Slupsk New Materialism Urban Rules Design Guide and Manual by fabienne blunden

SLUPSK NEW MATERIALISM URBAN RULES DESIGN GUIDE & MANUAL Fabienne Blunden 10265849

Master of Architecture Year 2 ARCH753 Emerging research in Architecture: Ecologies of Architecture of creative materiality Module tutor: Dr. Karan August Plymouth University 2015/2016

RULE BOOK Slupsk New Materialism

From the Cartesian grid to a New Materialistic calculus approach.

RULE BOOK Slupsk New Materialism

CONTENTS

RULE BOOK Abstract Introduction Context Early historic urbanisation Recent historic urbanisation Urban design rules strategy

7 9 9 13

MANUAL Positive arguments and production of urban rules Discussion

15 28

URBAN RULES - Principles for social and economical flows across a proposed site: Rule 1: Local economy high street Rule 2: Multifunctional typology streets Rule 3: Circulation flow and accessibility - Existing contextual analysis principles: Rule 4: Contextual responsibility Rule 5: â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Form follows forceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Rule 6: Sun light penetration Rule 7: Visible landmark connections - Vibrant matter and ecological design principles: Rule 8: Design in perspective 3-D Rule 9: Heavy weight building materials: Protocells Rule 10: Not consumers of the environment but producers of it

35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53

Conclusion

Image references Bibliography

57 61

RULE BOOK Slupsk New Materialism

ABSTRACT This manual has been created to assist local residents and designers to understand the Slupsk New Materialistic philosophy and standards. It seeks to guide the user through the Design Rules, explaining how the rules apply to the New Materialism ontology.

spatial conditions, walls and foundations. These new materials aim to strengthen the existing urban fabric and formulate new structures to mix landscape and structural forms together.

The Slupsk New Materialistic Design Manual and Rules integrate the philosophy of New Materialism as a method to achieve more freedom within the constraints of the historical Cartesian plan. The Deleuzian multiplicity approach formulated the design of organic verticality to utilise the historical ground rules which has regulated the infrastructure across the years, however the construction of the buildings within the grid plot of land is proposed to grow in a more organic way using the locally grown materials on site, such as rye and oats. These materials are used in the production of mycelium which can in turn be formed into building materials. These include insulation and building bricks. In addition the deteriorating existing render and brick work may be repaired using protocells.

The manual, discovering the particular Slupsk characteristics; climate, landscape, and historical development, identifies ‘the needs and desires of the users.’1 By carrying out existing analysis of the context identifies the principles that will guide the siting of buildings within Slupsk.2

As researched by Rachel Armstrong, Protocells bind existing fabric with crystallised carbon carbonate lattice structures and can also materialise into new structures of organic formations. To harness the local materials to form protocells, the vegetables grown in the allotments can be utilised to create vegetable oil to mix with water to form droplets in order to grow in different

The handbook encourages every designer to engage with the existing fabric and the local communities to ensure that the structure respects and responds to the existing character of the place.3 In addition the history of Slupsk city development and existing typological analysis is a necessity to understand the existing and historical city fabric to ensure suitable new proposals to the city.

1 ‘The Sea Ranch Design Manual and Rules’, October 26th 2013, P.3-3 2 Ibid., P.3-3 3 Ibid., P.3-3 RULE BOOK Slupsk New Materialism

RULE BOOK Slupsk New Materialism

INTRODUCTION CONTEXT: historical development Early Urbanization The context in which to base the urban rules design guidebook, is Slupsk, in the Northern Pomeranian region of Poland. The city of Slupsk has developed from the 9th century by ‘inhabitants of the Eastern Pomerania’4 region forming a ‘fortified settlement which was located on an important trade route leading from Szcezein to Gdansk.’5 The remnants of the settlements are visible today along the Slupia meandering river which formed the island of Slupsk as illustrated in figure 1.

Figure 1: 9th century fortress settlement arrangement.

In the 20th century a ‘crafts and trading settlement was established on the left bank of the Slupia river’6, region of Brzozowa Street. This neighbouring settlement gradually formed ties across the Slupsk fortress altering the perception of the centre of Slupsk to the nodal centre of the two intersecting towns. Recent Urbanization During the 19th century the town of Slupsk ‘experienced economic growth and became an important industry and trade (including marine trade) centre.’7 This growth required better network connections such as the new transport links; Szcezein to Gdansk main road, Ustka to Slupsk train line linking to the centre of Poland, and Slupsk’s train and bus transport hub of interconnecting network

Figure 2: 19th century Cartesian city plan radiating out.

4 ‘Slupsk Poland description, location history. Poland map’,[Online] www.mapofpoland.net, (21st November 2015). 5 Ibid. 6 Ibid. 7 Ibid. RULE BOOK Slupsk New Materialism

links. This industrial revolution resulted in the historical town of Slupsk being harnessed by a spider’s web of infrastructure connections puncturing the edges of the fortress town and spreading out to neighbouring cities following the Cartesian urban planning ontology as illustrated in figure 2.

Figure 3: Existing urban block morphology in Sluspk.

