Zanzibar Research Report

ZANZIBAR

STUDIO SUPPORT SYSTEMS

DRAFT ONLY University of Sheffield School of Architecture Research Document

STUDIO SUPPORT SYSTEMS Developing a new future for Zanzibar This year’s Sheffield School of Architecture MArch and PGT students, who are part of the Studio Support Systems, are exploring exciting opportunities to develop ideas and strategies for a new future for Zanzibar.

The Studio has benefitted from the opportunity to collaborate with the Zanzibar Department of Urban and Rural Planning, in learning about their vision for the development of Zanzibar in the next few decades and using this a basis to develop strategies, at architectural and urban design scale, applicable to various areas of the island.

Our project brief details three main objectives that can address the development the Zanzibar Department is working hard to achieve: 1. How to retain the historic core of a rapidly developing city.

Stone Town, now a UNESCO World Heritage site has a rich and diverse heritage and needs a plan for a more sustainable future.

2. Guidelines for the development of successful neighbourhoods.

How can already developed and partially developed areas be improved to create successful sustainable neighbourhoods for the future.

3. Sustainable ways of developing coastal areas: The costal area is one of the greatest planning challenges, that requires revisioning the strategy and concept of “tourism zones” that can positively involve locals as well as tourists. “Tourism zones” needs innovative ideas for more ecological and mixed tourist development.

The aim of the Studio is to look at what strategies and tactics we can develop when working remotely first then in-site through temporary fieldwork, to create new support systems for Zanzibar to address these three objectives.

This compedium collates our initial work that we undertook looking at Zanzibar at many scales and through many lenses: ranging from what type of support systems the island requires to address its needs (physical infrastructure/environment and natural resources/social support and health/urban policy and economy/transport and connectivity to name a few) down to the understanding of its local architecture, leading to new propositions for a fast changing environment.

Through reading and understanding Zanzibar’s Vision for the development of the island, drafted in various documents, we began to map and interpret the whole island, investigating its main support systems, both current and future.

The work collated in this document records and illustrates this initial investigation.

2

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Tutors: Prue Chiles Lorenza Casini Students: David Graham Hannah Griffiths Rhys Schofield Froso Onisiforou Rory Chisholm Akin Lisk-Carew Sarah Hussain Andrew McKay Calum Shields Nor Akmar Azhar Mhd Aghiad Baranbo Yiwen Chen Ninad Katdare Xuan Li Charu Shila Mohan Wanru Peng Wenyu Qi Yiming Ran Ziwen Sun Lin Wang Wijaya Yapeter Anas Elakkari Jingxiang Tan

N

0

5

10

15

20km

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4

HISTORY & POLITICS

5

TIMELINE The Social and Architectural History of Zanzibar

975

1503

1652

Arabic D The Old Fort

Rag Coral Houses

Zoroastrian Fire Temples

Portuguese Fortiication

Darajani Market

Indian D

STONE TOWN

6

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1890

Arabic Doors

Bazara Houses

Slave Merchant’s Old Dispensary House

et

1963

House of Wonders

Anglican Church

Catholic Cathedral

East German-Built Housing

Modern Hotel; Built in Traditional Vernacular

Indian Doors

N

References 1 http://www.zanzibar.cc/chronology.htm 2 http://www.zanzinet.org/zanzibar/history/historia.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Zanzibar http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Town 5 http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/173 3 4

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STONE TOWN ARCHITECTURE Stone Town’s architecture has a number of distinctive features as a result of Arab, Persian, Indian, European, and African traditions mixing together. The name “Stone Town” comes from the ubiquitous use of coral stone as the main construction material; this stone gives the town a characteristic, reddish warm colour. In addition, Stone Town was included in UNESCO’s World Heritage Sites in 2000.

Indian-influenced Integration -Rn, (1,140) Providing covered passageways for pedestrians Shop front row houses

Arab-influenced Integration -Rn, (1,062) Simple whitewashed square building with coral Flat roof terrace by crenulated parapet Small openings Reception near the entrance Well decorated door with centre pole Courtyard in the middle, enabling evening breeze Openness in the courtyard, but narrow street created

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Map References Rashid, M & Shateh, H. (2012). The dialectics of functional and historical morphology in the evolution of a city: the case of the Stone Town of Zanzibar, The Journal of Architecture 1

European-influenced Integration -Rn, (1,233) Colonnades, porticoes and verandas opened the interior of the building Balconies view to Indian ocean and access to cool evening breeze

Shirazi-influenced (Persian) and unknown Integration -Rn, (1,142) Woodcarving ornaments especially on balconies Pointed arch, carefully and distinctly cut limestone High level of detailing Front bench is still kept at the entrance door

Swahili-influenced Integration -Rn, (1,143) Friendly entrance with benches next to the entrance door Corridor running in the centre to reach backyard (domestic activities happened Single store Palm leaves roof Wattle and daub construction, plastered with mud References 1 Janice and Ting, W. (2009). Zanzibar Queens

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PROBLEMS WITH TOURISM Five main problems Nowadays, as tourism tends to be increasingly popular, and the natural environment of Zanzibar is rich and unique, more and more visitors prefer to travel in Zanzibar. Therefore, the revenue in tourism of Zanzibar increases constantly. It seems to be a lot of benifts for Zanzibar, however, it led to a series of problems and potential issues as well. In this chapter, I will analyse and summarize to five mian problems.

At first, as we can see from these graphs that the tourism of Zanzibar depend on international. That is to say, international will influence the economy of Zanzibar too much, especially in tourism.

1. International Incident E.g. Economic crisis, 911 event in 2008 in USA 2. Seasonality E.g. Some local people cannot find a job in May As a result, the potential problem is serious in Zanzibar. For example, a lot of companies closed down because of international incident in 2008. In addition, some social problem frequently was around May, due to local people lost jobs.

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References Tourism: More Value For Zanzibar Summary Report (2010) 2 Zanzibar Statistical Abstract (2010) 3 Zapland Review Report (2013) 4 Zanzibar Strategies and tactics for remote locations (2013) 1

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References 1 Tourism: More Value For Zanzibar Summary Report (2010) 2 Zanzibar Statistical Abstract (2010) 3 Zapland Review Report (2013) 4 Zanzibar Strategies and tactics for remote locations (2013)

PROBLEMS WITH TOURISM 5. Fishing Problem It is reported that the number of fish has continually declined from the inshore waters due to increased fishing pressure. Fishing in Unguja is restricted to shallow waters, but most fishermen cannot afford going to distant fishing grounds. Meanwhile, destructive fishing gears and techniques such as beach seine, dragnets and spear guns, are still in use to maintain catch levels, despite they are illegal.

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References Department of Urban and Rural Planning, (2013) 2 Enabling Transformation of Zanzibar, National Land Use Plan Tourism: More Value For Zanzibar Summary Report (2010) 1

TIME, POPULATION, FOUNCTION This diagram demonstrates three areas of different time in stone town, Forodhani, Hurumzi Maska and Jaws Corner. Furthermore, it also shows different between male and female in a same place and same time.

References 1 Janice and Ting, W. (2009). Zanzibar Queens

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HEALTH CARE

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architects can work with charities and other NGOs, to assist in design and management whilst developing existing projects

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and suggest alternative sustainable approaches at different

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the humanitarian health needs. This project will test architectural

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lower class. Zanzibar has provided a good opportunity to see if

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we face challenges that create difficult living standards for the

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Unguja the land of spice and trade, a land of rich history. Today

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Zanzibar well-being

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The gap between healthcare and architecture is continuously evolving, one with a goal of creating more comfortable healing spaces such as the Maggie centre in Britain and other precedent around the world. Architecture and design can be applied in many fields and as part of this project I want to see how architecture can develop existing strategies in an African context. Zanzibar is a developing nation open for ideas, to seize this opportunity I have chosen to explore the healthcare

How to look after each other

Hospitals? What resilient approaches can we learn from this process and how can they be applied to other developing nations?

ellbeing

eaching

Fishing lass

Farming

ater purification ork

earn Sport

MAI

AIM:

Home work eti uette

A

Develop an existing programme and use architecture as a tool to explore alternative visions for health and well-being centres.

LEARNING OUTCOMES: - Establish understanding of Zanzibar and its current social welfare issues - Explore Resilient architectural techniques for building purposes - How can new and partially developed areas be improved to create successful communities

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BI

rowing food

SHOP GENERAL SU PP

LIES

MATERNAL CARE UNIT

RG RGENCY CARE ER E ME M EM EME

R A B I A HIN TEAC

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ENT A INPATI

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ISI 203

are centre hc

create legacy! Can Architecture assist in the performance in

ATION D O M CCO

RE UNIT

CHILD CA

MAJOR COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

PARTICIP ATION

ary Hea lt rim

system and its network around the island and its potential to

Zanzibar has a poor rate of sanitationand hygienein most aspects of the islandfrom public to private sectors. At present, about one third of the Unguja installedwater productioncapacityof 50,000 cum/day is operational, becausesome of the facilitiesrequire major rehabilitationor replacement.In addition,a significant proportion of the water produceddoes not reach the consumertap, as it is lost on the way, throughleakage, largely due to the poor operational conditionof the distribution system, installedin the 1960s. W ater aside, Sludgefrom septic pits and latrines also seep into the sea from the mangrove stands where it is dumped. Contaminationhas alreadybeen noted in the Maruhubiarea, north of Zanzibar City. About 9,000 to 12,000 cubicmetres of liquidwaste is discharged into the sea daily.

Energy

Lack o

Staff &

Fu n

References: 1 http://www.irinnews.org/report/88901/tanzania-zanzibar-s-sewage-disposal-challenge 2 Zanzibar Urban Water and Sanitation Project - OWAS Department - October 2012 3 http://www.giz.de/fachexpertise/downloads/giz2011-en-factsheet-moerk-water-solutions.pdf 4 http://healthworkscollective.com/marc-mitchell/32756/mobile-health-around-globe-malnutrition-zanzibar

pace S f

Access and T r

tion orta sp an

ds

ning i a Tr

pplies Su

Main Issues to tackle:

020 2 i ar

7

1 in 7 children die aged less than 7 - the majo rity are under 2 years old.

r old A a e m y

AIDS

Measels

Typhoid

rn 2013 Bo alnutrition lean ater Sanitation ommunica le iseases

Malaria

San i

tion ta

Cholera

Amari is

Only half of Tanzanias populationhas access to safe, reliable and affordable drinkingwater. On the Islandof Zanzibar, the ZanzibarW ater Authority (Z AW A) struggleshard to keep its water supply network in operation. But it reachesinto urbanareas only and residentshave to face the constantthreat of impurities and breakdowns. Suppliesby water trucks are more reliable but can only be afforded by those with stable incomes.Transport takes placeover longdistances, with some water even broughtin by shipsfrom the mainland.Especially the rural populationhas to frequently access drinkingwater from precarious sources, such as contaminatedboreholes or rivers. Diarrheal diseases or typhoid fevers are well-known and these conditionsadd their share to the high infant mortalityrate on Zanzibar.

