Design for the future generation by Fabien Tardivel

SOCIAL CITY IMPROVEMENT

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DESIGN FOR THE FUTURE GENERATION 7th semester dissertation Bachelor of Architectural Technology and Construction Management Author : Fabien Tardivel Consultant : Erik Toft Date : March 2015

TITLE SHEET Dissertation title: Design for the future Generation Supervisor: Erik Toft Author: Fabien Tardivel Date/Signature: Study number: 203971 Number of copies of dissertation: 2 Published Number of pages: 34 pages

General information: All rights reserved â&#x20AC;&#x201C; no part of this publication may be reproduced without prior permission from author. Note: This thesis has been prepared as part of the training for Constructing Architect â&#x20AC;&#x201C; all responsibility for advice, instruction or conclusion disclaimed.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank Erik Toft for his advices and valuables insights while writing this report. And I would like to thanks him to have very interesting discussions about our future lifestyle.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this report is to consider the impacts of the urbanization on the cities's occupants. In a case that the population is in a rising growth, we could imagine what are we leaving to the next generations. What the heritage of the human life on earth should be ? Or in another way, what kind of world we expect to leave to our children ? Designing for the future generation is an important step for architect because architecture have a great power to change our life. Through our drawings, patterns and concept idea belonging to our personality we are framing a lifestyle for the client, for the human, for us. Despite the ongoing debate growing of population, sustainability is increasingly a key consideration for building owners and tenants. The social, economic and environmental goals of sustainability are now the mantra of many businesses. While much has been written of the beneﬁts of green buildings to its occupants, comparatively fewer studies have been devoted to investigating the perceived drawbacks and measures to improve the social sustainability factor, user satisfaction. The attention to social factors a!ecting urban health is a relatively new dimension. So far, the analyzes tended to focus on the physical environment elements, and usually in isolation. To achieve its goal, a policy designed to improve public health must take into account the interaction of physical and social factors, and should foster an integrated approach. In short, to address the serious health problems that a"ict the citizens, it is not enough to create better sanitation and water supply, although they are essential.

“There is no doubt whatever about the inﬂuence of architecture and structure upon human character and action. We make our buildings and afterwards they make us. They regulate the course of our lives.” Winston Churchill, addressing the English Architectural Association, 1924 [1]

KEY WORD Social, Sustainable, Community, Future, Life improvement, Megalopolis, Cities expansions, Industrialization , Urbanization

TABLE OF CONTENT

TABLE OF CONTENT A - INTRODUCTION

A 1 Problem Background

A 2 Professional Relevance

A 3 Problem Statement

A 4 Research Questions

A 5 Delimitation

A 6 Research Method

6 6

6 6 6 7 7

B - HOW SUSTAINABLE IS THE PLANET EARTH ? 8 B 1 What do we mean by sustainable development ? 8 B 2 What are the actual threat caused by the growth of the megapolis ? 10

C - HOW ABLE ARE WE ?

C 1 How architecture can change the behavior of the people ? 15 C 2 Sustainable cities

D - HOW CITIES COULD SOLVE THEM OWN ISSUES ? 25 D 1 Shaping the cities of tomorrow, the way forward 25 D 2 What could be the cities of tomorrow ?

E - Conclusion F - References/illustrations

31 32

A - INTRODUCTION A 1 Problem Background For the 7th semester in Architectural Technology and Construction Management education, I will investigate the topic of the sustainability. Nowadays, more than two thirds of the European population lives in urban areas. Cities are places where both problems emerge and solutions are found. They are fertile ground for science and technology, for culture and innovation, for individual and collective creativity, and for mitigating the impact of climate change. However, cities are also places where problems such as unemployment, segregation and poverty are concentrated. The growing importance of the cities is inevitable and irreversible. For the future generation those parameters will play a key role on the the well-being of the population. Changes has to be done on our life style. Citizens must act into the social context of the sustainable development.

A 2 Professional Relevance I choose this topic because iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;m also particularly interested in this subject of how to react against this exponential growth of population on earth build. I would like to look into it further as a career path for me after I have ďŹ nished my studies at VIA university here in Horsens. I also believe that our future is strongly depending on our present decision and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s our responsibility to choose the right way of thinking now.

A 3 Problem Statement Design for future generation : How acting in the improvement of the life, by creating a future design context for the next generation ?

A 4 Research Questions - How is our planet nowadays ? - How the human behavior have to be re-consider ? - Which is the future of the planet ?

A 5 Delimitation This report will focus on sustainability part in order to prepare the future generation in the unavoidable growth of population on earth and indirectly caused by the human and the industrialization.

A 6 Research Method This report is based on analytical and secondary research. Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;m trying to look for relative information that is relatively new for me and most of the city as well as analyze what has been published and researched before.

B - HOW SUSTAINABLE IS THE PLANET EARTH ? B 1 What do we mean by sustainable development ? Sustainable buildings means "buildings that lasts" as opposed to "ghost buildings" or «# ephemeral buildings# » The aim is to take into an account the social, economic, environmental, local culture and people issues. Green building (or sustainable building) refers to a using process that is environmentally responsible and resource e$cient throughout a building's life-cycle: from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition. This requires close cooperation of the design team, the architects, the engineers, and the client at all project stages. The Green Building practice expands and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort. For example through an architecture called «#high environmental quality#» we can considerate the working methods and sober transportation, building e$ciency in terms of energy consumption and renewable natural resources.

