RESOLUTION BOOKLET
13th National Conference of the European Youth Parliament Latvia
10th of August 2015
Olaine, Latvia
ORDER OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY 9:00 – 9:15
Opening of the General Assembly
9:15 – 10:00
1st Committee – EMPL
page
4–6
10:00 – 10:45
2nd Committee – INTA
page
7–9
10:45 – 11:05
Coffee Break
11:05 – 11:50
3rd Committee – REGI
page
10 – 13
11:50 – 12:35
4th Committee – SEDE
page
14 – 18
12:35 – 13:20
5th Committee – LIBE II
page
19 – 21
13:20 – 13:45
Lunch
13:45 – 14:30
6th Committee – AFCO
page
22 – 24
14:30 – 15:15
7th Committee – FEMM
page
25 – 27
15:15 – 15:30
Coffee Break
15:30 – 16:15
8th Committee – DROI
page
28 – 31
16:15 – 17:00
9th Committee – LIBE I
page
32 – 34
17:00 – 18:00
Closing Ceremony
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GENERAL ASSEMBLY PROCEDURE 1.! Reading of resolutions in committees 2.! Defence speech (3 minutes) 3.! 2x Attack speech (2 minutes) 4.! Response to the Attack speeches (1 minute) 5.! Open debate 6.! Summation speech (3 minutes, 1 or 2 people) 7.! Voting
BASIC TIPS FOR THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY 1.! Speak clearly and slowly so that everybody can hear you. 2.! Be respectful of the work that has been put into the resolution of other committees. Give them the attention they deserve. 3.! At the General Assembly you are simulating what it is like to be a real parliamentarian. We therefore expect you to use formal language and show exemplary behavior inside the venue. 4.! Try making points of discussion instead of asking questions. Often, questions are hidden arguments. You come off much stronger if you explain the point that you want to make, as it allows the rest of the delegates to follow your train of thought. 5.! Challenge yourself: make sure that you contribute at least once to the debates, preferably more!
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MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION BY THE COMMITTEE ON EMPLOYMENT AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS Minimising drug-related damage to the health of individuals and society: Drug-related realms becoming more complex with ever- developing substances and trafficking routes, they affect more and more Europeans. How can the Member States tackle this individual and societal issue that has roots in global drug trafficking market? Submitted by:
Toms Henšelis (Rīgas Valsts 1. ģimnāzija), Elīna Jekale (Rīgas Valsts 1. ģimnāzija), Reinārs Lūkins (Profesionālā vidusskola “Perspektīva”), Eduards Miltiņš (Rīgas Angļu ģimnāzija), Arda Ulas Mutlu (TR), Jaana Sild (EE), Ričards Zaļmežs (Ventspils Valsts 1. ģimnāzija), Samuël David Nelemans (Chairperson, NL).
The European Youth Parliament, A! Alarmed by: a)! the simplicity of acquiring illegal drugs for people throughout the Member States of the European Union (EU), which is caused by: i)! a large number of illegal drug suppliers, ii)! low prices in respect to countries outside of the EU; b)! the vast variety and consumption increase of ever-developing designer drugs, which severely damage consumer health and whose side effects are not yet fully known; B! Believing that society, especially younger people, is not properly educated about the effects of drug abuse and safe consumption, C! Convinced that addiction should also be treated as a social problem rather than merely a physical one, D! Approving research that focuses on the social and psychological causes of drug addiction by relating to the consequences and reasoning for using narcotics, E! Deeply regretting: a)! the current approach of Member States towards drug related crime and ineffective punishment policies,
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b)! the discrimination against former drug addicts due to previous drug-related criminal records preventing them from finding jobs, c)! that countries have different legislation regarding drugs resulting in other Schengen countries suffering from the consequences of the drug policies in their more liberal neighbouring countries, d)! the fact that distribution of illegal substances between Schengen states is hard to prevent; F! Deeply concerned by the fact that most of the profit made from illegal drug trade funds terrorism and criminal organizations, G! Bearing in mind: a)! that prohibition of designer drugs takes more time than developing a substitute for them, b)! that designer drugs are significantly cheaper than the original ones and are legally available, c)! that Member States lose a significant amount of potential tax revenue and involuntarily support organised crime by keeping narcotics black market active, d)! that Member States’ laws on drugs and drug trafficking are generally out dated and have numerous flaws; H! Recognising that purchasing drugs from unverified sources increases the chance of obtaining more hazardous substances, I!
Realising that at the EU’s outer border custom agents are not working efficiently enough, which is demonstrated by the amounts of illegal drugs trafficked from South America over the Atlantic by both air and water transport;
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1.! Emphasises the importance of media campaigns and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) on raising social awareness of the dangers associated to designer drugs, 2.! Calls for social studies, surveys and research in order to acquire useful knowledge to help solve and prevent drug abuse problems, 3.! Supports: a.! existing drug education programmes while introducing new ones by involving former drug addicts, who are capable of sending a comprehensive message of the consequences of using narcotics, b.! conducting research focusing on the social aspects of drug addiction, c.! involving volunteers and active civilians to fight illegal, unstandardised drugs through undercover policemen movement promotion in Member States; 4.! Endorses governments: a.! to review their methods of penalising drug convicts, b.! to fund social institutions that practice medical treatment and psychological support of drug addicts; 5.! Calls upon: a.! international organisations to assist people with difficulties in finding a job due to complications connected to former abuse of narcotics, b.! employers to hire people with an unfortunate drug related criminal past in order to boost their own morale and let them have another opportunity in the pursuit of healthy happiness, c.! the development and reinforcement of Schengen Information System (SIS), to fight drug trafficking on the inner and especially the outer borders of the EU, d.! Member State governments to financially support employers willing to hire fully recovered former drug addicts with a history of narcotic related problems but who are eager to prove that they are fully recovered and are as efficient as any other human being; 6.! Request: a.! the creation of legal drugstores exempted from drug laws, b.! decriminalisation of drug possession for personal use, 7.! Further reminds that drug farms should be built within Member States, allowing drugstores to acquire narcotics from local producers, 8.! Trusts that the above mentioned drug farms will provide employment opportunities within Member States, 9.! Expresses its hope that through legalisation of drug farms, the cash flow from criminal activities will be significantly reduced, 6
10.!Takes note of the need for Member State governments to standardise their commercially sold substances;
FACT SHEET •! Designer drugs: o! a drug that is created to be only slightly different from an illegal drug so that it will not be considered illegal. o! an artificially made drug that is used for pleasure. •! Narcotic – an addictive drug affecting mood or behavior, especially an illegal one. •! Drug – a medicine or other substance, which has physiological effect when ingested or otherwise introduced into the body. •! The Schengen Information System (SIS) – a highly efficient large-scale information system that supports external border control and law enforcement cooperation in the Schengen States. •! Decriminalisation – the process of eliminating or reducing drug prohibition laws. •! Legalisation – no punishment for carrying, using cultivating, transporting and retailing. •! An example of a flaw in current legislation is the Dutch “magic truffles loophole”, a hole in the law banning magic mushrooms which allows the spores of the fungi (the truffles) to be cultivated, sold and consumed anyway even though the active ingredient in both products is exactly the same •! The UN’s “Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs” dates from 1961, and international drug laws and definitions are largely still based on this treaty, with the most important amendments dating from 1971 (adding amphetamines and psychedelic drugs to the mix) and 1988 (focussing on fighting international drug trafficking) •! According to the Russian Federal Drug Control Service (FSKN), drug money is a massive source of profit for instance ISIS, who makes up to $1 billion annually from sales throughout its conquered lands.
