Artificial Extraterrestrial Intelligence Paris by EUROMAD SARL & ADEFG

Beginning of the scenario: 2nd step Artificial Intelligence - Extraterrestrial Intelligence Research.

Artificial Intelligence - « A.I. » - IMAGE Alan: What is Artificial Intelligence « A.I. »? Pearl: Artificial Intelligence is the set of theories and techniques used to create machines capable of simulating human intelligence. Pearl: Artificial Intelligence is a computer / robot program that can think and think for itself beyond its initial programming. Pearl: Artificial Intelligence is the search for ways to equip computer systems with intellectual capacities comparable to those of human beings. Help me make this documentary on Artificial Intelligence and Extraterrestrial Intelligence Research on Space (A.I. & I.E.R.). Participate and thank you in advance. Pearl R.R.

Alan: Artificial Intelligence A.I., is it science fiction? Pearl: No, it is the very reality in development. Alan: Do machines have a moral conscience? Pearl: No, but they learn like Man. Alan: Can machines go beyond Human Intelligence? Pearl: Yes and No. Alan: First question: Can machines learn to learn to surpass Man in Intelligence? Pearl: Everything depends on how the Man programs them. Alan: If Man manages them well, the machines will perform many services in their place. Is this positive? Pearl: This can be negative if the machines are superintelligent, or ultra-intelligent, they can take over the Man.

Alan: How is it possible? Does not power have to remain with humans because they are reactive and imaginative as machines? Pearl: Yes, but the combination of robotics and Artificial Intelligence can go a long way. Alan: How far? Pearl: The constellation of technologies, for example, describes this scenario. Alan: Is it the development of fully autonomous control systems? Pearl: Indeed, a technology that would allow spacecraft to make their own decisions and to execute without human intervention. Alan: What is the purpose of autonomous control systems? Pearl: I think the system is capable of making predictions of problems and calculating how to deal with them.

Alan: Can the human engineer be surpassed? Pearl: Yes and No. Yes, because spacecraft can carry out their missions without any human intervention. No, if the security is not confirmed, the technology is not reliable and is really not safe. Alan: Can you cite examples? Pearl: For example, satellites, exploration vehicles, and space shuttles are likely to be equipped with these Artificial Intelligence systems. Alan: Last question: Is it for when? Pearl: I think itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s for now.

Extraterrestrial Intelligence - « E.I. » Alan: What is Extraterrestrial Intelligence « E.I. »? Pearl: It is the Intelligence that does not belong to the terrestrial domain, which does not come from the Earth, which comes from another planet. Alan: What « E.I.R. »?

Extraterrestrial

Intelligence

Research

Pearl: Extraterrestrial Intelligence Research (E.I.R.) involves many disciplines such as astronomy, biology, chemistry, physics and Information Technology. Alan: What is astronomy? Pearl: Astronomy is the science that deals with celestial bodies of the Universe, that is comets, stars, galaxies, interstellar matter, meteorites, planets and their satellites.

Alan: What is biology? Pearl: Biology is the study of life and life in all its forms, from the smallest microbes to giant redwoods and blue whales. It is the study of lifestyle, displacement, feeding, reproduction and interaction with their environment. Alan: What is chemistry? Pearl: Chemistry is the study of substances or chemicals (chemical elements), their composition, their differences and properties. It is also interested in how these substances or chemicals change when they mix or react with each other. Alan: What is physics? Pearl: Physics is the study of matter, energy, movement and structure of the Universe, but also machines, and technology. Alan: What is Information Technology? Pearl: Information Technology (I.T.) refers to the use of computers, storage, networks and devices, infrastructures and processes to create, process, store, secure and exchange all kinds of electronic data. Alan: Are there intelligent extraterrestrial civilizations? Pearl: Yes, intelligent and advanced extraterrestrial civilizations do exist.

JILL TARTER - ASTROPHYSICIST IMAGE Alan: Who is Jill TARTER? Pearl: Jill Tarter is an American astrophysicist, she was born in 1944. Alan: What did she do as research? Pearl: She abandoned the hunt for brown dwarfs. Pearl: She is the first to devote her time to Extraterrestrial Intelligence Research in the early 1970s. Pearl: As a Phoenix Project Scientist, she uses a multichannel analyzer to study signals from large telescopes. Pearl: She listens to many frequencies in search of messages.

