PARIS SPATIAL CONQUEST by EUROMAD SARL & ADEFG

The beginning of the scenario: 3rd stage. PARIS, SPATIAL CONQUEST The film opens on the history of the Space Conquest. Paris is being the headquarters of the European Space Agency « ESA » in English. ESA is Europe’s gateway to space.

FIRST ORBITAL FLIGHT - SOVIET SATELLITE SPOUTNIK 1 - IMAGE Alan: Spatial Conquest consists of the physical exploration of space, that is, of all objects outside the Earth. Pearl: The exploration of the solar system is the first step, one of the major events of the second half of the twentieth century on the scientific level.

Alan: The space conquest is still largely dominated by national or international space agencies such as ESA « European Space Agency » or NASA « National Aeronautics and Space Administration ». Pearl: Three major events of the space conquest are to remember:  the first orbital space flight in history on October 4, 1957 by the Soviet Spoutnik 1 satellite;  the first flight inhabited by a human being on April 12, 1961 with the orbital flight of the Soviet Youri GAGARINE; and Valentina TERESHKOVA, the first woman in space in 1963 and finally;  the first step on the Moon on July 20,1969 by astronaut Neil AMSTRONG.

SOVIET ORBITAL FLIGHT GAGARINE - IMAGE

YOURI

Alan: Who is Youri GAGARINE? Pearl: Youri GAGARINE was born on March 9, 1934 in Russia. April 12, 1961 Youri GAGARINE enters history by becoming the first man to travel in space during the Vostok 1 mission. Pearl: Youri GAGARINE has received international recognition and is decorated with many distinctions including the Hero of the Soviet Union and the Lenin Order Medal, the highest Soviet distinctions.

VOSTOK 6 - VALENTINA TERESHKOVA IMAGE Alan: Who was the first woman in space? What is her feat? Pearl: The first woman in space was a Russian cosmonaut named Valentina TERESHKOVA born March 6, 1937 in Russia. She is a textile worker and amateur paratrooper. Pearl: In June 1963, she made 48 orbits around the Earth aboard Vostok 6, during 71 hours. Alan: How long has he been training? Pearl: Married in 1963 and mother, she continues her cosmonaut training until 1969. Alan: When did another one fellow this path? Pearl: Another woman will go into space only 19 years later. A first French woman will go into space 33 years later.

FIRST STEP ON THE MOON - NEIL ARMSTRONG - IMAGE Alan: Who is Neil Armstrong? Pearl: Neil Armstrong was born on August 2nd, 1930 in (USA), the first Man to walk on the Moon. Alan: Then there were many probes as Galileo left in 1989 to Jupiter or Cassini-Huygens launched in 1997 for Saturn. Pearl: Other missions were also launched more recently like Mars Express in 2003, Venus Express in 2005 or New Horizons in 2006.

NEW HORIZONS OUTSIDE. NIGHT

2015

PLUTO

Alan: The most distant celestial body visited to date is Pluto, near which the New Horizons spacecraft in July 2015. Pearl: However, given the declassification of Pluto in 2006, it can be said that all the planets of the solar system had been visited since 1989, following the flight over Neptune by Voyager 2. The camera sweeps the city of Paris and close-up on the street Mario-Nikis. The camera goes back to the open air and close-up on the seat of the European Space Agency. Alan: He has always been fascinated by the Space Conquest, already very small. Pearl: Pearl from an early age, Pearl was watered in science. Her father introduced her to astronomy, mechanics and physics.

Alan is wearing an azure suit and white shirt. Pearl is in azure tailor, too, with shirt and azure hat. Alan: White fades on his face. (He smiles). He goes to the headquarters of ESA, accompanied by Pearl talking. Pearl: (Very attentive) turns towards the camera, while discussing. The camera frames Alan and Pearl at the headquarters of the European Space Agency in Paris, 8-10 rue Mario-Nikis 75015 Paris. The camera fuses with the traditional press breakfast of the media meeting with the Director General of ESA. Fade to white, the camera sweeps the press conference which starts at 9 am, by the presentation of the Director General, followed by an interview. The General Manager: Faded white on his face. He takes stock of the work done by ESA and the prospects for the future. Fade out on the presentation of the small geostationary satellites and the list of official dates of the next launches. Alan and Pearl follow step by step the Space Conquest. They are especially attracted by the Extraterrestrial Intelligence Search, especially the ESA-NASA ÂŤ SOHO Âť Solar and Heliospheric Observatory probe launched in 1995, which observes the crown and oscillations.

ESA - PARIS - HEADQUARTERS Alan: Where does the acronym ESA come from and where is the headquarters? Pearl: The European Space Agency « ESA » in English is an intergovernmental space agency. ESA has its headquarters in Paris; 8-10 rue Mario-Nikis – 75015 Paris. Alan: When is it created and what is its mission? Pearl: The European Space Agency was created on 30 May 1975, whose mission is to work towards the development of Europe’s space capabilities by ensuring that investments in the space sector benefit European citizens and the world. Today, ESA ships probes to the reaches of the Solar System and participates in the human exploration of space.