Figure 4: 1853–70 The rue du Jardinet on the Left Bank, demolished by Haussmann to make room for the Boulevard Saint Germain, for example in figure 5.

This 19th century milieu of urban planning was similar to the Paris renovation in 1854 by Georges-Eugene Haussmann who designed new boulevard street networks as illustrated in the figures 4 and 5 city transformation. The theory of control and order resulted in linear street formations and the buildings traditionally form closed perimeters wrapping around into courtyard blocks, as illustrated in figure 3. This morphology aims for order and logic rather than desire and creativity. The ‘lineage of desire goes back to Plato’9 (a Classical Greek philosopher and mathematician who’s fundamental philosophy is ‘between the many observable objects that appear beautiful and the one object that is what beauty really is’8), who saw this lineage of desire as one of the three components, with spirit and reason, of the human soul’ which he saw ‘as a troublesome force that must be governed by rational thought’9, representing the Cartesian approach to urban planning. The Cartesian city plan evident in Slupsk was originally formulated by Rene Descartes (1596–1650) who is considered a founder of modern thought and also the ‘embodiment of the mechanistic adeptness.’10 The

Figure 5: Existing Paris boulevard Haussmann street.

RULE BOOK Slupsk New Materialism

8 ‘Plato’, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (20th March, 2004) [Online] http://plato.stanford.edu/ entries/plato/, (13th January 2016). 9 Purcell, M. ‘A new land: Deleuze and Guattari and planning, planning theory and practice’, 14:1, 20-38, [Online] http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2012.7612 79, (Washinton) (22nd December 2015), P.23. 10 Akkerman, A. ‘Urban planning in the founding of Cartesian thought, Philosophy and Geography’, 4:2, 141-167, (2001) [Online] http://dx.doi.org/, (22nd November 2015), p.141.

period of Renaissance planning was a significant factor that ‘steered Descartes’ onto the ‘path of rationalist philosophy and mechanical science.’11

Figure 6: 19th century photograph of Slupsk

Dworcowa Street.

Illustrating the symmetrical arrangement lined with shops.

Figure 7: 2015 photograph of Slupsk city promenade Wojska Polskiego street. The existing street is lined with larger commercial properties and offices.

Figure 8: Diagram of a German medieval board ordered arrangement.

Descartes believed that ‘ancient cities which have gradually grown from mere villages’, such as Slupsk from the 9th century fortress to the 19th century city formation, ‘are usually ill-proportioned, compared with those orderly towns which planners lay out as they fancy on level ground.’12 When Descartes was confronted with Renaissance city forms, for instance portrayed in figure 4; ‘avenues, squares and proportioned buildings, would have shown the significance of street pattern for spatial clarity and simplicity,’13 as illustrated in figure 6 of the 19th century linear Slupsk streets. ‘The simplified paradigm against the convoluted streetscape of the medieval town led him to introduce and probe the notion of the methodological doubt, and that of clear and distinct ideas.’14 The streets of Slupsk, for instance Wojska Polskiego portrayed in the photograph figure 7, are symmetrical large promenades which present spatial clarity to new visitors of Slupsk who require easy city navigation. Slupsk’s existing boulevard streets illustrate how, in the 19th century, the city became confined in the Malthusian trap resulting in an orthogonal grid layout, illustrated in figure 8, emulating a symmetrical ‘German medieval board game’15 with linear bands surrounding the old town of Slupsk. 11 Akkerman, A. ‘Urban planning in the founding of Cartesian thought, Philosophy and Geography’, 4:2, 141-167, (2001) [Online] http://dx.doi.org/, (22nd November 2015), p.141. 12 Ibid. p.144. 13 Ibid. 14 Ibid., p.145. 15 Braunfels, ‘Urban Design in Western Europe’, p150, Akkerman, A. ‘Urban planning in the founding of Cartesian thought, Philosophy and Geography’, p.147. RULE BOOK Slupsk New Materialism 11

RULE BOOK Slupsk New Materialism

URBAN DESIGN RULES STRATEGY The urban design rules aim to address Slupsk city architecture which consists of ‘monolithic buildings’ that fit into an urban matrix that do not respond to the ‘dynamism of the city.’16 During the 19th century, ‘cities were suffering from dense urban fabric and its unwanted effects like pollution, health and stress.’17 Addressing this conglomeration of pollution, in the 21st century, ‘the combination of buildings and landscape’ are encouraged as they ‘create more creative and suitable solutions’ to design ‘dynamic, natural’ and ‘environmental relationships.’18 To achieve the integration of linear and longitudinal city fabrics, a New Materialism approach is adopted ‘in which raw matter and energy’ flows are formed into self-organising processes and morphogenesis generating natural structures.19 These natural structures aim to redefine the fixed rigid frame in the Cartesian grid to respond to the natural systems of ecology such as; ‘sun paths, wind direction,’20 culture, social, political and economic gradient maps. In relation to economic factors, currently there is a dramatic difference between the large promenade streets lined with large commercial business which affect the efficiency of the small local businesses of the old town. The ordered urban fabric ‘confounds and resists not only the excesses of 16 Savaskan, D. ‘Perception of Space in Topological Forms’, Syracuse University, Architecture Thesis Prep. Paper 190, 2012, [Online] http://surface.syr.edu/architecture_treps/90, P.6. 17 Ibid. 18 Ibid. 19 Ibid., p.7. 20 Ibid.