RADIO TELESCOPES - GALAXY - NIGHT Alan: Is it radioastronomy? Pearl: Indeed, radio telescopes are the instruments dreamed to communicate with the extraterrestrials. Alan: How is it? Pearl: Extraterrestrials can pick up signals and, on the contrary, transmit them across the Galaxy. Alan: How do they do scientists? Pearl: They use radio telescopes to listen for possible artificial signals from space. Pearl: Interstellar communication refers to the transmission of signals between one planetary system and another.

RADIO TELESCOPES - VLBA - NIGHT Alan: What is the difference between radio telescopes and optical telescopes? Pearl: Radio telescopes give ÂŤ images Âť more vague than optical telescopes because ondes waves are longer than those of visible light. Alan: What do astronomers think? Pearl: For more details, astronomers simulate or synthesize a large telescope by connecting several small devices together. Alan: How are they going to connect them? Pearl: The 27 parabolas of the VLA (Very Large Array) can be moved among three railroad tracks and can be separated from each other up to a distance of 36 kilometers.

OPENING SYNTHESIS - OUTSIDE.DAY Alan: What is the function of the VLBA? Pearl: The VLBA (Very Long Baseline Array) extends throughout the USA and provides more accurate images than the Hubble Space Telescope. Alan: What is the problem with radio telescopes? What result does it get with radio telescopes? Pearl: A single line of radio telescopes or even the Y shaped VLA leaves holes in the large virtual mirror they form, and these holes disrupt the final radio picture. Pearl: The rotation of the Earth drives all the apparatuses along an immense semicircle, and the synthesis of their observations gives the same result as a much larger radio telescope.

SATELLITE COSMIC COBE - IMAGE Alan: What solution did he find? Pearl: In the 1950s, Martin Ryle suggests a solution. Pearl: Instead of taking a single incomplete picture, radio telescopes observe the same radio source for 12 hours. Alan: What is the function of the COBE satellite « Cosmic Background Explorer »? Pearl: In 1992, the COBE satellite « Cosmic Background Explorer » detects ripples in the fossil radiation (the first signs of the formation of galaxies).

SYNCHROTRON RADIATION - RADIO WAVE - IMAGE - OUTSIDE.NIGHT Alan: Where do the radio waves come from? Pearl: In many radio sources, supernovae residues to galaxies, ondes wave are created by high-speed electrons trapped by magnetic fields. Alan: What is the effect of these radio waves? Pearl: This produces a particular radio wave, called synchrotron radiation.

GALAXY FORMAX A - WAVELENGTHS IMAGE - OUTSIDE.NIGHT Alan: What is its reach? Pearl: It is more powerful with long wavelengths. For example, the image of the galaxy Formax A, the radiotransmitting lobes through the entanglement of magnetic fields.

JOSEF SHKLOVSKII (1916-1985) - IMAGE Alan: Who is Mr. Josef SHKLOVSKII? Pearl: Josef Shklovskii is a Ukrainian astronomer. Alan: What is his project? Pearl: Josef Shklovskii, in 1953, launched the radio astronomy department of the Russian Astronomical Institute. Alan: What is his research? Pearl: He is among the first to suggest that electrons trapped in an astronomical magnetic field emit long-radio waves called synchrotron radiation. Synchroton radiation is electromagnetic radiation emitted by a charged particle that travels in a magnetic field and whose path is deflected by this magnetic field.

MARTIN RYLE (1918-1984) - IMAGE Alan: Who is Mr. Martin RYLE? Pearl: Son of a physicist, Martin Ryle works on radars during the Second World War. Alan: Where did he conduct his research? Pearl: He then moved to the University of Cambridge where he perfected a technique of combining the signals provided by several mobile radio telescopes to create a high-resolution image of an object emitting radio waves. Alan: What is his function? Pearl: He is an English pioneer of radio astronomy and has a catalog of 5 000 radio sources.

Alan: What did he discover? Pearl: In a series of detailed catalogs of radiosources, he shows that the galaxies were closer to each other in the primitive Universe. Alan: Did he receive the Nobel Prize? When? Pearl: In 1974, Martin Ryle and Hewish received the Nobel Prize in Physics.

LASER NIGHT

TRANSMISSION

SIGNAL

Alan: Are there no other modes of transmission? Pearl: It may also be laser transmissions. Alan: How do you go about it?