ESA PARIS - RECEPTION - INSIDE. DAY Alan: What is its rank? Pearl: The European Space Agency is the third space agency in the world after NASA and the Russian Federal Agency. With ESA launchers, satellites and ground assets, Europe is playing a leading role in the global space scene. Alan: What is its budget and development? Pearl: The European Space Agency has allocated Euros 5, 750 million in 2017. Today, ESA develops and places in orbit earth observation, navigation, telecommunication and astronomy satellites. ESA also has an extensive application program covering the development of Earth observation, navigation and telecommunications services.

ESA PARIS - PRESS ROOM - INSIDE. DAY Alan: What is its role and how does it work? Pearl: The European Space Agency co-ordinates space projects carried out jointly by about twenty European countries. The European Space Agency entrusts the research and development of spacecraft to the universities, institutes and industries of the member countries, following a call for tenders. Alan: What is its method and how are the expenses distributed? Pearl: The European Space Agency applies the principle of « geographical return ». The agency’s expenses in each country are prorated to the contribution.

ESA IMAGE

GEOGRAPHICAL

RETURN

Alan: Who is part of the European Space Agency? Pearl: The 22 member States of the European Space Agency are Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. In addition, Canada and Hungary participate in some cooperation with the European Space Agency.

ESA - PARIS OUTSIDE. DAY

HEADQUARTERS

Alan: What are the areas of activity? Pearl: The activities of the agency cover the whole space domain:  launcher development;  the study and observation of the Earth with specialized satellites;  the study of the Sun and fundamental physics;  exploration of the Solar System;  satellite navigation with the Galileo program;  research in the field of space technologies; 13

 sciences with astrophysics;  space telecommunications for which the agency finances the development of new concepts;  manned flights through its participation in the International Space Station.

Alan: Is its activity limited? Pearl: The European Space Agency also participates in space programs initiated by other space agencies.

The camera leaves Alan and Pearl, describes a circle that take us back to the Kourou launching center. In French Guiana, the camera sweeps the future Ariane 6 launch area such as the « ELA-4 » zone, (Launch set 4), the elongated building structure and a 28, 5-meter-deep basin. Wide shot, not far from the sea, at the edge of the mythical « route of space » which runs through the space center along the entire length and close-up of the last astronautically installations before the village of Sinnamary, with the firing point of the Russian rocket Soyuz. It includes offices, the space museum and the control room « Jupiter ».

Fade out in the Kourou launching center.

LAUNCH CENTER - KOUROU - OUTSIDE. DAY Alan: Where is its launching center? Pearl: The European Space Agency uses the facilities of the Kourou launching center. Alan: What is this Kourou launching center? Pearl: This is the establishment of the ÂŤ CNES Âť National Center for Space Studies for the launch of rockets. Alan: Who else is it using this launching center? Pearl: Arianespace launches satellites from Kourou launch center.

NATIONAL CENTER FOR SPACE STUDIES - CNES - OUTSIDE. DAY Alan: How important is Arianespace? Pearl: Arianespace is responsible for more than half of the big commercial satellite launches. Alan: Why is Kourou the launching center? Pearl: By its position this center facilitates geostationary orbiting directly above the equator. Alan: What does it mean to put into orbit? Pearl: Launchers take the satellites over the atmosphere and give them enough horizontal speed to stay in orbit.

SPACE EXPLORATION CONQUEST - OUTSIDE. DAY

SPACE

Alan: For what reasons? Pearl: The exploration of space, that is to say, the planetary economy is the history and the scientific stakes of the space conquest. Alan: What are the origin and its purpose? Pearl: The exploration of space takes stock of the latest advances in the field. Pearl: The greatest revolution in the history of mankind has been going on since 1957: we have left planet Earth and explored space.

GALILEO PROBE - JUPITER - OUTSIDE. NIGHT Alan: What effect did it give the exploration of space? Pearl: The exploration of space has completely overturned the life of humanity. Alan: The exploration of space, what does it mean? Pearl: The exploration of space, sometimes called conquest of space, consists of the physical exploration of space, that is, of all objects outside the Earth.

SPACE EXPLORATION - SOLAR SYSTEM - OUTSIDE. NIGHT Alan: What are the means used for the exploration of the planets of the Solar System? Pearl: Telescopes and space probes allow the exploration of all the stars that revolve around the Sun: telluric planets, giant planets or small bodies such as asteroids and comets. Alan: What is the purpose of space exploration? Pearl: The goal is to conduct a thorough scientific exploration of the planets of the Solar System to better understand the origin of the Earth and life.