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MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION BY THE COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE Following the release of some of the negotiating documents on the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), how should the EU combat claims surrounding the issues of transparency and public dissatisfaction regarding the talks, while also ensuring the EU’s priorities and aims of the agreement are clear going forward in talks? Submitted by:
Kitija Lučana Logina (Rīgas Valsts 1. ģimnāzija), Katrīna Milta (Āgenskalna Valsts ģimnāzija), Anita Amālija Olava (Rīgas Franču licejs), Elena Pavāre (Rīgas Valsts 1. ģimnāzija), Markuss Sūniņš (Rīgas Franču licejs), Oguzhan Yılmaz (TR), Karolina Kraft (Chairperson, SE).
The European Youth Parliament, A.! Observing:
a)! that the European Union (EU) and the United States of America (US) are two of the world’s largest economies and their cooperation through the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) has great potential with an estimated increase of 0.5% to the EU’s GDP,
b)! that the EU is the biggest investor in the US with a total amount of €1.6 billion, emphasising the importance of the Investment to State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) in regards to the TTIP,
c)! increased dissatisfaction with the TTIP among European citizens, emphasised by the initiated European Citizen´s Initiative (ECI) against the TTIP,
d)! that Small and Medium sized Enterprises (SME) form the backbone of the EU’s economy by employing two thirds of people working in the private sector,
e)! public concern that differences in standards between the EU’s Member States and the US could result in decreasing EU standards in fields such as:
i.!
food safety,
ii.! environmental protection, iii.! health care;
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B.! Deeply concerned:
a)! that an ISDS clause in the TTIP may lead to an undemocratic outcome in cases where major companies have the possibility to sue governments on national decisions affecting their investments,
b)! that US companies entering the EU market could decrease the competitiveness of European SMEs,
c)! that a lack of transparency early on in TTIP negotiations has caused subjective rumours and a diversity of misinformed public opinions on the TTIP;
1.! Encourages: a.!
the European Commission to continue negotiations on the free trade agreement between the EU and the US,
b.! the European Commission to further develop information platforms such as the online help desk for firms wanting to export goods to the US and expand their business,
c.!
further development of the European Alliance of News Agencies (EANA) with the aim of organising a pan-European professional forum for the exchange of experiences and know-how through seminars and workshops on the TTIP agreement and its possibilities;
2.! Calls for: a.!
further development of the ISDS clausal in order to protect and motivate European investors,
b.! the development of a new branch within the dispute settlement body of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) with elected experts on four year terms, who will deal with ISDS cases between the US and the EU,
c.!
the EANA to assign more members and journalists to attend upcoming press conferences arranged by the European Commission on the TTIP,
d.! the formation of a TV and radio forum where different opinions and views of the TTIP agreement are discussed,
3.! Urges the EU to increase the budget for TTIP subsidies in order to continue the support of growth and development of SMEs by enhancing their ability to participate and compete in the common market of the EU and the US. 9
FACT SHEET •! The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) - a proposed free trade agreement currently being negotiated between the EU and the US. The main aim of TTIP is to remove trade barriers and strengthen the conditions for transatlantic trade by ensuring better market access, reducing red tape and working together on new rules. •! Investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) - a mechanism existing as a safe-guard for companies and their international investment. Under ISDS, investors are able to sue governments in cases where changing the legislation has a negative affect on their business. •! European Alliance of News Agencies (EANA) - serves as a forum for cooperation and exchange of information and experiences among European news agencies powered by each of the member companies representing around 30 European countries with around 750 million inhabitants. •! TTIP transparency measures: o! publishing and updating TTIP documents shared by the European Parliament and Council, o! reporting more extensively on the outcome of negotiating rounds, o! preparing additional online material that explains negotiating positions and approaches, o! increasing communication and outreach efforts alongside increased engagement with citizens.
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MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION BY THE COMMITTEE ON REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT Strengthening cohesion: The EU Cohesion Policy for 2014-2020 is 1/3 of the EU budget and is designed to support smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. Recognising that 75% of Europeans live in or around metropolis and cities are the primary motors for growth, how should the EU best decrease its regional economic disparities? Submitted by:
Ausma Cīrulniece (Smiltenes ģimnāzija), Elizabete Gaile (Rīgas Franču licejs), Beliz Koçyiğit (TR), Monika Krūmiņa (Rīgas Valsts 1. ģimnāzija), Konstantīns Nikolajevs (Rīgas Zolitūdes ģimnāzija), Mārcis Nīmants (Valmieras Pārgaujas ģimnāzija), Pauls Raimonds Sīlis (Rīgas Valsts 1. ğimnāzija), Patriks Simsons (Rīgas Valsts 2. ğimnāzija), Âli Okumuşoğlu (Chairperson, TR).