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1 - SUSTAINABILITY TABLE

Sustainable development calls into question the construction of the last century practices, wasteful in energy and landscapes, costly maintenance and destructive social links. The availability of viable habitat that promotes solidarity, which is e!ective for the environment, resource e$cient and aesthetic creator is a challenge for contemporary societies. It is also one of the architects who ﬁnd that the demand for "sustainability" is no longer possible to design and build structures as in the past.

ÂŤ Architecture seals the covenant of man and nature (cosmos) settled by the geometry of the laws of the universe. Âť (Le Corbusier) [2] The sustainable city is a high quality of life for everyone everywhere. Social and access to services (education, culture, leisure, health, social life, and especially housing) will therefore have a fundamental place in a context of social diversity. An ethics of solidarity e!ort should be made to promote access to housing, leisure and culture to people on low incomes, disabled or elderly. These cities may help spread and develop these concepts elsewhere. They want the city to be "neutral" (that is to say, without negative impact or refunded with impacts in terms of total assets) from the local and global environment. It is a major objective and challenge in a district (or city) durable. It concerns the energy consumption, but also all areas a!ecting natural and human resources. In a sustainable city, various economic objectives can be searched. Urban planning and architecture, the economic pillar of sustainable development led to believe the project in terms of overall cost: fewer resources (energy, materials, water, soil ...) for the project throughout the life of the project, while optimizing the budget so that costs do not become excessive and maintaining a high quality lens. 2 - SUSTAINABILITY GRAPHIC

B 2 What are the actual threat caused by the growth of the megapolis ? Planet earth is the home of millions of species. Only one is dominating. Us. Our intelligence, our creativity and our lifestyle have modiﬁed most of the part on our planet. Indeed, we caused this impact on it. In fact, this intelligence, creativity and lifestyle are now the drivers of every global problem we face. And each of this matters is increasing as we continue this exponential growth a global population to 10#billions. Therefore I trust that we could name the situation an emergency. Population threat The humans life started 200 000 years ago. Comparing to the age of the earth, it is very small. Only 10 000 years ago, we were one million human. In 1800, only 200 years ago, we were 1#billion. In 1960, 50 years ago, we were 3#billion of human. There are now over 7# billion of us. In 2050 our children and our children's children, are going to live with 9 billion human around them on earth. Some time towards the end of this century, we are going to be at least 10#billion of human or even more. [3] During that time, 3# billion people will need to ﬁnd a place to live. In 2050, 70% of the population will be living in an urban context. The 21th century is going to see a really fast growth of cities, as well as the creation of entirely new cities that doesn’t exist yet. 12000

Population

Urban population

Rural population

9000

6000

3000

1700 1730 1760 1790 1820 1850 1880 1910 1940 1970 2000 2030 2060 2090

3 - GRAPHIC OF THE POPULATION’S GROWTH IN MILLION, THOSE LAST FEW CENTURY

Pollution As you can see on the graphic below in 2000 there we were 6#billion of human on earth. The transportation of all kind of thing we are consuming everyday, is actually changing our climate. It is clear for everyone that the amount of CO2, greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and methane as a result of the intensive agriculture, land use as a factory. We have several problem which result to a serious emergency depending on us. Quick examples : the year 1998 was the hottest year we could record. Then, the 10th hottest years that we record happened since 1998. Transport I got the idea to put on the same graph the changes in global car production from the beginning (late 19th century) and the evolution of the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere since the same date . Surprise: the two curves almost perfectly stick. [4] 4 - EVOLUTION COMPARED OF THE CARS WORLD PRODUCTION AND THE EMISSION OF CO2 IN THE ATMOSPHERE

If indeed observed changes in global automotive production and CO2 concentration in the atmosphere since the advent of the automobile in the 1880s, one is struck by the similarity of the two curves. Of course, the car is not the only responsibility of CO2 emissions, but the continued growth of the ďŹ&#x201A;eet and global car production seems to have some impact on the growth of both CO2 emissions and CO2 concentration in the atmosphere.

We are used to hear the word "climate" everywhere, so it could be good to understand what is it really. Obviously, "climate" is di!erent than weather. The climate is one of the planet's essential life support way. It is deďŹ ned with four components : the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the cryosphere and the biosphere. Nowadays, the human lifestyle began to modify every one of these components. Nature degradation Our amount of CO2 transform the atmosphere. Our growth of water use had begun to change the hydrosphere. Rising top surface temperature of the sea had begun to change our cryosphere, especially the melting of the Greenland and Arctic ice sheets. Our growing use of ďŹ elds for farming, cities, transports, as well as all the pollution we produced, had begun to modify our biosphere. To say it in another way, the human lifestyle have changed our climate.

5 - GLOBAL POLLUTION

The atmosphere (the air we breathe) It is due to the emission of gaseous or solid products (as dust) whose origins are diverse. The gases from the exhausts of vehicles and discharges from factory chimneys. One of the most common pollutants is carbon monoxide, due to the combustion of hydrocarbons (oil and coal); others, such as nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide, form smog, toxic gas clouds above the cities. As for carbon dioxide, it creates a di!usion preventing layer to the upper layers of the atmosphere energetic radiation (greenhouse e!ect), causing a gradual change in Earth's climate.

