Oxford Street Urban Design Intervention Portfolio by Evan Kriswandi Soendjojo

School of Architecture, Design and Planning

ARCH9100 Introduction to Urban Design Semester 1a, 2018 | 6 credit points

Unit Coordinator: Dr. Tooran Alizadeh email: tooran.alizadeh@sydney.edu.au Lecturer: Gabriela Fernandez, Tooran Alizadeh, Deena Ridenour Tutor: Gabriela Fernandez, Pranita Shrestha, Tamanna Sultana, Shawly

Assessment 2

Urban Design Intervention

Oxford Street

Sydney - from Crown St. to Comber St.

Authors: Evan Kriswandi Soendjojo | 470149762 Tao Ruyu | 480119186

Table of Content Executive Summary Introduction Analysis Street Impressions Geographic Features Demographic Information Figure Ground Street History and Characteristics Heritage Conservation Map Heritage Building Climate Topography Trees and Vegetation Land Use Subdivision Pattern Building Functions Building Setback Building Height Structure of Public Domain

3 4 5 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 16 17 20 22 24 25 26 27

Spatial Division Quality of Built Edges Major Achievements + Problems Vision Statement + Key Objectives Precedents Shared Space Vertical Garden Urban Art as Shades Design Intervention Integrating Oxford St. as one Shared Space Adding More Green Space Area Applying Urban Art as Shades Design Drawings Plans Sections Streetscape Layer Conclusion List of References

35 36 38 39 40 40 42 43 44 44 47 48 49 49 52 53 54 55

Executive Summary The Place

Major Achievements

Major Problems

Mix Land Use

Vehicle Domination

Late Night Management

Closing Stores

Preserving Heritage

Divided Squares

Unique Community

Lack of Green Space

Relatively Small Blocks

Lack of Shades

Vision Statement To enhance the vibrancy and liveliness of the whole Oxford Street at the various times of day by these three key objectives:

1. Integrating the Oxford Street from Crown St. to Comber St. as one â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Shared Spaceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

2. Adding More Green Space Area

3. Applying Urban Art as Shades from Weather Conditions 3

Introduction

Oxford Street is a major road in Sydney running from Whitlam square on the south east corner of Hyde Park in the Central Business District (CBD) of Sydney to Bondi Junction in the eastern suburbs. Oxford Street runs through Darlinghurst and Paddington suburbs. Our study area focuses on the Oxford Street stretching from Crown Street to Comber Street including various important landmarks like Taylor Square, the Darlinghurst Courthouse, The University of Notre Dame, Saint Vincent’s hospital and Sacred Heart Catholic church among many other commercial and residential buildings. The study area sits in the heart of CBD and can be easily accessible by train from Museum station. There are bus stops located at an average distance of two blocks along the street. The street is just 1.6 km away from Central station making it vehicular friendly. The development of the Oxford Street as an important commercial district in Sydney dates back to 1860. The street underwent various changes in settlement patterns and planning principles until 1920’s, where finally Oxford Street as we know today has formed. From 1960’s residential buildings were built making the precinct occupied by multiple building typologies. In 2003, Oxford Street is incorporated into City of Sydney under South Sydney Council. The study area and the surrounding precinct are listed in the NSW State heritage register as urban heritage along with many prominent buildings. The street is adorned with various state and local heritage listed buildings improving the quality of the street. Oxford Street comprises mostly of 15 meters high with Victorian style houses on the upper floors and shops/restaurants on the ground floor. Being in a heritage listed zone, the precinct has lower height restrictions creating a uniform skyline. Oxford Street is marked by different buildings including commercial hub, public squares and public buildings giving a unique street identity to the area. The area from Crown Street to Taylor Square comprises of mixed use buildings with restaurants/bars/cafes. The pedestrian walkway is facilitated by street amenities and vegetation making the journey comfortable for the transits. Taylor Square and public buildings form an important layer in the street scape. This area is associated with LGBTQI community and is used by people from different walks of life at different times for different purposes. These squares act as the link connecting the two parts of Oxford Street and enhancing the urban quality of the area. Lastly the part from Taylor Square to Comber Street comprises of commercial buildings, mixed use buildings and residential apartments. This stretch is usually busy in the mornings and deserted during the night. The walkways are not fitted with street furniture and do not have any shelter making the street undesirable to use during the day. Image source: author

Street Impression

Image source: author

Geographic Features

Map showing the surrounding areas of Darlinghurst suburb and Paddington suburb along with the extent of the street. Source: Google Maps, accessed on 18/03/2018.

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Map showing important landmarks around the immediate surroundings of the area along with nearest transit stations. Source: Google Maps, accessed on 18/03/2018.

Map nearest transit stations along with most frequently used vehicular path indicating major highways. Source: Google Maps, accessed on 18/03/2018.

Oxford Street is one of Sydney’s most famous shopping strips, running through the vibrant inner Sydney suburbs of Darlinghurst and Paddington. Oxford Street village, which surrounds the main street, is as diverse as the main street itself containing world famous retailers, heritage terrace houses, cultural institutions and sprawling parklands. Spanning the suburbs of Darlinghurst, Paddington, Moore Park and Centennial Park, Oxford Street village is a contrasting mix of historic inner city terraces and sprawling parklands. This village is renowned for its diverse culture and creative scene. It has long been seen as the heart of gay and lesbian culture in Sydney, and for many this remains an important characteristic of the area. Community events such as the yearly Mardi Gras festival give residents and local businesses the chance to celebrate this diversity. http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au

”

Map showing the location of the street among its neighbourhood in the city of Sydney. Source: Google Maps, accessed on 18/03/2018. Annotation by author.

Demographic Information Median Age

18.988

1.3%

$96.986

Population

Population Growth

Median Household Income

37.6

per annum

89%

44%

Average Age

White Collar Worker

Born Overseas

Education

Housing Status Owner

56% Bachelor Degree or Higher

12% Studying at University/TAFE

17%

Purchaser

24% Renter-Public Renter-Private

Household Structure Couples with no kids Families (Includes single parents

29% Maps showing median age from each block

12%

Singles

46%

54% Groups

12%

Data Source: - http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au accessed 18-03-2018. - Australian Bureau of Statics. 2016 Census Quick Stats. February 2018. http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au accessed on 18-03-2018.