STS - SPACE SHUTTLE - OUTSIDE. DAY Alan: What does the acronym « STS » mean? Pearl: The « STS » means Space Transportation System, it is a Space Shuttle. Alan: What is a Space Shuttle? Pearl: The Space Shuttle « STS » has an orbiter three main engines, an external tank and two booster thrusters. Alan: How is it transported space? Pearl: The cargo is carried to the space in the cargo hold of the orbiter. Alan: How is the fuel supplied? Pearl: For main engines, fuel is provided by the outer tank.

FIRST FLIGHT TEST - STS - OUTSIDE. D Alan: When did the first test take place? Pearl: The first test flight of the « STS » took place in 1981. Alan: What is an orbiter? Pearl: An orbiter is a space plane. Alan: How is the orbiter transported into space? Pearl: The « STS » takes one of four available orbiters: Atlantis, Columbia, Discovery and Endeavour. Alan: How many people can it carry? Pearl: Each orbiter can accommodate a crew of seven.

Alan: How long is it in orbit? Pearl: It stays in orbit for at least ten days. Alan: What does the cabin have? Pearl: The cockpit has three decks: the cockpit, an intermediate bridge and a lower deck housing the survival gear. Alan: When did the first flight take place? Pearl: From April 12 to14, 1981 the First Flight with the Columbia Orbiter took place, during which observations are made of the Earth. Alan: How is the landing of the orbiter done? Pearl: After each mission, the orbiter returns to Earth, landing on a very long runway. Alan: When did the next flight take place? Pearl: From November 1981 to July 1982 took place the following three flights, all with Columbia, testing the manipulator arm. Alan: What is its mission? Pearl: Thee Space Shuttle ÂŤ STS Âť launches satellites and space probes.

LABORATORY OUTSIDE. DAY

SPACELAB

STS

Alan: What did it do the « STS »? Pearl: The « STS » transported the Spacelab laboratory. Alan: What else are there? Pearl: The « STS » has also provided a platform for building and troubleshooting in space. Alan: Is there enough space to install it? Pearl: The European Space Agency has designed the Spacelab so that it can be placed in the hold of the Shuttle. Alan: What is it made of? Pearl: Spacelab is made up of two pressurized laboratories where astronauts carry out experiments in microgravity.

Alan: Is that all? Pearl: Spacelab also consists of three external laboratories called palettes for experiments that need to be set up directly in space. Alan: What can it carry Spacelab? Pearl: It can carry either pressurized modules, outer pallets or a combination of both. Alan: When was the launch? Pearl: The first launch took place in 1983. Alan: What are the experiments done? Pearl: Experiments on crystal growth on Mir and Spacelab have made it easier to produces semiconductors for computers.

CHALLENGER PLATFORM - STUDY OUTSIDE. DAY Alan: Was there any other launch? Pearl: The Challenger crew launched a platform to study the reactions of biological samples to a long exposure in space. Alan: How many astronauts have left for this exploration and when? Pearl: The Challenger shuttle left the ground on April 6, 1984 carrying five astronauts aboard whose mission is to repair and replace in its orbit the Solar Max satellite.

MIR STATION - ORBIT STATION - OUT. Alan: Was there any other launch? Pearl: MIR is put into orbit on February 19, 1986. Alan: Is it also an orbiter? And when is it finished? Pearl: This is a Russian space station placed in low Earth orbit by the Soviet Union. Pearl: It was assembled in orbit between 1986 and 1996. Alan: How tall is it? Pearl: The height of the orbit is 358 km. Alan: What is its speed? Pearl: The maximum speed is 27 700 km/h. 26

GALILEO PROBE - ORBITOR ATLANTIS - OUTSIDE. NIGHT Alan: What other launch is it made? Pearl: In 1989, the crew of the Atlantis orbiter launched the Galileo probe to the Jupiter system. Alan: What role does this Galileo probe play? Pearl: The Galileo probe specifies the elements collected by the probes that preceded it including Voyager1 and Voyager2. Alan: What is the mission of this Galileo probe? Pearl: The mission of Galileo was to study the atmosphere of Jupiter, its magnetosphere and its main moons.

TELESCOPE HUBBLE SPACE DISCOVERY - OUTSIDE. DAY

Alan: Was there any more launches? Pearl: From April 24 to 29, 1990, during one of its missions, Discovery puts the Hubble Space Telescope orbit. Alan: What are the data collected by the Hubble Space Telescope? Pearl: The Hubble Space Telescope has contributed to discoveries in the field of astrophysics such as measuring the rate of expansion of the Universe, confirming the presence of super massive black holes in the center of galaxies or the existence of the dark matter and dark energy.