Air pollution is usually concentrated in urban and industrial areas. However, gaseous and dusty pollutants can be transported by the wind, and spread over large distances, and fall as acid rain causing the death of forests. The hydrosphere (the planet's water) Water ensures the existence of living organisms on Earth, and the course of their life processes. It is part of the cells and animal and plant tissues. On average, the water is approximately 90% of the mass of all the plants and 75% of the mass of animals. Climate and weather on Earth and depends largely determined by the presence of water spaces and content of water vapor in the atmosphere. In human water are widely used. Water is used in the industry, used as coolants used in the construction and. Agricultural activities associated with the consumption of huge amounts of water. Rivers, canals, lakes, important means of communication. Historically, people have always settled near water sources. They provided them with fresh water, gave water for irrigation and production development. In the middle of the twentieth century, humanity has created new opportunities in the sustainable provision of water resources: they built reservoirs and canals. Rivers no longer reach the sea, drying lakes, degraded ecosystems. All due to overruns in the water and the underestimation of the value of this resource in the thoughtless policy consumption. During the last century, water consumption is increasing faster than the population of the planet. Over the past 100 years, its population has increased by 4 times, but water consumption increased by 7 times. The largest freshwater consumption occurs in areas of irrigated agriculture, as well as in urban areas and industrial centers. It took 200 years, during which increased the number of earthlings, there is intensiďŹ cation of agriculture, develop industry, growing cities. As more of these components of pollution and the number of species has increased exponentially, resulting in natural water sources of the disappointing performance of contamination. The cryosphere (the ice sheets and glaciers) The "cryosphere" is the term given to the frozen parts of the Earth's surface (snowcapped peaks, glaciers, permafrost, etc.). These areas are feed, the major rivers which are a source of fresh water for hundreds millions of people, they sequester greenhouse gases and help contain the level of the sea. The persistence of global cryosphere could cause a rise in sea level that would impact more than 100 million people worldwide, and also threaten water resources on which 1.5 billion people, only for the region Himalayan. It also entail the disappearance of frozen ground (permafrost), which would have the e!ect of increasing some 30% atmospheric carbon by 2100.

The cryosphere is experiencing rapid transformations due to climate change, and if nothing impedes global warming, the risks to human societies and fragile ecosystems will increase dramatically. The slowdown of global cryosphere is therefore a global problem. The biosphere (the planet's plants and animals) Pollution of human origin can have a major impact on health and the biosphere as evidenced by exposure to pollutants and global warming that transforms the atmosphere of the Earth and its ecosystem, resulting in the appearance of unknown diseases until in some geographical areas, migration of certain species, even their extinction if they can not adapt to their new biophysical environment.

Well being Human well being evolved under conditions of high mortality due to famines, accidents, illnesses, infections and war and therefore the relatively high fertility rates were essential for species survival. In spite of the relatively the high fertility rates it took all the time from evolution of mankind to the middle of the 19th century for the global population to reach one billion. The twentieth century witnessed an unprecedented rapid improvement in health care technologies and access to health care all over the world, as a result there was a steep fall in the mortality and steep increase in longevity. The population realized these changes and took steps to reduce their fertility but the decline in fertility was not so steep. As a result the global population has undergone a fourfold increase in a hundred years and has reached 6 billion.

6 - WELLBEING GRAPHIC

C - HOW ABLE ARE WE ? C 1 How architecture can change the behavior of the people ? How important is architecture for the future generation ? Urban ecology is a concept that brings environmental issues to life in the city. He advocates a wide approach on all topics relating to the promotion of sustainable lifestyles in urban transportation, urban planning, housing, the ﬁght against pollution, democracy and local economy. In a case that the population is in a rising growth, we could imagine what are we leaving to the next generations. What the heritage of the human life on earth should be ? Or in another way, what kind of world we expect to leave to our children ? Designing for the future generation it’s an architectural concept, designing to impress people, designing to show what we are able it’s an other way of thinking. But, what we can say is architecture have a great power to change our life. Through our drawings, patterns and concept idea belonging to our personality we are framing a lifestyle for the client, for the human, for us. The behavioral transformations which are needed of us are so basic and essential that nobody wants to make them. Which one are they? obviously, we need to reduce the consummation. And here it is interesting to pointing that "we" speak about the people who are living in the west and the north of the earth. There are nowadays nearly 3#billions people on earth who need to rise them consummation, rise the water, rise the food, rise the energy. Telling to "Don't have children" is really stupid. It is going against every natural laws. Which political decision must be done to improve the life condition ? We are going to have to triple – at least – energy production by the end of this century to meet expected demand. To meet that demand, we will need to build, roughly speaking, something like: 1,800 of the world's largest dams, or 23,000 nuclear power stations, 14m wind turbines, 36bn solar panels, or just keep going with predominantly oil, coal and gas – and build the 36,000 new power stations that means we will need.Our existing oil, coal and gas reserves alone are worth trillions of dollars. Are governments and the world's major oil, coal and gas companies – some of the most inﬂuential corporations on Earth – really going to decide to leave the money in the ground, as demand for energy increases relentlessly? I doubt it. [5]