Demographic Information 2016 - Census Quick Statistics S1 - Streets including little oxford street and Ryder Street S2 - Streets from Taylor square (Taylor st, sturt st, Chisholm st, Sims st and Flemings ln) N1 - Streets including Crown st, Foley st. N2 - Streets adjacent to Eastern Distributor and Oxford St. N3 - Streets including St. Vincentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s private hospital.

Graph showing labour force status per week in study area

Graph showing the population of the study area and the surrounding suburbs.

From the data, the average age group and the population ratio around the study area can be understood. Through this data, vehicular traffic and foot traffic at the site can be understood during a particular hourof a particular day. Mapping the age group with the facilities such as schools, universities, hospitals and public spaces around the study area, the direction and frequency of transit can be deducted. The study area includes public squares, restaurants and a church. Through the above data and studying the behavioral pattern of the age groups, the usage of different spheres during different times can beunderstood.

Data Source: - Australian Bureau of Statics. 2016 Census Quick Stats. February 2018. http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au accessed on 18-03-2018.

Graph to analyse the vehicular and foot traffic around the study area

Figure Ground

This figure ground indicates the building footprints, blocks, street and lanes that form the urban fabric of the Oxford Street. All of this elements will be analysed further in detail to see how each element performs and interacts with each other

Building Footprint Blocks Streets and Lanes

Scale 1 : 2,500

Street History & Characteristics Historical Map

Image showing building layouts along Oxford Street in 1844. Source: Historical atlas of Sydney, City of Sydney accessed 18-02-2018.

Oxford Street has a distinctive character defined by different activities happening throughout its precinct defining a broad urban spectrum. Close to CBD, Oxford Street is lined up with numerous bars, restaurants and nightclubs making it a busy street throughout the week and buzzing with residents during weekends in particular. The section to the east of Taylor Square, running through the suburb of Paddington forms an upmarket shopping strip and represents the home of public buildings like the Courthouse and University giving it a special character from the adjoining strip. Oxford Street is also listed in the NSW State heritage register as urban heritage along with many prominent buildings.

Data Source: NSW Office of Environment and Heritage. Oxford Street Heritage Conservation Area. Australia. Accessed on 18-03-2018. http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=2424247

Historical Timeline Prior to 1788

The areas around what was to become Oxford Street were the home of the Cadigal tribe of the Aboriginal people.

1840

Advent of three major government initiatives opening way for major growth and development along Old South head road.

1860

Paddington became the Sydneyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s first commuter suburb.

1870 to-1880

Oxford Street became one of most prosperous and commercial district in Sydney.

1890

Oxford street was identified as Sydneyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s one of the most prominent high streets.

1907

The widening of Oxford Street was accomplished by demolition of the Victoria Hotel to improve the intersection of Bourke, Flinders and Oxford streets.

1908

The intersection is named Taylor Square in honor of Allen Taylor.

1920

Oxford Street enjoyed a period of prosperity with new developments constructed to encourage professionals and small specialist business needs. The clothing trade also experienced rapid growth.

1950 to 1960

The character of street began to change with the increase of migrants settling in the area. Patterns of home ownership changed such that more individual houses were purchased and more professional people moved into the area.

1965

Emergence of a gay presence on Oxford Street became evidence in the wake of the Vietnam War and shifts in the demography of Kings Cross.

1978, 24 June

The first Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras parade was held, followed by confrontations with the police force in Kings Cross.

2003

Area of Oxford Street under South Sydney Council incorporated into the City of Sydney. 10

Heritage Conservation Map

Scale 1 : 2,500 11

Heritage Buildings

Image source: author

Climate: General Data Weather

Temperature

Rainfall

Solar Exposure

Data Source: Australian Government, Bureau of Meteorology. http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/data/ accessed on 18-03-2018

Climate: Solar Access Spring | September - November

Summer | December - January

Morning | 06.14 am

Morning | 06.15 am

Noon | 12.00 pm

Afternoon | 04.00 pm

The analysis of solar acces in Oxford Street could be divided into four seasons. Each season could be divided into three different times of day: Morning, Noon and Afternoon. In spring, the latest sunrise is at September 1st, 6:14 am. After this date, the time of sunrising consistently enhancing, until November 30th, 5:37 am. In Summer, the latest sunrise is at December 1st, 5:37 am. After this date, the time of sunrising consisitently decreaseing, until the end date of the summer in Feb 28st, 6:41pm. The general solar access situation in spring is plentiful. Due to the buildings height, in the morning the space on the West of the high buildings like the church, the hospital and the new apartment would have shade which could cover the street (10-15 m). At noon, nearly all streets and lanes could accessed by sunlight. In the afternoon, solar access angle turns West, so some parts of the main street will be covered by the shade and on the Northeast of the high buildings the shade can cover a large area. The solar access situation in summer is pretty similar with spring, but the sunlight could access more area. In general, due to the average low building height, the main street and the Taylor Square can be accessed by sunlight for the whole day. 14

Climate: Solar Access Autumn | March - May

Winter | June - August

Morning | 06.45 am

Morning | 06.47 am

Noon | 12.00 pm

Afternoon | 04.00 pm

In Autumn, the earliest sunrise is at March 1st, 6:42 am. After this date, the time of sunrise consistently enhancing, until May 31st, 6:50 am. (Hours change because of clock change) In Winter, the earlist sunrise is at June 1st, 6:51 am. After this date, the time of sunrise consisitently decreasing, until the August 31st, 6:15 pm. The general solar access situation in Autum is plentiful in the main street but less in the lanes. Due to the buildings height, in the morning on the Southeast of the high buildings like the church, the hospital and the new apartment will have shade which could cover the street (10-15m) and most secondary road can not have access to direct sunlight. At noon, nearly all streets could have access to sunlight. In the afternoon, solar access angle turn West, so some parts of the main street will be covered by shade and on the Southwest of the high buildings the shade can cover a large area. The solar access situation in Winter is pretty similar with autumn, but the sunlight could access less area. Due to the average low building height, the main street and the Talyor Square can be accessed by sunlight for the whole day, but the secondary streets and lanes have less sunlight. 15

Topography

78 m 68 m 58 m 48 m 38 m 28 m

This topograpy map indicates that the main street is located in relatively flat area with slight slope from Southeast to Northwest.