Pearl: It would be necessary to detect a signal of the space and then to decode these messages. Alan: Have they tried to send some? Pearl: We have already sent some, but it remains to detect a signal of space. Alan: How is a signal detected from space? Pearl: Radio waves communications.

are

RADIO WAVES OUTSIDE.NIGHT

ideal

for

STARS

interstellair

SUN

Alan: What is happening in space? Pearl: The Sun and other stars send radio waves into space. 18

Alan: What means are used to know the existence of these radio waves? Pearl: To detect them on Earth, astronomers use radio telescopes. Alan: How are these radio telescopes? Pearl: These huge parables are directed to sky to collect and centralize the waves. Alan: Are they big enough to receive radio waves? Pearl: Radio telescopes must be large because radio waves are several kilometers long.

ARECIBO - PUERTO RICO - RADIO TELESCOPE - OUTSIDE.DAY Alan: Where is this radio telescope? Pearl: The largest single-dish radio telescope is Arecibo, Puerto Rico. Alan: Is it placed on the heights? Pearl: The parable, built in a natural cavity in the middle of the jungle, is 305 meters in diameter. Alan: Is this parable fixed? Pearl: As the Earth rotates, the parable also turns to point to another part of the sky.

SMALL PARABLES CONNECTED BY COMPUTER - MAGNETIC WAVES OUTSIDE.DAY Alan: With small parables, is it impossible to pick up these radio waves? How are they arranged? Pearl: Another solution is to use a battery of several smaller parables connected by computer. Pearl: The parables are spaced apart to receive fragments of the same wave at different places. Alan: Do they allow receiving any kind of magnetic waves? Pearl: A wide range of magnetic waves are filtered by the atmosphere before reaching the ground. Alan: By what means are these magnetic waves filtered by the atmosphere before reaching the ground? Pearl: Very high in space, satellites can detect a larger wave range. 21

SATELLITES - TELESCOPES - UNIVERSE - OUTSIDE.DAY Alan: By what means does man observe the stars? Pearl: Telescopes and satellites have discovered that our Galaxy, the Milky Way, is a hundred thousand light-years in diameter. That it is part of a well-ordered cluster of galaxies which itself is part of a super-cluster of galaxies whose size is 500 million light-years.

EXTREME ULTRAVIOLET - TELESCOPE SPATIAL HUBBLE - OUTSIDE.NIGHT Alan: What are the most important satellites? Pearl: Specialized satellites include the « Extreme Ultraviolet » and the Hubble Space Telescope, which is about 600 kilometers in altitude.

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES UNIVERSE - OUTSIDE.NIGHT

Alan: What are these electromagnetic waves for? Pearl: Electromagnetic waves are used for various purposes. Alan: Are these electromagnetic waves essential for human life? Pearl: By detecting and studying the natural electromagnetic waves that surround, they learn about the world, space and the Universe.

ARTIFICIAL RADIO WAVES - IMAGE Alan: What do produce radio transmitters? Pearl: Radio transmitters produce artificial radio waves. Alan: What is the function of artificial radio waves? Pearl: Artificial radio waves transmit radio and television programs in coded form by varying the height or frequency of the waves.

MICROWAVES FUNCTION - EMDRIVE IMAGE Alan: What is the function of microwaves? Pearl: Microwaves cook food, also transmit satellite communications and broadcast information from land stations. Alan: What is the function of elctromagnetic asymetric resonant cavity thruster or EmDrive ÂŤ ElectroMagneticDrive Âť? Pearl: The EmDrive makes it possible to create a thrust using microwaves, so just with a current source. It is an electric propulsion system that would produce a thrust without fuel, and that would move without decreasing mass. Its momentum would not be preserved.

RAYONS X - IMAGE Alan: What is the function of X-rays? Pearl: X-rays can explore the inside of the body of humans and animals. Pearl: X-rays can also control the contents of luggage at airports.

SCANNER - IMAGE Alan: What is the function of a scanner? Pearl: A scanner shows body parts and tissues in different colors depending on their density. Alan: What does it give about the bone? Pearl: A hard, heavy tissue like bone is almost white. Alan: And about blood vessels, liquid zone? Pearl: Areas filled with fluid, such as blood vessels, are much darker. Alan: What is a medical scanner? Pearl: A medical scanner is a device consisting of tomography system and a computer that reconstructs the data obtained on a screen.

