet similar to the Earth where the rock mass is not really the same, Mercury is a planet to discover fund. The planned launch in October 2018 of BepiColombo, a European program with Ariane5; there are 2 ESA MPO probes planned for this launch. CNES has done the internal study of a national program of Earth observation satellites. CNES’s project is the SPOT satellite, which is being studied at the Toulouse Space Center. The SPOT satellite has become a CNES flagship program. Five satellites have already been launched and the service has been operational since 1986. Helios military satellites are derived from the latest generation of SPOTS. 81

In Toulouse, it is planned to send planes to detect greenhouse gases in this month of May 2018. The flight campaign planned by the « Magic » scientific mission to measure the distribution of greenhouse gases on the atmosphere has just been completed. The initiative to fight against global warming is now topical. During the last two weeks, the Falcon 20 SAFIRE (French Instrumented Aircraft Service for Research in the Environment), took on board researchers CNES. Their mission is to detect in the atmosphere the rate of the constitution of the two main greenhouse gases (methane and carbon dioxide), responsible for climate change.

CNES has launched cooperative program and experiments on satellites from ESA, NASA and the USSR. The two outstanding projects are Argos and TOPEXPoseidon. A very active program of sounding rockets and stratospheric and tropospheric balloons is being pursued. It allows scientific laboratories to continue their research and maintain competent teams. CNES announced « Space in the service of the Earth » when around 1990 the focus was on climate problems and pollution. This theme has changed little since in 2008, CNES proposes « Space for the Earth ». 82

Sustainable development: Earth, environment and climate. CNES participates in numerous Earth observation missions by providing instruments for the scientific exploration of results. CNES is heavily involved in several missions of ESA’s « Living Planet » program. CNES also carries out heavy cooperation missions in the oceanographic field with NASA. CNES is developing microsatellites in cooperation with avec Indian and China. Several mission projects are in different stages of approval. The missions in which CNES participates are as follow: 1. Participation in the ESA GOCE mission dedicated to geodesy, launched in 2009 and extended until the end of 2012. 2. Exploitation of data provided by the FrancoAmerican oceanographic satellites Jason, whose Jason-3 copy was launched in 2015. 3. Participation in the ESA SWARM mission for the detailed study of the Earth’s magnetic field, launched in 2012. 4. Participation in ESA SMOS satellite operation, measurement of ocean salinity and soil moisture. This satellite was launched in 2009 and is extended until in 2017. 83

5. Exploitation of the French-Indian Megha-Tropiques satellite for studying the water cycle in the tropics. The satellite was launched in 2011. Projects under development are: 1. The French-Indian SARAL mission embarking for the first time in an altimetry mission using Ka-Band radar. The satellite was launched in 2013. 2. The Franco-Chinese CFOSAT mission to measure the distribution of ocean waves. The planned launch date is 2018. Mission projects are: 1. The Merlin mission studied with the German Space Agency consists in measuring the methane content. 2. The MicroCarb satellite that would be responsible for measuring carbon dioxide in the Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s atmosphere. 3. SWOT: Franco-American altimetry mission project that extends the data provided by oceanographic altimetry (Jason mission) to continental waters. 4. Biomass: biomass measurement project for a future mission of the ESA Living Planet program. 5. MeTop: at the instrumentation level, CNES is studying a successor to the IASI infrared sounder developed for the European meteorological satellite MeTop.

Expenditures under the 2014 National and Multilateral Program (Investment, Personnel and Operations) break down as follows: 1. Launchers (access to space): 328 million Euros. 2. Defense security: 316 million Euros. 3. Space sciences and preparation for the future: 181 million Euros. 4. Earth, environment and climate: 116 million Euros. 5. Consumer Application: 41 million Euros. 6. Shared resources: 142 million Euros. 7. Central departments: 53 million Euros. The balance (48 million Euros) correspond the VAT and the payroll tax. CNES does not manage the budget paid to the European organization EUMETSAT responsible for the space weather system; the corresponding 2014 budget (43 million Euros) and donated by Meteo-France to the European Organization.

Scientific applications (sciences and innovations) CNESâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s scientific and technological projects focus on astronomy, the study of the solar system, fundamental physics and the development of new techniques.

This Franco-European mission (participation of CNES 70%) is dedicated to the analysis of seismic movements of stars and the search for exoplanets. Launched in 2006, the mission has been extended until 2013 (in astronomy). Astronomy:  Realization and implementation of the Corot space telescope.  Participation in the ESA Herschel infrared space observatory launched in 2009.  Participation in the submillimetry space observatory of ESA Planck launched in 2009.  SVOM is a French-Chinese project studying the X-ray.

CNES has a public service mission in addition to its role in preparing and implementing France’s space policy in Europe. The camera leaves Alan and Pearl, describes a circle that takes us back to the Kourou launching center. In Guiana, the camera sweeps the future launch area of Ariane 6 zone « ELA-4 » (launching set 4), the elongated building frame and 28.5meter-deep basin. Wide shot, not far from the sea, at the edge of the mythical « route of space » which runs through the space center along the entire length and close-up of the last astronautically installations before the village of Sinnamary, with the firing point of the Russian rocket Soyouz. 86

Wide shot over the launch area of the small Vega rocket, the sounding rocket zone and at the very end, just before Kourou, the technical center. It includes offices, the Museum of Space and the control room « Jupiter ». Faded in the Kourou launching center. The team carries the choice of electronic music composed by itself to accompany the film. « Planets and satellites » describe the Solar System, its planets, and the various celestial objects that move about it. « The stars » are interested in our Sun, the life cycle of stars and the various types of stars present in the Universe. The sounds capes of stars will be combined with the sound captured by the space, the gravitational walls of the Universe. The light is natural while expressing the beauty of our Milky Way to the countless distant galaxies of the cosmos, « the galaxies and beyond », addresses the study of the Universe as a whole and raises dizzying questions about its dimensions and its limits. Aesthetics is very well cared for; the International Space Station is highlighted. Vessels have visited all the planets of our Solar System, what about Pluto? The film ends with the next stage of departure for the stars!

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