bourgeois capitalism but also the tyranny of modernism’s urban form agenda.21 Therefore the integration of greater perception of ecology within new proposals to the city aim to avoid the polarisation effect of city zoning, as notified by David W. Harvey (a Distinguished Professor of Anthropology and Geography) in the marked differences discovered between top-down and bottomup techniques used by the state and urban commons respectively. The contrasting methods used by top-down and bottomup are; firstly the top-down method begins with an overview of the whole system, for example a plan of the overall project and then breaks the system down to gain insight into its components. Secondly bottom-up techniques study the small scale organisational systems, progressing to a larger architectural scale. Both techniques are used by separate actors in Slupsk, for instance top-down methods involve the Mayor, city planners and stakeholders. In contrast the bottom-up method involves NGOs (non-governmental organisations) and the general public. To achieve a greater ecological perception the interactions between both actor groups should be initiated by sharing resources, skills and dialogue to avoid the polarisation effect. 21 DeLanda, Manuel. In Bernd Herzogenrath (ed.), Deleuze/Guattari & Ecology, Deleuze, Gilles. and Guattari, Pierre-Félix. Ecology and realist ontology. Palgrave Macmillan 23--41, 2009, p.34.

RULE BOOK Slupsk New Materialism

MANUAL Slupsk New Materialism

SLUPSK NEW MATERIALISM MANUAL Positive arguments and production of urban rules

Figure 9: Guy Debord, “Psychogeographic guide of Paris” ‘Symmetry-breaking cascade.’

The modern emerging agenda is progressing towards a shift to a ‘new type of socioeconomic system’, post-modernism and ‘applying advanced networking systems to gain improved economic feedback, synergetic AI (artificial intelligence) programming tied to resource applications, an applied automation in the interest to remove direct human labour and maximize efficiency.’22 The interest of maximising efficiency seems to be the zeitgeist solution of today which aim to achieve a ‘natural law and resource based economy’23 and will be followed in the urban design rule guidebook ensuring that new proposals for Slupsk create a more ‘contextual, citizen-based approach’ as envisaged by Guy Debord 1957 with the proposal of a ‘symmetry-breaking cascade,’24 as illustrated in figure 9. This is the milieu of the 1950s Situationists International approach who were ‘alarmed at the rationalist urban renewal schemes 22 DeLanda, M. In Bernd Herzogenrath (ed.), Deleuze/Guattari & Ecology, Deleuze, G. and Guattari, P.F. Ecology and realist ontology. (Palgrave Macmillan 23--41,

Figure 10: An aerial view of Paris showing the boulevards radiating from the Arc De Triomphe.

2009), p.34. 23 Joseph, P. ‘Post-Scarcity Economics and the End of Capitalism, The Zeitgeist Movement,’ June 20th 2015, METal, [Online] peterjoseph.info, (5th December 2015). 24 Ibid. MANUAL Slupsk New Materialism

of modernist architects.’ ‘Ancient quarters were being demolished and replaced with clean,’25 ordered institutional boulevards which was especially evident in Paris as illustrated in figure 10.

Large commercial retail Derelict local shop in a properties along Wojska degraded area of Slupsk. Polskiego promenade.

Ornate architectural details Derelict historic grain store on the Wojska Polskiego building. Building for rent. promenade buildings. Red brick construction.

All new proposals aim to follow a more organic planning process which recognises the context and community to formulate a plan using the ‘realist ontology’ by Gilles Deleuze, Gilles Deleuze who ‘was one of the most influential and prolific French philosophers of the second half of the twentieth century. Deleuze conceived of philosophy as the production of concepts, and he characterized himself as a “pure metaphysician.”’26 Deleuze envisioned the ‘world of actual individual entities’ to be ‘nested within one another at different spatio-temporal scales, produced by intensive individuation processes,’ and ‘themselves governed by virtual multiplicities.’27 In response the principles for encouraging greater local economy and multifunctional typologies are displayed in rules 1-3 pages 33-37. The new proposals aim to puncture the rigid city structure with the potential for ‘creative transformation offered by Deleuze’s

Red brick good condition Mosque sited in the middle synagogue. of an urban block of residential properties.

Figures 11: Site analysis existing photographs.

MANUAL Slupsk New Materialism

25 DeLanda, M. Ecology and realist ontology. (Palgrave Macmillan 23--41, 2009), p.34. 26 ‘Gilles Deleuze’ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (20th March, 2004) [Online] http://plato. stanford.edu/entries/deleuze/, (13th January 2016). 27 DeLanda, M. Ecology and realist ontology. (Palgrave Macmillan 23--41, 2009), pp. 34-35.