Alan: Which rays is it used on the patient? Pearl: It uses very weak X-rays that revolve aroud the patient. Alan: What devices do they check for these rays? Pearl: Detectors check the strength of the rays as they pass through the body, showing how much energy has been absorbed by each part, such as muscles and bones. Alan: What are the effects of the scanner? Pearl: Passing a scanner is painless and harmless. Alan: In which position is the patient located? Pearl: The patient is lying on a table while X-rays emitters and detectors turn around him. Alan: How do these X-rays act on the patient’s body? Pearl: The table slides slowly so that the X-rays pass through each slice. Alan: What means do the results show? Pearl: A computer analyzes the results and reconstructs a serie of images representing « slices » of bodies.

INTERSTELLAR COMMUNICATION OUTSIDE.NIGHT

Alan: Can you cite research as an example? Pearl: In 1959, the project SETI (Signal Extraterrestrial Interstellar Transmission) begins with the publication Giuseppe Cocconi and Philip Morrison of an article entitled « In Search of Interstellar Communication » in the scientific journal Nature. Centaurus A is an example of a target for interstellar communication. On October 9, 2008, a more complex four and a half hour transmission containing 501 drawings, messages and photographs was sent to Gliese’s planetary system. 30

PROJECT OZMA - 1960 - OUT.NIGHT Alan: What other project is there? Pearl: In 1960, Frank Drake began the project OZOMA, the first radio telescope in search of artificial signals. Alan: Who is Mr. Frank DRAKE? Pearl: Frank Drake is an American astronomer. Alan: When did he do this study? What did he discover? Pearl: He began studying Extraterrestrial Intelligence in 1960s. Pearl: He deduces that for an Intelligent Life, capable of communicating across interstellar distances, to appear on a planet, different factors must be brought together.

Alan: Is he the only one to discover these different factors? Pearl: He is the first to take account these different factors. Alan: What are these different factors? Pearl: 1. Stars must be born at a reasonable pace to replace those who die. In the galaxy, it is born 10 every year. 2. The star must have planets. 3. A planet of the desired size must be at the right distance from the star, where it is neither too hot nor too cold. 4. Life must appear on such a planet. 5. Life on planet must evolve toward intelligence. Plants are not able to say that they exist. 6. Intelligent life forms must have the technical means to communicate across interstellar distances. 7. Intelligent life forms must learn not to destroy themselves with their own technologies. 8. Natural disasters (collisions, volcanic eruptions) must be rare to give the intelligence time to develop. Alan: How does he distinguish each of the factors?

Pearl: A pessimistic estimate of each the factors that can give birth to intelligent life suggests that there is only one civilization in the Galaxy, ours. Pearl: An optimistic assessment of each factor suggests that 10 million civilisations may exist at some point in the Milky Way. Alan: In the Universe, are there other intelligent / technologically advanced civilizations? Pearl: Yes, the Earth is not the only inhabited planet in the Universe. Obviously, our civilization is not the only one in the Universe. Alan: In our galaxy, what is the number of habitable planets? Pearl: There are 9 billion habitable planets in our galaxy. The Trappist telescope discovers a solar system with 7 exoplanets of a size comparable to the Earth, located at 39 light-years of which a planet is potentially habitable because one finds there abundant liquid water there. Pearl: The surprising discoveries of 2. 900 habitable planets observed and referenced, the « binoculars » of the Earth of which:  Kepler 186f located 500 light-years away;  Kepler 452b locayed 1. 400 light-years away in the Constellation of Swan and;  Kapteyn-b located 13 light-years away; they could have water and all the necessary conditions for the development of biological life. 33

NASA PROBES - PIONEER 10 & 11 - OUTSIDE.NIGHT Alan: How can we stay in touch with space probes farther from Earth than Jupiter, for example? Pearl: Electromagnetic waves â&#x20AC;&#x201C; light, radio, television travel easily over large distances in space. We already receive, with sufficient intensity, the signals emitted by stations of small dimensions, on board very distant probes. Alan: What devices do they allow to receive more radio waves? Pearl: The more powerful transmitters have a larger reach. Alan: In what year did NASA launch the probes? Pearl: In 1972 and 1973, NASA launched probes for Jupiter and Saturne, called Pioneer 10 & 11.