Phnemonia

lean

ater

It is estimatedthat 12% of childrenon Zanzibar have acute malnutrition, amongthe highestin Tanzania. It is estimatedthat 53% of all child deaths in low incomecountries can be attributed to beingunderweight. In Tanzania,it is responsible for more than 130 childdeathsevery day, makingit the singlegreatest contributor to under-five deathsin the country. Malnutrition impactshealth, educationand work productivity, and is a major impedimentto economicgrowth and development. Malnourished children start school later in life and are more likely to drop out. As adults, their work productivityis limited by poor educational achie vement and stunting , often combined with poor diet and anemia that conti nue to make them tired andweak.

Tuberculousis

aln

n ritio ut

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CURRENT EDUCATION SYSTEM Literacy and education in Unguja

People aged 15 years and above can

read

and

write

Kiswahili,

Education in Zanzibar, has long been a high priority in

English, or Arabic

Zanzibar policies and development strategies. In September

69.4% of the total population are

1964, a compulsory and free basic education was declared.

literate of which 77.5% are male

The declaration aimed at making education more equitable

and 62.2% are female1.

literate

and redressing previous imbalances in its provision. In a very short time a large number of schools were constructed and enrolment was expanded considerable.

Zanzibar is a multi racial country, with Africans being the majority. Other racial groups are Arabs and Indians. Kiswahili is the national language and medium of instruction in primary schools while Arabic and English are offered as foreign

Primary - 7 years Secondary -3 years

]

Secondary ii - 2 years College - 2 years

free and compulsory

University- 3 years

languages. Post-primary education is offered entirely in English. However, transition of language of instruction from Kiswahili in primary schools to English at secondary level has not been smooth as an increasing number of secondary schools students find difficult to follow instruction in English, when joining lower secondary education.

The government role is now changing from that of a key player to that of a facilitator in the provision of education.

This new role of the government provides a more conducive environment for the private sector to increase its investment in education. Private investment in education will establish a more learning environment that will allow imparting both knowledge and technology to the youth for a more active participation in the agricultural sector and the economy as a whole. Several NGOs from around the globe are now contributing to make a difference is Zanzibar. They have been adding to the education system in terms of funding, infrastructure, knowledge and by facilitating the system.

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Children in Zanzibar in NGO run schools

NGO educational institutions density in Unguja

References 2002 census http://www.vso.org.uk/ 2 http://www.tauheedulrelief.org/ 3 http://www.happyafricafoundation.org/ 4 http://www.world-unite.de/en/volunteering-internship-tanzania 1

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NGOs AND EDUCATION

in ZANZIBAR HAPPY AFRICA FOUNDATION

cation

wahili,

literate

ult education

- Class sizes of 60,70,80 or even 90 children with just one teacher.

- Two shifts, 07: 30 am -1pm and 13:00 - 6:00 pm alternating weekly - No desks, chairs, books or chalk which implies sitting on the floor.

VSO

SAZA NI

- No teacher in sight is common , making schools ineffective.

- No resources for the teachers and outdated curriculum.

3 in Pemba

ation

the key issues that are addressed by the NGOs are the following:

Lack of trained teachers

outdated curricullum

low enrollment level lack of infrastucture

high drop out rates gap in labour need and training

disparities in access

transition from kiswahili to english

CONSTRAINTS

TUTIONS DENSITY IN

HANDS ACROSS BORDERS SOCIETY

WORLD UNITE

The education system on Zanzibar is extremely poor. Some of

- At the secondary school level, all classes are taught in English.

The teacher’s themselves have a very poor grasp of the language and so find it hard to pass on information to the students. This makes the transition very hard on the students as well as teacher.

- 3% of the total population pass the National Grade 10 exams .

- Girls rarely graduate past Standard 6 or 7. They are usually pulled out for marriage or home tasks.

The Government of Zanzibar acknowledges these issues which is a big

4

5

6

step

taken towards the development to improve

the current scenario. Several NGOs like VSO, Happy Africa Foundation, World Unite and Hands Across Borders Society play

2

a huge role in facilitating for a better education system. In

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND VOCATIONAL TRAINING

1 3

addition to this, attempts have been made to introduce young adults and locals to vocational training in hotel management, basic computer knowledge, and spoken English to make it easier to find jobs in the local areas.

utions NGOs and education in Ungija

1 - Department of teachers education

5 - Primary Education

2 - Secondary education

6 - Zanzibar library services

3 - Alternative education and adult education

- Non profit organisations

4 - Vocational training authority

- Government efforts and institution

References 1 www.handsacrossborderssociety.org 2 http://www.moez.go.tz/ 3 http://www.sazaniassociates.org.uk/projects/zanzibar-projects/ 4 Geneva Zanzibar Report, Zanzibar Vision 2020

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18

SOCIAL

19

DEMOGRAPHICS

500+ persons / sq. km.

300 - 500

Population Density

150 - 300 100 - 150 20 - 100

POPULATION of MAJOR TOWNS

Uganda

1000

KASKAZINI A

Rwanda

10000

Kenya

Burundi

100000

KASKAZINI B TANZANIA

DAR ES SALAAM

DR Congo

MAGHARIBI

KATI

Malawi

Mozambique POPULATION DENSITY 501 - 1000 persons / sq. km.

101 - 500 51 - 100 26 - 50 21 - 25 11 - 20 10 and Under

KUSINI

20

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1

References Tanzania 2012 Population & Housing Census 2 UK ONS 2011 Census 3 CIA World Factbook

94 1

0.6

63

Population

Population

45

(millions)

8.3

1.3

2.6

TANZANIA UK

0.2

(Millions)

1967 1300

120

670

1988

Density

(people perper sq mi) (people sq mi)

1978

Density

56.9

56.2

54.9

59.3

63.2

63.2

2038

Area

(1000s sq(1000s mi) sq mi)

2012

Area

2002

365

0.35

2.7

LONDON

ZANZIBAR

UK

1.0

TANZANIA

Population Growth Rate

WORLD

ZANZIBAR

POPULATION GROWTH RATE 1967-2038 (%)

Zanzibar compared...

54.9

13830

YEAR Population by Age

Life expectancy Expectancy Life (years)

(years)

57

60

80

UK

(Total 63m)

TANZANIA

70

AGE

60

GDP per capita

GDP per capita

50 40 30

(£, average) (£, average)

20 10

372

23589

FEMALE

MALE

% of POPULATION

FEMALE

MALE

% of POPULATION

(Total 48m)

population in mill

CULTURE & HERITAGE 1890-1963 British Empire- Zanzibar became a British protectorate.

1890-1963

British Empire

British Empire- Zanzibar became a British protectorate.

1689

Portuguese Empire Persia(Iran) Arabia

Sultanate of Oman India

Sultanate of Oman - developing the trade and establishing a ruling Arab elite. Zanzibar became a major slaving centre.

15th century The Portuguese Empire - the first European power to gain control of Zanzibar. They established a trading station here

East Africa

and at other points on the east African coast.

Zanzibar

For 20,000 years Trading between Arabia, India, and Africa

India Ocean

Washirazi-descent

from

early

immigrants from Shiraz in Iran

The majority of people in Zanzibar the Wahadimu, the Watumbatu, the Wapemba

People

African traditional

The Arab influence on Zanzibar and Pemba islands is evident in the people, who are a mix of Shirazia (from Persia), Arabs, Comorians (from the Comoros Islands) and Bantu from the mainland, though the latter predominate.

Islamic culture

culture

Asians are a significant minority especially in the towns and cities. Europeans (either by descent or expatriate) are a smaller minority.

The island of origin of the locals pretty much determines what tribe they belong to. The Waunguja would emanate from Unguja Island, with Wapemba tribe from Pemba Island and Watumbatu from Tumbato Island.

The Hadimu and Tumbatu tribes were the indeginous people of Zanzibar, most Hadimu live in the southern part the Island while the Tumbatu are predominantly found in the North.

Indian culture

Religion The most commonly practised religion is Islam. About 95% of Zanzibar’s population follow the laws of Islam (see Islam in Zanzibar). Its history was influenced by the Arab and Persian people. The remaining 5% are mostly Christians.

ZANZIBAR-A MIXED CULTURE

Legend market References 1 http://www.zanzibarstonetown.org/gallery.htm 2 http://www.panoramio.com/map/#lt=-6.165080&ln=39.190858&z=-1&k=2&a=1&tab=1&pl=all 3 http://www.zanzibar.net/ 4 http://www.zanzinet.org/zanzibar/people/

museum

government

mosque

cathedral

temple

HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS Materials Conditions

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References 1 ILFS 2006

References 1 ILFS 2006

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EDUCATION Micheweni For the most part, education in Zanzibar follows a 2-7-3-2-23 system. This includes 10 years of basic education which is compulsory and free - seven years of primary and three of first cycle secondary. On mainland Tanzania compulsory

Wete

education is only 7 years but despite this, students in Zanzibar score lower on standardised tests. This, coupled with a low level of educational attainment means there are less employment opportunities for Zanzibarians as they are being out competed for jobs by mainland Tanzanians and other

Kaskazini A

East Africans.

Chake Chake

Further education is competitive beyond the basic ten years of schooling and examinations are required to progress.

Around 40% of pupils advance beyond first cycle secondary

Mkoani

Kaskazini B

schooling and just 10% progress to advanced secondary.

Some reports suggest there is better access to education in urban areas and consequently those who live in more rural districts are suffering with a relationship between living in a rural area, a lack of education achievement and poverty.

However research does show that there are more schools being built in rural areas which will hopefully resolve this problem.

Mjini

Kati Unguja

Magharibi School Net Enrolment Ratios

By District in 2009/10 (%)

Education is a significant contributor to growth of a country and poverty reduction within it and is therefore a top priority

89-91

for Zanzibar. The strong correlation between low level of head of household and its level of poverty is a key indicator

86-88

Kusini

83-85

of this and highlights the need for improvements in education

80-82

attainment and quality.

<80

0

26

50km

References Zanzinet Forum. Accessed: at http://www.zanzinet.org/zanzibar/education/elimu.html 2 EFA 2000 Assesment Ministry of Education Zanzibar. Accessed: http://www.unesco.org/wef/ countryreports/zanzibar/rapport_1.html 3 Ministry of Education and Vocational Training. Accessed: http://www.moez.go.tz/ 1

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Universities in Zanzibar & mainland Tanzania 0

Education in Zanzibar was liberalised in late 1990â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s which lead to opening of three universities on Unguja. Before this students attended university on Tanzania mainland, most of which

25km

are located in Dar es Salem. Unfortunately less than 5% of Zanzibarians achieve post school level qualifications. Zanzibarâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s universities offer a range of subjects however there are efforts to expand to offer other disciplines with a focus on science and technology. There are Zanzibar

concerns that there is a disparity between subjects being taught and the needs of the

Pemba

labour market, and vocational training opportunities are limited.

Tanzania

Poverty headcount ratio by head of household education, 2010 (percentage) No schooling

60

Basic only

47

Above basic

37 Zanzibar Unguja

State University of Zanzibar

Chukwani College of Education

Zanzibar University 10 years

Compulsory education

7 years 81.5 %

Literacy rate (2010)

73 %

578

537

Mean reading scores (2007) 490

553

References 1 Tanzania Commission for Universities. http://www.tcu.go.tz/images/pdf/Recognised_Universities_Colleges_Centres.pdf 2 VSO Zanzibar, 2011. Leading Learning: A report on effective school leadership and quality education in Zanzibar.