Figure 12: Proposed intervention along the Wojska Polskiego promenade linear, symmetrical street, to break the ordered rhythm. Community dialogue centre with a roof garden and multiple floor levels.

generative ontology of difference.’28 In context, the city of Slupsk is an assemblage of many different historical morphological forms and materials resulting in an exciting city, as illustrated in the photos of Slupsk architectural variations in figures 11. However the control of the symmetrical Cartesian plan threatens to overwhelm the intimate character of the old town. In order to break this rhythm of symmetrical, linear streets, the ‘mechanic assemblage’ approach is utilised, which is not a ‘fixed structure, but’ includes ‘sites of continuous organisation and disorganisation (Bogard, 2000: 273),’29 as demonstrated in figure 12. Even though the rules welcome alternative solutions for the re-appropriation of buildings and empty void spaces, the existence of some permeability within the urban blocks would also need to be regulated to ensure visibility to various landmarks in the city, such as the City Hall and places of worship. In response the contextual analysis principles enforce the visibility to landmarks on rule 4 page 39. Additionally the existence of voids may not be entirely a negative blight on the city as they should be maintained and used 28 Hillier, J. and Healey, P. (ed.) The Ashgate Research Companion to Planning Theory: Conceptual challenges for spatial theory. (Surrey: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2010). 29 Hillier, J. Stretching beyond the Horizon a multiplanor Theory of Spatial Planning and Governance. (Aldershot: Ashgate publishing, 2007), p.151. MANUAL Slupsk New Materialism

Figure 13: Proposed interventions to infill the voids within the fabric of Slupsk which do not follow the rhythm of the existing architecture but instead aim to generate community gatherings and respond to the site conditions.

efficiently as open spaces possible for catalyst change by a neighbouring structure as illustrated in figure 13. This design aims to celebrate existing public spaces by creating small interventions of markets and live/work typologies to ensure constant activity across the urban block. This theory is illustrated by the actions of Dmitri Mendeleev who was the first scientist to have the courage to leave open gaps ‘in the classification’ of the Periodic Table of elements ‘instead of forcing to impose an artificial completeness.’30 This celebration of an ‘abstract structure of progressively broken spherical symmetries is a beautiful illustration of a Deleuzian multiplicity.’31 The opponents to this new materialism technique of Deleuzian multiplicity hold an ‘antipathy toward oppositional ways of thinking,’32 who generally locate themselves in an ontological dualism such as one finds in Cartesianism.’33 Instead the new materialist approach aim to create new ‘concepts

30 DeLanda, M. Ecology and realist ontology. (Palgrave Macmillan 23--41, 2009), p.36. 31 Ibid. 32 Ibid. 33 Coole, D. and Frost, S. Introducing the new materialism, New Materialisms: Ontology, Agency, and Politics. (Durham & London: Duke University Press, 2010), P.8. MANUAL Slupsk New Materialism

and images of nature that affirm matter’s immanent vitality.’34 This thinking is ‘postrather than anti-Cartesian. It avoids dualism or dialectical reconciliation by espousing a monological account of emergent, generative material being.’35 Responding to ‘matters’ immanent vitality,’36 the proposed new materialistic approach aims to ensure all architectural proposals to Slupsk will rediscover the potential of local agriculture and materials’, portrayed in figures 14. This contextual approach aims to compel us to recognize that these natural resources ‘are caught in a multitude of interlocking systems and forces’ and to consider Slupsk ‘location and nature of capacities for agency.’37 In response, the rules 4-7 on pages 39-45 illustrate the existing contextual analysis principles.

Figures 14: Photographs illustrating Slupsk allotments and the River Slupia resources available to utilise in green energy solutions and New Materialism building elements.

To abstract the existing Cartesian ordered structures using the ‘symmetry breaking cascade’38 methodology, is by the ‘foldingin of external influences and a simultaneous unfolding outwards of affects. The exterior and the interior, the subject(ive) and the object(ive), the individual, the social and the symbiotic are conceptualized as 34 Coole, D. and Frost, S. Introducing the new materialism, New Materialisms: Ontology, Agency, and Politics. (Durham & London: Duke University Press, 2010), P.8. 35 Ibid. 36 Ibid. 37 Ibid., P.9. 38 Joseph, P. ‘Post-Scarcity Economics and the End of Capitalism, The Zeitgeist Movement,’ June 20th 2015, METal, [Online] peterjoseph.info, (5th December 2015). MANUAL Slupsk New Materialism

co-constitutive instead of being predetermined levels or layers.’39 In order to achieve the layered forms, folding inside and out, would be via ‘abstract machines’ which are ‘systems that control certain parameters’40 such as field gradients including; temperature, pressure, volume, speed and density. This culmination of parameters would create a ‘dynamic structure generating process.’41

Figure 15: Parc de la Villette, Paris – Bernard Tschumi : the existing lines, points and surfaces of the city are diagrammed and de-constructed to analyse separately.