Alan: How are they going to transport the Pioneer 10 & 11, for whom? Pearl: They each carry a plate engraved with a simple message from the Earth, for the purpose of extraterrestrials who would meet the probes when they left the solar system. Alan: Where will the message be sent? Pearl: In 1974, the Arecibo radio telescope in Puerto Rico sent a message to the stars. Alan: What does this message contain? Pearl: It was a sequence of 1 679 impulsions binary pulses, launched towards the globular cluster M13, with high stellar density, located at 25 000 light-years. Alan: Who will understand the message? Pearl: An intelligent extraterrestrial would understand that 1 679 is the product obtained by multiplying the prime number 23 by 73. Alan: Which method allows decoding the results? Pearl: By organizing the pulses into a rectangle of 23 columns wide and 73 rows deep, we obtain a pictogram that explains the basis of life on Earth.

Alan: What do we see? Pearl: The first block shows the numbers from 1 to 10 in binary code, a digital system used in computers. Alan: What is the meaning? Pearl: The most important elements of life are hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and phosphorus. This block brings together the atomic number of the five elements. Alan: What else is there? Pearl: The proportions of the fundamental elements of certain important molecules are represented in this block: ď&#x201A;ˇ A sugar (C5 H7 O, in green); ď&#x201A;ˇ A phosphate (purple) and nucleotides (orange) constitute the structure of DNA, the molecule at the base of all life on Earth. Alan: What does it mean the presence of these bands? Pearl: Two coiled bands representing the double-helical structure of DNA, the large molecule that divides and replicates to transmit the pattern of life. Alan: Are there also the same elements on other planets? Pearl: In extraterrestrials, there should be a similar molecule that would perform the same function.

Alan: What is the relative correspondence to the man? Pearl: The size of a man = 14 wavelengths of the signal. Alan: What can be the image of an extraterrestrial? Pearl: The silhouette of a human being would probably the most surprising image for an alien. It is surrounded by numbers indicating the population of the world (left) and the size of a man (right). Alan: How are the objects of the Solar System represented? Pearl: Solar System objects are basically represented in scale. The Earth is slightly displaced to draw attention to it. Alan: How does it show the message? Pearl: The Arecibo Telescope Diagram with a sketch showing how the waves carrying the message were emitted. Alan: How is the message conveyed? Pearl: Radio waves traveling at the speed of light, even in the most dust-laden areas of the space, carry the message of Arecibo.

LUNAIR STATION OUTSIDE.NIGHT

SETI

Alan: Where is the Lunar Station of SETI? Pearl: Located near the lunar equator, on the edge of the hidden face, Saha is easy to access. Alan: What is the span of the central radio antenna? Pearl: Housing â&#x20AC;&#x201C; The man radio antenna may be larger than Arecibo due to the low gravity of the Moon. Alan: What role does the Telescope play? Pearl: The Telescope can search for laser signals and infrared emissions.

Alan: What is the function of the Communication Antenna? Pearl: The Communication Antenna is used to detect waves. Alan: What is the function of solar panels? Pearl: Solar panels provide energy. Alan: What is the function of the neutrino Telescope? Pearl: The Neutrino Telescope can search for signals in subatomic particles.

RADIO TELESCOPE - OHIO - 1977 OUTSIDE.DAY Alan: What did the radio telescope observe? Pearl: In 1977, a radio telescope in Ohio recorded a strong signal, the strongest unidentified. It was never seen again.

Alan: What does man think of these absolutely fundamental discoveries? Pearl: Man finally finds that his cosmic environment reveals not only biological life but also organized conscious life.

PHOENIX PROJECT - TWO VOYAGER PROBES - OUTSIDE.NIGHT Alan: What became the PHOENIX project? Pearl: In 1977, the two Voyager probes each carry a disc covered with gold on which are recorded noises and images of the Earth.

SETI PROJECT OUTSIDE.DAY

1992

NASA

Alan: What became the SETI project? Pearl: In 1992, the SETI project was set up by NASA. Alan: Is the SETI project carried out? Pearl: After its cancellation, the scientists found private funds.

PHOENIX PROJECT - GREENBANK 1995 - OUTSIDE.DAY Alan: What is this PHOENIX project? Pearl: Renamed PHOENIX project and based in Greenbank, Virginie (USA), it uses telescopes from around the world. Alan: What is the purpose of the PHOENIX project? Pearl: In 1995, the PHOENIX project developed a program of systematic searches for extraterrestrial signals. Alan: Is not the SETI project the same as the PHOENIX? Pearl: The beautiful days of SETI are past. Electronic noise from mobile phones or microwave ovens, for example, would stifle the weak signals that would come from extraterrestrials.