Data Source: Countour line downloaded from Cadmapper. com: Oxford Street, https://cadmapper.com/ accessed 20-03-2018. Altitude data gathered from Topographic-map. com: Oxford Street, http://en-au.topographic-map.com/places/Darlinghurst-1622055/ accessed 07-04-2018

Scale 1 : 2,500 16

Trees and Vegetation Crown Street to Taylor Square

A number of trees are evenly planted along Oxford Street with a few pairs of flower beds hung on flag columns. Trees are absent from back streets (Little Oxford St and Foley St) but there are few small-scale green elements in front of residential blocks. South Taylor Square is decorated by three trees near Campbell Street and a small lawn. Though ten small trees are planted, North Taylor Square looks solid and lack of shading and vitality.

Taylor Square to Hospital

A few trees are planted along the Northern sidewalk. The spacious green area in front of the Darlinghurst Court House is separated from the sidewalk by iron fencing. Vines are growing on the fence in front of the Secret Heart Church, safeguarding and decorating the century-old heritage building. The green belts starting from the small Three Saints Square in front of the hospital extend Northeast along the edge of the building. The well-shaded narrow sidewalk between parallel green belts along Barcom Avenue ends near Barcom Avenue Park. On the south, trees completely disappear where the sidewalk narrows. There is no green element along the street until the corner of Oxford St and S Dowling St where some green garden beds are concentratedly placed. In terms of back streets, the Sturt St is decorated by few privately planted trees and garden beds while the Taylor St is intensively and beautifully lined with trees.

East of Hospital

On the North sidewalk, there are only two trees which are planted near the corner of Oxford St and West St. A few garden beds are evenly placed from hospital to trees. There is no green element between West St and Comber St. A number of small trees are lined on one side of West St while the extremely narrow Holdsworth Ln is shaded by trees that extend out over walls. On the south sidewalk, a few trees are planted from the garage entrance to Rosebud Ln. There is no other green element except a set of garden beds on the corner of S Dowling St. Marshall St and Rose Terrace is a beautiful garden space decorated by a variety of vegetation species planted in the ground and in numerous private garden beds.

Scale 1 : 2,500 17

Trees and Vegetation

Image source: author

Trees and Vegetation

Image source: author

Land Use: Zoning LOCAL CENTRE LOCAL CENTRE PUBLIC RECREATION PUBLIC RECREATION INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE MIXED USE MIXEDRESIDENTIAL USE GENERAL GENERAL RESIDENTIAL

The located inin the thewell-eswell-established Thesite site isis located shopping strip of oxford The site tablished shopping stripinof street. oxford The site is located the well-established contains different of building typologies street. The site contains different shopping stripkinds of oxford street. The site with mixed use, public recreation and kinds of building typologies with contains different kinds of building typologies infrastructure over powering theand main strip ofand mixed public recreation with use, mixed use, public recreation oxford street. over infrastructure infrastructure overpowering powering the the main strip of main strip of oxford street. The oxford street. The is predominantly oxfordoxford street street is predominantly characterized bybytwo-three buildings characterized two-three The oxford street storey issto-predominantly with restaurants/cafes/bars/shops onbuildings the rey buildings with restaurants/ characterized by two-three storey ground and residences on the floors cafes/bars/shops on the ground with floor restaurants/cafes/bars/shops on the above. floor and residences on the floors ground floor and residences on the floors above. above.The building styles include The includeand thefedcollection of thebuilding collectionstyles of Victorian Victorian and era buildings along of eration era federation buildings along the The building styles include the collection the southern side street in Darlinghurst southern side thethe street inera DarVictorian andof of federation buildings along and the consistent group of federation free linghurst and the consistent group the southern side of the street in Darlinghurst style buildings along thegroup northern side of thefree ofand federation free style buildings the consistent of federation oxford street. along the northern side the of the ox- side of the style buildings along northern ford street. The whole area of the oxford street. The whole area including of the oxford street oxford street a part of including a Darlinghurst part of Darlinghurst Paddington is and is inThe whole areaPaddington of theand oxford street including included in the theDarlinghurst urbanheritage. heritage. Due to this is cluded urban Due a partin of and Paddington the planning restricts height toincluded this the planning regulations re-theDue inregulations the urban heritage. to this of stricts the buildings in the area for two to three the height of the buildings in the planning regulations restricts the height storeys. the two to in three of area the for buildings thestoreys. area for two to three storeys.

Scale 1 : 2,500 20

urst nd The

ublic. ed by

Land Use: Actual Building Use EXISTING – Mixed use with restaurants/shops/ EXISTING – ground floor and cafes/bars on Mixed use with restaurants/shops/ residences on floor above. EXISTING – on cafes/bars ground floor and Mixedresidences use with on restaurants/shops/ floor above. LEP –

cafes/bars on ground floor and Local Centre residences above. LEP – on floor EXISTING –

Local Centre Mixed use with restaurants/shops/ cafes/bars on ground floor and LEP – Localresidences Centre on floor above. LEP – Local Centre EXISTING – Public buildings including Darlinghurst EXISTING – University, Hospital and The Courthouse, Public buildings including Darlinghurst Church. Courthouse, University, Hospital and The Church. LEP –

EXISTING – Infrastructure Public buildings including Darlinghurst LEP – EXISTING – Courthouse, University, Hospital and The Infrastructure Public buildings including Darlinghurst Church. Courthouse, University, Hospital and The Church.

LEP – LEP – Infrastructure

Infrastructure

EXISTING – Taylor Square and parks used by public. EXISTING – pockets are mainly used by These green Taylor Square and parks used by public. residents and commuters These green pockets are mainly used by residents and commuters LEP –

Public Recreation LEP – EXISTING EXISTING – – Public Taylor Recreation Square and parks used by public. Taylor Square and parks used by public. These green EXISTING – pockets are mainly used by These green pockets areofmainly used by residents and commuters Residential buildings typically 2-3 EXISTING – residents and commuters floors. Residential buildings of typically 2-3 LEP – floors. Public LEP – LEP – Recreation Low Density Residence and General Public Recreation LEP – Residential area. Low Density EXISTING – Residence and General Residential buildings area. Residential of typically 2-3 EXISTING floors. –

Residential buildings of typically 2-3 floors. LEP –

Scale 1 : 2,500

Low Density Residence and General

Residential area. LEP – Low Density Residence and General Residential area.