The European Youth Parliament, A.! Noting with deep concern that the lack of large businesses, educational institutions and educators leads to brain drain in less-favoured regions, B.! Recognising: a)! inefficient spending of European Union (EU) funds involved in financing EU Cohesion Policy due to inappropriate determination of funding priorities, b)! that underdeveloped regions are in a need of large businesses along with qualified employees largely due to excessive migration to metropolitan areas; C.! Emphasising the imbalanced contribution to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) between cities and underdeveloped regions caused by ineffective education, insufficient infrastructure and brain drain resulting in a decrease of competitiveness, D.! Taking into account: a)! that contradictory usage of funds and lack of supervision in the execution of the Cohesion Policy can create the risk of increasing disparities, b)! the poor social, educational, agricultural and economical infrastructure that is directly caused by EU priorities not being sufficiently implemented, c)! that poorly managed investment projects result in ineffective execution of the Cohesion Policy and affect its sustainability along with the development of private companies;
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E.! Deeply concerned by the fact that highly-qualified employees are leaving the underdeveloped region for more advanced and economically developed Member States which increases structural unemployment, F.! Fully alarmed by the lack of competitiveness and economic growth associated with education, infrastructure and career opportunities;
1.! Recommends: a.! informing students in secondary education about specific job opportunities that are needed in the region, b.! regional companies to offer university students internship opportunities during their studies to support youth employment, c.! local governments further improve the Farm Advisory System (FAS) enabling farmers to access and receive funding from the Common Strategic Framework along with the European Regional Development Fund as well as simplifying the payment distribution process intended to support the local agricultural industry; 2.! Emphasises: a.! the importance of regional development experts’ involvement in the decision making process of determining priorities regarding social factions within regions along with the local governments, b.! that meetings of Member States concerning regional development should further include the sharing of information and communication in order to increase transparency regarding: i.! new ways to develop the allocation of EU priorities aiming to support smart, sustainable and inclusive growth, ii.! latest technological improvements to make infrastructure and transportation more convenient; 3.! Encourages: a.! people to gain further knowledge about their region`s economic potential, b.! entrepreneurship in small towns by promoting the Cohesion Policy, c.! regional governments to proportionally distribute the educational funds into fields due to a lack of qualified experts in charge of regulating the funds; 12
4.! Supports the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) to continue making investments and provide long-term investments for local entrepreneurs.
FACT SHEET •! Regional disparities in the EU: unemployment, career opportunities, resources, competitiveness, higher education, monitoring of the allocation of funds, accessibility to transportation •! EU Cohesion Policy 2014-2020 - A policy that aims to improve the economic well being of regions in the EU and also lessen the disparities between regions. •! Over 80% of the cohesion policy budget is allocated to the poorest regions, which are where the GDP per capita is less than 75% of the EU average. •! The European Union Cohesion Policy delegates hundreds of thousands of projects all over Europe that receives funding from the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), the European Social Fund (ESF) and the Cohesion Fund. •! Countries that have joined the EU after 2004 are all also in the list of ‘20 weakest European NUTS 2 regions’ (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics 2 Basic regions for the application of regional policies of the EU.) •! Brain Drain: The emigration of highly trained or qualified people from a particular region. •! Economic Disparities: Usually thought of in three branches: wealth inequality, income inequality and consumption. •! Metropolitan area: The most highly populated and usually most economically active and developed region. Since these areas are the main sources of economic growth, it is important not to harm them as part of the regional cohesion process. •! Farm advisory system (FAS) aims at helping farmers to better understand and meet the EU rules for environment, public and animal health, animal welfare and the good agricultural and environment. •! European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) concentrates its investments on few key priority areas such as innovation and research, the digital agenda, support for small and medium sized enterprises and the low-carbon economy in order to decrease regional disparities. •! The Common Strategic Framework ensures that the European Regional Development Fund, Cohesion Fund, European Social Fund, European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development and the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund will support and achieve the Europe 2020 objectives.
•! European Regional Development Fund: In order to reduce the gap between the levels of development of Europe’s regions and the extent to which the less favoured ones are lagging behind, this Regulation defines the types of action eligible for financing from the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). It also establishes 13
the tasks of the ERDF and the scope of its assistance with regard to the “Convergence”, “Regional competitiveness and employment” and “European territorial cooperation” objectives of the reformed cohesion policy for the period 2007-2013.
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MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION BY THE COMMITTEE ON SECURITY AND DEFENCE “A common army among the Europeans would convey to Russia that we are serious about defending the values of the European Union” stated JeanClaude Juncker, President of the Commission in March 2015. Which direction should the European Union take with European Defence Force initiative, bearing in mind the rising instability in Eastern Europe? Submitted by:
Jānis Galakrodznieks (Rīgas Valsts 1. ģimnāzija), Rainers Gangnuss (Rīgas Centra humanitārā vidusskola), Luka Kodikaitė (LT), Keita Melle (Rīgas 64. vidusskola), Marija Samoviča (Ventspils 1. ģimnāzija), Artis Segrums (Olaines 1. vidusskola), Kārlis Jonāss (Chairperson, LV).