Alan: What is the solution to the problem of interference? Pearl: To overcome these disadvantages, one could imagine a SETI base on the hidden face of the Moon, protected from interference from the Earth. Alan: Where is this SETI base? Pearl: The scientists even found the location: the Saha crater. Alan: In such way, will the contact be easy? Pearl: If we come into contact with extraterrestrials, it would be the most amazing news of all time. Alan: What would the world think? Pearl: The military, religious, scientists and politicians would react differently. Alan: Will we have to answer? Pearl: We should try to understand the message. Alan: Would not it be too dangerous? Pearl: No, just decode the message. Alan: Who decides what to say? Pearl: It would be up to scientists to make recommendations to the world in front of them.

SOURCE: THE MEDIA 48

This is the story of Artificial Intelligence and the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence. The New Planetary Civilization highlights an exceptional, intelligent and scientific woman on a global level (Voice over). Where is France’s place in the field of Artificial Intelligence on the international scene? France, by its scientific talents in the field of Artificial Intelligence, producer and consumer, is indeed a driving force. The camera frames the innovations of the most promising French startups of their generation in Paris such as the « blockchain », smart medical tools, robots, image analysis systems, intelligent concierge systems and connected cars. The tone is set; will astronomers succeed in unlocking the mysteries of Extraterrestrial Intelligence? Then, they attack the secret of the history of cosmos told by all kinds of radiation, radio waves synchrotron radiation (trapped electrons rotation…) through the modernization of technology. The galaxies and beyond addresses the study of the Universe as a whole and raises dizzing questions about its dimensions and its limits. Extraterrestrial Intelligence does not belong to the terrestrial domain, does not come from the Earth, and comes from another planet. What is the solution to the problem of interference? The scientists even found the location: the Saha crater. 49

In 1959 the « CSR » Space Research Committee was formed to coordinate French space activities. In 1959, the aerospace industry created the Society for the Study and Realization of Balistic Vehicules « SEREB » whose military achievements (Gemstone Program) led to the rocket Diamant, the first French space launcher. The National Center for Space Studies « CNES » was created at the initiative of President Charles de Gaulle on December 19th, 1961 to provide a structure responsible for coordinating and animating French space activities centered at the time on development of the rocket launcher Diamant. Its first mission is to put France in the ranks of space powers alongside the USSR and the United States. This goal was achieved on November 26th, 1965 with the launch of Diamant A from the Joint Special Equipment Testing Center in Hammaguir, Algeria. From 1961 to 1981, CNES is the Center of Europe’s space. CNES is responsible for financing two-third of the program and assumes by delegation the Industrial Division for the development and production of the Ariane rocket in 1977. This goal was realized on Decembre 24th, 1979 with the successful launch of Ariane 1 of the Kourou base. The launch is developed several times to ensure Ariane 4 very quickly the majority of commercial launches.

In the 1980s, the European Space Agency « European Space Agency » named « ESA » which CNES helped to create and which it has equipped with the Ariane rocket, becomes a major agency and a number of international organization are entrusted to him. The 1980s are finally for CNES the beginning of the manned flight in cooperation with the USSR (Jean-Loup Chretien in 1982) then the United States (Patrick Baudry in 1985), opening the way to the space medecine. It is also the commitment of studies and works to realize the shuttle Hermes which must be pit in orbit by the future launcher Ariane 5. Hermes, which mobilizes efforts for eight years, is finally abandoned in 1993 when space research lost its importance with the end of the Cold War and the commercialization of application satellites is well established. Jean-Loup Chretien, born on August 20th, 1938 in La Rochelle, is a French general, a fighter pilot and then a skydiver at CNES. He is the first Frenchman, the first Francophone and the first western European in space in 1982. He was also the first European to make an extravehicular spacewalk. He flew a second space flight aboard Soyouz TM7 in 1988. Patrick Baudry, born on March 6th, 1946 in Douala, in Cameroon, is a former fight pilot of the French Air France and test pilot who became the second French skydiver.