Image source: author

Subdivision Pattern

Mix Commercial Block Public Space Corner Shops Independent Shops Mix Commercial Building Old Apartment New Apartment Individual House

The subdivision pattern in the Oxford street could be classififed into several different types which have different characteristics. The patterns show that independent shops are the major parts of the area. Then, there are the corner shops which are located in the intersections. The other types are the mixed commercial block and the mix commercial buildings. Therefore, the types of commercial buildings are great examples which show the variety of the Oxford street urban fabric.

Scale 1 : 2,500 22

Subdivision Pattern Mix Commercial Building

Public Building

Mix commercial building is the type of building which have several different commercial functions together in a single building, for example, cinema, bar, clotheshopsa and massage.

Building Height: 20-30 m. Public buildings are important structures in Oxford Street. They have the biggest size and occupy large area. Some of them are the landmarks of the area.

Individual House

Frontage Width: 3.3 - 5m. These are kinds of classcial individual house, usually are terrace house, located behind the first line of the commercial buildings, the front of the house has wooden blacony and inron curving and on the background usually have wall painting and delicate decoration.

Corner Shop

Amount: 9 The Corner shops create an important feature of the Oxford street, they are located in the intersection of the street, have two or three facades, all for commercial use. Most of them have awnings and the door is usually set in the corner.

Mix Commercial Block

Independent Shop Frontage Width: 4-8 m. This is a type of small shops with relatively narrow frontage. Each individual building is a shop. There are usually more than ten shops combined together in one block. These buildings are the major and classical buildings in Oxford street which create the distinctive originality of the Oxford street.

New Apartment Building Height: 20-30 m. New apartment is a modern building form which is located behind the first line of commercial buildings. They create the background vision line of the Oxford street.

Mix commercial block has some similarity with â&#x20AC;&#x153;Mix commercial buildingsâ&#x20AC;?. This is a single long, big building which occupy the whole block. The fist floor is divided into different commercial shops and it has 3 level. Image source: author

Building Functions West of Taylor Square

East of Taylor Square

Image source: author

Building Setback

The setbacks in this area are not distinctly could be observed as the majority of the buildings do not have any setback. The buildings which have setback aim to keep a buffer area with the street, for example creating a space for a gate or using it as part of the portico. The width of these setbacks usually are really narrow, no more than one meter. One building that have a quite large setback is the Sacred Heart Catholic Church. The yard and the grassland of the Darlinghurst courthouse is the largest setback. Unfortunately, it is not opened for the public and occupied the large area next to Taylor square. This lack of setbacks in the buildings of Taylor Street indicates that the land use in this area is very tight.

Scale 1 : 2,500 Image source: author

Building Height

Scale 1 : 2,500 26

Structure of Public Domain: Streets and Lanes

This image indicates the streets and lanes which together form the structure of The Oxford Street with the backbone which stretches from North West to South East, connected to some major Sydney streets and many lanes. With these many intersections, it is clear that Oxford Street receive quite heavy traffic from many parts of the city that signify its function as an important commercial hub. Its shopping strips along the street benefit the most from this sizeable traffic. At the heart of this street, there is Tailor Square which serves as the center of activities, meeting point and public landmark to enhance the imageabiliy of this place by helping people to recognise and better navigate this street network. The variety of size of the streets and lanes is one of the strenght of this place to generate diversity of building types and functions that makes it more interesting, habitable and sustainable. It is interesting to see different ambience of different streets and lanes. It is habitable for the residents to stay in some quite lanes while working in the bustling commercial strips. It is sustainable because this variety ensures different activities in various times of day.

Scale 1 : 2,500 27

Structure of Public Domain: Street Dimension OXFORD ST. ROW: 30 m

FLINDERS ST. ROW: 28 m

FOLEY ST. ROW: 6 m

TAYLOR ST. ROW: 9.5 m

KELLS LN. ROW: 4.8 m

VERONA ST. ROW: 9 m

PALMER ST. ROW: 20 m

LITTLE OXFORD ST. ROW: 5.5 m HOLDSWORTH LN. ROW: 5.5 m

CROWN ST. ROW: 20 m

RYDER ST. ROW: 5 m

CHRISHOLM ST. ROW: 9.3 m

DENHAM ST. ROW: 10 m

STURT ST. ROW: 6 m

DARLINGHURST RD. ROW: 20 m

Image source: author

Structure of Public Domain: Street Density

This image shows the density of the Oxford Street. The highest vehicle flow rate is in the main street, then the Flinders Street as it is located in the intersection of the Talyor Square; after that is the Crown Street and S Dowling Street and other branches. The majority of these streets could accomodate vehicles but some of the lanes can not. Talyor square is the most hectic area. Here not only has the largest vehicle flowrate, but also attracts many tourists as it serves as the core area in the Oxford Street. Except several street, those lanes and branches do not have high flowrate as these areas are quiet residential areas.In general, the density is pretty good to make this street lively with activities due to the complicated network and many options for people moving around.

Scale 1 : 2,500 29

Structure of Public Domain: Street Blocks giant blocks with low permeability

Indicative in this image is the various size of street blocks that configurate the Oxford Street. There are big blocks as well as small blocks that is located in the frontage of the main street. But, almost all blocks that are located in the second layer are relatively small blocks. This various arrangements of block induce an overal good balance of permeability where people have some choices how to move around the streets, especially in getting into the residential blocks. However, the giant blocks on the North part of the street have low permeability which result in reducing number of people getting around that area. This condition also affects the commercial strip which is located in their south counterparts. That commercial strip has less crowd than the ones in the west of Taylor Square that is indicated by some closing and abandoned stores.

Scale 1 : 2,500 30

Structure of Public Domain: Footpaths This image indicates the footpaths that connect the blocks of the Oxford Street and configurate the walkability of this place, with the dedicated pedestrian walkway in the main and secondary streets and shared walkway in the lanes. Based on the observation, the pedestrian walkway in the main street is quiet big enough to accomodate peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s activities, such as walking, waiting for bus, looking at some stores, and even having coffee, lunch or dinner in the spillover of some cafes, pub and restaurants. The dimension of most of the pedestrian walkway is 5 m wide with an exception in the East of Taylor Square, at the South side of Oxford Street which only 3.5 m wide. While the 5 m pedestrian walkway could accomodate trees which provide shade, the 3.5 m walkway could not, which makes it very hot at the afternoon. This results in reducing number of people using the walkway and consequently less busier shops and even closing venues.