3 International Labour Office, 2010. Zanzibar: Social Protection Expenditure and Performance Review and Social Budget.

4 The Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality, 2011. SACMEQ III Reading and Math Scores.

Mean maths scores (2007)

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EDUCATION Primary School Gross Enrolment Figures

by District (no. of pupils)

Micheweni

Wete

Kaskazini A Chake Chake

Mkoani

Kaskazini B

> 40,000 35,000 - 40,000

Mjini

20,000 - 25,000

Kati Unguja

Magharibi

15,000 - 20,000 10,000 - 15,000 5,000 - 10,000 Figures taken from Zanzibar Statistical Abstract, 2010.

Sourced from Ministry of Education and Professional Training

Kusini

0

28

25

50km

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References Zanzinet Forum. Accessed: at http://www.zanzinet.org/zanzibar/education/elimu.html.

2 EFA 2000 Assessment Ministry of Education Zanzibar. Accessed: http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/zanzibar/rapport_1.html.

3 Ministry of Education and Vocational Training. Accessed: http://www.moez.go.tz/ 1

Amount of pupils per teacher in public primary schools by district (rough estimates only)

Micheweni

Wete

Kaskazini A Chake Chake

Mkoani

Kaskazini B

> 40 Mjini

35-40

Kati Unguja

Magharibi

30-35 25-30 20-25 Figures taken from Zanzibar Statistical Abstract, 2010. Sourced originally from Ministry of Education and Professional Training

Kusini

0

25

50km

References 1 Zanzinet Forum. Accessed: at http://www.zanzinet.org/zanzibar/education/elimu.html.

2 EFA 2000 Assessment Ministry of Education Zanzibar. Accessed: http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/zanzibar/rapport_1.html.

3 Ministry of Education and Vocational Training. Accessed: http://www.moez.go.tz/

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EDUCATION There are 200 nursery schools in Zanzibar, most of which are private, and these offer basic reading and writing skills. Enrolment numbers are low for this initial level of education though, probably due to the fact it has to be paid for. There are over 200 schools in Zanzibar that offer primary and lower secondary education but far fewer that offer advanced. Beyond secondary education the facilities are limited with only 7 vocational training colleges, 1 technical college and 1 teacher training college.

The enrolment numbers clearly show a rapid decline in pupils attending school beyond the ten years of basic education with higher education enrolment at only 1% (approx) of that of primary school.

No. of Pupils Enrolled at different stages of schooling in 2008 (latest comparative figures) - MKUZA II, 2010 Nursery

21,696

Primary

216,731 St. Barnabaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Nursery School - Mahonda, Unguja

62,781

Secondary First Cycle 18,236

Ukunjwi Primary School - Wete, Pemba

Secondary Second Cycle

4,398

Secondary Advanced

2, 847

Tertiary (higher)

No. of public (blue) and private (red) schools, colleges and universities in Zanzibar in 2011 - Economic Statistic 2012

213, 29

Primary

44, 156 Benbella Secondary School - Zanzibar Town, Unguja

28, 93

Primary and Middle

9, 108

Secondary 0, 1

Technical Colleges

0, 1

Teacher Training Colleges

4, 3 3, 1

Zanzibar University - Kati, Unguja

30

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1

Nursery

Vocational training schools Universities

References The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar, 2010. Zanzibar Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty 2010-2015 (MKUZA II).

2 Zanzibar Official Statistics Provider, 2013. Socio-economic survey 2013: Statistical Report.

Level of Education and Subsequent Employment Status Self Employed

No schooling

Unpaid family helper

Basic education

Paid employee

Above basic education (not tertiary)

References 1 International Labour Office, 2010. Zanzibar: Social Protection Expenditure and Performance Review and Social Budget.

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32

INFRASTRUCTURE

33

WATER SUPPLY Water Supply Sources

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References State of the environment report for Zanzibar, 2004/2005, Zanzibar Department of the Environment.

2 Ground Water Study, 1989, United Republic of Tanzania.

3 The Zanzibar Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty: 2010-2015, October 2010, The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar.

1

SANITATION & R.W.D. Sanitation & Rainwater Drainage

References 1 Social Protection Expenditure and Performance Review and Social Budget, January 2010, Social Security Department International Labour Office Geneva.

2 Isotopic and microbial indicators of sewage pollution from Stone Town, Zanzibar, Tanzania. Moynihan M. et al. www.elsevier.com/locate/marpolbul 3 A New Part of Town, Design proposal for the development of Creek Road, Stone Town, Zanzibar. Janni Kollerup Larsen, Aalborg University, Institute of Architecture & Design 4 Water Quality and Eutrophication: The Effects of Sewage Outfalls on Waters and Reefs Surrounding Stone Town, Zanzibar. Molly Moynihan, SIT - Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad.

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TRANSPORT Railways Zanzibar was the first country in East Africa to introduce the steam locomotive. In 1879 Sultan Bargash bin Said had a seven mile railway constructed from his palace at Stone Town to Chukwani. This small railway remained until the Sultan died in 1888 when the track and locomotives were scrapped.

In 1905, the American Company Arnold Cheyney built a seven mile railway from Zanzibar Town to the village of Bububu.

Bububu railway station, ca. 1915

This service ran up to seven times a day and was extremely popular with the native population, and sometimes by early tourists wishing to catch a glimpse of the island.

In 1911, the railway was sold to the Government and by 1922 the passenger service ceased, resulting in a freight only service running for eight years until the railway finally closed in 1930. This decline in use was due to the improvement of roads and the availability of motor vehicles and public transport on

The Bububu Express, ca. 1920 Bububu

the island, such as the dala dalas.

Zanzibar City

Chukwani

Railway bridge over the Creek, ca. 1905

The railway in front of the Sultanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Barracks

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Location of the railways on Unguja Island, 1888-1930

References University of Cambridge, Royal Commonwealth Society Photography Project. Accessed: http://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/781 2 Wikipedia. Accessed: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Zanzibar

WAY

Dala dalas Dala dalas are minibus share taxis in Zanzibar. Often overcrowded and operated at unsafe speeds, these minibuses developed as a response to an insufficient public transport system in the country. While the name may be a corruption of the English word ‘dollar’, they are also referred to as thumni. Seating is on hard timber benches along the sides of the vehicle and passengers often have to share the space with cargo. In spite of their erratic appearance, dala dalas do have standardised route numbers and destinations. While they may run fixed routes picking up passengers at central locations, they will also stop anywhere along their route to drop someone off or allow a prospective passenger to board.

On most routes, especially the longer ones, there is only one bus each day and they usually leave Zanzibar Town around midday to take people back to their villages after visiting the market. They reach their destinations in the evening, and ‘sleep’ there before returning to Zanzibar Town very early in the morning in time for the start of that day’s market. Some of the longer journeys can be very slow, for example, Zanzibar Town to Nungwi (37 miles) takes three to five hours, and Zanzibar Town to Makunduchi (39 miles) between four and six hours, however, the fares are very cheap from $0.50 to $3.00.

The dala dala road network on Unguja Island

‘DALA DALA’ PUBLIC TRANSPORT

References 1 McIntyre, Chris, and Susan McIntyre, Zanzibar. (Chalfont St. Peter: Bradt Travel Guides, 2013) 2 Wikipedia. Accessed: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dala_dala

Connections between settlements on Unguja Island

SETTLEMENT CONNECTIONS University of Sheffield | School of Architecture | Studio Support Systems

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Ports Mombasa

TRANSPORT

TANGA Tanga Port

Roads PEMBA ISLAND

Pemba Channel

Karume Airport, Pemba Island

PANGANI Pangani Port

Airports

TANZANIA INDIAN OCEAN Zanzibar Channel Zanzibar Port, Malinda, Zanzibar

MVOMERO

UNGUJA

Ferry

Abeid Amani Karume International Airport, Unguja Island There are five ports in the islands of Unguja and Pemba, all operated and developed by the Zanzibar Ports Corporation. The main port Zanzibar Port at Malindi, which handles 90 percent of Zanzibar's trade and was built in 1925.

BAGAMOYO Dar es Salaam Port

DAR ES SALAAM

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1

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References http://www.africareview.com/image/view/-/1425178/highRes/369355/-/maxh/283/maxw/432/-/x9dnuwz/-/port.jpg 2 http://thinkafricapress.com/sites/default/files/styles/400xy/public/zanzibarferry.jpg 3 http://www.mambomagazine.com/sites/default/files/imagecache/landscape_523px/dsc_2252.jpg 4 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Zanzibar_International_Airport.jpg

Airports Zanzibar is well-connected to most destinations in East Africa.

Ras Nungwi Banda Kuu 0 Tumbatu Island

0

5

10 mi 10 km

Roads Potoa Kilindi

Mkokotoni

Zanzibar has 1600 kilometres of roads.

85% of these are tarmacked or semi tarmacked.

Panga Maua

The remainder are earth roads which are rehabilitated annually to keep them functional.

Chaani

Makoba Mangapwani

5

Mahonda

Ngava

Ports

Matatemwe

Malindi Port Handles 90% of

Zanzibarâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main airport is Zanzibar International Airport. It can handle larger planes, which means it is the main route for passenger and cargo inflows and outflows to and from Zanzibar.

There are five ports in the islands of Unguja and Pemba, all operated and developed by the Zanzibar Ports Corporation.

Mkanyageni

Uzini Uroa

Bububu Bububu Springs Mtoni ZANZIBAR CITY

Koani Chem Chem Spring

Ras Michamwi Dunga Chwaka

Chwaka Bay

The main port at Malindi (shown on the map), handles 90 percent of Zanzibarâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s trade and was built in 1925.

There is no government owned (or operated) public transport in Zanzibar.

Public Transport in Zanzibar

Jendele

Kisauni Airport Chukwani Jozani

Paje

Kiwani Bay

The privately owned Daladala is the only kind of public transport on Zanzibar. It operates as a taxi service and runs along all major roads on the island.

It is a popular time saving service but as a result can become extremely crowded.

Fumbe Uzi Menal Bay

Kikutani Mtegani Mkunguni

There is a ferry service that runs from Tanzania mainland, to the Unguja island, Zanzibar.

It runs from Dar es Salaam to Unguja, docking north of Stone Town.

There is also a Sea Bus - Fast Ferry which takes the same route.

Ras Kizimkazi

References 1 http://mapsof.net/uploads/static-maps/tanzania_zanzibar_map.png 2 http://www.eastafricaadventure.com/pictureslow/Maps/zanzibar%20map.jpg

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40

ECONOMY

41

ECONOMY OF ZANZIBAR The Economy Condition There are 3 major sectors in Zanzibar economy which are tourism, agriculture, and manufacture. Services contribute 45.3% of the total GDP in 2012 with 30.2% in agriculture, and 11.7% in manufacture. Tourism which is one of the sub-sectors from services with the highest contribution to the GDP. These 3 sectors gave a big contribution to Zanzibarâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economy condition as you can see in the table on the bottom right which shows the services GDP is keep rising from 2008 to 2012 with some of declining number at 2010. They rely on the big tourism asset they have such as heritage in Stone Town and a luxurious resort on the town at the tip of Unguja Island which is Nungwi. Zanzibar has a big industries area which one of them is manufacturing that produce such as beverages, soap and detergents, raffia

(plastic/polyurethane

rope),

bread,

video/

radio tape, noodles (Tambi). The other vital industry is construction area with the highest contribution in industry sector.