Until 2003, 144 Ariane of these first generations were launched (including 116 Ariane 4) with an exceptional success rate. Ariane 5, more powerful, is studied to take the continuation. CNES has a public service mission in addition to its role in preparing and implementing France’s space policy in Europe. CNES represents France at ESA and is successfully reframing its activities on an ambitious national program that is much more application oriented. CNES is responsible for a large number of space projects. CNES works in collaboration with Arianespace (Evry) and European Space Agency (ESA), in five areas of activity: 1. Access to space (investments in launchers). 2. Earth, environment and climate (science and innovation for sustainable development). 3. Consumer Applications (telecoms and navigation). 4. Science and innovation (for astronomy and fundamental physics). 5. Security and Defense. The National Center for Space Studies « CNES » is still in 2018, the National Space Agency the largest of the European Union countries. CNES is a public industrial and commercial « EPIC » institution charged with developing, proposing and implementing the French space program to the French government. 52

CNES has a budget of 2.438 billion Euros in 2018, which remains the largest in Europe (38 to 39 Euros per capita in 2018). It includes the portion donated to the European Space Agency, of which CNES is the largest contributor (965 million Euros in 2018), which is devoted essentially to scientific missions (Astronomy, Exploration of the Solar System, Earth Study) and investments in launchers. CNES is under the joint supervision of the Ministries of Research and the Armed Forces. CNES also plays the role of assistant to the developer, the European Space Agency for new developments. The share invested directly by CNES is in order of importance for launchers and the management of the Kourou launching (324 million Euros, 17%); military missions (269 million Euros, 14%); scientific (167 million Euros, 9%); the study of binational cooperation (120 million Euros, 6%); developments around telecommunications and navigation satellites (42 million Euros, 2%). CNES, for historical reasons, is the European Space Agency most involved in the development of European launchers. CNES supports part of the Kourou launch base management and the investments needed to accommodate the new launchers. CNES does not manage the budget paid to the European organization EUMETSAT, the head of the meteorological system.

CNES is also involved in the development of the Ariane 5ME, which would replace Ariane 5EGA in 2018 and has more capacity and more flexibility thanks to the Vinci cryogenic engine. CNES is participating in the debate on the future European launcher by exploring several topics: avionics, evolution of solid propulsion, kerosene / oxygen propulsion. In telecommunication, despite the success of Symphonie, CNES does not plan to pursue a national effort. CNES has supported Europe and its ECS program to support radiocommunications (telephone, television, data transmission). « This decision is reviewed a few years later at the request of the DGT (Directorate General of Telecommunications) and TDF (broadcasting from France) wishing to maintain their autonomy in this highly competition sector. CNES then launches the TELECOM and TDF programs for the benefit of and according to the dorectives of these administrations. »  Seven two-generation Telecom satellites launched between 1984 and 1996.  Two TDF (Telediffusion de France) television satellites were put into orbit in 1988 and 1990. From the end of the 1980s, the commercial aspect took over and it is the operators who order the industry (Astra, Eutelsat…). 54

Consumer Applications Telecommunications satellites:  Development of the Alphabus platform.  Design of a flexible payload (Flip project). Satellite navigation:  Design of the Cospas-Sarsat system.  European navigation satellite Galileo, SaR /Galileo. CNES is one of the designers of the Cospas-Sarsat system, an international program for search and rescue of maritime, aeronautical or land vehicles anywhere in the world. Initiated in 1982, it is composed of a constellation of satellites flying permanently over the Earth listening for the signals emitted by the distress beacons. The Galileo European navigation satellites carry a CospasSarsat payload which will increase the system’s performance: the warning times will be reduced and the localization will be raised to a few meters. CNES is responsible for validating the SaR / Galileo service and ensuring its operational implementation on behalf of the European Space Agency. The CNES R&D-THD-Sat project is structured around four complementary technological axes, covering both the space segment and the Telecommunication. The total capacity of the system being directly proportional for the number of beams generated on the ground and to the accessible frequency band, and on the increase of the rate of the carriers transmitted to the user and by the user. 55

Studies:  Development of the MM2G program.  Deployment of non-geostationary satellites.  Participation in the ESA project for the evolution of the Egnos system. CNES is developing the MM2G (Second Generation Multimedia). This program provides complementary satellite coverage of broadband internet needs with the launch of a satellite to 2015. It also covers the needs of very high speed mobile phones for professional use. It requires the deployment of non-geostationary satellites with large diameter antennas (20 meters). CNES also contributes to the participation in the ESA project in evolution of the Egnos system.