Therefore the collation of contextual analysis, illustrated in figure 15, is a necessary action to complete in order to enter the site specific parameters of behavioural pathways (meshwork patterns), energy flow, climate, and hierarchal city systems (strata). These multiple vectors, during multiple times of day, are entered into the ‘abstract machine’42 to generate a continuous surface linking meshworks and strata together as a hybrid formation. In consequence rule 5, ‘form follows force’ page 41, is to ensure the examination of site meshwork patterns, as illustrated in figures 16, by collating a variety of parameters, climate and movement patterns, which will enable the system to generate an appropriate design for the specific environment. 39 Iris van der Tuin. and Dolphijn, R. ‘The Transversality of New Materialism’, Women, A Cultural Review, 21:2, 153-171, DOI: 10.1080/09574042.2010.488377, Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, 2010, [Online] http://dx.doi.org/10, (30th December 2015), P.164. 40 Savaskan, D. ‘Perception of Space in Topological Forms’, Syracuse University, (2012) Architecture Thesis Prep. Paper 190, [Online] http://surface.syr.edu/architecture_tpreps/190, (30th December 2015). P.7. 41 Ibid. 42 Ibid.

MANUAL Slupsk New Materialism

Meshwork: behavioural patterns and nodes.

Strata

Strata: hierarchy and rhizomes.

Strata and meshwork

Figures 16: Strata and meshwork analysis patterns.

In addition according to Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716), who’s metaphysical philosophy is based upon Monadology where it is believed that there are two inseparable parts of matter, which are ‘not only in the action of surroundings’- determining ‘the curvilinear movement of a bodybut also by the ambient pressure, which determines its hardness (coherence, cohesion) or the inseparability of its parts.’43 Therefore the movement patterns created should illustrate how the body ‘has a degree of hardness as well as’ fluidity expressing the active compressive force ‘which works on matter.’44 The notion of collecting relevant data before generating the form is a similar approach adopted by a project creating a chaise lounge prototype which aims to ‘consider physical behaviour, not form, as the first article of production.’45 Firstly material properties are chosen to react and correspond to the body’s pressure map, for instance ‘stiff and soft polymers are distributed in areas of high and low pressure respectively.’46 Beast chaise lounge prototype is an ergonomic entity created synthetically by gathering the 43 Deleuze, G., Strauss, J., ‘The Fold’, Yale French Studies, No.80, Baroque Topographies: Literacture/history/philosophy (1991), 227-247 [Online] http://links. jstor.org/ (4th January 2016), p.230. 44 Ibid. 45 Oxman, N. ‘Beast: Interview with Neri Oxman, by Andrew H. Dent, PhD, Material Connexion’, [Online] http://www.materialconnexion.com/Home/Matter/ MatterMagazine81/PastIssues/MATTER63/MATTERInterviewNeriOxman/tabid/699/Default.aspx, (23rd December 2015). 46 Ibid. MANUAL Slupsk New Materialism 21

‘physical parameters into digital generation protocols,’47 portrayed in figure 17. ‘Form follows force not unlike the way Mother Nature has it.’48

Figure 17: Beast chaise lounge prototype.

There are digital tools which allow the capture of motion in space similar to the pressure points on a chaise lounge via calculus principles. The calculus technique is a shift from the ‘volumetric approach of Euclidian spaces with Cartesian coordinates to’ a ‘time based system of flexible surfaces.’49 Rather than using historical geometrical Cartesian coordinates to generate forms of abstracted spaces, the use of ‘new conceptual tools are legacies of esteemed’ rheology, which is the study of material flows of matter, via ‘differential calculus’ tools, discovered by Leibniz, which will ensure a topological design approach, thinking ‘in terms of capacities (to affect and be affected), rather than mere (intrinsic) properties.’50 Effective contextual analysis, via spatial perception and development, ‘requires a threedimensional (3D), sectional approach that

MANUAL Slupsk New Materialism

47 Oxman, N. ‘Beast: Interview with Neri Oxman, by Andrew H. Dent, PhD, Material Connexion’, [Online] http://www.materialconnexion.com/Home/Matter/ MatterMagazine81/PastIssues/MATTER63/MATTERInterviewNeriOxman/tabid/699/Default.aspx, (23rd December 2015). 48 Ibid. 49 Savaskan, D. ‘Perception of Space in Topological Forms’, Syracuse University, (2012) Architecture Thesis Prep. Paper 190, [Online] http://surface.syr.edu/architecture_tpreps/190, (30th December 2015), p.10. 50 Hauptmann, D., Neidich, W., Cognitive Architecture. From Biopolitics to Neopolitics. Architecture and Mind in the Age of Communication and Information, (Rotterdam: 010 Publishers, 2010), p.434.

Figure 18: Hybrid morphology of building part landscape demonstrated with the ICD/TKE Research Pavilion, 2014.