In services sector there are 4 areas that contribute the highest GDP in 2012 which are public administration

GDP Gross Domestic Product by Activity 2008-2012 (Percentage Shares)1 Economy condition of Zanzibar in 20121

(9.8%), transport and communication (9.6%), trade and repairs (9.4%), and hotels and restaurants (6.5%)2. Most of these number are declining from 2009, trade and repairs, transport and communications, and education area is inclining compare to the number in 2009.

GDP Gross Domestic Product by Activity 2008-2012 (Percentage Shares)1

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1

References Office of Government Chief Statistician, 2013. Socio-Economy Survey 2013 Draft Document.

The Economy, Poverty and Employment Economy condition in Zanzibar become a really important factor to the poverty and employment condition, the number of poverty is rising in rural area compare to in urban area. In rural area the number rise from the census in 2004/05 to the census in 2009/10.

The employment in Zanzibar is separated in 3 types, which are governmental sector, parastatal sector and private sector. Parastatal area is a company that own by government but it runs for public. The highest number of people who works is in government sector with highest number in public administration area and education. On the other hand, the unemployment number is high in Zanzibar.

Officially unemployment on the islands is 34% but officials at the Zanzibar chamber of commerce say the real rate is much higher, with youth joblessness and underemployment estimated at 85%.

The unemployment become a huge factor to the poverty line in Zanzibar, The Swahili Coast: Contagion of Discontent, 03 November 2012.1

in the NLUP (National Land Use Plan)

government want to reduce the poverty by creating the strategic plan to encounter it.

Poverty head count ratio and poverty gap (Percentage Shares)2

References 1 The Economist, 2012. Contagion of Discontent http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21565641-muslimextremism-spreads-down-east-africa%E2%80%99s-coastline-contagion-discontent 2 Office of Government Chief Statistician, 2013. Socio-Economy Survey 2013 Draft Document.

University of Sheffield | School of Architecture | Studio Support Systems

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AGRICULTURE Main Sector of Zanzibar’s Agriculture Agriculture is a vital sector in Zanzibar, it is the third sector with

With the islands’ revenue from tourism hit by global recession,

the highest employment in Zanzibar. Most of the people who

the spice’s potential as a foreign-exchange earner is

live in the rural area works in agriculture sector, there are 4

sharpened, even as the trade has been declining. For that,

main cash crops that are the most important crops which

farmers blame persistent government interference.

are cloves, cloves stem, seaweed and rubber. However the

Since the African majority overthrew a minority ruling Arab

number of production for clove stem and rubber are declining

elite in a revolution in 1964, government monopoly Zanzibar

from 2009 to 2012.

State Trading Corporation (ZSTC) has set the prices farmers

Cloves become the most important crops with seaweed,

are paid for cloves and tourism is now Zanzibar’s economic

Zanzibar was the most famous area that produce cloves in the

priority.

world but now it lags far behind Indonesia and Madagascar

Zanzibar once enjoyed a near-monopoly in world markets

for the spice, used in cigarettes such as those known as kretek

and its cloves still reputedly yield the highest-quality oil, flavor

in Indonesia, perfume, cooking and herbal medicine. That’s

and aroma, but its production of the spice has slipped to less

why in NLUP (National Land Use Plan) they plan to preserve

than 10 percent of the world market.

the agriculture area.

International clove prices have trended higher in recent years

Since the 1950s, clove production in Zanzibar has fallen to

with sharp seasonal variations: those from Zanzibar hit a high

10,000 tonnes per year from 24,000 and the number of clove

of $5,800 per tonne excluding freight in 2008, according to

trees has more than halved to about 2 million, said Abubakar

the Public Ledger, a publication that tracks the prices of over

Mohamed Ali, executive director of the Zanzibar Clove

700 internationally traded commodities.

Producers Organization, ZACPO.

But farmers say this has not translated into higher prices for

The other massive product is seaweed which you can find it

them. In the 2008 season, they were paid between $2.15 and

as an ingredient for food to the cosmetics. Seaweed farming

$2.69 per kg for their cloves -- about half the selling price.

was introduced to Zanzibar in 1988 and now employs 25,000

“We ship, export our product mostly to the UK, to our agent

people, mostly rural women. More than 150,000 people

there. We give all of our product and he sells to other countries

indirectly benefit from the seaweed industry on the island.

there,” said Ali Abeid, the ZSTC clove oil distillery’s assistant producer.

Zanzibar seaweed is in demand but women farmers are

Under Zanzibar law, farmers may only sell cloves to ZSTC.

unable to farm the higher-value variety because cultivation

Many smuggle their crop to neighbouring Kenya in search of

takes place in deep water and is highly specialised.

higher prices.2

Economy condition of Zanzibar in 20122

Quantity of Production of Main Cash Crops, 2008-20121

Women farmers are also locked into fixed-rate sales with agents, severely limiting the value of their seaweed.3

Value of Main Cash Crops, 2008-20121

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References Office of Government Chief Statistician, 2013. Socio-Economy Survey 2013 Draft Document.

2 Zanzibar Cloves Farmers Still Await Free Market. http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/01/26/us-zanzibar-cloves-idUSTRE50P08U20090126 3 Seaweed Farming in Zanzibar. http://www.farmafrica.org/tanzania/seaweed-farming-in-zanzibar 1

Cloves and Farmers Condition With the islands’ revenue from tourism hit by global recession, the spice’s potential as a foreign-exchange earner is sharpened, even as the trade has been declining. For that, farmers blame persistent government interference. Since the African majority overthrew a minority ruling Arab elite in a revolution in 1964, government monopoly Zanzibar State Trading Corporation (ZSTC) has set the prices farmers are paid for cloves and tourism is now Zanzibar’s economic priority.

Zanzibar once enjoyed a near-monopoly in world markets and its cloves still reputedly yield the highest-quality oil, flavor and aroma, but its production of the spice has slipped to less than 10 percent of the world market.

International clove prices have trended higher in recent years with sharp seasonal variations: those from Zanzibar hit a high of $5,800 per tonne excluding freight in 2008, according to the Public Ledger, a publication that tracks the prices of over 700 internationally traded commodities. But farmers say this has not translated into higher prices for them. In the 2008 season, they were paid between $2.15 and $2.69 per kg for their cloves -- about half the selling price. “We ship, export our product mostly to the UK, to our agent there. We give all of our product and he sells to other countries there,” said Ali Abeid, the ZSTC clove oil distillery’s assistant producer.

Under Zanzibar law, farmers may only sell cloves to ZSTC. Many smuggle their crop to neighboring Kenya in search of higher prices. Clove trees take at least five years before they start flowering, so poor prices have dissuaded farmers from replacing old or diseased trees, and some have abandoned their fields.

References 1 Zanzibar Cloves Farmers Still Await Free Market. http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/01/26/us-zanzibar-cloves-idUSTRE50P08U20090126

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46

ENVIRONMENT

47

CLIMATE - A YEAR IN ZANZIBAR

The narrow paths in the city make it possible to find shade, however it gets harder outside of the city where the buildings are smaller in height and further apart

JANUARY

FEBRUARY

MARCH

APRIL

MAY

JUNE

Start of the ‘Short Dry Season’

The

month,

Start of the ‘Long Rainy

WETTEST month of the year,

Rain continues, temperatures

End of the ‘Long Rains’

gets

relatively dry, just before the

Season’ many of the beach

most beach lodges are

start to reduce a little

the island dries up a little

main rains start

lodges close

closed

SHORT HOT DRY SEASON

drier

as

the

month

progresses

HOTTEST

LONG RAINY SEASON (MASIKA) ‘GREEN SEASON’

and the beach lodges open again

Daily Min 23.3˚C

30˚C

Daily Max 32.1˚C

Daily Min 23.2˚C

30˚C

Daily Max 32.8˚C

Daily Min 23.2˚C

30˚C

Daily Max 32˚C

Daily Min 23.6˚C

28˚C

Daily Max 30.3˚C

Daily Min 22.9˚C

27˚C

Daily Max 29.4˚C

Daily Min 21.8˚C

27˚C

Daily Max 29˚C

Rainfall 5cm

Wind

Av. 5 days

6cm

54% Prob.

Av. Speed12 kts

Av. 5 days

43% Prob.

Av. Speed12 kts

ZI

A

A

IC

Av. 11 days

25% Prob.

Av. Speed 10 kts

28cm

Av. 10 days

32% Prob.

Av. Speed 11 kts

5cm

Av. 4 days

43% Prob.

Av. Speed 11 kts

IA

FR

24% Prob.

Av. Speed 9 kts

32cm

The Kaskazi monsoon

strongest from mid SK Decemberblows - March bringing stifling A K heat and humidity from across India and central Asia (occasional cyclonic tropical storms)

48

Av. 8 days

IND

A SI A

A

14cm

References Piggott, R. J. A School Geography of Zanzibar. London: Macmillan and Co LTD, 1961.

2 Kollerup Larsen, Janni, and Chalotte Ostergaard Nielsen. A New Part of Town - Design Proposal for the Development of Creek Road, Zanzibar. Aalborg University, May 2012.

3 “Zanzibar Information, Weather and Climate,” http://www.expertafrica.com/zanzibar/info/weather-and-climate 1

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Da Min 21˚

flooding due to the strain on the drainage system.

JULY

The mix of sewage and drinking water can cause

High Temperatures and

Half of people feel

Morning and evening

outbreaks of cholera and a build-up of mildew in

humid conditions cause

uncomfortable during

hours when majority of

buildings can cause collapse.

permanent discomfort

this time

people feel comfortable (as manifested by

part of the evening hours

comfort trends)

AUGUST

SEPTEMBER

OCTOBER

NOVEMBER

Dry season continues

Dry and lovely similar to July

Generally dry, temperatures

The ‘Short Rains’ begin - they

Temperatures

and August

rise and the rain increases

can still be heavy

edge up during the second

LONG COOL DRY SEASON (KIPUPWE)

Dry season is now in full

during afternoon and

swing - best few months

towards the end

Daily Min 21˚C

27˚C

Av. 2 days

55% Prob.

Av. Speed 12 kts

Daily Min 20˚C

27˚C

3cm

Daily Max 29.1˚C

Av. 2 days

Daily Min 19.7˚C

28˚C

4cm

53% Prob.

Av. Speed 12 kts

Daily Max 30.1˚C

Av. 3 days

Daily Min 20.6˚C

month of the short rains

28˚C

6cm

57% Prob.

Av. Speed 12 kts

gradually

Daily Max 30.8˚C

Av. 4 days

47% Prob.

Av. Speed 12 kts

Daily Min 21.9˚C

29˚C

17cm

Daily Max 30.8˚C

Av. 9 days

20% Prob.

Av. Speed 9 kts

Daily Min 22.9˚C

29˚C

13cm

Daily Max 31.4˚C

Av. 8 days

31% Prob.