NASA - ULYSSES - OUTSIDE. DAY Alan: What did NASA launch? Pearl: Ulysses is a probe from the European Space Agency ÂŤ ESA Âť launched by NASA in 1990 to study solar winds. Alan: What is its mission? Pearl: Its orbit brings it above the solar poles, where it detects high-speed particle beans that do not usually touch the Earth. Alan: What is the purpose of the Ulysses probe? Pearl: The objective is to study in situ regions near the Sun, from its equator to its poles over the duration of a solar cycle.

SOHO - ESA OUTSIDE. DAY

PROBE

NASA

Alan: What other probe is it launched? Pearl: SOHO « Solar and Heliospheric Observatory », launched in 1995, is an ESA-NASA that observes the crown and oscillations. Alan: Where is it placed? Pearl: It is placed about 1, 5 million km from the Earth.

CLAUDIE ANDRE-DESHAYS - IMAGE

Alan: Who flew to the Russian orbital station MIR? Pearl: It is Claudie Andre-Deshays who flew on August 17, 1996 to the Russian orbital station MIR. She is the first French woman to go to space. Alan: What is her biography? Pearl: She was born on May 13, 1957 in Creusot-Saone and Loire. She graduated at the age of 15. She received her doctorate in medicine at the age of 24, certified in sports medicine. Certified aeronautical and space medicine at 25 years old, Doctor in neuroscience. She performed at the MIR many medico-physiological experiments in weightlessness. She is a scientist, astronaut and French politician. She was president of Science Universe in Paris between 2010 and 2015. She is currently ambassador and advisor to the ESA Director General.

STAR CATALOG OUTSIDE. DAY

HIPPARCOS

Alan: What has the European Space Agency « ESA» observed? Pearl: In 1997, the European Space Agency publishes the catalog of Hipparcos stars and gives the distances of 118 000 of them. Alan: What does the ESA see? Pearl: In 1997, by measuring the speed of the stars, we conclude to the presence of a black hole of 2, 5 million solar masses at the galactic center.

INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION «ISS» - 1998 - IMAGE - OUTSIDE. DAY Alan: Is there a station launched for observation? Pearl: The USA and Russia launched the first elements of the International Space Station « ISS » in 1998. Alan: Who are the contributors? Pearl: Brazil, Canada, the European Space Agency and Japan have also contributed to these operations. Alan: What is the International Space Station « ISS »? Pearl: The International Space Station is made up of more than 100 elements.

HUNDRED ELEMENTS - ÂŤISSÂť - OUT. D Alan: Where does the most important contribution come from? Pearl: The most important contribution comes from the USA. Alan: What do they contribute to the USA? Pearl: The USA provided the link node, the solar panels, the housing module, the depressurized module and the two laboratories. Alan: What other contribution has been made? Pearl: The central module, hosting the living quarters for the first years, is provided by Russia. Alan: What has Europe contributed? Pearl: The two connecting nodes are provided by Europe. 35

Alan: How many space agencies are involved in supplying the International Space Station? Pearl: Many space agencies participate in the supply of the International Space Station. Alan: How is this? Pearl: It has a wingspan of 110 m, a length of 80 m, a mass of nearly 500 tons, and hosts a permanent crew. Alan: When did the first astronauts settle there? Pearl: The first three astronauts settled there in January 2000. Alan: What astronauts do they research? Pearl: Astronauts of various nationalities must ensure future research programs.

ESA PROBE - HUYGENS - OUTSIDE. DAY Alan: What probe is it built by the European Space Agency? Pearl: The Huygens probe is built by the European Space Agency. Alan: Why does it call Huygens? Pearl: It bears the name of astronaut who discovered Titan and is part of the Cassini mission. Alan: When is it launched and for what purpose? Pearl: In November 2004, it parachuted onto the surface of Titan to collect information on the orange cloud satellite.

Alan: Why does it land on the surface of Titan? Pearl: The Huygens probe is intended to land either on a solid surface, or on oily lakes that may cover part of Titan. Alan: What is its shape? Pearl: Larger than the planet Mercury, Titan is the only satellite in the Solar System to have a thick atmosphere. Alan: What is its atmospheric pressure? Pearl: In fact, its atmospheric pressure is 50% higher than that prevailing on the Earth at sea level. Alan: What is its main component? Pearl: Titan’s main gas is nitrogen, like on Earth. Alan: What about similarity? Pearl: The similarity stops there, because Titan, very cold, undergoes a temperature of about – 180°C. Alan: Is it cloudy or visible? Pearl: Clouds orange mist prevents to see the surface of the satellite.

MARS EXPRESS OUTSIDE. NIGHT

2003

Alan: Who dominates the Space Conquest? Pearl: The Space Conquest is still largely dominated by national or international agencies such as ESA or NASA. Alan: Who collaborates with space agencies? Pearl: Several companies collaborate through the partnership with space agencies. Alan: In what way do they participate? Pearl: They also participate in the development of their own fleet of space vehicles.