Every issues we look at it, the planet earth with 10# billion of humans seems to be a nightmare. Therefore, what are our alternatives ? The few solution we have today to change our behavior, globally and radically, on each level. In short, we have an emergency we must consume less. Really less. And in the same time we need to save more. Really more. To manage such a radical transformations in our behavior, the government action will have to be also radical. But in the case of this sort of transformation is required, politicians are actually belonging to the problems, not part of those solutions, because the agreement that need to be chosen to realize significant behavior transformation, make politicians really unpopular, because they are all too aware. Therefore, what politics people have try to performed in order to inverse this situation is failed diplomacy. Example : - The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, the purposes were during & 20 years to certify the stabilization of greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere : it failed. & - The UN Convention to Combat Desertification, the purposes were during 20 years to bloc land degradation and becoming desert : it failed. - The Convention on Biological Diversity, the purposes were during 20 years to & decrease the rate of biodiversity loss : it failed. Those examples are just three of them which failed global initiatives. The list is a really long one. And the way the politics justify this inaction is through the scientific uncertainty and public opinion. Some of the politics have a global message like "We have to wait for science's answer to have climate change proof and conclude this is actually occurring". Nowadays, there is no way. Therefore it is like this : "We have to wait for scientific, then to be able to prove us what kind of impact will be and how much". And, "We must have the public opinion afterward our action". But this climate issues are not going to be free from uncertainties. And for public opinion, politicians don't have problems to ignore it when it suits them – wars, money's bonuses and healthcare reforms, to provide only three examples. What politics people and governments tell about them announcement to take the climate issues is completely not the same from what they are doing afterward about it.

C 2 Sustainable cities Malmö

7 - CITY OF MALMO

Malmö is a compact city, facilitating provision of collective services, including transport and bicycle pathways whilst simultaneously incorporating mixed use planning and green space; creating favorable conditions for sustainable urban development. In 2020, the energy produced by the sun, wind, water, biomass will replace all fossil fuels consumed by the city of Malmö. The city thus demonstrates that economic growth and sustainable development are not incompatible. It's taking the challenge of environmental that this city has forged a new identity and build a new future. At the end of the 90s, Malmö is a city out of breath. Hit hard by de-industrialization, the third Swedish agglomeration sinks into crisis. With the dismantling of the shipyards, the city loses its main resource. The city knows unemployment record for the country. In 2000, a bridge connects to Copenhagen to the mainland, the city is opening up new opportunities. The municipality decided to turn resolutely towards sustainable development: energy policy, transport, construction, but also the social dialogue will be radically redeﬁned by this ambition. Heating with sea water The main goal of sustainable development is the reduction of carbon emissions due to the use of fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, coal). In this perspective the municipality operates a radical choice with the wind and solar torque. In Malmö, 45 o!shore wind turbines cover almost 40% of the total energy consumption of the city. Added to this is the density of an individual wind farm. All new construction and all those rehabilitated are equipped with solar panels. For the only area Bo01 model neighborhood built from 2001 on the ruins of the former shipyards, over 1400 m2 of solar collectors are installed. Malmö also beneﬁts from the proximity to

the sea by developing a pioneering technology that allows sea water stored underground to heat buildings. The return of green roofs In parallel, the city uses the latest technology to dramatically reduce energy consumption. The goal is to see that consumption fall by at least 20% per person in 2020, and again from 20% in 2030. To this end, all new construction and rehabilitated incorporate new materials and innovative architectural designs in order to limit heat loss. We do not hesitate to modernize old traditions such as green roofs, better insulator than slate. They have the advantage of absorbing rainwater and ward and ďŹ&#x201A;ood risks. In transport, the city maintains strong policies to decrease the use of fossil energy. Everything is done to discourage car use (restricting tra$c, fewer tra$c lanes and parking spaces). At the same time, priority is given to bicycle paths and public transport. All city buses using biogas. By 2050, MalmĂś wants to have reduced the levels of emissions by 90% compared to 1990. Sustainable development reduced the social divide If technological solutions are the most spectacular part of this policy, the city also innovative in the methods. Recognizing that sustainable development can not succeed without the support of the inhabitants, the municipality involves the public in its decisions. When it comes to renovate the road, users are being called on to provide their thoughts on the track cycling routes, the route of new bus lines. Sometimes the dialogue helps to heal old wounds. When it was decided to rehabilitate Augustenborg, this popular area was one of the most problematic of Sweden: he knew record rates of violence, drug tra$cking and poverty. The discussions with the residents will help to restore the link with the community. Sustainable development helps to reduce the social divide. As such, each new district reserves an important part of the habitat on modest incomes. Today MalmĂś has already achieved its goal, to the point that sustainable development has become one of his new wealth. The city indeed begins to export its expertise across borders. The question is whether the model can be transferred elsewhere. It is hoped!

Masdar The promoters of Masdar, a city under construction near Abu Dhabi, say that it will be the world â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ďŹ rst carbon-neutral city. It will be home to research institute focused on renewable energy and sustainability, and eventually if all goes as planned, to various clean-technology companies, and to a projected 45 000 residents and another 45 000 commuter.

8 - SITE PLAN OF MASDAR

Bioclimatic approach meant that the city is designed compactly and partly underground. The lanes are narrow, oriented in the direction of the prevailing wind and therefore fresh. The facades in all four directions are adapted to their orientation, allow light but not heat, and even portions of facades that never receive light are just 5 bay. The general plan is traditional, square and surrounded by walls to protect it from the hot desert winds. At the same time, in some directions, the buildings are raised from a few meters to let the wind at ground level and thus refresh. Clean transport, simple and safe: high energy e$ciency and emission of greenhouse gases. The means of transport as mild walking and cycling will be widely preferred, and for longer distances a 100% ecological tramway is expected.