Av. Speed 10 kts

A SI A A

2cm

Daily Max 28.6˚C

DECEMBER

SHORT RAINY SEASON (MVULI)

FR IC

ts

drench everything, occasionally cause localised

A

References 4 “Wind and Weather Statistics Zanzibar,” http://www.windfinder. com/windstats/windstatistic_ras_nungwi_zanzibar.htm.

5 “Weather and Climate, Zanzibar,” http://www.zanzibar.net/ specials/weather_climate.

S U K

The Kusi monsoon is drier and accompanies the ‘long dry season’ from June - October blows hard at first then slackens

I

ily ax C

KEY

METRONOMIC AFTERNOON DOWNPOURS which

49

PEMB A PEMB A

CLIMATE OVERVIEW

PEMB A

PEMB A

TAN ZAN IA

Interior is shaded from direct sunlight

Tile or iron-sheet roof over the flat roof protects the building from hot sunlight

The courtyard is like a cup, filling with cool air at night, which slowly empties into the rest of the building by day. The air in the courtyard only warms up when the sun is directly overhead

The courtyard is like a cup, filling with cool air at night, which slowly empties into the rest of the building by day. The air in the courtyard only warms up when the sun is directly overhead

The courtyard is like a cup, filling with cool air at night, which slowly empties into the rest of the building by day. The air in the courtyard only warms Tile or iron-sheet roof over up The courtyard a cup, overhead filling with cool air at when the sunis islike directly

TAN ZAN IA

PEMB TA A N

A UNG UJ

TAN ZAN IA

TAN ZAN IA

A UNG UJ

TAN ZAN IA

A UNG UJ

A UNG UJ

night, which slowly empties into the rest of the the flat roof protects the building by day. The air in the courtyard only warms building from hot sunlight N Breeze ventilates roof up when the sun is directly overhead EQUATOR Tile or iron-sheet roof The courtyard is like a cup, filling with cool air at voidover helping to keep the Interior is 0 5 101520 km the flat roof protects theinterior cool night, which slowly empties into the rest of the shaded from building by day. The air in the courtyard only warms building from hot sunlight Windows direct sunlight Interior is up when the sun is directly overhead EQUATOR open to the shaded from The courtyard is like a cup, filling with cool airprevailing at Tile or iron-sheet roof over N Breezedirect ventilates roof sunlight the flat roof protects the night, which slowly empties into the rest of thewind. void helping to keep the 0 5 101520 km Through building from hot sunlight building by day. The air in the courtyard only warms Interior is interior cool breeze up when the sun is directly overhead shaded from The courtyard is like a cup, filling with cool air at Tile or iron-sheet roof over EQUATOR Windows cools the direct sunlight night, which slowly empties into the rest of the the flat roof protects the open to the interior building from hot sunlight building by day. The air in the courtyard only warms prevailing up when the sun is directly overhead N Breeze ventilates roof wind.

Interior is Through void helping to keep theventilates roof 0 5 101520 km shaded from N Breeze breeze direct sunlight interior cool void helping to keep the 0 5 101520 km cools the Interior is interior cool Thick walls Windows interior shaded from protect the Windows open to the N Breeze ventilates roof direct sunlight interior from open to the prevailing void helping to keep the 0 5 101520 km heat. Sunlight is prevailing High interior cool wind. reflected by wind.

Courtyard increases ceilings Through Windows white limewash ventilation Through allow air to Zanzibar is located six degrees south of equator, the sun is Thick walls open to the breeze N Breeze ventilates roof breeze circulate protect the0 5 101520 km prevailing cools the void helping to keep the cools the practically right above Zanzibar, making open spaces as ‘hot more freely interior from wind. interior interior cool interior cooling the heat. Sunlight is Through High N most of the as an oven’. As the sun hangs near the zeneth for Breeze ventilates roof interior W reflected by breeze Courtyard increases ceilings void helping to keep the 0 5 101520 km op white limewash cools the ventilation day it is a hazard for shoulders, noses and tops of heads. As allow air to interior cool p interior circulate Windows Pemba is North of Unguja island its average temperatures are more freely Thick walls open to the Thick walls cooling the protect the prevailing higher and the humidity is greater. interior protect the interior from c wind. interior from heat. Sunlight is High Through Thick walls heat. Sunlight is reflected by Courtyard increases High ceilings breeze protect the ventilation reflected by white limewash Courtyard increases cools the ceilings allow air to interior from Being so close to the equator there is not a large difference white limewash circulate interior ventilation allow air to heat. Sunlight is High more freely circulateincreases reflected by Courtyard in temperature throughout the day in Zanzibar. Loose light ceilingsThick walls cooling the white limewash moreventilation freely allow airprotect to interior the clothing is ideal, women should carry a wrap to cover their cooling the circulate interior from more freely interior heat. Sunlight is Thick walls High shoulders and legs in the towns and villages as revealing cooling reflected the by Courtyard increases protect the ceilings interior white limewash ventilation interior from clothes can cause offence. allow air to heat. Sunlight is circulate High reflected by Courtyard increases more freely ceilings white limewash ventilation cooling the allow air to interior circulate more freely cooling the interior A UNG UJ

EQUATOR

Tile or iron-sheet roof over Interior isthe flat roof protects the shaded from building from hot sunlight direct sunlight

PEMB A

ZAN IA

EQUATOR

A UNG UJ

TAPNEM ZABNA IA

EQUATOR

How does the climate affect building design?

A UNG UJ

EQUATOR

Tile or iron-sheet roof over the flat roof protects the building from hot sunlight

What to pack...

50

References Battle, Stephen, and Tony Steel. “Conservation and Design Guidelines for Zanzibar Stone Town.” The Aga Khan Trust for Culture, 2001.

2 Kollerup Larsen, Janni, and Chalotte Ostergaard Nielsen. A New Part of Town - Design Proposal for the Development of Creek Road, Zanzibar. Aalborg University, May 2012.

1

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THE CHANGING CLIMATE A large portion of Zanzibars GDP is generated through CLIMATE SENSITIVE ACTIVITIES either DIRECTLY of INDIRECTLY Agriculture

Natural Resources

Tourism

What are the risks?

Average temperature rise of 2Ë&#x161;c by 2050.

Increased rains in the rainy season and decreased rains in the dry season. Also a change in the frequency and intensity of extreme events. i.e. increased risks of flooding and droughts

Sea surface temperatures are rising Decline in shallow water seaweed farming

Coral bleaching

References 1 Watkiss, Paul, and Muriel Bonjean. The Economics of Climate Change in Zanzibar - Current Weather Data for Zanzibar and the Effects of Climate Variability and Extremes. Zanzibar, May 2012.

2 The Economics of Climate Change in Zanzibar - Projections of Climate Change and Sea Level Rise for Zanzibar. Zanzibar, May 2012.

Lack of natural protection Coastal erosion

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COASTAL ANALYSIS Accessibility Nungwi - Attractive Beaches

During mapping and studying Unguja island it came to know that some of the coastal regions are inaccessible.

By analysing the elevations and sections with the help of google earth this map was produced showing accessible and inaccessible coastal regions.

The total coast line measured : 353 km

Mangoves

The total accessible coastline : 217 km Most of the inaccessible area is because of elevation drops or valley, but some areas do include in this because of mangroves.

Developed Dock

Accessible beach

Natural Coastal Cliff Map showing accessible & inaccessible coastal areas Accessible Coast Inaccessible Coast

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References map from NLUP document 2 Google earth elevation study 1

SOMALIA

KENYA Northern Zanzibar-Inhambane Coastal Forest Mosaic

ZANZIBAR FOREST AND MANGROVE NETWORK

ZANZIBAR FOREST & MANGROVE NETWORK Kiwengwa Forest Reserve Kiwengwa forest is the last remaining large patch of the forest that represent the biodiversity of the area.

Kiwengwa forest is surrounded by several villages such as Kumba urembo, Cairo, Pongwe, Gulioni Mgonjoni and Mchekeni.

TANZANIA

Gazetted in 2003 with very few information on vegetation types and species distribution.

Caves and ancestral graves

A mangrove tree species

Jozani National Park + Chwaka Bay Conservation Chwaka Bay is a shallow open bay with the largest area of mangrove forest in Zanzibar.

Timber harvesting

Chwaka Bay is a priority subregion in terms of seagrass, algae and sponge. Thus there is an abundance of fish species here.

Jozani Forest is the largest area of near natural vegetation. Home to some endemic species of bird.

Jozani is also part of a larger biodiversity hotspot, the Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal Forests, which runs along the coasts of Tanzania and Kenya and includes Zanzibar.

EMERGENT LAYER (38M) matured trees

Jozani- Chwaka Bay figures on Tanzaniaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Tentative List for World Heritage Sites (WHS). In addition to its natural values, there are a number of shrines, caves and graves that are important in maintaining village culture.

Charcoal making

Wooden poles Medicinal plants

CANOPY (29M) matured trees

Collecting fuel wood UNDERSTOREY (17M) palms, short trees, networkf of climbers UNDERGROWTH (5M) herbaceous species

Rain forest ecological strata

References REFERENCES 1 DEPARTMENT of OF COMMERCIAL CROPS, FRUITS fruits AND FORESTRY Department commercial crops, and forestly - vegetation recconnaissance survey VEGETATION RECCONNAISSANCE SURVEY OF KIWENGWA FOREST RESERVE OF ZANZIBAR - TANZANIA (2004) of Kiwengwa Forest Reserve of Zanzibar - Tanzania (2004)

HIGH RISK AREAS Low - Lying Areas Climate change and sea-level rise are likely to exacerbate the issues below. In the absence of protection, there will be a loss of low-lying areas of the islands, or an increase in coastal flooding, with potential impacts on urban areas, tourism industry, agricultural lands, important infrastructure

and

other

socio-economic

activities

located within the vulnerable coastal zone.

In simple terms, the areas at potential risk from sea level rise can be identified through contour maps, as shown below. The figures show the Low Elevation Coastal Zone (LECZ) of Zanzibar â&#x20AC;&#x201C; areas below 5 metres and 10 metres that are hydrologically connected to the sea. These represent the land area most at risk from storm surges, and risks of flooding, associated with sea level rise.