Scale 1 : 2,500 Narrowing pedestrian walkway

No trees on that sidewalk

Clossing venues

Closing venues Image source: author

Structure of Public Domain: Footpaths PEDESTRIAN WALKWAY

INFRASTRUCTURE

Sidewalk on Oxford Street (Main Street)

Sidewalk on Campbell Street (Secondary Street)

Shared zone on Chrisholm Street (Lanes)

Sidewalk on Taylor Street (Lanes)

This photos indicate the quality of the pedestrian sidewalk in the main street, secondary streets and lanes. On the main street, most pedestrian walkwayss have awning to protect the pedestrians from rain and sunheat to support street activities even in sunny or rainy days. This results in thriving commercial strips along the main street. In some secondary streets especially with commercial strip like Crown Street, awning is also provided. However, no awning is provided on the lanes because most of the buildings on the lanes are residential building. There are some trees in some lanes to provide shade. Not all lanes also have sidewalk because the dimension is too narrow, so shared zone is enacted.

Bus stop on the Oxford Street

STREET FURNITURE

Sidewalk Bench

Mailbox

Trash Bin

Plaza Bench

Fountain Image source: author

Structure of Public Domain: Bicycle Lanes Separated off-road cycleway Dedicated on-road cycleway Bicycle-friendly road

As one of the prominent streets in the city of Sydney, Oxford Street is also accomodating cyclists by providing on-road and off-road cycleways. However, the on-road cycleway in the main street is less effective because it is in the same lane with bus lane which is pretty busy all day long. Therefore, more cyclists are using the pedestrian walkways instead. Meanwhile, the separated off-road cycleway in Campbell Street and Bourke Street is quite effective with constant users.

Separated off-road cycleway on Bourke Street

Scale 1 : 2,500 Cyclists prefers using pedestrian walkway in the main street Image source: author

Structure of Public Domain: Public Square

1. Taylor Square at the afternoon with the iconic rainblow flag

5. The North side of the square is used as pop-up organic market on Sunday

1 2. The square is used as a place to conduct public survey at night

6. This market activates the square in Sunday morning.

3. People are chilling out at night on the square

4. The water fountain is the main unique feature of the square

Taylor Square is located at the center of the Oxford Street and becomes one of the landmark of the place. People could easily recognise the place and use it as meeting points. Citizens use this public space to sit, wait, meet friends, play skateboards, conduct surveys, and open pop-up market and play street music. However, there is one problem. In the hot sunny day and when it rains, the square is almost empty because most parts do not have any shade to protect people from sun heat or rainwater. Therefore, it is more active at night than day. There is a potential to activate the square more by providing more shades and street furniture that make people more comfortable in using it.

40m Image source: author

Spatial Division

From the overall view, Oxford Street could divided into four precincts based on its features, North Precinct, Commercial Precinct, Core Public Precinct and South Cultural Precinct. North Precinct stretches from the Hyde park. Most of the buildings there are apartments with commercial shops at the street level. The Commercial Precinct is the most lively area which has many shops with typical gay signs, coutures and pubs. The Core Public Precinct is the inner area in the Oxford Street with many public buildings. The major part in this precinct is the famous Taylor Square, surrounded by many bars and public facilities. The most distinct building is the Darlinghurst Courthouse. There are also some historical brick structures. The South Cultural Precinct has many cultural imprints, for example, church, university, art galleries, bookshops, design studios and cinema.

Scale 1 : 2,500 35

Quality of Built Edges GRADE A – The buildings which have a good access points, clean and visually pleasing surroundings and ample sunlight. Most of the shops at oxford street and residences are identified as grade a.

GRADE B – Most of the buildings from Taylor square to comber street are graded in these due to lack of proper street view and adequate street furniture making it less usable. Residential blocks without adequate sunlight and access are also included in this grade.

GRADE C – The corner buildings which are not in good condition but the plot have an abundant potential to increase the quality of the street is marked in this grade. Few of the blocks which are closed and are disrupting the street view are marked as this grade indicating potential for development.

GRADE D – The corner property which is an eyesore and is not used is marked in this category. This site have a lot of potential for development but is left without proper care.

Scale 1 : 2,500 GREEN AREAS – These are green areas in the locality which are used by public.

Quality of Built Edges Grade

Building Types

Photographs

Analysis

1. 2.

Shop fronts from Crown street to Taylor Square. The public buildings including Darlinghurst Court house, University and The Church. Most of the residential buildings at the site area.

2. 3. 2.

The shops lining onto Oxford street are user friendly with adequate street scaping to attract visitors during all times of the day. They increase the street value of the study area. These buildings are mostly heritage buildings giving a special characteristic feature to the street. The residences are built in residential zone marked in the LEP. They are away from the traffic and noise of the Oxford street. These buildings are easily accessible and have adequate sunlight making the space favourable for residences.

1. 2. 3.

Buildings from Taylor Square to Comber Street. Shops at Crown street which are not used and maintained. Few restaurants and residences away from crown street.

2. 3.

These buildings from Taylor Square to Comber street are mainly shops with residences on the floors above. They tend to be closed by early evening due to which this part of the site is not used by pedestrians at night. The streets also do not have adequate street furniture like seating, lighting and awnings covering the footpath against harsh weather conditions making the street undesirable for the pedestrians. There are few lots at crown street which are closed and are covered with graffiti and unpleasing wall coverings which is disrupting the street view. There are few restaurants away from the Oxford street which are set in quiet surroundings making them less accessible. There are also few residences which are built with inadequate sunlight and accessibility.

1. The corner buildings and lots at Comber street which are closed and not maintained.

1. In the comber street there are few lots and corner buildings which are closed down and poorly maintained. There is a scope for developing this sites to create an effective street pattern and also beautify this part of the site.

1. The corner block at the intersection of S. Dowling Street and Oxford Street.

1. The block at the intersection of South Dowling Street and Oxford street is closed down. Being a corner block the site has an immense scope for development and could be used for increasing the quality of the street.