Speciﬁcally, public transport and individual are replaced by a personal rapid transit system. The network is provided under the surface of a plurality of monorail that guide the vehicles. Midsize cars (1-10 people) will be called the push of a button station and choose depending on tra$c and possible paths the shortest path. This next-generation transportation system will be multi-function: it will transport passengers will transfer cargo city and the evacuation of dust.

9 - ELECTRIC CAR IN MADAR

Recycling: it will also be at the forefront in this new city, with a particular aim to reduce the desalinated sea water consumption by 80% (source of energy consumption and polluting brine producer). The waste water will be used for irrigation of crops for food and biofuel production. Clean Energies, safe and renewable: Solar power will be maximized to supply the city with energy.

Masdar faced with a triple bind: build a city with clean and recycled materials available locally, but also to demonstrate a greater energy e$ciency. Developed with futuristic technologies for nature, experts and brains of this project were able to turn Masdar geographical constraints into opportunities. They can boast of successfully rhyme ecology with economy, opening bright prospects for sustainable development. Sustainable development is summed up for them in an equation, that of 3P: people, planet, proﬁt. And I will say the same proﬁt in the short and long term. With Masdar, Arabic prove they are entrepreneurs and strategists o! peers.

10 - SOLAR PANEL IN MASDAR

Tokyo

11 - NIGHT LIGHT IN TOKYO

Tokyo is the biggest region on earth, having get as far as 35 million inhabitants in 2007. Normally, an hypothesis say that Tokyo is a huge megalopolis unsustainable and obviously one of the most polluted place on earth. Although what people believe, Tokyo is famous to convert them city into environmental forward-thinking By 2009, The World Bank released a report, showing the strategy of Tokyo’s Climate Transformation, a project started in 2007 that is going to last 10 years . This was a carefully very deep reﬂexion concept, with di!erent aims to reach, the policies demands and the initiatives that must be followed in purpose to meet their goals. The 5 goals were: 1. A new approach towards energy use. The target was to shift to a low-CO" society, a society where people are able to enjoy a comfortable urban life on minimal use of energy 2. More effective use of renewable energies, such as solar power, to enhance Tokyo’s independence on fossil fuels

3. Progress in the passive use of energy, using wind, light and heat naturally, especially in homes. The idea revolves around dynamics between buildings, and the relationship with surrounding nature 4. The development of a greener city, with the low-CO" social systems and technologies that generate new urban-style businesses 5. Finally, the 10-Year Project for a Carbon-Minus Tokyo focuses on reducing Tokyo’s 2000 GHG emissions by 25% by 2020 [6] In purpose to manage these aims, 5 initiatives were develop : 1. Promote private enterprise efforts to achieve CO" reduction: GHG emissions from the business and industrial sector of Tokyo, accounted for more than 40% of the city’s total emissions. As a result regulating the emissions from these sectors was crucial for reducing the total GHG emissions of Tokyo. 2. Achieve CO" reductions in households by low-CO" lifestyles: This initiative included the promotion of low-energy appliances, such as fluorescent lamps. The initiative included the building of houses that make most use of natural light, heat and wind. 3. Lay down rules for CO" reduction in urban development: Formulation of energy conservation specifications for building which were applied to facilities of Tokyo Metropolitan Government (TMG); promotion of effective utilization of energy and use of renewable energy in local areas. 4. Accelerate effort to reduce CO" from vehicle traffic. 5. Create a TMG mechanism to support activities in respective sectors. [6] The campaign’s result, Tokyo was called most green city located in the Asia-Pacific, in relation with an evaluation by consultant from the firm Solidance, this was during the year 2011. The evaluation was on CO' emissions, air quality, environmental governance, transportation facilities, energy usage, waste treatment, water and green space. However Tokyo represents at least 43% of Japan’s population living in city, them emissions rates per capita are far below if you compare with the other equivalent developed countries. The city of Tokyo have to go further into them improvement. They have a long way to follow, in purpose to reach those di!erent aims around 2020. However, what is important, is that the city make on step in showing the path governments and cities could take in purpose to improve them sustainable development. Cities has to be in all government’s priority lists. This report investigates how react the politics from urban sustainability. In this new contribution, di!erent parameter have to be understood, including housing, transport, and the environment, and map out core areas for future research.

San francisco

12 - SAN FRANCSICO : GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE

San Francisco has positioned itself as a leader in waste management by reducing by 77% the proportion of waste that end up in landďŹ lls or incinerators. The city has earned a national recognition through a three-pronged approach: the establishment of strong legislation to reduce the amount of waste products, a partnership with a waste management company sharing the same objectives and with which it has been able to introduce innovative programs, and creating a culture of recycling and composting. In San Francisco, the journey to a city without waste began with the establishment of a state law in 1989, the Act for an integrated waste management. The law required municipalities and districts to reduce by 25% the amount of waste until 1995 and 50% until 2000. In the last two decades, San Francisco has met this requirement through several targeted decrees on various sectors of the waste cycle. In 2002, the city has set an ambitious target of achieving zero waste by 2020. Since then, legislation has put pressure on the city, residents and contractors to increase the share of recycled waste. These waste reduction legislation include an order in 2006 for the recovery of construction and demolition waste and in 2007 the requirement for fastfood use compostable or recyclable packaging. In 2009, after residents and entrepreneurs have the habit of composting on a voluntary basis, San Francisco has taken another regulatory step by mandating recycling and composting for all households and businesses. More recently, the city has adopted a text asking businesses to provide