VENUS EXPRESS 2005 - IMAGE Alan: Are there any other missions? Pearl: Other missions were also launched more recently like Mars Express in 2003, Venus Express in 2005 or New Horizons in 2006.

NEW HORIZONS 2006 PROBE - PLUTO - IMAGE Alan: What is the distant planet reached? Pearl: The most distant celestial body visited to date is Pluto, near which the New Horizons Spacecraft in July 2015.

VOYAGER - IMAGE

PROBE

NEPTUNE

Alan: And the other planets, what are they? Peal: It can be said that all planets in the solar system had been visited since 1989, following Voyager 2â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s over flight of Neptune, given the declassification of Pluto in 2006. Alan: What is the global economy? Pearl: The global economy is the economy where all the natural and human resources - current and potential - of the planet are enhanced powers applying rules controlled by the license.

Alan: What is it for? Pearl: It is to satisfy the needs and aspirations of all human beings. Alan: What is it worth? Pearl: It is a rational model describing in quantitative and operative terms, the planetary development plan. Alan: By what means? Pearl: This by the Space Conquest, logic of global application and growth. Alan: How is it supported? Pearl: It is a planetary state of humanity supported by the universal movement and the New Planetary Civilization (NPC).

SPATIAL CONQUEST - SCIENCE OF EARTH & SPACE - OUTSIDE. DAY Alan: What about the Space Conquest? Pearl: The Space Conquest stimulates and develops the sciences of the Earth and Space. Alan: Why are the Sciences of the Earth and Space interesting? Pearl: The Sciences of the Earth and Space has logic of growth that is global and logic of application that is global too. Alan: To whom do they address the Sciences of the Earth and Space? Pearl: To be realized, there is a pressure on the current institutions to which it is required that they internationalize.

Alan: What do the scientists think? Pearl: The scientists cannot do without it. Alan: What are the methods to know the Earth well? Pearl: The different living conditions allow knowing the Earth. Alan: What does the Earth present? Pearl: The Earth has characters common to all planets, but has some exclusive. Alan: What are these characters common to all planets? Pearl: The Earth has volcanoes like Venus and Mars, craters like Mercury, and swirling weather systems like Jupiter and Neptune. Alan: What does the Earth have exceptional? Pearl: The Earth is the only one to possess water in the liquid state and in the solid state. Alan: Does the Earth have enough water and life on its surface? Pearl: The Earth is the only planet that contains enough water to allow life.

THE EARTH OUTSIDE. DAY

ATMOSPHERE

Alan: What surrounds the Earth? Pearl: The Earth is the only planet to be surrounded by an atmosphere. Alan: How is the atmosphere? Pearl: The Earth is the only planet in the solar system that has a transparent atmosphere. Alan: What is its composition? Pearl: The Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; atmosphere has exactly the right composition. Alan: Is the composition balanced? Pearl: The Earth is the only planet to be surrounded by an oxygen-rich atmosphere. Too little oxygen will prevent breathing. 47

THE EARTH - GAS - OUTSIDE. DAY Alan: What is the effect of an excess of oxygen? Pearl: An excess of oxygen would be toxic and produce uncontrollable fires. Alan: Does this atmosphere contain gas? Pearl: The atmosphere of the Earth contains very little toxic gas; 78% of this atmosphere consists of nitrogen, a harmless and inert gas, which makes it stable rather than volatile. Alan: What are the consequences of the absence of carbon dioxide? Pearl: Too little carbon dioxide would limit plant growth and produce large temperature differences. Pearl: An excess of carbon dioxide would be toxic and produce the greenhouse effect.

THE EARTH - SIZE - MAGNETISM OUTSIDE. DAY Alan: What is the Earth worth among the rocky planets? Pearl: The Earth is the largest of the rocky planets. Alan: What does its own the Earth in particular? Pearl: The Earth is the only one to have a crust divided into moving plates. Alan: What is the distribution of minerals? Pearl: In the distribution of minerals, each of the 93 elements necessary for life is concentrated in large quantities on the Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s crust. 49

Alan: What is it? Pearl: This is hydrogen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen and iron. Alan: Why does the Earth have a stable atmosphere? Pearl: The Earth is exactly the size to have a stable atmosphere. Alan: What is the importance of this size? Pearl: For its size, the Earth has the strongest magnetic field of all the planets. Alan: Where does it come from magnetic fields? Pearl: Magnetism is born in the nucleus, where molten iron currents generate electric and magnetic fields. Alan: How does this magnetism work? Pearl: Magnetism changes direction as time goes on, changing the magnetic poles. Alan: Where are the magnetic poles? Pearl: Currently, the magnetic poles are about 2, 000 km from the North and South poles.