Figure 19: The Fold Baroque house. Illustrating the fluidity of matter.

gives considerations to the ‘material and immaterial intersections of; ‘nature, culture, matter, thought, aesthetics and politics.’51 The proposed hybrid morphologies, using site specific molecular materials to create urban form, creates part landscape, part building morphologies into one entity, as illustrated in figure 18, ‘that can create multiple interactions and events that are more responsive to the post-industrial 21st century city.’52 This convergence of thought and matter, folding landscapes and building design, is portrayed in Deleuze’s ‘The Fold as the two floors of a baroque house,’53 illustrated in figure 19. The two floors presented no ‘structural homology’, ‘no homunculus sitting in the Cartesian theatre (where all the information is gathered).’54 The folding form does not hold a ‘meta-form’55 where the expression and content forms are shared, instead ‘there is only folding and unfolding’56 of processes. 51 Hauptmann, D., Neidich, W., Cognitive Architecture. From Biopolitics to Neopolitics. Architecture and Mind in the Age of Communication and Information, (Rotterdam: 010 Publishers, 2010), p.434. 52 Savaskan, D. ‘Perception of Space in Topological Forms’, Syracuse University, (2012) Architecture Thesis Prep. Paper 190, [Online] http://surface.syr.edu/architecture_tpreps/190, (30th December 2015),p.12. 53 Deleuze, G. The Fold: Leibriz and The Baroque, (London and New York: Continuum, 2006) [1988], p.5. 54 Ibid. 55 Ibid. 56 Ibid. MANUAL Slupsk New Materialism

Protocell droplet formations.

Crystallised protocell growth: Calcium Carbonate Biomineralisation structure.

Self healing material lattice binding structure.

Figure 20: Protocell growth into building matter to repair existing building facades.

MANUAL Slupsk New Materialism

Therefore, within the vibrant matter and ecological design principles, rule 8 page 47 requires all new proposals to be designed in 3D57 which transects ‘all three planes. Only then can we rightfully claim that the culture of hylomorphism (compound of matter and form) has given way to the life-affirming creative morphogenesis.’58 The 3D principles ensure that forms are not to be ‘imposed from the outside (by decree or architectural plan) but rather ‘teased out’ of the potentiality of the plane (of immanence)’59 which is a more empowering technique situating the design into its local context. The aim of the proposals for Slupsk is to initially study the existing conditions to utilise the local vibrant matter and develop new materials and technical systems that could ‘reconstruct our relationships with the natural world,’60 as illustrated in figure 20. The use of local matter strives towards the ‘production of synthetic ecosystems that blur’61 the historical Cartesian ‘boundaries between building and landscape.’62 In order to produce ecological design, a ‘realist/materialist approach of ecological 57 Carpo, M. ‘Big data and the end of history’, Dresben, A., Hsu, E.,Leung, A., Quintana, T., (eds), Amnesia Perspecta 48, The Yale Architectual Journal. p.48. 58 Hauptmann, D., Neidich, W., Cognitive Architecture. From Biopolitics to Neopolitics. Architecture and Mind in the Age of Communication and Information, (Rotterdam: 010 Publishers, 2010), p.432. 59 Ibid. 60 Armstrong, R. Vibrant Matter: matter as a codesigner of living structures. (Deutsche National bibliothek, 2015). p.325. 61 Ibid. 62 Ibid.

Figure 21: Closed loop cycle diagram of the growth of mycelium using Slupsk naturally grown resources into building elements.

perception’ should be embraced to complement ‘people and their environment.’63 The growth of these agricultural elements, for example, in Slupsk to be transformed into building matter, may ‘establish fertile soil-producing systems which enrich the environment, generate wealth and even change our value systems so that we are no longer consumers of our environment – but producers of them.’64 The integration of living matter into the building fabric, for instance mycelium, illustrated in figure 21, as insulation and bricks for walls and protocells growth into limestone for external walls, aim to create buildings which ‘may be regarded as a living membrane that dissolves hostilities between humans and the natural world, so they nourish each other.’65 Such vibrant material connections to the building fabric is displayed in rule 9 page 49. However a draw back to the new materialism approach of weaving multiple architectural scales is that ‘natural and synthetic materials, are not a panacea, but also create their own paradoxes, difficulties and contradictions, which may raise ethical, cultural and moral challenges.’66 On a positive note, the vast substance of Slupsk agricultural and geological urban landscape, can be regarded as ‘a technological platform and host for a 63 Armstrong, R. Vibrant Matter: matter as a codesigner of living structures. (Deutsche National bibliothek, 2015). p.325. 64 Ibid. 65 Ibid. 66 Ibid. MANUAL Slupsk New Materialism 25

Protocell droplet.

Limestone.

Figure 22: Protocell growth from a Protocell droplet to limestone structures.

MANUAL Slupsk New Materialism

chemical dialogue with the material world.’67 In consequence all proposals should follow the rule 10 page 51 to build collective workshops within courtyard spaces to drive new proposals to be environmental producers, not consumers. The natural agricultural resources available in the northern Pomeranian region of Poland are rye, oats and potato cultivation which favour the ‘sandy soils of the central plains’68 of Slupsk. The use of rye straw is proposed as a substrate for mycelium to grow which can be moulded into building elements69 such as insulation, bricks and building envelopes illustrated in figure 21. In addition limestone-like materials can be naturally created by the growth of protocell droplets consisting of vegetable oil and water. The protocell structure produced are crystallised limestone formations, depicted in figure 22, which are proposed to bind existing materials and therefore aim to repair the existing deteriorating building fabric of Sluspk. This new materialism towards building technologies relates to rule 9 page 49 which recommends the application of natural materials such as limestone for heavy weight, load bearing building technologies 67 Armstrong, R. Vibrant Matter: matter as a codesigner of living structures. (Deutsche National bibliothek, 2015). p.325. 68 Natural Resources, ‘Agricultural resources’, [Online] http://countrystudies.us/poland/48.htm, (23rd December 2015). 69 Sobieralski. K, Siwulski. M, Sas-Golak. I, Mańkowski. J, Kotlińska.T, Mycelium growth and yield of wild strains of Pleurotus ostreatus, cultivated on waste materials from the textile industry, (Polish Society for Horticultural Science since 1989, 2011), P.70.