1. The public spaces and green squares in the study area.

1. The study area has lots of public spaces and green squares which are used by the commuters and residents. These pockets enrich the urban sphere. The Taylor square and other pockets should be further developed to accommodate a larger group.

Image source: author

Major Achievements + Problems Major Achievements

Major Problems

Mix Land Use

Vehicle Domination

Oxford St. has a mix land use that generate a diversity from commercial, cultural and residential uses. This diversity provides a variety of users that occupy the street in different times of day.

The first observation of the Oxford Street could easily recognise the strong priority for vehicle use with 20 meters width vehicle lane versus 10 meters width divided pedestrian walkway. The vehicle lane dominates the center of the street and split everything in between.

Late Night Management

Closing Stores

Cafes, restaurants, pubs and night clubs that operates late at night become one the distinct characteristics of this street that activates the place after dark, providing liveliness and security at that time.

Although Oxford St. is one the famous shopping strips in Sydney, some stores are closing, especially those on the South-east part of the street due to small pedestrian walkways and no effective shade from sun heat.

Preserving Heritage

Divided Squares

Oxford Street is listed in the NSW State Heritage Register as urban heritage along with many prominent buildings that contribute to the richness and familiarity of the street that are loved by the community.

Taylor Square is the heart of Oxford Street which draws significant number of people during the day and night. But it is divided into three small squares that sometimes not functioning evenly, with only one or two functioning at a time while the others are empty.

Unique Community

Lack of Green Space

The strong presence of the LGBTQI community in this street has gained the Oxford Street a longstanding status as the heart of gay and lesbian culture in Sydney

As we walk along the main street and lanes, there are little green space that could be find. The only significant portion of green space is in the front of the Darlinghurst Courthouse which is fenced and closed for public.

Relatively Small Blocks

Lack of Shades

With relatively small blocks behind the commercial strips, people have realtively many options to move around, giving it a good permeability, despite some exception in the large cultural blocks in the North-east part of the street.

In the rainy or sunny days, the Taylor Squre would be almost empty because there are very little shades that could protect the users from those unfriendly weather conditions.

Image source: author

Vision Statement + Key Objectives Vision Statement To enhance the vibrancy and liveliness of the whole Oxford Street at the various times of day by these three key objectives:

1. Integrating the Oxford Street from Crown St. to Comber St. as one ‘Shared Space’

2. Adding More Green Space Area

3. Applying Urban Art as Shades from Weather Conditions

Even from a brief observation, it is clearly seen that the East of Taylor Square feels much different than the West part. There are less people and several shops are closed. This part is not as lively as the West counterpart. One of the cause is the narrowing pedestrian sidewalk. But also, people coming from the West usually stop at Taylor Square or turn to Flinder St. It is also divided from the large cultural blocks in the Northern part of the Street. Therefore, by combining Oxford Street as one ‘shared space’ the West, East, North and South of the street could beintegrated and people would be enticed to explore all parts of the street easily.

Even though Oxford Street is surrounded by large parks such as Hyde Park, Moore Park and Centenial Park, there is little space for greeneries along the street itself. Trees are not so many and the famous Taylor Square is covered by almost all hardscape. Inserting more greeneries to the street, by designing roof or vertical garden, might enhance its vibrancy with more freshness and provide more shades that might increase people’s comfort in using the street for their activities.

Taylor Square is the heart of Oxford Street. While it is now a lively plaza that has become the landmark of the place, there are still times when it is almost empty because it is very hot in the sunny day or completely wet when rain falls. Most parts of Taylor Square has no shades. Therefore, there is a potential to draw more people activities even in those uncomfortable weather by providing more shades from trees or artistically designed outdoor canopy. This would be a good opportunity to incorporate urban art that also have a function as wheater protection to enhance the users’ comfort. 39

Precedents: Shared Space Exhibition Street UK Location Project Dates Designer Total Cost

: London, UK : 2010-2011 : Dixon Jones Architects : £25 million

Attracting over 11million visitors each year, Exhibition Road is home to a unique collection of educational and cultural institutions including the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Natural History and Science Museums, the Royal Albert Hall and Imperial College London. The streetscape improvements aim to reflect Prince Albert’s legacy; enabling access to culture and learning for people of all backgrounds and ages. A new high quality streetscape has been developed to favour the pedestrian, with a kerb-free single surface provided along the length of the road. Visual and tactile lines distinguish pedestrian ‘comfort zones’ and a 20mph speed limit is in effect.

Before

After

Source: Webster, Gordon Fyfe 2012, Exhibition Road, Urban Design London, London, viewed 19 April 2018, http://www.urbandesignlondon.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/Better-Streets-Review-1st-Draft-46-53.pdf

Precedents: Shared Space Fort Street, NZ Location Projcet Dates Designer Total Cost

: Auckland, NZ : 2009-2013 : Boffa Miskell - Design & Landscape : $23 Million

Fort Street is one of several new ‘shared spaces’ implemented in Auckland’s CBD in recent years to enhance pedestrian connectivity, and provide much-needed additional outdoor space for adjacent businesses to capitalise on the underused street space. Fort Street itself is close to the city’s waterfront, and follows the original, pre-reclamation shoreline, linking to some of the city’s earliest streets. Since then, it has been widely acknowledged as an international exemplar ‘shared space’, and since its completion has delivered massive uplift in footfall and turnover for surrounding businesses in the neighbourhood.