The European Youth Parliament, A.! Deeply alarmed by: a)! continuous violations of Article 2 (4) of the United Nations (UN) Charter by the Russian Federation, b)! extremists justifying attacks on the Member States of the European Union (EU) on the basis of the increasingly volatile nature of the complex social, political, economic and religious situations in the Middle East and North Africa, c)! the increasing number and scope of cyber-attacks against information and communication systems (ICTs) in Member States and around the world in recent years; B.! Noting with concern that: a)! Member States do not fully cooperate and utilise the opportunities offered in the Articles 42 – 46 of the Treaty of the European Union to the fullest extent, b)! 80% of Member States have experienced a long-term reduction in their military expenditure, including spending on research and development (R&D) in defence areas, which has dropped by 40% since 2006; C.! Recognising that: a)! the existing military formation ‘EU Battlegroup’ is the smallest military crisis response unit, consisting of 1,500 men, designated for low intensity conflicts operating under the UN request,
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b)! the military expenditure of the United States of America (USA) constitutes approximately 73% of the total military expenditure of all the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation’s (NATO) Member States, c)! Greece, Estonia and the United Kingdom are the only EU Member States to have met the NATO guideline whereby they must spend 2% of their gross domestic product (GDP) on military expenditure; D.! Fully aware: a)! that EU Member States have a tendency to group into organisations based on common security interests, b)! of the concerns that some EU Member States share regarding the confidentiality of the information that is subject to exchange under the proposed European Defence Union (EDU) framework, c)! of the dissatisfaction of many EU Member States regarding the proposed establishment of the EDU; E.! Believing that the current decision-making process adopted by the Council of the European Union in respect to the EU’s Security and Defence policies may hinder effective response to potential violent political crises;
1.! Affirms: a.! the idea of the EDU as a long-term initiative, b.! the USA as the key strategic partner with whom to cooperate within the area of defence; 2.! Urges: a.! Member States to increase investment in Research and Development (R&D) of their military, b.! the EU to cooperate with regional actors in the Middle East and Northern Africa (MENA) in order to find conflict resolution, c.! both NATO and non-NATO EU Member States to fulfil the targets of Clause 14 of the NATO Wales Summit Declaration; 3.! Resolves that the Regional Cooperation Structures should: a.! authorise the assembly and deployment of the Battlegroup unit to areas of instability as requested by the EU Member State that is directly affected by said instability, 16
b.! have access to existing NATO infrastructure to efficiently execute given tasks under the Berlin Plus Agreement, c.! be supported by the European Defence Agency (EDA) in their military research and development, equipment procurement and military cooperation, d.! have a common agenda as defined and coordinated by the Council of the European Union and relevant authorities; 4.! Recommends: a.! the EDA to establish the Fast Response Mechanism (FSM) for the deployment of armed forces to assure a fast response in crisis situations, b.! the Regional Cooperation Systems (RCS) reform the EU Battlegroup military formation via a European Commission proposed regulation in order to, i.! make it a permanent military formation, stationed on the territory of the Member States of the RCS, ii.! transfer the power of assembly, activation, stationing, deployment and deactivation to the RCS’s competent authority, iii.! increase the minimum threshold of the personnel size to 4000 people, iv.! expand the range of capabilities the unit is able to perform, v.! reconfigure the unit for operations using conventional warfare techniques, vi.! attach a subordinate unit with special operational capabilities to more effectively address the tactics used in hybrid warfare, vii.! closely cooperate with NATO military forces to ensure efficient execution of relevant military operations; c.! the standardisation of EU military production according to NATO guidelines, d.! further research and support to Member States for supplementary development of: i.! successful integration of GN3Plus in the current data structures, ii.! data infrastructures, iii.! high performance computing (HPC) infrastructures; e.! the European Commission create a centralised and strict data exchange framework,
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f.! Member States provide financial incentives to enterprises that increase efficiency and security of information and communication systems, g.! Member States form approved establishments such as the European Defence Equipment Market (EDEM) for the European Defence Technological & Industrial Base (EDTIB), h.! Member States host and participate in international conferences on cyber security; 5.! Congratulates the Republic of Estonia, the Republic of Greece and the United Kingdom for maintaining their expenses on defence at the NATO Guideline for Minimum Military Expenditures of 2% out of the GDP.
FACT SHEET •! The EU Battlegroup (EU BG) is a military unit adhering to the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) of the EU. •! Article 2(4) United Nations Constitutional Charter: All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations. •! Cyber warfare involves the actions by a nation-state or international organisation to attack and attempt to damage another nation's computers or information networks through, for example, computer viruses or Denial-of-Service attacks. •! European Defence Union: The military of the European Union comprises the various cooperative structures that have been established between the armed forces of the member states, both inter-governmentally and within the institutional framework of the union. •! GN3plus is the extension to the third term of the successful GÉANT networking project that lies at the heart of the EU’s e-Infrastructure strategy. •! Article 42 - 46 from the Treaty of the European Union, Title V: General provisions on the Union’s external action and specific provisions on the Common Security and Foreign Policy, Section II - Provisions for Common Security and Defence Policy. •! Clause 14 Wales Summit Declaration: Allies currently meeting the NATO guideline to spend a minimum of 2% of their Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on defence will aim to continue to do so. Likewise, Allies spending more than 20% of 18
their defence budgets on major equipment, including related Research & Development, will continue to do so. o Allies whose current proportion of GDP spent on defence is below this level will: § halt any decline in defence expenditure; § aim to increase defence expenditure in real terms as GDP grows; § aim to move towards the 2% guideline within a decade with a view to meeting their NATO Capability Targets and filling NATO's capability shortfalls. o Allies who currently spend less than 20% of their annual defence spending on major new equipment, including related Research & Development, will aim, within a decade, to increase their annual investments to 20% or more of total defence expenditures. o All Allies will: § ensure that their land, air and maritime forces meet NATO agreed guidelines for deployability and sustainability and other agreed output metrics; § ensure that their armed forces can operate together effectively, including through the implementation of agreed NATO standards and doctrines. •! Regional Cooperation Structures is a set of intergovernmental bodies used for cooperation in different areas, including defence, and levels between the Member States and restricted to a certain geographical region. •! The Berlin Plus agreement refers to a comprehensive package of arrangements finalised in early 2003 between the EU and the NATO that allows the EU to make use of NATO assets and capabilities for EU-led crisis management operations. •! The European Defence Agency is an agency of the European Union (EU) and is a Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) body reporting to the Council of the European Union. Its primary role is to foster European defence cooperation. •! Regional Cooperation Systems are based on contributions from a coalition of member states and are under the direct control of the Council of the European Union. •! European Defence Equipment Market is common market for defence equipment within the EU. •! European Defence Technological and Industrial Base (EDTIB) is a prerequisite to the European Defence Agency (EDA) achieving its mission: improving the EU’s defence capabilities.