and foundations. Additionally mycelium is a natural growth from ‘strains of fungi’70 and can be moulded into various 3D fabricated geometries. The main objective with using mycelium is to create a ‘self-sufficient, perpetual-motion construction technology’71 which uses the skill of Polish allotment owners to help grow the mycelium for the building technologies in the city of Sluspk.

Figure 23: Mycelium cell structural growth to a strong interlocking fibrous structure.

By ‘combining fungal mycelia with varying types of organic substrates’72 such as the locally grown rye and oats, as illustrated in figure 23, and controlling the mycelia expansion with prefabricated moulds is ‘pollution free, and has the potential to contain a low embodied energy as part of a local ecosystem.’73 Also the growth of these structural components can be created by the local community generating more autonomous community action. This design intention aims to harness the local skills, and materials to initiate a closed loop system by communities assisting the creation of building components and crafts produced using allotment growth. For example ground floor properties, along the primary roads, should be dedicated for retail in order to sell and advertise the locally produced crafts aiming to generate greater local economy. 70 Joachim, M., Aiolova, M., Medvedik, O., Butman, D., Mulholland, G. ‘Mycelia Amalgamation Methods for Urban Growth’, Mycoform Terreform, Urban + Ecological Design, [Online] http://www.terreform.org/ projects_habitat_mycoform.html, (31st December 2015). 71 Ibid. 72 Ibid. 73 Ibid. MANUAL Slupsk New Materialism 27

Dualism

Key: Solid line: physical Dashed line: mental

Cartesian duality Matter - Mind

Monism

Phyacialism Matter > Mind

Idealism Matter < Mind

Discussion The new materialism approach leaves behind the prioritizations implicitly ‘involved in modern dualist thinking since a’ different structure, ‘by affirmation, does not work with predetermined relations’, for example between the mind and body, ‘nor does it involve a (counter-) hierarchy between terms.’74 Therefore the current day is in ‘rise of non-dualist thought, both in terms of its non-classificatory mode of (Deleuzian) thinking and in terms of the theory of the time of thought that’s effectuated.’75 The proposed urban rules aims to follow the Deleuzian principles rather than the duality theory adopted by other theorists such as Momin Rahman and Anne Witz who predistinguished the ‘social and the physical’ which is seen as ‘an artefact of their territorial approach’ to a ‘new theory formation.’76 Rahman and Witz affirm dualisms ‘between new materialism and sociology being the starting point, and the one between physicality and sociality being the end result.’77 Instead the design rules aim to accomplish non-duality (monism), following the rules illustrated in figure 24. Monism approaches

74 Dolphijn, R. I. van der Turin. ‘Pushing dualism to an extreme: on the philosophical impetus of a new 3rd substance > Matter and materialism’, Springer Science and Business Media B.V. Mind 2011, [Online] www.rickdolphijn.nl/, (26th December 2015), p.383. Figure 24: Dualism and Monism approach 75 Ibid. comparison. 76 Dolphijn, R. I. van der Turin. 5. ‘The Traversality of New Materialism’, New Materialism: Interviews and Cartographies, [Online] quod.lib.umich.edu/ (26th December 2015). 28 MANUAL Slupsk New Materialism 77 Ibid. Neutral monism

refrain from hierarchal architecture, categorising users, and alternatively ensure site specific structures that flow from the urban ground, as displayed in rule 5 page 41 ‘form follows force’ to illustrate fluid movement by linking meshworks (nodes) and strata (hierarchal rhizomes) as a hybrid formation. The act of non-dualistic systems in creating a blur between clear boundaries or distinctions ‘between bodies, objects, and contexts is evident in the myriad biotechnological and digital technological development that are changing the landscapes of living.’78 By welcoming the digital technologies which have become part of our lives, more people are ‘becoming something akin to Donna Haraway’s cyborg (a fusion of human and technology).’79 This saturation of human life with ‘networked and programmable media shunts out of the realm of the human and into the realm of the post-human’ thought. These significant changes of boundaries would have ‘implications for our understanding of the human as a distinctive biological or moral entity.’80 In consequence ‘the human species, and the qualities of self-reflections, self-awareness, and rationality, traditionally used to 78 Coole, D. and Frost, S. Introducing the new materialism, New Materialisms: Ontol- ogy, Agency, and Politics. (Durham & London: Duke University Press, 2010), P.16. 79 Ibid. 80 Ibid. MANUAL Slupsk New Materialism

distinguish it from the rest of nature’81, may seem contingent. Therefore if the ‘human perfection or redemption is no longer understood, as the destiny of history, neither is it the goal of evolution.’82

Figure 25: No hierarchy between humans, animals, living matter and technology.