KEY DATA 429% increase in hospitality spending 47% increase in consumer spending 50% Increase in pedestrians during peak hours. 80% of those surveyed felt safer in the area now than they did previously, especially at night time. Over 75% of property owners said it was valuable being sited near or adjacent to a shared space. After

25% Less vehicle volume 2-8km/hour reduction in average vehicle speed

Before

Source: Auckland Design Manual n.d., Share The Wealth Shared Spaces Make Great Business Spaces, Auckland Council, Auckland viewed in 19 April 2018, http://content.aucklanddesignmanual.co.nz/ resources/case-studies/street_fort_street_precinct/Documents/ADM%20Case%20Study%20Fort%20Street%20Precinct%20Auckland.pdf

Precedents: Vertical Garden L’Oasis D’Aboukir Location Project Dates Designer

: Paris, France : 2013 : Patrick Blanc

L’Oasis D’Aboukir (the Oasis of Aboukir) is a 25-metre-high green wall by botanist and researcher Patrick Blanc, which covers a building facade in the second arrondissement of the city. The wall features plants from 237 different species and appears to grow up the facade in diagonal waves. It was planted in the spring and covers the previously raw concrete facade on the corner of Aboukir Street and Petits Carreaux street. Source: Andrews, Kate 2013, The Oasis of Aboukir Green Wall by Patrick Blanc, Dezeen, London, viewed 20 April 2018, https://www.dezeen.com/2013/09/08/ the-oasis-of-aboukir-green-wall-by-patrick-blanc/

Hingetown Neighborhood Location Project Dates Designer

: Cleveland, US : 2016 : Marika Shioiri-Clark

Hingetown is coming to life with Cleveland’s largest living wall taking center stage. Architect Marika Shiroi-Clark envisioned this neighborhood’s transformation by developing core buildings to build vibrant public spaces to the once-desolate neighborhood. The vertical garden creates an iconic destination that softens the once industrial area. Marika made the green wall experience using Florafelt Vertical Garden Planters with the help from public watershed incentives and community volunteers. Source: Plants on Walls 2018, Architect Marika Shiori-Clark’s Living Wall for Hingetown Cleveland, Plants on Wall, Norcross, viewed 20 April 2018, https://www.plantsonwalls.com/2018/01/architect-marika-shiori-clark-living-wall-for-hingetown-cleveland/

Precedents: Urban Art as Shades 18 Shades of Gay Location Project Dates Designer

: Montreal, Canada : 2017 : claude cormier + associés

The artwork’s 1 kilometer span is made up of 180,000 resin-colored balls organized in an 18 tone sequence, each represented by an equal 10,000 spheres. Cormier describes the evolution of his artwork stating, “as gay culture evolves and the LGBT community becomes more nuanced, as attested by the addition of new letters, the diversity of tones to a redefined resin-ball canopy was an indisputable artistic choice… also, the concept of ’18 shades of gay’ is to some degree a reflection of this ongoing evolution…” Source: Designboom 2017, Claude Cormier Transforms a Montréal Street into a Colorful Pedestrian Promenade, Designboom, Milan, viewed 20 April 2018, https://www.designboom.com/art/claudecormier-18-shades-of-gay-montreal-quebec-canada-08-28-2017/

Nuage Installation

Location Project Dates Designer

: Miami Design District, US : 2017 : Ronan and Erwan Bouroullec

Measuring 100 metres long and five metres high, the shading structure’s canopy comprises clusters of circular steel cylinders sealed with green and blue coloured glass. Elevated on tall and slender steel legs, the cylinders are arranged in cloud-like formations and stacked at varying heights. When the sun shines through, the tinted canopy acts like a stained glass window to create colourful wavy-edged shadows that look like cartoon clouds on the pavement below. Source: Morris, Ali 2017, Bouroullec Brothers Insert Cloud-like Canopy into Miami Design District, Dezeen, London, viewed 20 April 2018, https://www.dezeen.com/2017/12/13/bouroullec-brothers-cloud-pergola-canopy-miami-design-district-coloured-glass-steel/

Design Intervention 1. Integrating the Oxford Street from Crown St. to Comber St. as one â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Shared Spaceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Concept Sketch

Design Vision

Image source: author

Design Intervention 1. Integrating the Oxford Street from Crown St. to Comber St. as one ‘Shared Space’ Concept Sketch Removing the fence barrier in the Darlington Courthouse could enhance the accessibility of the local precinct and more importantly, enlarge the useable public space for tourists as well as local residents. Combining the green lawn and the open space in front of the courthous with the Taylor Square might provide more potential to develop public activities, like street performances or outdoor cinema.

By introducing vertical garden in the side and back lanes of the main street and panting trees in the area which is lack of trees could elevate the environmental quality of the street.

To create the ‘shared space’ the vehicle lanes is risen to the same level with the pedestrians, eliminating the clear division of the vehicle and pedestrian walk, so both vehicles and pedestrians could freely using the street. Moreover, adding street pavement pattern using the rainbow theme as the symbol of the LGBTQI community presence in the Oxford Street could furthermore enhance the vibrancy and unique character of the street that might potentially draw more tourists as well as local residents to spend more time on the street. Image source: author

Design Intervention 1. Integrating the Oxford Street from Crown St. to Comber St. as one â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Shared Spaceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Design Vision

Image source: author

Design Intervention 2. Adding More Green Space Area Concept Sketch There is little green space along the Oxford Street. So, the next strategy is making more green space in terms of vertical garden or rooftop garden, and also planting trees on the South-east sidewalk which has no tree line. These trees can porvide shade and improve the aesthetic of the space which could invite more people to spend time in that part of the street. It could bring back the closing stores to thrive again. This pink door in is located in the back alley of Oxford St, showing deliberate action of the resident to make a small vertical garden. This method could be duplicated into the whole wall of the alley, forming a green wall that could change the image of the place drastically.

Design Vision

Image source: author

Design Intervention 3. Applying Urban Art as Shades Concept Sketch Many parts of Taylor Square are mostly empty during hot or rainy day. Inserting an installation, whether permanent or temporary, could provide shades that might significantly activate this urban space

Image source: author

Plan: Structure Plan Through reforming, the Oxfrord street, Taylor square and the grassland infort of the Darlinfton court house combining together as a sharing space, so effectively enhace the permability and the propotion of the activity space for pedestrians. After design, could formed several landscape nodes:the biggest is based on the Taylor square and the intrinsic road and the space infornt of the court house.This will be the biggest public space in the princit. Secondary node is on the right of the street,combined with the Three saints square, Rose terrace garden,Barcon Avenue park and the surrounding intrinsic roads,which provide a graceful and tranquil environment to the tourists and local residents.