THE EARTH - MAGNETOSPHERE Alan: How does this magnetism spread? Pearl: Earth’s magnetism spreads into space, forming a huge « magnetic bubble » that surrounds the planet. Alan: What is the role of this magnetosphere? Pearl: This magnetosphere protects the Earth from the effects of the solar wind. Alan: What are the effects of the solar wind? Pearl: These are particles emitted by the Sun at high speed. Some of these particles are trapped in two areas close to Earth, the Van Allen belts. Others drift towards the magnetic poles: their meeting with the atmosphere is at the origin of luminous phenomena, polar aurora.

THE EARTH - FROM SPACE - OUT. DAY Alan: How does it appear the Earth? Pearl: As seen from space, the Earth appears as a blue pearl, a bluish globe, spotted with white clouds and brown or green lands and continents. Alan: Where does this color come from? Pearl: This color is due to the large expanses of water that cover it. Alan: What is its dimension? Pearl: On Earth, the Earth is huge: it forms a slightly flattened sphere of about 12, 800 kilometers in diameter and 40 000 kilometers in circumference. Nearly three quarters of its surface consists of oceans. From space, the Earth is the only planet to show obvious signs of life. 52

THE EARTH OUTSIDE. DAY

TEMPERATURE

Alan: What is the temperature of the Earth? Pearl: The Earth is the only planet whose temperature, between 0° and 100°C, allows the liquid water to flow to its surface. Alan: Is this temperature constant in the four corners of the Earth? Pearl: More than one-tenth of the Earth’s surface is covered with ice, consisting mainly of the ice caps of the poles. Alan: What is the temperature on other planets? Pearl: On Mercury and Venus, nearer to the Sun, the water would boil, while on Mars, it would freeze.

WATER OUTSIDE. DAY

KNOWLEDGE

Alan: What is the constitution of water? Pearl: Water consists of molecules formed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom (H2O). Alan: What is the effect of water? Pearl: Water is a great way to dissolve and transport minerals. Alan: What is the action of water? Pearl: Water store heat and flows easily. Alan: How is water transformed? Pearl: Water can regenerate when it freezes, isolates itself and rises to the surface.

THE EARTH - THE MOON - OUT. NIGHT Alan: What is the difference between the Earth and the Moon? Pearl: The Earth is bright and agitated; the Moon is sad and lifeless. Alan: What is the action of the Moon on the Earth? Pearl: The Moon protects the Earth from shocks with small objects from space. Pearl: The Moon stabilizes the Earth. Without it, the tilt of the Earth would not remain stable at 23°, but would oscillate arbitrarily 0° and 90°. Alan: What would happen without the Moon? Pearl: The climate would be chaotic. Pearl: The result would be strong and constant winds, hurricanes and huge waves. 55

THE MOON - ACTION - OUTSIDE. NIGHT Alan: What is the Moon (with a capital letter)? Pearl: The Moon (with a capital letter) is the Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s National Satellite. Alan: What is the moon (with a minuscule letter)? Pearl: The moon (with a minuscule letter) is the natural Satellite of any planet: the moons of Saturn. Alan: What are the actions of the Moon? Pearl: The Moon produces tides for the sake of the inhabitants. Pearl: Without the tides, the water of the oceans would remain motionless, and life would end. Pearl: Without the purifying action of the tides, life would disappear from the oceans.

TIME - NATURAL MEASUREMENT - O. D Alan: Are there time measurements on the Earth? Pearl: The natural measures of time are the day, the month and the year. Alan: The day, is it the turn of the Earth on itself? Pearl: This is the period of rotation of the Earth, another planet or a natural satellite around its axis: a year of 365 days. Alan: The month, is it the moonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s turn around the Earth? Pearl: Well yes, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s the rotation of the Earth around the Sun. Alan: The year, is it the rotation of the Earth around the Sun? Pearl: Well yes, it is the period of twelve months, conventionally to the duration of the revolution of the Earth around the Sun.

PLANTS TRANSFORMATION OUTSIDE. DAY

Alan: What happens to plants? Pearl: Plants were created to maintain life. Pearl: Plants change according to the seasons thanks to the oxygen present in the atmosphere. Pearl: Plants transform carbon dioxide into oxygen. Pearl: Plants serve as food, shelter and clothing. Pearl: Plants transform rocks into earth and use nutrients. Pearl: Plants are photosynthetic and autotrophic organisms, characterized by plant cells. They form one of the kingdoms of eukaryotes.

BIONICS - MEANING - OUTSIDE. DAY Alan: What does it mean Bionics? Pearl: Bionics is the science that seeks, in plants and animals, models for technical achievements. Pearl: Bionics is the study of certain biological processes with a view to applying analogous processes for military or industrial purposes. Pearl: Bionics is the confrontation, scientifically led, between human inventions and biological processes (detection, locomotion, orientation), in order to offer engineers models whose imitation can be useful, and, conversely to better interpret certain organs and functions by comparison with human inventions.