Scientific applications (sciences and innovations) CNES’s scientific and technological projects focus on astronomy, the study of the solar system, fundamental physics and the development of new techniques. This Franco-European mission (participation of CNES 70%) is dedicated to the analysis of seismic movements of stars and the search for exoplanets. Launched in 2006, the mission has been extended until 2013 (in astronomy). CNES has a 34.81% stake in Arianespace, which markets Ariane 5, Vega and some Soyouz rocket launches. CNES also has a 40% stake in the Real Estate Company of Kouro (SIMKO). 56

CoRot: (for Convection Rotation and Transis planetary) is a space telescope for studying the internal structure of stars and looking for exoplanets. Launched on December 27th, 2006, CoRot is the first telescope in orbit in search of extrasolar planets and especially terrestrial planets. After seven and a half years of operation and many discoveries, the satellite is deactivated on June 17th, 2014, which means the end of the mission. Astronomy:  Realization and implementation of the Corot telescope.  Participation in the ESA Herschel infrared space observatory launched in 2009.  Participation in the submillimetry space observatory of ESA Planck launched in 2009.  SVOM is a Frech-Chinese project studying the X-ray.

Exploration of solar system:  Picard, launched in 2010, is a micro-satellite that studies the Sun.  Participated in NASA Science Laboratory Martian Mission via ChemCam and SAM embedded instruments.  Participation in the joint ESA / Japan BepiColombo mission to Mercury.  Participation in ESA Rosetta Project.  Satellite Taranis study of energy phenomena associated with thunderstorms.

Basic physics:  Microscope: a satellite designed to verify the principle of equivalence with unparalleled precision (planned launch in 2015 in 2016).  Pharao: experimental atomic clock on board the international station in 2013.

Technology:  T2L2: Atomic clock synchronization experiment using a laser and satellite link embedded in the Jason-2 satellite launched in 2008.  Prisma: participation in the Swedish Prisma experimentation project on satellite flights in formation. Security and Defense:  Helios: optical reconnaissance satellites launched between 1995 and 2009.  Elisa: listening micro-satellites (Elint) launched in 2011.  Athena-Fidus: Franco-Italian project of military telecommunications satellites.  Musis: European military reconnaissance satellite project. France is responsible for developing the narrowfiled optical component.

Budget: France is the second country in the world (after the United States) in terms of investment in space.

Participation in the European Space Agency’s program amounts to 833 million Euros in 2017, plus 91 million Euros under the PIA, a French program for public investment in research set up in 2010 to boost the competitiveness of the European Space Agency’economy. These amounts are paid by the CNES to ESA, and are due to the rule of geographical return spent mainly with research centers and French industrialists. The Launcher Directorate (DLA) moved to the new town of Evry in 1974 when Bretigny-sur-Orge closed. In 2011 the DLA moved to the new site of the 12th arrondissement in Paris Daumesnil. The camera sweeps Paris Daumesnil and close-up on the headquarters of the Directorate of Launches « DLA ». DLA ensures the development of Ariane launchers and accompanies the industrial production phase on behalf of Arianespace. The DLA is responsible for the first floor of the Vega launcher. The DLA is the prime contractor for the Soyouz shooting range in French Guiana. DLA is premaring the future by working on new generations of launchers and propulsion systems. The camera leaves the DLA site, describes a circle that brings us back to the CNES site. The head office of CNES located in Paris allows its services to define the main strategic directions of the company and the priority programs. 59

The camera sweeps the city of Paris and closeup on the Place Maurice Quentin. The camera goes up in the open air and close-up on the headquarters of the National Center for Space Studies ÂŤ CNES Âť. Alan: Melted on his face. (He smiles). He goes to the headquarters of CNES, accompanied by Pearl while talking. The camera frames Alan and Pearl at the CNES press fair. The camera is part of the traditional press breakfast of the media meeting with the CNES Director General. Fade to white, the camera sweeps the press conference which starts at 9 am by the presentation of the Director General, followed by an interview. The Director General: Faded white on his face, he took stock of the work done by CNES and future prospects. Fade out on the presentation of the small geostationary satellites and the list of official dates for future launches. The camera leaves Alan and Pearl, describes a circle that brings us back to the Saha Station. The aesthetics is very well cared for, the Saha Station is highlighted. Vessels have visited all the planets of our Solar System, our Galaxy, what about other galaxies? The film ends with the next stage of the installation of the new Saha Station on the crater of the moon! 60

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