early October 2012 bags of recyclable or compostable materials. All these laws were staggered over time so that the necessary infrastructure have time to be implemented, and the actors involved to receive support, tools and information. Throughout the state of California, a set-point by 5 to 10 centimes is charged on each bottle glass or plastic, and over twenty recycling centers have been set up in the city, where residents or professional collectors can bring their bottles and retrieve the set. One of the reasons that makes possible the adoption of these laws is an important support from citizens who ask a concrete commitment to the environment. San Francisco sought and supported the emergence of citizen leaders, including lawyers in the field of environment. Another incentive to adopt waste reduction laws is the cost associated with the landfill in Livermore, located 82 km away, where San Francisco has to transport its waste daily. The increase in recycled either achieving the "zero waste" goal will realize substantial savings compared to landfilling. The urban administration, which produces 15% of the total share of waste, is committed to lead by example. For this reason, three are specifically used on the reduction and management of waste produced by the city. To support the reduction measures, an online virtual store facilitates the exchange of surplus equipment between di!erent urban agencies. The city is also encouraged to make green purchases. Goal Zero Waste San Francisco is ready to fully adopt the Fantastic program; it took two decades for a change in behavior and culture through the city. About 80% of 18,000 to 20,000 businesses in the city are in compliance with the law of recycling and composting, while all residential buildings with fewer than six apartments separate organic waste, and most residence larger (7,200 of 9,000). The city is now focusing on the last 1,800 buildings that do not compost. Of these, subsidized housing, studios residences and public housing. The city of San Francisco has been extremely e!ective in changing attitudes, habits and culture of its citizens to make them accept the goal of zero waste. In the US, it is not easy, especially when you consider the negative image which su!er food waste and wet waste in general. In March 2012, the city celebrated its millionth ton of organic waste into compost. The city is well on the road to zero waste by 2020....

D - HOW CITIES COULD SOLVE THEM OWN ISSUES ? D 1 Shaping the cities of tomorrow, the way forward The o!er is still very low, and urban planners and architects trained in the application of the principles of sustainable development are still rare, there is a risk of seeing the development of eco-districts and eco-cities elitist, reserved for richer or designed technocratic 3 way. Part of the conditions of urban transition is political and cultural, but other conditions are scientific & engineering and multidisciplinary. In these areas, testing, certification, standards editors take time and the world of training and scientific research must also meet new needs of urban development actors, including the management of scientific, and ecosystem approach with regard to urban trees and nature in the city. Scientists are also expected to contribute to the assessment of the sustainability and durability of these cities. Another limitation was that the concept of sustainable city (or sustainable) long remained unclear, and therefore have no principles, indicators and clearly measurable criteria. Therefore many cities could self-report "sustainable city#». 13 - WORLD UNDER PROTECTION ?

What is the actual issues to solve the exponential growth of the population ? Sixty percent of the world population in the cities, it is not without consequences, especially for the environment. The report explains that historically, increasing urbanization "led to drastic reductions in forest, negative changes in nutrient content and microbial soil composition, changes in the diversity of higher plants and animals (including local extinctions) and changes in the availability and quality of fresh water. In some studies, these e!ects were detected at distances sometimes exceeding 100 km from the nearest urban center. " The demographic challenge are added the climate and food challenges. And all three are intertwined. A simple extrapolation of current trends in food consumption gives results likely to draw some red flags. Due to population growth and food mode changes in emerging markets, global demand for food is expected to increase over 35% by 2030. Yet crop yields, even if they continue to improve, do not follow the same slope and, according to the report, we are already living on reserves: In seven of the last eight years, the world has consumed more food than it has produced a large study. International estimates that in 2030 the annual water needs will reach 6900 billion cubic meters, or 40% more than current sustainable resources. The report adds that in less than two decades, nearly half of the world's population will live in areas with significant water stress and clearly raised the issue of water wars. Pressures on water and food resources may also be exacerbated by climate change. In the aftermath of the failed Doha negotiations on limiting greenhouse gas emissions, reflecting the lack of obvious commitment of the United States in the fight against global warming. Although climate skeptics have good press across the Atlantic and if some of them sit in the House of Representatives and the Senate, when it comes to serious matters and risks to the US, nobody, in high places, doubts the reality of global warming. The report could not be clearer on the subject. Although the authors refuse, probably because of the "climatosceptiquement correct" in force for a majority of Americans, too highlight the results of climate models, they are forced to recognize that the world is heading for a rise in average temperature of "about 2 ° C in the middle of the century. If emissions of [greenhouse gas] continue on the current trend, an increase of 6 ° C at the end of the century is more likely that 3 ° C, This will have even more serious consequences. " This does not bode well for food security issues. Not only the population will be larger, not only the people in emerging countries, thanks to the increase in revenues already changing their diets to include more meat there, the production is expensive and water cereals, not only megacities repel and nibble agricultural areas, not only the performance is not necessarily to go, especially in Africa, not only some overexploited soils are degraded, but now climate change also disrupts industry food: more frequent extreme weather events, changes in rainfall patterns, disappearance of some glaciers that feed rivers during dry seasons, etc. We will not be surprised to find, in the lead of the solutions envisaged to address food crises, the use of genetically modified plants.

What kind of scenarios could we expect for the coming years ? We are living the end of a wave of civilization, a culture and a way of thinking. What we call modernity is built on "instrumental" which considers minerals, plants, animals are only resources of an economic system! If we agree on the diagnosis, di!erent scenarios are possible: The first, most obvious, although very distant from each other's concerns would be to extend by space our scope to the whole of our solar system. Unfortunately we do not have the means of space travel could o!er real living spaces and growth in the short term. The current crisis, if our diagnosis is correct, however watch and draws attention to the inevitability of space exploration if mankind wants to develop long-term! The second scenario, which is undoubtedly one of the most likely, as it has often occurred in our past history, marked by a sawtooth development is the sudden collapse of the world's population due to epidemics, wars and natural disasters related to the chaotic period we are going through with the barbarian back to di!erent forms of totalitarianism. The third scenario, the wisest, the one who would be most likely to make us healthy through this critical period and sound, would be to imagine now a viable new economic and social system in the new context where we are. We could then invent process to move in a controlled manner of industrial civilization, now in crisis, this new type of civilization. Somehow the three scenarios are not mutually exclusive. No doubt we will continue the conquest of space, even if it o!ers little short-term solutions, probably will we know a chaotic transition period of greater or lesser importance. No doubt a significant part of humanity will engage and already engaged in a thorough reflection to build new civilizations. I will not develop the first two scenarios, although they deserve because they are unfortunately not su$ciently explicit. The conquest of space is one of the major challenges of the future and should be much popularized so that humanity can become familiar with its features and understand its essential character as part of this millennium. The second scenario, meanwhile, deserves serious thought. In a chaotic transition period life sometimes depends on the minimum capacity for autonomy through a survival kit, a lifeboat, for the unfortunate passengers of the Titanic. Let us focus on the third scenario.

How to imagine now a new economic system, social and ecologically sustainable? Exploring the future, nothing is more important today than to re-enchant the future by building a positive vision and giving courses of action. Growth has become unbearable to imagine how a new economic system that takes into account the new global reality? Growth, it is not simply one of the key data of the current economy, growth in various forms is at the heart of all life processes. It is undoubtedly di$cult, but necessary, to waive growth as we know it and imagine today. But it is probably impossible and even suicidal to renounce all forms of growth.

14 - DIRECTION OF UTOPIC SOCIETY

Is it not possible to imagine a di!erent kind of growth? Agrarian civilization saw growth only in terms of a conquest of territory. It was a zero-sum game with very small dimensions with losers and winners, based on the war and the destruction of the other. Industrial civilization has transformed this territorial growth limited a broader and productive modern economic growth: a game with multiple dimensions where agents while competing cooperate in creating a thriving global economy stumbles on today hardware limitations. But the current system just be exceeded again, and replaced by a more complex system ensuring an exciting development and yet adapted to our new constraints. At the economic level, the challenge is to define what could be a growth in a world where we experience first overall material finitude. This new economic growth but also social and ecological transformation through a series of economic sectors that today actually poisoning the planet because of their e!ectiveness in extracting and purifying and spread globally a multitude of artificial substances di$cult recyclable by the ecosystem and therefore dangerous. It is now essential that the entire chain of production of material goods to be rethought its foundations ultimately eliminate, global level, toxic and carcinogenic process leading to an air pollution, the water and land, massively destroyed the plant and animal life and questions the sustainability of humanity itself. As at every stage of our evolution we live an extraordinary revolution in scientific level in our understanding of the world and our view of the nature of reality. Newtonian physics was essentially a matter of physics. Einstein called into question by observing that this physical ignored a number of energy-related phenomena including electromagnetism. Einstein's theory for the first time creates an equivalence between matter and energy with

the formula became famous worldwide: E = mc2. From that moment, the man understands that all matter can be resolved into energy. This is what great potential energy locked up in the heart of the matter which then allows the possibility of designing an atomic bomb and for understanding the energy longevity of suns. Understanding that matter is only a f o r m " s o l i d i fi e d " e n e rg y h a s changed our view of space and time. In this design, space and time are only conceivable correlated with "energy events." This is what gives the plastic nature of space and time in Einstein's theory. They are a fundamental breakthrough in our understanding of reality. But we're about to go further and show that energy is in fact only oscillations between opposite polarities. The energy itself shortly be reduced to an informational process. In this context, one can articulate all the mathematical, physical, chemical, biological, psychological and social, in a new full systemic continuum within the triad: information, energy, matter. The activity increasingly diversified, specialized branches of science was used to analyze each area by a discursive cutting finer. Today, the challenges we face at all levels can only be met if we can identify global visions of interactive processes in action. The systemic and comprehensive approach analyzes the interactions that make up a given field of reality and enables the integrated and positioned according to its level of complexity in the whole. In this approach, all instead of being destroyed by the analysis is put forward as being more than the sum of its parts. We learn to understand the reality as a complex interaction tissue. In this approach, shapes, objects tend to dissolve and no longer be considered as temporary solidification interactive process. Unlike conventional reductionist approach that assumes the existence of a single objective reality in a homogeneous space-time continuum, systemic and comprehensive approach considers the observing subject and the observed object are interdependent and engaged in a specific process and constitute an original reality field. There is no one reality in a single homogeneous space-time but rather a multitude of fields of reality with their space and time specific. 15 - A WOLRD THAT EVERYONE WANT

D 2 What could be the cities of tomorrow ? The cities of tomorows could be to imagine now a viable new economic and social system in the new context where we are. We could then invent process to move in a controlled manner of industrial civilization this new type of civilization now in crisis. Traditional planning approaches referring to taking into account factors such as: urban applications development needs (residential, commercial, industrial, administrative, recreational, or on public services), potential and constraints of territory the implementation of these uses, the optimum use of space, equipment and infrastructure costs, preserve agricultural land, conservation of the natural environment and the protection of heritage. As demonstrated by our review of new methods, with the consideration of a broader set of major issues of society, there is a marked change and enrichment of intervention practices. Membership of the population is an essential condition to the generalization of these new sustainable urban planning practices. The consideration of the major issues of society, awareness of the links between the development of our natural and built environments, on one hand, and economic and social development, on the other hand, turns a absolute, able on the way to developing more sustainable communities. 16 - DIFFERENT MATERIAL TO BUILD HOUSE

17 - NEW KIND OF CITIES

E - Conclusion Urbanization is one of the major social phenomena which accelerated evolution now a!ects the entire planet. And in developing countries, rates of urban growth are particularly intense. Soon, the majority of the world population will live in urban environments, so very di!erent in rural areas that had were until now served as home to the majority of human society. Urbanization brings fundamental changes to the way people live, the number of people they see in the places where they work, and often the quality of their drinking water, air they breathe, and housing they occupy. These changes have a profound impact, good and bad, on the health of urban residents. On the one hand, urbanization and economic development have led to dramatic improvements in health, mainly due to environmental improvements, but also in part because of better access to health services. The statistics in this regard show that in countries where the degree of urbanization is highest, people tend to have a life expectancy unmatched, people tend to have the lowest mortality rates. And even within these countries, comparing indicators between urban and rural shows that there are clear advantages to living in the city. On the other hand, urbanization can also have many negative inďŹ&#x201A;uences on health. In much of the world, increasing populations of the cities is synonymous with increasing urban poverty. Increasingly, cities are becoming the most blatant symbol of perverse distribution of resources in the world, materially as well as socially. These inequalities have serious impacts on the health of urban citizens everywhere, but especially in cities and urban areas of fast-growing developing countries. The behavioral transformations which are needed of us are so basic and essential that nobody wants to make them. Which one are they? obviously, we need to reduce the consummation. A lot less. reducing the food, the energy, fewer stu!. Less cars, less waste, fewer cotton T-shirts, reduce the electronic unstoppable upgrade such as laptops and mobile phone. And here it is interesting to pointing that "we" speak about the people who are living in the west and the north of the earth. There are nowadays nearly 3#billions people on earth who need to rise them consummation, rise the water, rise the food, rise the energy.

F - References/illustrations References [1] - Winston Churchill, addressing the English Architectural Association, [2] - Le Corbusier : http://voyageursdusoir.vendee.fr/2014/01/13/soyez-curieux/ [3] - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_growth [4] - http://carfree.fr/index.php/2008/05/31/automobile-co2-effet-de-serre-etrechauffement-climatique/ [5] - The Guardian : http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jun/30/ stephen-emmott-ten-billion [6] - Sustainable business toolkit : http://www.sustainablebusinesstoolkit.com/ sustainable-cities-the-tokyo-initiative/ Illustrations 1 - SUSTAINABILITY TABLE - By my own 2 - SUSTAINABILITY GRAPHIC - By my own 3 - Graphic of the populationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s growth in million, those last few century - By my own 4 - EVOLUTION COMPARED OF THE CARS WORLD PRODUCTION AND THE EMISSION OF CO2 IN THE ATMOSPHERE - By my own 5 - GLOBAL POLLUTION - http://picturefordesktop.com/nature-pollution-picturefor-deskop-and-wallpaper/ 6 - Wellbeing Graphic - http://ianluntecology.com/2014/04/06/urban-biodiversityhuman-well-beingrban-well-being/ 7 - CITY OF MALMO - http://www.stickypicz.com/malmo-to-stockholm/ 8 - SITE PLAN OF MASDAR - http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/masdardevelopment/

9 - ELECTRIC CAR IN MADAR - http://cycle-space.com/imagine-a-city-ofpedestrians-and-driverless-cars/ 10 - SOLAR PANEL IN MASDAR - http://www.arabiangazette.com/siemensmasdar-join-hands-develop-solarpowered-solutions/ 11 - NIGHT LIGHT IN TOKYO - http://www.businessdestinations.com/destinations/ tokyotouristguide/ 12 - SAN FRANCSICO : GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE - http://www.tripadvisor.com/ Tourism-g60713-San_Francisco_California-Vacations.html 13 - WORLD UNDER PROTECTION - http://www.treehugger.com/culture/can-youimagine-the-future-of-our-civilization.html 14 - DIRECTION OF UTOPIC SOCIETY - http://blogs.leschampslibres.fr/ societebretonnedephilosophie/tag/utopie/ 15 - A WOLRD THAT EVERYONE WANT - http://pixgood.com/peaceful-earth.html 16 - DIFFERENT MATERIAL TO BUILD HOUSE - http://www.journaldunet.com/ economie/immobilier/10-materiaux-innovants/ 17 - NEW KIND OF CITIES - http://www.sustainablecityblog.com/2010/01/dongtandelayed-but-not-dead/