LIGHT OUTSIDE. DAY

WAVELENGTH

Alan: What is the definition of light? Pearl: Light is electromagnetic radiation whose wavelength, between 400 and 780 nm, corresponds to the sensitivity zone of the human eye, between the ultraviolet and the infrared. It is the clarity of the Sun, which illuminates the objects and makes them visible. Alan: In what form does it happen? Pearl: Light comes in the form of wavelengths favorable to life. Pearl: The wavelength is a quantity defined for all the periodic waves; it represents the distance traveled by the wave during the duration of a period T. It also corresponds to the distance over which extends the elementary motive of wave. 60

PLANETARY STATE - HOMELAND - O. N Alan: What is the definition of the Earth? Pearl: The Earth is the third planet of the Solar System in the ascending order of distance to the Sun, inhabited by man. It is inserted between Venus and Mars. It turns on itself, almost uniformly, around an axis passing through its center of gravity (axis of the poles) while describing around the Sun an elliptical orbit; the semi-major axis of this orbit measures approximately 149, 600 000 kilometers. Alan: How do you go about making the Earth a homeland? Pearl: It is to erect a planetary state in perfect harmony with its nationals. Alan: How does the man live on the Earth? Pearl: The Earth is made travelling and habitable.

CIVILISATION OUTSIDE. NIGHT

SPATIAL

AGE

Alan: What is Civilization at Space Age? Pearl: It is a world globally at peace and whose inhabitants communicate better: this is undoubtedly the great contribution of space to life, to the New Planetary Civilization. Not to mention the ecological awareness, favored by the images of a unique Earth and Heritage. It is the convergence of the space age and the digital age. Alan: What are the command powers of civilization at the space age? Pearl: These are irresistible powers, drawn from the treasure of ancientsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; wisdoms.

INDUSTRIAL CULTURE - OUTSIDE. DAY Alan: What is the most powerful ally of civilization? Pearl: Civilization finds its most powerful ally in the industrial culture. Alan: Why universalize civilization? Pearl: Because the industrial culture is supported by the universal movement. Alan: Why is there justification for the appointment of humanity? Pearl: Humanity is an instinctively murderous species, but indefinitely perfectible, can be a decisive opportunity for conquest. 63

Alan: What is the basis of industrial culture and what is its driving force? Pearl: The industrial culture is based on the combination of science, technology and production, science becoming the driving force of this whole. Alan: What is its driving force? Pearl: An industrial culture is a plant species cultivated for the purpose of supplying raw materials to processing industries, including in the agricultural food sector. It is an activity that diversifies and enhances agricultural production, and also limits the need for imports. Alan: How do you live? Pearl: We live in an open situation because it so. Alan: How far does it extend the transformation of the historical existence of man? Pearl: The transformation of the historical existence of man « cannot spare any aspect of life or any connection; it extends to the whole world. » Alan: How does it become? Pearl: « It becomes a universal story, in the concern of which are encompassed all the energies of Earth. »

INSIGHT MILITAIRY BASE CALIFORNIA - OUTSIDE. DAY

Alan: What is the meaning of InSight? Pearl: InSight is the acronym for « Interior exploration using Seismic Investigation, Geodesy and Heat Transport » in French « Exploration interne par les sondages sismiques, le géodésie et les flux thermiques ». Alan: What is the mission of InSight? Pearl: InSight will listen to Mars to better understand it. Alan: Is this the first mission? Pearl: InSight is the twelth mission of NASA’s « Discovering Program », which was established in 1992 by Daniel S. Goldin, NASA Administrator, for the exploration of deep space.

INSIGHT - IMAGE - OUTSIDE. DAY Alan: What is the purpose of its mission? Pearl: The scientific objective of the mission is the study of the interior of the rock planets of the solar system - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars and the Moon. Alan: What would they be the results? Pearl: The results derived from investigations conducted by the space probe can have important repercussions in several scientific disciplines. Alan: Why is the choice on InSight? Pearl: The InSight lander was selected in 2012 as part of the Discovery program, which combines low-cost missions with a rapid development cycle.

INSIGHT - LAUNCH - OUTSIDE. DAY Alan: When will it be launched? Pearl: InSight is NASA mission to Mars that was launched on May 5, 2018 by the US Air Force’s Atlas V launcher. Alan: Where will it land and Why? Pearl: This lander, which must land on the surface of Mars, aims to study the internal structure of the planet, in addition to the knowledge already acquired on the surface and the atmosphere. Alan: What are the instruments used? Pearl: To achieve this it carries three scientific instruments such as seismometer « SEIS » (for Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure); an « HP3 » probe (for Heat Flow and Physical Property Package) and a measuring instrument « RISE » (for Rotation and Interior Structure Experiment).