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MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION BY THE COMMITTEE ON CIVIL LIBERTIES, JUSTICE AND HOME AFFAIRS II Terrorist attacks on the French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo: What measures should the EU take to guarantee the safety of its citizens and the protection of basic civil liberties such as the right to freedom of expression and speech, as well as of thought conscience and religion? Submitted by:
Kurts Auza (Rīgas Valsts 2. ģimnāzija), Georgs Kreislers (Rīgas Centra humanitārā vidusskola), Daniels Mašonskis (Jelgavas 4. vidusskola), Gustavs Mežulis (Rīgas Valsts 1. ģimnāzija), Asnāte Neimane (Rīgas Franču licejs), Karīna Segruma (Olaines 1. vidusskola), Selena Eylul Sofuoglu (TR), Helēna Šania Volbeta (Rīgas Valsts 1. ģimnāzija), Gabrielė Šimakauskaitė (Chairperson, LT).
The European Youth Parliament, A.! Recognising:
a)! the fact that each Member State of the European Union (EU) enforce the declaration of human rights in a differing manner, namely restrictions on the freedom of speech,
b)! that some EU institutions such as the EU Intelligence Analysis Centre (INTCEN) lack full authority in to apply force in cases of threat,
c)! that tragic events and potential threats have occurred throughout the years due to controversial media content being misinterpreted; B.! Alarmed by:
a)! the attacks against media professionals, which escalated to more than 60 violent attacks in second half of 2014,
b)! the fact that the concept of freedom of speech is often mistaken as a green light for hate speech and unrestrained self-expression, without consequences or responsibility by the general public; C.! Deeply concerned:
a)! that expressing opinions on controversial topics often create a violent backlash against content publishers, therefore endangering public safety,
b)! that terrorist groups endanger citizens and affect the media output of the EU, with more than 200 terrorist attacks carried out in Member States in 2014; 20
1.! Approves the actions that the Internal Security Fund has set for the period of 2014-2020; 2.! Encourages: a.! the Internal Security Fund to reallocate funds for the benefit of developing programmes which are responsible for security such as Prevention of and Fight against Crime (ISEC);
b.! the European Commission create an organisation which would protect controversial journalists by:
i.!
publishing works with aliases,
ii.! ensuring safe habitat, iii.! portable panic alarms, c.! the ‘Terrorism & other Security-related Risks’ (CIPS) further develop their initiative on citizen protection, attack prevention and security incidents,
d.! the Committee on Culture and Education of the European Parliament create a cultural study programme for second-level education which would cover:
i.!
the cultural and religious differences between Member States,
ii.! the basic knowledge of different religions, beliefs and traditions, iii.! civil liberties and human rights; 3.! Calls upon the Contact Committee, established under Europe 2020 initiative, to adopt a media content rating system and implement media content categorising among Member States;
FACT SHEET •! INTCEN – An intelligence office which works under the High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (HR). Analysis, early warnings and situational awareness are the main tasks but of which human resources lack and are incomparable to the effectiveness of the USA’s Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).
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•! A survey of the first six months of incidents in 2014 reported to Index on Censorship’s Mapping Media Freedom project had found that journalists and media workers are confronting relentless pressure as they do their jobs. In the six months since the mapping project was launched, over 500 reports — including 61 violent attacks on journalists — from across Europe have been verified and published. Reports have come in from as far afield as Finland and Malta, Ireland and Turkey. •! In EUROPOLs’ European Union terrorism situation and trend report 2015 it is stated that during the year of 2014 201 terrorist attacks were carried out in EU Member States during which 4 people were killed. •! The Contact Committee (Article 29 Audiovisual Media Services Directive) has been established to monitor the implementation of the Directive and the developments in the sector as well as a forum for exchanging the views. •! The Internal Security Fund (ISF) - set up for the period of 2014-2020, with a total of EUR 3.8 billion for the seven years. The ISF will promote the implementation of the Internal Security Strategy, law enforcement cooperation and the management of the EU’s external borders. The ISF is composed of two instruments, ISF Borders and Visa and ISF Police. •! Key Objectives of the ISF: o! Fight against crime: combating cross-border, serious and organised crime including terrorism, and reinforcing coordination and cooperation between law enforcement authorities and other national authorities of EU States, including with EUROPOL and other relevant EU bodies, and with relevant non-EU and international organisations; o! Managing risk and crisis: enhancing the capacity of EU States and the Union for managing effectively security-related risk and crisis, and preparing for protecting people and critical infrastructure against terrorist attacks and other security related incidents. •! Terrorism and other Security-related Risks (CIPS) programme is designed to protect citizens and critical infrastructures from terrorist attacks and other security incidents. It does this by fostering prevention and preparedness, particularly by improving the protection of critical infrastructures. At the same time, projects address consequence management – a key component for the smooth coordination of crisis management and security actions, in particular following terrorist attacks. •! Prevention of and Fight against Crime (ISEC) - ISEC has a budget of EUR 600 million for the period 2007–13 and contributes to citizens’ security through projects that prevent and combat crime. Terrorism, human trafficking, child abuse, cybercrime, illicit drug and arms trafficking, corruption and fraud are a particular focus. 22
MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION BY THE COMMITTEE ON CONSTITUTIONAL AFFAIRS Digital revolution and participatory democracy: Given the benefits and risks of the Digital Age, how should we transform democratic participation, especially among young people? Submitted by:
Viesturs Bērziņš (Valmieras Valsts ģimnāzija), Dace Otomere (Rīgas Valsts 2. ģimnāzija), Kirils Ravinskis (Rīgas Purvciema vidusskola), Inese Sniedze Sjomkāne (Rīgas Valsts 1. ģimnāzija), Toms Elvijs Šusts (Rīgas Valsts 1. ģimnāzija), Diana Vederik (EE), Madara Zvīne (Rīgas Franču licejs), Laine Una Melkerte (Chairperson, LV).