Green Space Vertical Garden Recommendation Adding Trees Recommendation Canopy Recommendation Landscape Nodes Shared Space Public Plaza Pedestrian Network 49

Plan: Visual Plan

A’

Plan: Main Plan

C’

B’

Vertical Garden

Urban Art as Shades

Shared Space

Image source: author

Sections

Section AA’

Section BB’

Section CC’

Streetscape Layer Art Canopy Urban Art as Shades

Public Plaza

Green Space Vertical Garden

New Planting Shared Space

Shared Space

Image source: author

Conclusion Oxford Street is one of the unique streets in Sydney with distinct characters and charms. One factor that contribute to its liveliness is the mix land use that could generate diversity from commercial, cultural and residential area. Its late night management also activate this street after dark so that there are people using the street in different times of day. The status as an Urban Heritage listed in the NSW State Heritage Register also makes this street rich in heritage buildings that are very familiar and loved by the community. The strong presence of the LGBTQI community also adds to the uniqueness of the street as the heart of gay and lesbian culture in Sydney. With relatively small blocks, there are plenty of options to move around the blocks. Nevertheless, apart from its achievements, there are some problems that could be observed as people strolling along the street. The first problem is the vehicle domination. The vehicle lanes occupy the majority of space in this street, spliting apart the blocks and squares that hinders people to move from one part to another. As a result, there is one commercial strip that has many closing stores because it seems like disconnected to other parts of the street and have no shades from trees because the sidewalk is to narrow in order to give more space for vehicle lanes. The Taylor Squares which is the heart of the street is also divided into small different parts which seem disconnected to each other. There is also lack of green space along the streets and adjacent lanes. When it is very hot or raining, there would be no people on the square because of lack of shades to protect people from the weather condition. Therefore, the vision statement of the urban design intervention for the Oxford Street is to enhance the vibrancy and liveliness of the whole Oxford Street at the various times of day by these three key objectives: (1) integrating the Oxford Street from Crown Street to Comber Street as one â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Shared Spaceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, (2) Adding more green space area and (3) applying urban art as shades from weather condition. Integrating the Oxford Street as one shared space may claim the street from vehicle domination to pedestrians which would unite the street as a place and thus make people move around from one part to another more easily. It would activate the part which has closing stores and integrate the Taylor Square as one big prominent square on the street. Adding more green space area would enhance the liveliness and aesthetic of the street as well as providing the shades from sun heat. Applying urban art as shades in the squares would also activate the squares in unfriendly weather condition, thus inviting people to spend more time in this place, rather than just passing by. This three urban design interventions are intended to make the Oxford Street as a lively urban space, more vibrant and more comfortable for the people using it in various times of day.

List of References List of References

Image References

Australian Bureau of Statics. 2016 Census Quick Stats. February 2018. http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quick stat/1132904?opendocument City of Sydney Website http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/business/business-support/business-in-your-local-ar ea/oxford-street NSW Office of Environment and Heritage. Oxford Street Heritage Conservation Area. Australia. http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx ?ID=2424247 Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/data/ Topographic-map.com http://en-au.topographic-map.com/places/Darlinghurst-1622055/ Cadmapper.com https://cadmapper.com/#metro Webster, Gordon Fyfe 2012, Exhibition Road, Urban Design London http://www.urbandesignlondon.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/Better-Streets-Re view-1st-Draft-46-53.pdf Auckland Design Manual n.d., Share The Wealth Shared Spaces Make Great Business Spaces, Auckland Council. http://content.aucklanddesignmanual.co.nz/resources/case-studies/street_fort_street_pre cinct/Documents/ADM%20Case%20Study%20Fort%20Street%20Precinct%20Auckland. pdf Andrews, Kate 2013, The Oasis of Aboukir Green Wall by Patrick Blanc, Dezeen, London https://www.dezeen.com/2013/09/08/the-oasis-of-aboukir-green-wall-by-patrick-blanc/ Plants on Walls 2018, Architect Marika Shiori-Clark’s Living Wall for Hingetown Cleveland, Plants on Wall, Norcross https://www.plantsonwalls.com/2018/01/architect-marika-shiori-clark-living-wall-for-hinge town-cleveland/ Designboom 2017, Claude Cormier Transforms a Montréal Street into a Colorful Pedestrian Prome nade, Designboom, Milan https://www.designboom.com/art/claude-cormier-18-shades-of-gay-montreal-quebec-can ada-08-28-2017/ Morris, Ali 2017, Bouroullec Brothers Insert Cloud-like Canopy into Miami Design District, Dezeen, London https://www.dezeen.com/2017/12/13/bouroullec-brothers-cloud-pergola-canopy-miami-de sign-district-coloured-glass-steel/

Google Maps, https://www.google.com.au/maps/place/Oxford+St,+New+South+Wales/@33.8802471,15 1.2117614,2652m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x6b12ae080f9c945f:0xd0912e585e34f 05a!8m2!3d-33.8818177!4d151.2195857!5m1!1e4?hl=en Historical atlas of Sydney, City of Sydney. http://atlas.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/maps/riley-estate-woolloomooloo-darlinghurst-sur ry-hills-1844/riley-estate-woolloomooloo-darlinghurst-surry-hills-1844-single-sheet/ Topographic-map.com. Oxford Street.. http://en-gb.topographic-map.com/maps/-33.8854426,151.2123760,- 33.8770160,151.2274468/?Name=Oxford+Street Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/data/ Webster, Gordon Fyfe 2012, Exhibition Road, Urban Design London http://www.urbandesignlondon.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/Better-Streets-Re view-1st-Draft-46-53.pdf Auckland Design Manual http://content.aucklanddesignmanual.co.nz/resources/case-studies/street_fort_street_pre cinct/Documents/ADM%20Case%20Study%20Fort%20Street%20Precinct%20Auckland. pdf Andrews, Kate,The Oasis of Aboukir Green Wall by Patrick Blanc, Dezeen https://www.dezeen.com/2013/09/08/the-oasis-of-aboukir-green-wall-by-patrick-blanc/ Plants on Walls, Architect Marika Shiori-Clark’s Living Wall for Hingetown Cleveland https://www.plantsonwalls.com/2018/01/architect-marika-shiori-clark-living-wall-for-hinge town-cleveland/ Designboom, Claude Cormier Transforms a Montréal Street into a Colorful Pedestrian Promenade https://www.designboom.com/art/claude-cormier-18-shades-of-gay-montreal-quebec-can ada-08-28-2017/ Morris, Ali, Bouroullec Brothers Insert Cloud-like Canopy into Miami Design District, Dezeen https://www.dezeen.com/2017/12/13/bouroullec-brothers-cloud-pergola-canopy-miami-de sign-district-coloured-glass-steel/