INSIGHT - LAUNCH - OUTSIDE. NIGHT Alan: What is the function of the probe? Pearl: The « HP3 » probe must penetrate three to five meters deep from the ground for the measurement of heat fluxes from the planet’s nucleus and indications on the composition of the soil and its density. « HP3 » is designed and produced by the German space agency « DLR » (for « Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt »). Alan: What is the function of the measuring instrument? Pearl: The measuring instrument « RISE » is used to observe the oscillations of the planet during its rotation, from the observation of Doppler-Fizeau effect on communications between InSight and the Earth, under the influence of the sun and two natural satellites of Mars. This should make it possible to know the distribution and the composition (solid/liquid, chemical elements) of the internal masses of the planet.

INSIGHT - SEISMOMETER - IMAGE Alan: Who designed the seismometer « SEIS »? Pearl: This seismometer (30 kg mass in total) was designed and produced by CNES, which provided the project management of the experiment. The designers of « SEIS » want to solve the problem by using surface waves (vertical) as well as volume (vertical and horizontal). Alan: Who took charge of its development? Pearl: Aerospace Electronics and Instruments Laboratory « AEIL » of the Geophysical Institute of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich « EPFZ » developed the electronics for data acquisition and seismometer control; it is the specialists of the Swiss Seismological Service « SED » of the same EPFZ who will analyze the data to develop a catalog of Martian seismicity.

INSIGHT - CNES - PARIS - IMAGE Alan: Who are they responsible for determining the internal structure catalogs of Mars? Pearl: The Institute of Physics of the Globe of Paris « IPGP » (France) and the « IPL » (of the United States) are the only ones responsible for the determination of the catalogs of internal structure of Mars. Alan: What should the data collected by these instruments be? Pearl: They must provide data on the structure and internal composition of Mars, one of the aspects of the planet that has not been studied so far.

INSTITUTE SWITZERLAND

AEIL

EPFZ

Alan: When will it land on Mars? Pearl: After taking off from the Earth on May 5, 2018, the spacecraft will land on the surface of Mars on November 26, 2018 (six-month trip) in a plain region called Elysium Planitia, located near the Ecuador and will start producing scientific data as early as December 10, 2018. Alan: How long will it last? Pearl: The mission must last 728 days (708 soils), until 06 November, 6, 2020, a little more than one Martian year of 6669 soils (688 days). The phase of scientific study on the surface of the planet must therefore last two terrestrial years.

INSTITUTE - IPGP - PARIS - FRANCE Alan: What is the BepiColombo mission that left aboard Ariane 5 VA245 on October 2018? Pearl: BepiColombo is a mission of exploration of the planet Mercury. The two orbiters making up the mission are to be in orbit around Mercury in December 2025. Alan: By which agency is it developed? Pearl: It is developed by the European Space Agency (ESA) jointly with the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). Alan: How is the European-Japanese spacecraft? Pearl: The MPO Orbiter developed by ESA caries 11 instruments.

JAPAN AEROSPACE EXPLORATION AGENCY - JAXA - IMAGE Alan: What study will it do? Pearl: The MPO Orbiter must study the interior and surface of the planet Mercury as well as its exosphere. Alan: What are the means provided for this study? Pearl: The MMO Orbiter, developed by the Japan Space Agency, includes 5 scientific instruments. Alan: What is the purpose of this study? Pearl: The objective of the MMO Orbiter is to study the magnetic field, the exosphere and the waves and particles located in the immediate environment of the planet.

MERCURY - PLANET - IMAGE Alan: Who built this MTM module? Pearl: The third MTM module is the Mercury Transfer Module in English, whose prime contractor is ESA. Alan: What can it support? Pearl: The MTM module supports the propulsion of MPO and MMO modules to Mercuryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s orbit. Alan: Why must it stay in orbit around Mercury? Pearl: Because, Mercury is the least known rocky planet of all our solar system and the closest to our sun. This planet is incredibly dense, almost as much as the Earth, while its mass is 20 times smaller.

LAUNCH - ARIANE 5 VA245 - KOUROU Alan: What temperature can support this probe? Pearl: The space probe is subjected to temperatures oscillating between – 180° C and + 450 ° C because of the proximity of the Sun, which require the use of various provisions including the heat shield to protect it. Alan: How does it vary its speed? Pearl: Moreover, BepiColombo must strongly reduce its speed to get into orbit around Mercury. Alan: What does it allow to reduce its speed? Pearl: To fulfill this objective, the space probe uses an ionic propulsion, the only one able to produce such a deceleration without imposing too much propellant mass.

BEPICOLOMBO - ILLUSTRATION Alan: How is its trajectory? Pearl: It also follows a complex trajectory of a duration of 7 years, and 18 times the Sun, during which it flies 7 times the planets Venus and Mercury whose gravitational assistance completes the action of the propulsion. Alan: How is its journey going? Pearl: BepiColombo will bounce 9 times, including 1 time on the Earth, 2 times on Venus and 6 times on Mercury before being able to go into orbit.

Source: The media 76

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