The European Youth Parliament, A.! Alarmed by the severe difference in electoral participation among Member States of the European Union (EU) varying from 13% in Slovakia to 89% in Belgium, B.! Taking into consideration: a)! that EU citizens underestimate the importance of their vote forming a silent mass, b)! that while nearly half of EU citizens use the Internet daily, almost 18% of EU citizens have never used the Internet, c)! that despite the success of electronic voting in Estonia EU citizens still have trust issues in technology; C.! Deeply concerned by the democratic deficit caused by: a)! youth disinterest in politics as shown by the official UK survey turnout which showed that 69% of 16-24 year olds admitted to having no interest in politics, b)! the lack of youth knowledge about the current political affairs on national and European level, c)! politicians lacking interest in addressing youth issues due to their inactivity in politics, d)! previous negative experience and lack of information leading to youth mistrust in politicians; D.! Recognising: a)! the widespread use of technology among the youth as a tool to reach out to the minority, b)! e-government as a successful means for interaction between governments and their citizens,
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c)! the work of NGOs in representing the votes that are not represented in the Parliament;
1.! Recommends: a.! Member States develop information tools, such as electoral compass and non-biased voting advice applications, b.! large corporations to donate technology, thus improving the technological infrastructure available to the society in underdeveloped areas, c.! Member States consider implementing e-voting as a perspective means of increasing democratic participation, d.! Member States develop the e-government system, e.! Member States start campaigns and use the advantages of social media as a tool to emphasise the importance of the individual vote; 2.! Advises: a.! politicians increase the transparency of political transaction engagement with the use of existing social networks, b.! Member States implement Citizenship Education in their school curricula or expand the existing ones, c.! Member States take part in school projects that involve students in politics such as ‘shadow elections’ and politician visits in schools; 3.! Requests: a.! the European Regional Development Fund reallocate funds for the improvement of technologic infrastructure, b.! the European Network and Information Security Agency oversee and maintain the implementation of e-voting, c.! the EU fund more media campaigns in the Member States with the lowest voter turnouts; 4.! Expresses its appreciation towards existing NGOs, such as AEGEE and Tellus, who are already working on increasing youth interest and involvement in politics.
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FACT SHEET •! Democratic participation: the act of participating in the process of decisionmaking, either directly or through elected representatives. •! Democratic deficit: any situation in which there is believed to be a lack of democratic accountability and control over the decision-making process. •! Digital divide: An economic and social inequality according to categories of persons in a given population in their access to, use of, and knowledge of information and communication technologies (ICT). •! AEGEE (Association des États Généraux des Étudiants de l'Europe): European Student’s Forum, was launched in June 2013 as a new “initiative oriented on increasing youth participation in the upcoming European Parliament elections 2014”. AEGEE tried to activate the youth in National and European wide political activities, help and encourage the youth to make informed choices and guide them further towards their future Europe. •! Silent Majority: a presumed moderate group of the citizens who are too passive to make their views known. •! Shadow Elections: an educational project where every 14-20 year old citizen can vote before elections to show what their opinion was if they had the right to participate. The aim of the project is to introduce to young people on how democracy works, how to make well-reasoned decisions, show them that their voice matters and that they should care about the current political affairs. Such things have been implemented in several Member States, such as Estonia, Finland and Denmark. •! Electoral Compass: Electoral Compass is a voting advice tool that can be used to discover the right position in the political landscape for upcoming elections. •! E-government: web-based services from agencies of local, state and federal governments, where the government uses IT and particularly the Internet to support government operations, engage citizens and provide government services. •! The European Network and Information Security Agency (ENISA): a European Union Agency dedicated to preventing and addressing network security and information security problems. •! European Regional Development Fund (ERDF): The ERDF aims to strengthen economic and social cohesion in the European Union by correcting imbalances between its regions. •! Citizenship Education (CE): educating children, from early childhood, to become clear thinking and enlightened citizens who participate in decisions concerning society. 25
MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION BY THE COMMITTEE ON WOMENS’ RIGHTS AND GENDER EQUALITY A recent commission press release stated “Women still work on 59 days for free every year compared to their male counterparts". Considering such statements, what should be done to address the European Gender Pay Gap? Submitted by:
Ieva Jurkāne (Olaines 1. vidusskola), Dita Kantore (Rīgas Franču licejs), Egils Lūsiņš (Valmieras Pārgaujas ģimnāzija), Māreta Roze Purvišķe (Rīgas Valsts 1. ģimnāzija), Viltė Radzvilavičiūtė (LT), Nikole Ševčenko (Rīgas Zolitūdes ģimnāzija), Elizabete Šmite (Rīgas Centra humanitārā vidusskola), Elza Linda Purvinska (Chairperson, LV).
The European Youth Parliament, A.! Noting with regret:
a)! that the gender wage gap stagnates at 16.4% across the European Union (EU), b)! that 68% of women in the EU believe gender discrimination exists in the workplace, c)! the difficulties in finding a job after maternity leave; B.! Observing:
d)! the lack of transparency in pay systems resulting in an inability to track the pay gap, e)! the cultural and religious differences between Member States that affect women’s ability to enter the work force,
f)! the fact that women dominate nine out of ten of the lowest-paying jobs while men dominate nine out of ten of the highest paying jobs;
1.! Recommends: a)! Member States participate in events that promote the reduction of the gender wage gap such as the “Equality Pays Off” project, b)! the European Institution of Gender Equality (EIGE) improve the cooperation between Member States by participating in events such as Equal Pay Day and 26
planning strategies related to reducing the pay gap and discrimination against women, c)! Member States adopt legislation which obliges private sector companies to regularly send reports of the gap between their male and female employees’ average earnings to Member States’ statistical departments, d)! the EIGE create a pan-European programme for all genders through which successful women share their experience in male-dominated jobs, e)! the European Commission adopt legislation focusing on:
i.!maternity leave for a duration of at least 23 weeks in each Member State, ii.! a guarantee issued prior to maternity leave entitling the employee to return to their job after said leave,
iii.! encouraging Member States ensure mandatory payment to employees on maternity leave; f)!
the Employment, Social Policy, Health and Consumer Affairs Council (EPSCO) advise Member States increase salaries in female-dominated sectors through strategies which take into account the Member States’ current economic situation.
FACT SHEET •!
EPSCO (Employment, Social Policy, Health and Consumer Affairs Council) - has the overall objective of raising standards of living and quality of life of its citizens. It is responsible for drawing up annual employment guidelines that the Member States take into account in their national policies.