Instead post-humanism regards all bodies, including animals and perhaps machines, to all portray equal ‘capacities for agency,’83 as illustrated in figure 25. The level of agency within beings are analysed in the ‘cognitive capacities for symbolism or reflectivity’ which manifest ‘in varying degrees across different species of being, that they are indelibly material in the provenance.’84 For instance ‘human intelligence emerges within a spectrum of vital materializations, and that rights’ for animals ‘can no longer automatically be understood solely as human rights.’85 From this perspective there are differences between humans and animals which ‘is a question of degree more than of kind’86 which would increase the human species evolutionary desire. However the increase in technologies, to extend and control human and animal life, ‘manipulating and synthesizing genes to 81 Coole, D. and Frost, S. Introducing the new materialism, New Materialisms: Ontol- ogy, Agency, and Politics. (Durham & London: Duke University Press, 2010), P.16. 82 Ibid. 83 Ibid. 84 Ibid., p.21 85 Ibid. 86 Ibid.

MANUAL Slupsk New Materialism

create life forms,’87 muddles ‘the concepts and boundaries that are the ground for much ethical and political thinking.’88 For example ‘smart synthetic life forms’89 raise questions, by humans, to ‘what kind of ethical value should’ be attributed ‘to synthetic life forms?’90 This is because, if a synthetic life form acts in an unacceptable way, ‘who, should, and can be held responsible?’91 The mastery over the autonomous technology today is resulting in ‘a dynamic partnership between humans and intelligent machines’ replacing ‘the liberal humanist subject’s manifest destiny to dominate and control nature.’92 In addition the environment is ‘always seen as meaningful’ to the creation of new innovations for instance ‘we cannot put the cart before the horse.’93 Therefore the ‘relationship between stimulus information’ (digital parameters) and ‘the environment is’ naturally ‘(motivated) rather than arbitrary,’94 presenting the human in a necessary position to generate creative concepts which the digital could not envisage. 87 Coole, D. and Frost, S. Introducing the new materialism, New Materialisms: Ontol- ogy, Agency, and Politics. (Durham & London: Duke University Press, 2010), p.22 88 Ibid. 89 Ibid. 90 Ibid. 91 Ibid. 92 Hayles, K. How we become Posthuman; virtual bodies in Cybernetics, literature and informatics, (London: The University of Chicago Press, 1999), p.288. 93 Ibid. 94 Ibid. MANUAL Slupsk New Materialism

In addition this high regard for the destiny for humans is evident in ‘Moravec’s paradox’95 who states that ‘it is comparatively easy to make computers exhibit adult-level performance on intelligence’ - ‘however, it is difficult or impossible to give them the perception and mobility skills of a 1-year-old.’96 Therefore the reliance on humans’ to control the digital machines creating the molecular research and innovations for new designs, for example protocell or mycelium manipulation, as illustrated in the 3D printing of mycelium in figure 26, is important due to the lack of ‘structural homology between the analogue and digital,’97 as evidenced in ‘Moravec’s paradox.’98

95 Hauptmann, D., Neidich, W., Cognitive Architecture. From Biopolitics to Neopolitics. Architecture and Mind in the Age of Communication and Information, (Rotterdam: 010 Publishers, 2010), p.448. (principle was articulated by Hans Moravec, Radney Brooks, Marvin Minsky, et al. in the 1950s). 96 Ibid. 97 Ibid. 98 Ibid.

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3D printed mycelium chair.

Human and Prosthetic hand interaction.

3D printed mycelium and saw dust scaffolding.

Human 3D printing with mycelium (living matter).

Mycelium building insulation panel.

Figure 26: Human, living matter and digital technologies working cohesively. MANUAL Slupsk New Materialism

Rule 1: Local economy High Street. This rule requires the reappropriation of all empty shops along primary streets to become local retail and locally produced foods for bakeries, cafes, etc. The increase of economic activity is proposed for areas of polarized use, for instance one typology of residential city sectors has a lack of continuous activity on the streets encouraging greater crime due to the lack of natural surveillance on the streets. Therefore this rule is acknowledging Jane Jacobs The Death and Life of Great American Cities, ( Jacobs, J. The Death and Life of Great American Cities, USA: Random House, 2007) who encourages public retail/cafe typologies along high streets to ensure â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;eyes on the streetâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;1. In addition Anna Minton Ground Control (Minton. A, Ground Control, London: Penguin Books Ltd, 2009) similarly insists for increased street activity, during all hours of the day, to ensure natural surveillance rather than the reliance on CCTV.

Jacobs, J. The Death and Life of Great American Cities, 1961, (USA: Random House, 2007), p.80. URBAN RULES Slupsk New Materialism

URBAN RULES :

Principles for social economical flows across a proposed site Local economy High Street