Areas Above 5 meters Areas Below 5 meters Contour Map : drawn at 10 meter interval

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Areas Below and Above 5 meters

University of Sheffield | School of Architecture | Studio Support Systems

Areas Above 10 meters Areas Below 10 meters Areas Below and Above 10 meters

References The Economics of Climate Change in Zanzibar, Technical Report, May 2012 2 Impacts and Economics of Climate Change in the United Republic of Tanzania, Paul Watckiss 3 Zanzibar Environmental Policy, February 2013 1

FLOODING RISK

North Central

North

West

Central

South

Regions of Zanzibar

Potential Areas for Flooding Risk in Zanzibar City

References 1 Hydrology Report for Proposed Zanzibar Urban Services Project, February 2010, 2 The Economics of Climate Change in Zanzibar, Technical Report, May 2012

University of Sheffield | School of Architecture | Studio Support Systems

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WILDLIFE OF ZANZIBAR Marine Protection Zones

Protected Forest Reserves green turtles

green turtles

vervet monkey

fin fish

sea urchin

humphead

palm nut vulture

vervet monkey

pemba flying fox

whale shark

african goshawk

Mnemba Island

mangrove kingfisher

- Privately owned island - Popular scuba diving site, with many species of coral - The marine reserve comprises four distinct habitats which are home to a diverse array of Indian Ocean wildlife, - Migratory and resident shore birds feed and roost on the Island - Approximately 600 species of coral reef fish.

red eyed dove

coconut crab

Misali Island

- Small island that represents a reef ecosystem with high biodiversity and socio-economic value - In 1996 the island and its reef became Pemba’s first and only marine sanctuary and respected no-go zone by local fishermen - Mostly covered by forest - Home to various bird species and 300 fish species - Popular for swimming, snorkelling and diving

pemba flying fox

javan civet cat

Ngezi Forest Reserve

hadada

feral pig

malachite kingfisher

- 27 bird species, several that are endemic to Pemba - Park features a 2km walking trail from the main entrance

mozambique cobra red eyed dove

pemba white eye

bush crab

Kidike Root Site

scops owl red colobus

hyrax

- Provides a large number of natural habitats for a large number of animals

marsh mongoose

dolphin

tortoise

blue duiker

pemba flying fox

humpback whale

Tumbatu Island

mangrove kingfisher

monitor lizard

- Once the capital of Zanzibar during the reign of the Sultan of Shiraz - Popular for sightseeing, sports fishing and scuba diving

vervet monkey

striped lizard crab giant tortoise

python tropical fish

guinea fowl

aders’ duiker

suni

manta ray

moray eel

octopus

grouper

ray lobster

Changuu Island

- Named after a Swahili name for a giant tortoises - Private beach a.k.a Prison Island

lion fish

- Animals in captivity - Park educates local children about endan gered species and the need for their preser vation, as animals are often hunted due to witchcraft, superstitious beliefs and other reasons gekko

hawksbill turtle

red colobus

dik-dik

Kiwengwa/Pongwe Forest Reserve

hyrax chameleon

Chapwani Island

weaver butterflies

sykes monkey

- A small private island comprising of a strip of woodland and sandbanks

Chumbe Island Coral Park

- Small privately owned island, known for its ecological innova tion and exceptional coral reefs, and a forest reserve that harbour extremely rare and endangered animals - Nearly 200 species of coral and 370 species of fish - Over 50 species of birds

blue monkey

white browed coucal

aders’ duiker

dik-dik

butterflies

Jozani Chwaka National Park

fruit bat starfish red colobus

- Important biodiversity spot, walking distance from the beaches - Large range of faunal species, many of them which are endemic - Avifauna species consist of 47 species of birds

crowned hornbill

sea urchin

crab

hawksbill turtle

roseate tern dolphin

bush babies

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fischer’s turaco

sombre greenbul

- Zanzibar’s largest marine protected conserva tion area since 1998 due to its outstanding natural beauty - A marine reserve management plan has been developed with participation of the local communities

suni

suni

snakes

Menai Bay

peacock

giant tortoise

scorpian fish

dolphin

Zanzibar Land Animal Park (ZALA)

- Only National Park in Zanzibar - 50 species of butterfly sombre greenbul - 40 species of birds - The park attracts 10% of the over 100,000 visitors to Zanzibar every year hyrax - Last sighting of the Zanzibar lepoard was in 2003

zanzibar leopard

University of Sheffield | School of Architecture | Studio Support Systems

sykes monkey aders’ duiker

red colobus

References Wildlife of Zanzibar. Accessed: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Zanzibar 2 Zanzibar Fauna. Accessed: http://www.zanzinet.org/zanzibar/nature/wanyama.html 1

WILDLIFE OF ZANZIBAR

WILDLIFE OF ZANZIBAR

OTHER ANIMALS FOUND ONZanzibar THE ZANZIBAR ARCHIPELAGO Other animals found on the Archipelago

GIANT SPECIES OF ZANZIBAR

The tropical climate in Zanzibar provides the perfect climate to breed giants. The giant species found

OTHER ANIMALS FOUND ON THE ZANZIBAR ARCHIPELAGO BIRDS turaco

tropical finch

zanzibar bishop

GIANT OFin Zanzibar ZANZIBAR The SPECIES tropical climate provides the perfect climate to breed giants. The giant species found on

on the Zanzibar archipelago are1:

the Zanzibar archipelago are1:

- Giant land snails - Giant land snails The tropical climate- Giant in Zanzibar provides the perfect climate to breed giants. The giant species found on coconut crab

- Giant coconut crab the Zanzibar archipelago are1: - Giant millipedes

- Giant millipedes - Giant landbutterflies snails (Flying Handkerchief ) - Giant - Giant rats crab - Giant coconut

- Giant butterflies (Flying Handkerchief) Giant tortoises - Giant millipedes

- Giant rats - Giant bats (Pemba Flying Fox) - Giant butterflies (Flying Handkerchief )

- Giant tortoises - Giant - Giant rats whalesharks

sun bird

BIRDS turaco

tropical finch

zanzibar bishop

sun bird

ANNELIDS & MOLLUSCS earthworm

leech

snail

- Giant tortoises

slug

- Giant bats (Pemba Flying Fox)

- Giant bats (Pemba Flying Fox)

ANNELIDS & MOLLUSCS leech

Giant species of Zanzibar

- Giant whalesharks

- Giant whalesharks

earthworm

snail

slug

MAMMALS african civet

giant rat

indian civet

dwarf antelope

servaline genet

bushtailed mongoose

2

african civet

indian civet

dwarf antelope

servaline genet

bushtailed mongoose

2

(INSECTS/PESTS/ARACHNIDS/CENTIPEDES/CRUSTACEANS) butterflies

moth

ant

leafhopper

wasp

bee

beetle

tick

ARTHROPODS

(INSECTS/PESTS/ARACHNIDS/CENTIPEDES/CRUSTACEANS) moth dragonfly

ant

leafhopper mantis

ZANZIBAR BUTTERFLY CENTRE (ZBC)

3 - An interactive butterfly exhibit near to Jozani-Chawka Bay National Park,4 that consists of a netted tropical garden with usually hundreds of butterflies, all of which are native species to Zanzibar. The enclosure is one of Conservation & Tourism Africa's largest butterfly exhibits and provides residents and touristsAnimals, of Zanzibar with an interactive and visual environment to learn about butterflies, and witness the complete life cycle of many species.5 ZANZIBAR BUTTERFLY CENTRE (ZBC)

ANIMALS, CONSERVATION & TOURISM

ARTHROPODS

butterflies

4

ANIMALS, CONSERVATION & TOURISM

MAMMALS giant rat

3

mosquito

wasp

bee

grasshopper

beetle

house fly

coconut beetle

ZANZIBAR - AnBUTTERFLY interactive CENTRE butterfly (ZBC) exhibit near to Jozani-Chawka Bay National Park, that consists of a netted BEES FOR DEVELOPMENT tropical-garden with usually hundreds butterflies, all of which nativePark, species Zanzibar. enclosure An interactive butterfly exhibit of near to Jozani-Chawka Bayare National that to consists of a The netted tropical is - The main goal of the Zanzibar Beekeeping Project is to improve livelihoods for poor families by raising one of Africaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest butterfly exhibits and provides residents and tourists of Zanzibar with an interactive gardentheir withincome usuallybyhundreds butterflies, all of which are native species to The enclosure is one of and 25% from of beekeeping activities.

In addition, it is important toZanzibar. raise awareness of the economic visual environment to learn about butterflies, and witness the complete life cycle of many species.5 Africa'simportance largest butterfly exhibits and provides residents and tourists of Zanzibar with an interactive and visual of honey bee pollination.6

environment to learn about butterflies, and witness the complete life cycle of many species.5 BEES FOR DEVELOPMENT PEMBA LODGE (SHAMIANI ISLAND)

tick coconut bug

- Pemba eco-Lodge embraces Beekeeping the concept of Project low impact and sustainability which means thatfamilies most of by raising DEVELOPMENT BEES FOR - The main goal of the Zanzibar is to improve livelihoods for poor what is needed is locally sourced.

Pemba Lodge run a Turtle Protection Campaign/Conservation Program.

Endantheir income by 25% from beekeeping activities. In addition, is important to raise of the economic - The main goal of the Zanzibar Beekeeping Project is to itimprove livelihoods forawareness poor families by raising gered Hawksbill and Green Turtles use the beach at Pemba Lodge for their nesting sites.

For many years, the importance of honey bee pollination. their income by 25% from beekeeping activities. In addition, it is important to raise awareness of the economic 6 inhabitants of Shamiani Island have derived a source of income from the capture and sale of these turtles. To help importance of honey pollination.6 conservation on bee the island, Pemba Lodge entered into a campaign in conjunction with the local community to help protect the turtle population, which is fast declining around both Unguja and Pemba.7 PEMBA LODGE (SHAMIANI ISLAND)

PEMBA LODGE (SHAMIANI ISLAND)

dragonfly

coconut crab

coconut crab mantis

cassava mealy buggrasshopper sucking mosquito bug weevil

house tsetsefly fly

coconut spider beetle

coconut bug scorpion

References 1 http://www.mambomagazine.com/in-deep/nature/walk-the-wild-side - Accessed 23/11/13 2 http://www.funtim.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Giant-Coconut-Crab.jpg 24/11/13 cassava mealy bug sucking bug weevil tsetse fly millipede scorpion spider - Accessed 3 http://www.dedleg.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/pemba_flying_fox.jpg - Accessed 24/11/13 4 http://fullmoonafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/tortoise-1.jpg - Accessed 24/11/13 5 http://www.zanzibarbutterflies.com - Accessed 23/11/13 6 http://www.beesfordevelopment.org/what-we-do/internationalprojects/Zanzibar - Accessed 24/11/13 7 http://www.pembalodge.com/en/turtle-protection-campaign.html - Accessed 24/11/13

millipede

- Pembaeco-Lodge eco-Lodge embraces concept low impact and sustainability whichthat means embraces the the concept of lowofimpact and sustainability which means mostthat of most 1.- Pemba http://www.mambomagazine.com/in-deep/nature/walk-the-wild-side - 23/11/13 of what is needed is locally sourced.

Pemba Lodge run a Turtle Protection Campaign/Conservation Program. what is2.needed is locally sourced. Pemba Lodge run a Turtle Protection Campaign/Conservation Program. Endanhttp://www.funtim.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Giant-Coconut-Crab.jpg - 24/11/13 Endangered Hawksbill andTurtles Greenuse Turtles theatbeach Pemba Lodge for-their nesting sites.years, For many 3. http://www.dedleg.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/pemba_flying_fox.jpg 24/11/13 gered Hawksbill and Green the use beach Pembaat Lodge for their nesting sites.

For many the years, 4. http://fullmoonafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/tortoise-1.jpg - 24/11/13 the inhabitants of Shamiani Island have derived a source of income from the capture and sale of these turtles. inhabitants ofhttp://www.zanzibarbutterflies.com Shamiani Island have derived a source of income from the capture and sale of these turtles. To help - 23/11/13 To help5. conservation on the island, Pemba Lodge entered into a campaign in conjunction with the local 6. http://www.beesfordevelopment.org/what-we-do/internationalprojects/Zanzibar - 24/11/13 with the local community to conservation on the island, Pemba Lodge entered into awhich campaign indeclining conjunction community to help protect the turtle population, is fast around both Unguja and Pemba.7 7. http://www.pembalodge.com/en/turtle-protection-campaign.html - 24/11/13

help protect the turtle population, which is fast declining around both Unguja and Pemba.7 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

http://www.mambomagazine.com/in-deep/nature/walk-the-wild-side - 23/11/13 http://www.funtim.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Giant-Coconut-Crab.jpg - 24/11/13 http://www.dedleg.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/pemba_flying_fox.jpg - 24/11/13 University of Sheffield | School of Architecture | Studio Support Systems http://fullmoonafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/tortoise-1.jpg - 24/11/13 http://www.zanzibarbutterflies.com - 23/11/13 http://www.beesfordevelopment.org/what-we-do/internationalprojects/Zanzibar - 24/11/13 http://www.pembalodge.com/en/turtle-protection-campaign.html - 24/11/13

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POLLUTION

area where use sewage/ Wastewater treatment system to collect sewage --- Stone Town and Blue Bay Beach Restore

Sewage pollution is the most highlighted contamination issue

The sewerages from Stone Tone are emptied untreated in to the ocean, which has become the main factor of raising bacterial level of seawater near seashore in Stone Town.

in Zanzibar. Municipal rubbish form residential area, chemical waste from factories and waste from hotel in tourist spots are the three main types of sewage. Among these types municipal sewage takes the most major part and its level of pollution has direct and close correlations with density of population.

fisherman selling seafood near a pile of sewage heaping on the bay in Stone Town inland area where use dumping site to collect sewage Sewage in inland area is dipped without reasonable and effective control, and is left outdoor in dumping sites which is causing land pollution, underground water pollution and infections on animals.

Three ways for collecting sewerages in current Zanzibar untreated dumping sites

Sewage pollution is the most highlighted contamination issue in Zanzibar. Municipal rubbish form residential area, chemical

coastal area where use dumping sites to collect sewage

waste from factories and waste from hotel in tourist spots are

Sewage from septic tanks and pit latrines are collected using vacuum dislodge trucks and displayed into the foreshore at high tide.

the three main types of sewage. Among these types municipal sewage takes the most major part and its level of pollution has direct and close correlations with density of population.

wastewater discharging directly to the sea

area that sewage pollution issues are in highlighted level area that was influenced by pollution

References Moynihan M. et al, (no data), Isotopic and microbial indicators of sewage pollution from Stone Town, Zanzibar, Tanzania. http://www.elsevier.com/locate/marpolbul, seen on 25-11-2013 2 Martha Honey, 2008, Ecotourism and Sustainable Development, U.S, Island Press 3 National Report for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, Rio+20, the Vice Presidents Office Division of Environment , http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/980tanzania, seen on 25-11-2013 4 Salim M.,(no data), A Review of Water Quality and PollutionStudies in Tanzania, Mohammed Institute of Marine Sciences Zanzibar, http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1579/0044-7447-31.7.617?journalCode=ambi, seen on 25-11-2013 1

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University of Sheffield | School of Architecture | Studio Support Systems

TOURISM Zanzibar, a small island in Indian Ocean, is often taken as the last stop when people travel to Tanzania. Perhaps it is because of Zanzibarâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mixture scenery of both fantastic seaside beaches and charming historical heritage. There are daily flights linking Zanzibar and Pemba with Dar es Salaam, Tanga, Arusha and the northern safari circuit airstrips and Selous Game Reserve. Ferries link Zanzibar with Dar es Salaam daily, and with Pemba several times weekly.

The best time to travel is in its summer and early autumn.

References 1 Lonely Planet Tanzania (Travel Guide), 2012, Lonely Planet: 5 edition 2 http://www.tommyimages.com/Stock_Photos/Africa/Tanzania/index.html

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TOURISM 1. STONE TOWN Stone Townâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s architecture is a fusion of Arabic, Indian, European and African influences. The most famous feature of Zanzibari architecture is the carved wooden door.

THINGS TO DO IN STONE TOWN 1. Enjoy a cup of coffee 2. Stop by Dhow Countries Music Academy and arrange drumming lessons 3. Watch the sunset from Forodhani Gardens 4. Take a walk through Darajani market in the morning.

5. Visit the old slave market 6. Buy a kanga (cotton wraps worn by women all over Tanzania) or kikoi (the thicker striped or plaid equivalent worn by men on Zanzibar and in other coastal areas) and dress like a local 7. Watch a weekend afternoon football game at Mnazi Mmoja Sporting Grounds 8. Go diving or snorkelling

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University of Sheffield | School of Architecture | Studio Support Systems

References Lonely Planet Tanzania (Travel Guide), 2012, Lonely Planet: 5 edition 2 http://www.tommyimages.com/Stock_Photos/Africa/Tanzania/index.html 1

TOURISM 2. BEACHES Almost all of Zanzibarâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s beaches would be considered superlative if they were located anywhere else, but a few stand out, even here: Refer to the map on the left: (1) Matemwe - powdery, white sands and intriguing village life.

(2) Kendwa Wide, white and swimmable around the clock.

(3) Pongwe For its crystal waters and lack of crowds.

(4) Jambiani For the otherworldly turquoise shades of its waters.

3. TOURS (1) Colobus Monkey Tours The Zanzibar or Kirkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s red colobus is unique to Zanzibar, and is the focal point of excursions to Jozani Forest.

(2) Spice Tours These half-day excursions from Zanzibar Town take in some plantations, as well as some of the ruins described earlier and other sights of historical interest.

References 1 Lonely Planet Tanzania (Travel Guide), 2012, Lonely Planet: 5 edition 2 http://www.tommyimages.com/Stock_Photos/Africa/Tanzania/index.html

University of Sheffield | School of Architecture | Studio Support Systems

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62

FUTURE VISION WORKSHOP

63

Nungwi and Mkokotoni linked through expanding tourism and development of regional centres simultaneously

64 University of Sheffield | School of Architecture | Studio Support Systems

New mangroves to reduce the risk of coastal erosion

Cycle routes established across the island

FUTURE VISION WORKSHOP

University of Sheffield | School of Architecture | Studio Support Systems

65

0

N

5

10

Preservation of existing coral reef

Increased density of Zanzibar City allows new green areas to integrate with existing agricultural areas

15

20km

0

N

5

10

15

Introduction of renewable energy sources to support the island

Reintroduction and expansion of train line to link and aid regional centre development

Existing agriculture protected through introduction of Green-belt

Protected green areas linked to form a large national park

Preservation of existing mangrove areas

20km

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INDIVIDUAL PROJECTS

67

INDIVIDUAL PROJECTS From our group research, areas of interest or potential development were established. The individual projects fall under several different themes, but all the projects are intended to be supportive of one another. The main themes which are going to be explored are Housing, Agriculture, Infrastructure, Tourism, Health – Care, Culture, Conservation and Coastal Developments.

Housing 1.

Rory Chisholm

Unguja is a diverse island relying on a wide range of complex Support Systems; local assets solving local problems. By focusing on the problem of Coastal Zoning & Erosion and the asset of Mangrove Swamps, other elements of Neighbourhood Links, Cultural Heritage, Traditional Building Typologies, and Local Weather Patterns can be simultaneously addressed. This project proposes a Coastal Housing Support System, incorporating all of these elements, aiming to tackle some of Zanzibar’s most critical problems by utilizing its strongest assets.

2.

Anas Elakkari Calum Shields

In response to the intention of making Mkokotoni a major regional centre, which is laid out in the National Land Use Plan, my project will focus on creating a high density housing model which will utilize local, environmentally responsive materials and create a live-work environment.

3.

Wenyu Qi (Wendy)

My project is focused on improving the neighbourhood circumstance in Zanzibar. Since Zanzibar is facing some big challenges in terms of population growth, urban expansion and infrastructure needs, upgrading neighbourhoods and making them more sustainable is of great significance.

I have done some research on community upgrading and incremental housing design, as well as affordable housing design for low income. In the next step, one of the most important source is field trip to Zanzibar which I can get many first-hand information. I’m thinking of doing the survey in some typical residential districts in Zanzibar, especially in Ng’ambo because it contains different types of settlements.

Also, we are going to do our participation events there, from which I may get some general ideas of the current neighbourhood circumstances and locals’ needs or wishes. After that, I will be clearer about how to improve some issues at present.

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University of Sheffield | School of Architecture | Studio Support Systems

Agriculture

Hannah Griffiths

4.

Seaweed farming was introduced in 1989 to Zanzibar, since then this female dominated industry has provided rural women with additional family income and a sense of empowerment in the community. Farming is intensive work and the irregular income due to seasonal growth conditions and fixed prices from buyers has resulted in a decline in the number of farmers. This project aims to investigate how a holistic approach can be taken to sustainably improve coastal farming through: - Establishing facilities to improve the working process of the farmers from house to farm - Integrate links with tourism and value added products - Provide a framework to support farmers

Sarah Hussain

5.

My project is exploring the current problem in Nungwi of the rich tourist and poor local divide. My proposal looks to combine tourism and Wanru Peng

agriculture to benefits the poor not only economically, but to help integration of local and tourist communities.

Zanzibar has a large potential for development of the fishing industry to meet domestic and demand from the tourism sector as well as export markets. Nungwi is a major fishing village. Fish is a vital protein in the Zanzibari diet and culture, and of great importance to the economy of Zanzibar. Locals prefer to work in agricultural industries, therefore there is a good opportunity to develop on problems in the current systems in the fishing industry. The development of a facility for local fishermen would be advantageous to help achieve a more sustainable fishing model for the community.

Rhys Schofield

6.

My project is concerned with the Mkokotoni coastline and current structure of local level fishing operations. I have mapped the fishing processes by using published literature alongside national reports. I aim to design a support system that facilitates a redefined model of fishing for the people of Mkokotoni which will be less destructive to the coastline and more sustainable in terms of overfishing. I have studied models of agriculture and aquaculture from around the world as precedence to inform my work.

Wanru Peng

7.

Zanzibarâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fast urban development is encroaching upon its mangrove areas, agricultural land and coral rag forests. Urbanisation also threatens water catchment areas and fertile land causing hazardous urban environment. My project highlights the use of agriculture for the upgrading of urban slums and creating sustainable neighbourhoods in Zanzibar. There are 3 spatial strategies: 1. Reclaiming public spaces and food security 2. Upgrading streetscape and drainage systems 3. Alternative housing typologies and way of living

University of Sheffield | School of Architecture | Studio Support Systems

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Infrastructure 8.

Froso Onisiforou

My aim is to develop a project that will deal with the main problems of the urban expansion in Ng’ambo city in order to create liveable neighbourhoods. The main problem is the lack of infrastructure due to the informal settlements; more specifically I am going to consider the serious problem of water management and availability to the locals, as the current situation is in a very bad condition. The main question that came up from my research is “how can I create liveable neighbourhoods by providing basic water infrastructure? And what if this infrastructure could provide functional and social spaces?” Finally, the project’s aim is to develop an urban strategy that will re-define neighbourhoods by their functionality that will based on the new water catchments, and then to develop an architectural project for a specific neighbourhood exploring the potential systems that could collect water and what social spaces could be developed from that.

9.

Xuan Li

I want to focus on Nungwi. Maybe with the aim of connecting the rich coastal tourism area with inner village area to improve local people’s life quality through an open space system, pedestrian system , or park system. I think maybe some buildings can be demolished or need to be reconstructed and there are a lot of crack space between buildings which can be utilized in the future as well as there are three large-scale openings in the village. I also read some books mentioning that there are the traditional, natural-original countrysides are only exist in China, India, Africa now ,so maybe I will find some relationships between the tourism and this village itself .The specific entry point may only can be find during our field trip. These are only some simple ideas.

For the participation, I can join other guys’ activities in Stone Town, but I still want to organize an activity in Nungwi, may be find an opening at the border between the coastal line area and inland area. I will draw a big map and let local people to draw their walking route from their houses to the tourism area to find the potential connection between these two areas. Also I will do some interview and survey with the other guys.

10.

Yiwen Chen

I am going to do some conservation things to Stone Town for creating a better and healthier living environment. What I will focus on are to re-design the alleys there by considering the issues of water(mainly about rainwater collection and drainage), ventilation problem, sun(mainly about hot problem and solar energy), and their relations with people. I want to find out whether there are ways or solutions to combine flexible plantings, energies applications and rainwater storage which are all crucial for current development of Stone Town

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University of Sheffield | School of Architecture | Studio Support Systems

Aghiad Baranbo

Akmar Azhar

A day in the life of a female seaweed farmer

11.

For final urban design projects I wish to look on informal settlement in Ng’ambo and how one place link to each other. According to my

MORNING LOW TIDE AFTERNOON LOW TIDE

research, the link from one place to another is not obvious and quite messy, hence I would like to introduce a better linkage by using urban agriculture approach. From past research urban agriculture can be use as green linkage /network instead of using ornamental plants, and also can provide food security and generate income to the dwellers. Thus by using this approach, it will not only create WAKE UP PREPARE FOR PRAYERS COLLECT WATER FOR BATHING

CLEAN THE HOUSE PREPARE BREAKFAST FOR HUSBAND AND CHILDREN

LEAVE FOR SEAWEED FARM

HARVEST SEAWEED TIE NEW SEEDLINGS

CARRY SAEWEED TO DRYING PLACE

CARRY HOME SEAWEED DRY ENOUGH

better linkage to one place and another but also will create a support system for that area too.

PREPARE DINNER REST WITH FAMILY PREPARE EQUIPMENT FOR TOMORROW

Hannah Griffiths

Reference: E. Msuya, Flower, A Study of Working Conditions in the Zanzibar Seaweed Farming Industry (Women in Informal Employment: Globalizing and Organizing (WIEGO), August 2012)

Charu Shila Mohan

12.

Any city in the process of growth and development forms “in between” spaces that are vital to its character. The aim of the project is to relook at these spaces and urban condition in the public spaces in Stone town and/or N’gambo and revitalise them to enhance and add value to these civic spaces.

By doing so, the end result would be to instil a sense of pride and have better living conditions within walking distances. The streetscapes and alleys in the city are active and lively. The strategies revolve around pedestrian experiences and the life and spaces between the buildings. The densifying of the city brings the need to have urban inserts in the form of lung spaces that address the streetscape and develop the standards for execution of these which may serve as examples to be carried out in other parts of the city.

The participation event aims to find out information about activities and pattern of usage of such spaces. Through this process we also hope to learn about aspects and elements of a public space that appeal to the local people.

The event is planned to take place thrice giving us the scope to improve and improvise on site as required. The event involves a series of about 10 questions to pick elements that they prefer through images. This is done is three different locations of the city to engage with a wider range of demographics.

To be able to get their attention and start a conversation with them, we are looking at setting up our questionnaire / voting board and cleaning up public spaces like the Daranji Market, Fordhani Gardens and Jaws Corner. The events held on a weekday, weekend and on a Friday ( it is an important day for muslims) to be able to observe possible change in activities over a week.

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Health Care Akin Lisk-Carew

Unguja the land of spice and trade, a land of rich history. Today we face challenges that create difficult living standards for the lower health needs. This project will test architectural design and management whilst developing existing projects and suggest alternative

Fishing

Teaching

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Growing food Water purification Home/work etiquette

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sustainable approaches at different scale. As part of this project I want to see how architecture can develop existing strategies in the African context. Zanzibar is a developing nation open for ideas, to seize this opportunity I have chosen to explore the healthcare system and its network around the island and its potential to create a well-being health care facility. Can Architecture assist in the performance of Hospitals? What resilient approaches can we learn from this process and how can they be applied to other developing nations?

Aghiad Baranbo – Anas Elakkari

The project serve a platform that organizes a network of urban initiatives at The Sand Roots Level in Nungui, Zanzibar to enable the poor no longer to accept soup queues and produce their own soup by Making The Invisible Visible as I do believe that community initiatives can do a lot for people who want to improve their life standards. Moreover, Identity and Culture could be used as strong aspects supporting community initiates.

The term ‘culture’ is so broad, and really quite abstract. The cuisine of a certain group of people, however, takes away the abstraction and becomes a tangible depiction of the culture. Food provides a basis around which families and communities bond, whether it be for celebrations, rituals, religious ceremonies, or simply daily meals. In this view, Zanzibari culture could be seen through Cuisine. The idea of making The Invisible Visible is to attract tourists out of the 5 stars resorts into land in order to integrate and interact with local people through a set of food activities and events which could be created by local people using their modest resources. The Food Trail will be generated as the main traction where tourists will be invited to have a walk along the trail to explore the real Zanzibari Culture through Food. Activities will be accommodated in different locations which exist along the trail, these could be small local restaurants, shops, open public spaces and even private kitchen spaces where tourists could examine the experience of preparing, cooking and testing the original flavour of Zanzibari food.

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PARTICIP ATION Akin Lisk-Carew

Culture 14.

MAINTENANCE

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class. Zanzibar has provided a good opportunity to see if architects can work with charities and other NGOs, to assist in the humanitarian

How to look after each other Wellbeing

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13.

University of Sheffield | School of Architecture | Studio Support Systems

Andrew Mckay

15.

Dhows as an Icon of the Future. From a despised symbol of the slave trade and economic under development, to a modern representation of a romanticised past with a deep regional identity, the declining dhow is Zanzibar’s cultural icon. This project symbolises oceanic connections with the concepts of wind and wood to investigate how the dhow can cooperatively draw on local skills and tourism for a sustainable future.

David Graham

16.

In the Zanzibar government’s National Land Use Plan, culture is acknowledged for its role in sustainable development, social cohesion and manifestation of identity. The government’s aim is to ‘spatially facilitate all activities that mainstream the cultural agenda in the development of Zanzibar’. This project will look at Zanzibar’s intangible cultural heritage in the form of Taarab, the traditional and lyrical Swahili music, and the role that it might play in economic development.

Yiming Ran (Emma)

17.

As most of the people in Zanzibar are Muslims, I want to find some urban issue concerning them. After reading some resources, the women in Zanzibar became the target group that raised my interest. Since Muslims have many traditional conventions about gender Andrew McKay

and the women condition now, esp their activities in urban spaces are not very active, I then wondering if I could find a support system which can help them enhance their relationship with urban spaces, and help them get more empowerment from the urban design aspect.

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Conservation 18.

Lin Wang

My project mainly focused on the street in Stone town. The aim of the project is to retain the historic core of a rapidly developing city.

Plans for Zanzibar : 1.60% is for open space(agriculture/tourism/sports 2.City centre for improve the living condition/green system/traffic/conservation 3.30%others for new development buildings There are 3 proposals for street design inside and around Stone town proposal A: Not only protect the heritage buildings but also remain the streets there, conservation the historical area keep the city’s memory. proposal B: Do not let the stone town turn to an empty tone. Improving the living condition in the city centre. the street design can make the city more green and cosy.

Proposal C: transport system is important for the future of Zanzibar. Streets in stone town should design well for the connecting with other city and also the conservation to itself

Tourism 19.

Ziwen Sun / Simon

The first step is a “information centre”. It is focus on tourism but it does not change or build some new things, is to link every existing aspects in Zanzibar which matches between the requirements of visitors and the supplies of locals. For example, in the aspect of hotel, it redefined the definition of hotel, which means no hotel building itself, instead hotel rooms placed in existing local houses. Another example, visitors can use the matching system of facilities support to rent a car from local people. Therefore, the “information centre” is a new system, including the aspects of hotel, telephone, food, facilities and scheduling support, to link local existing resource of citizens to support visitors. As a result, the systems can solve or reduce the risks of tourism and create a new future to local residents.

The second step is a “Market”. It adds in “information centre” and includes international and local, to link local inhabitants to visitors or local residents both. That is to say, residents can free to sell their products by themselves in local market, and they can choose to directly sell to international market as well. In addition, the local market will be cheaper for poor and become a self-organisation or selfmanagement system, and the international market will be quality for rich and visitors and become a balance system for local market.

Therefore, the two markets will interact to serve locals and visitors both.

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University of Sheffield | School of Architecture | Studio Support Systems

Ziwen Sun

The third step is about “Education”. It will also add in “information centre” and involve direct and indirect education. The direct education will put a school that local children will receive a well-educated. Furthermore, because of the education include a long-holiday it can share the space between the school and tourism. For example, the largest number of visitors in Zanzibar may be in August, and it is a summer holiday of school. On the other hand, the indirect education is multifarious. For instance, children can contact a variety of culture such as different visitors. Moreover, the school will collect suitable designs for Zanzibar and build them in the “information centre”, which mean local inhabitants can learn it and self-build in their house. For example “Solar water bottle light” is a low technique Wijaya Yapeter

but useful design. Local residents in Zanzibar can utilize the light to save energy if they know. In addition the education has an indirect influence as well. According to the book of ‘international planning review’, local residents will protect the area by themsevies if their children study here. So, it can address the series of issues of safety as well.

Coastal Developments Wijaya Yapeter – Jay

20.

My project is focused on Mkokotoni which is planned to become one of the regional centre in Zanzibar. I have done my research for population growth, environmental problems, housing issues, and agriculture sector for my project, and collected it together with some research done by my colleague from the studio. The project focused on population growth and housing needs where it resulted me to propose on generating a new community in Mkokotoni which is floating community. I try to create a pilot scheme by creating this new community which can be supportive to the city. The floating community will not only designed for fishermen or farmer but also for public, professional, tourist. Moreover, I am going to make a strategic plan for the city to cover every needs that Mkokotoni needs as a future regional centre and also as a supporting systems for the floating community. After we arrived at Zanzibar, I will test my project and see how it is going to work. It is also will be supported by my participation technique which me and my colleagues have prepared.

Ninad B. Katdare

21.

My project addresses the issues related to coasts and coastal developments. Focusing on Mkokotoni village which will be a regional centre, the coastal conditions over the period will be different. By studying the existing conditions of the coast line which includes beaches, mangroves, coral reefs and docking areas and providing futuristic approach to conserve some of the areas and develop others with resilience. Not only developing the coastline for locals but giving perspective towards tourist attractions and activities to give support to local economy and culture this will be the area of focus for my project.

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DRAFT ONLY University of Sheffield School of Architecture Research Document