•!
EIGE (European Institute for Gender Equality) - an autonomous body of the European Union. It operates to contribute and strengthen the promotion of gender equality and fight against discrimination based on sex.
•!
The European Equal Pay Day - an annual event to raise awareness of the fact that a wage gap between women and men still exists.
•!
On average, women in the EU earn around 16 % less per hour than men. The gender pay gap varies across Europe. Interestingly, a gender pay gap exists even though women do better at school and university than men. On average, in 2012, 83 % of young women reach at least upper secondary school education in the EU, 27
compared to 77.6% of men. Women also represent 60 % of university graduates in the EU.
•!
Estonia is an example of failure in reducing gender inequality. The statistics show that the pay gap was at 25% in 2000, but at 30% by 2007 and keeps increasing.
•! •!
The average maternity leave in Member States is 23 weeks. Equality Pays Off project - supports employers in their efforts to tackle the gender pay gap. The aim is to raise companies' awareness of the 'business case' for gender equality and equal pay.
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MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION BY THE COMMITTEE ON HUMAN RIGHTS New smuggling networks have been created to suit the ever-growing amount of fleeing refugees due to political unrest in the Middle East, causing an emergency situation in the European continent. Taking into account the right to life and liberty but bearing in mind the regional difficulties the EU is facing, how should the EU better control its refugee flows while respecting human rights? Submitted by:
Reinis Frēlihs (Rīgas Valsts 1. ģimnāzija), Klaudija Gauja (Rīgas Franču licejs), Arnolds Ieviņš Brambis (Rīgas 64. vidusskola), Luīze Nežberte (Jaņa Rozentāla Rīgas mākslas vidusskola), Eduards Osis (Rīgas Valsts 1. ģimnāzija), Liisbet Valgiste (EE), Eirini Samara (Chairperson, GR).
The European Youth Parliament, A.! Noting with regret: a)! that the Syrian civil war has led to more than 210,000 casualties and has forced 4 million people to flee from their countries of origin, b)! the rise of hostility towards refugees among the hosting countries’ native population due to the ever growing number of refugees, c)! the European Union’s (EU) replacement of the “Mare Nostrum” operation; B.! Bearing in mind: a)! that the Dublin Regulations oblige refugees to seek asylum in the first Member State they enter, b)! that refugees are unevenly distributed across the EU with the majority located in the Mediterranean region; C.! Desiring countries of entry who fail to fulfill the requirements set by the 1951 Refugee Convention, due to their lack of efficient policies, infrastructure and resources, enshrine refugees’ rights adequately, D.! Viewing with appreciation: a)! that many agencies such as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Amnesty International and the International Committee of the Red Cross 29
(ICRC) have provided humanitarian aid in response to the Syrian conflict and have extensively been trying to improve refugees’ life conditions in camps, b)! initiatives taken by the EU in the areas of refugee protection, which have included: i)!
a €3.6 billion donation in response to the crisis in Syria, making the EU a leading donor,
ii)!
the formation of a European Agenda on Migration,
iii)!
the continuation of European Commission's Humanitarian aid and Civil Protection department’s (ECHO) work in providing humanitarian and civil protection;
1.! Urges the international community to continue its efforts in finding a peaceful solution to the crisis in Syria, 2.! Expresses its hope that non-governmental organisations (NGOs) will continue providing humanitarian aid to people affected by the crisis, 3.! Encourages: a.! the revision of the Dublin Regulations aiming at assigning refugees to all Member States based on different criteria, including Gross Domestic Product (GDP), population, health care, housing, education and unemployment rates, b.! Member States to provide adequate financial aid to the EU countries receiving the most refugees, c.! the EU to grant more funds to non-European countries providing asylum to Syrian refugees, d.! Member States to improve and harmonise their integration policies for refugees in line with the 1951 Refugee Convention, e.! EU citizens to get further involved in NGOs with refugees by volunteering or donating to the cause, f.! the increase in Triton’s scale and funding as well as shifting its focus from protecting borders to saving refugee lives; 4. Draws attention to the necessity of educational media campaigns organised by NGOs and governments explaining the EU’s reasoning behind accepting refugees, 5. Emphasises the need for the EU to continue funding and expanding the ECHO initiative. 30
FACT SHEET •! 1951 Refugee Convention: The Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, also known as the 1951 Refugee Convention, is a United Nations multilateral treaty that defines who is a refugee, and sets out the rights of individuals who are granted asylum and the responsibilities of nations that grant asylum. The Convention also sets out which people do not qualify as refugees, such as war criminals. The Convention also provides for some visa-free travel for holders of travel documents issued under the convention. •! UNHCR: The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees was established on December 14, 1950 by the United Nations General Assembly. It plays a vital role in ensuring and promoting refugees’ rights. The action of the United Nation High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) can be summarised in the following lines; o! Promoting accession to, and implementation of, refugee conventions and laws; o! Ensuring that refugees are treated in accordance with internationally recognised legal standards; o! Ensuring that refugees are granted asylum and are not forcibly returned to the countries from which they have fled; o! Promoting appropriate procedures to determine whether or not a person is a refugee according to the 1951 Convention definition and/or to other definitions found in regional conventions; o! Seeking durable solutions for refugees. •! ICRC: The work of the International Committee of the Red Cross is based on the Geneva Conventions of 1949, their Additional Protocols, its Statutes – and those of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement – and the resolutions of the International Conferences of the Red Cross and Red Crescent. The ICRC is an independent, neutral organisation ensuring humanitarian protection and assistance for victims of armed conflict and other situations of violence. It takes action in response to emergencies and at the same time promotes respect for international humanitarian law and its implementation in national law. •! UNICEF: United Nations Children’s Fund. UNICEF’s humanitarian strategy for Syrian refugees is in line with the 2015-16 inter-agency Regional Refugee and Resilience Plan (3RP), which brings together humanitarian and resilience interventions to meet the needs of Syrian refugee children and their families, as well as those of host communities and other vulnerable groups impacted by the crisis. •! The Gross Domestic Product represents the monetary value of all goods and services produced within a nation's geographic borders over a specified period of time. •! European Agenda on Migration will establish a temporary relocation mechanism for 40.000 people coming from Italy and Greece and the refugees will be relocated within the European Union. In addition, the European Agenda on Migration plans to resettle 20.000 refugees in all the Member States. 31
•! Operation Mare Nostrum: an Italian naval operation responsible to rescue migrants in the International Mediterranean waters as well as EU waters that took place from October 18, 2013 until 31 October 2014 and ensured that 150,000 migrants made it to Europe safely. It had a budget of 9 million euros per month. •! Operation Triton: a border security operation which operates in EU waters conducted by Frontex, the European Union's border security agency which started on 1 November 2014. It has a budget of 3 million euros per month. •! Amnesty International: a non-governmental organization focused on human rights with over 7 million members and supporters around the world. They ensure the human rights of refugees are respected. •! The Dublin Regulations establish the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for examining an application for international protection lodged in one of the Member States by a third-country national or a stateless person. •! ECHO: The European Commission's Humanitarian aid and Civil Protection department (ECHO) aims to save and preserve life, prevent and alleviate human suffering and safeguard the integrity and dignity of populations affected by natural disasters and man-made crises. ECHO is also responsible for the management of the civil protection instrument which covers interventions in Member States, as well as in non-EU countries.
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MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION BY THE COMMITTEE ON CIVIL LIBERTIES, JUSTICE AND HOME AFFAIRS I LGBTQA+ rights in a diverse Europe: How can the EU best ensure their civil rights in light of different social and cultural backgrounds? How should European governments tackle growing discrepancies in attitudes and policies towards anti-discrimination, same-sex marriage and adoption? Submitted by:
Dilara Güreşçi (TR), Kristiāna Imša (Rīgas Franču licejs), Emīlija Linda Mendelsone (Rīgas Purvciema vidusskola), Edvardas Monstvilas (LT), Amanda Rubule (Rīgas Mūzikas inetrnātvidusskola), Ilze
Vejkrīgere
(Olaines 1. vidusskola), Adrija Zaķe (Rīgas Valsts 2. ģimnāzija), Piotr Cichocki (Chairperson, PL). The European Youth Parliament, A.! Realising a)! that Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany, Italy, Latvia, and Poland have not introduced specific legislative regulations combatting homophobic hate speech in spite of Article 21 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (EU) asserting that any discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is prohibited, b)! European society lacks knowledge about LGBTQA+ matters due to stereotypes and misinformation, c)! marriage is constitutionally defined as a union between a man and a woman in Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Slovakia, resulting in same-sex marriages being illegal in the aforementioned Member States, d)! different cultural, social, historical and religious backgrounds of EU citizens affect their views on LGBTQA+ rights, e)! LGBTQA+ youth are often forced out of their homes, resulting in them falling prey to sexual exploitation; B.! Deeply concerned that a)! LGBTQA+ people are bullied, discriminated against and are not provided with the necessary support in educational institutions and workplaces, 33
b)! the EU does not have harmonised legislation on LGBTQA+ rights, therefore same-sex marriage, civil unions and joint adoption are not recognised by all Member States;
1.! Calls upon:
a)!
the European Commissioner on Education, Culture, Youth and Sport to provide Member States with guidelines for effective anti-hate speech laws,
b)! the National Parliaments of Member States to initiate and enforce the aforementioned legislation,
c)!
the European Commission (EC) to further encourage and support the LGBTQA+ community via reallocating Erasmus+ funds to non-governmental organisations’ educational projects, namely media and public events such as TV and radio programmes, websites, open debates and flash mobs,
d)! the EC Vice-President for Better Regulation, Inter-institutional Relations, the Rule of Law and the Charter of Fundamental Rights to introduce legislation that provides basic legal recognition for same-sex marriage, civil unions and joint adoption in all Member States,
e)!
Member States’ Ministries for Education to adopt anti-bullying projects such as Olweus in educational institutions,
f)!
the EC to initiate a grant programme for establishing Homeless Youth Shelters where LGBTQA+ youth who are forced out of their homes can stay for a maximum of three months and will be provided with psychological care and support in obtaining employment;
2.! Designates EC’s Eurostat to conduct harmonised public polls in Member States measuring societal attitudes towards the LGBTQA+ people, 3.! Supports referendum initiatives aiming to abolish the constitutional ban on same-sex marriage in Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, 4.! Draws attention to the June 21st 2015 ruling of the European Court of Human Rights deeming Italy’s lack of legal recognition of same-sex couples a violation of Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights.
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FACT SHEET •! LGBTQA+: according to the widest available definition, this abbreviation stands for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Questioning, Asexual, Aromantic, Allies, Advocates, All, Pansexual, Intersex. •! Article 21 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU reads: ”Any discrimination based on any ground such as sex, race, colour, ethnic or social origin, genetic features, language, religion or belief, political or any other opinion, membership of a national minority, property, birth, disability, age or sexual orientation shall be prohibited.” •! Hate speech: a speech that attacks a group or an individual on the basis of factors which are not of anyone’s choice, such as gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation. Hate speech in general is illegal in all EU Member States, however only 22 of 28 EU Member States have specific laws combatting homophobic hate speech. •! Constitutional definitions of marriage being a union of a man and a woman: Six EU Member States have such an outlining in their constitutions, e.g. clause 110 of the Latvian Constitution. In accordance with the rule of lex speciali derogat legi generali (Latin for “specific laws repeal general laws”), clauses concerning equality of all citizens do not apply to marriage. •! 69% of British homeless LGBTQA+ youth were forced out of their homes and thus they amount to a quarter of the UK’s Homeless Youth. Source: LGBT Youth Homelessness: A UK National Scoping Of Cause, Prevalence, Response, And Outcome, The Albert Kennedy Trust 2015. •! Olweus: an American bullying prevention programme designed for students in elementary, middle, and junior high schools. •! European Court of Human Rights (ECHR): an international court established by the European Convention on Human Rights. It hears applications and complaints about contracting states have violated one or more of the human rights provisions set out in the Convention and its protocols. •! Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights – Right to respect for private and family life: o! ”1. Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence. o! 2. There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.”
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Supported by: