Slupsk green energy lab urban strategy, technology booklet

SĹ UPSK GREEN ENERGY LAB Urban strategy building design report Master of Architecture Year 2 Plymouth University Advanced Detailed Design ARCH 752 Module leader: Simon Bradbury.

Technical Design ARCH 754 Module leader: Andy Humphreys.

2015-2016

Fabienne Blunden 10265849

SĹ UPSK GREEN ENERGY LAB

Urban strategy building design report

Fabienne Blunden 10265849

4

CONTENTS Urban Strategy Masterplan Research questions overview Executive summary Our initiative Two interventions Slupsk project location Slupsk site trip Public consultation Roles of participants Social dialogue and requests City’s pressing issues

Social migration Unemployment

Energy poverty

System of education

Education vs occupation City’s aspects summary

City’s social aspects

City’s economic aspects

City’s spatial aspects Slupsk spatial strategy Urban rules Site analysis Dluga

Wojska Polskiego

New Museum Masterplan development strategy Framework Design intentions Design initiative Masterplan proposal Dluga proposed urban block atmospheres

p. 8 p. 9 p. 11 p. 12 p. 14 p. 16 p. 18 p. 20 p. 22 p. 24 p. 26 p. 28 p. 30 p. 32 p. 34 p. 36 p. 38 p. 40 p. 41 p. 42 p. 44 p. 48 p. 56 p. 59 p. 61 p. 62 p. 64 p. 66 p. 68 p. 70 p. 76

5

CONTENTS CONTINUED ...

Urban Block Strategy

Existing and proposed urban block Masterplan DIY programme Existing urban block analysis Routes Entrances

Public space Passages

Internal urban block

Street facade Proposed spatial urban block strategy Proposed spatial urban block strategy principles Urban rules application strategy

Architectural Discussion

p. 80 p. 83 p. 84 p. 86 p. 88 p. 90 p. 94 p. 96 p. 98 p. 100 p. 102 p. 105 p. 107

Introduction Masterplan research question Sub-research questions Programme

Spatial Technology Conclusion Image references Bibliography

p. 110 p. 111

Architectural Discussion Precedents Index

p. 129

Design Programme Programme research question Programme interlocking agenda Programme : response to Mayor’s Green Energy Institute request Programme: responding the Mayor’s Green City request Programme: social interaction Programme: spatial Programme: public tour guide

Spatial Landscape plan Street perspectives Building plans 6

p. 78

p. 114 p. 117 p. 121 p. 123 p. 124 p. 126

p. 147 p. 148 p. 148 p. 150 p. 151 p. 152 p. 154 p. 156 p. 158 p. 160 p. 162 p. 165 p. 168

Elevations Perspective section A. Perspective section B. Volumetric strategy Model 1:200 Urban block spatial atmosphere Model 1:50 Internal spatial atmosphere

Technology [Technology Report] Landscape orientation plan Spatial composition (ground floor plan) Fire travel distances Spatial composition (sections) Elevations (solar shading) Environmental strategy

Environmental strategy tour guide leaflet

Building system strategy tour guide leaflet

Rainwater harvesting

Comfort conditions strategy (heating) Integrating material studies Building junctions Ventilation detail Comfort conditions detail Construction strategy 1:10 Structural detail model

Critical Appraisal Design Development Site influences contextual analysis Chosen site Programme flow Permeable street facade Model activity story board 1:500 Design iterations Environmental design iterations Design iteration section studies 1:100 Spatial investigations Spatial investigation Spatial plan investigation Geometric investigation 1:50 Technical spatial study (final design) 1:200 Building design (final design) 1:10 Structural detail model (final design)

Bibliography

p. 170 p. 172 p. 174 p. 177 p. 179 p. 181 p. 182 p. 184 p. 185 p. 186 p. 188 p. 190 p. 192 p. 194 p. 196 p. 199 p. 201 p. 202 p. 207 p. 210 p. 212 p. 215 p. 220 p. 222 p. 224 p. 226 p. 228 p. 232 p. 234 p. 236 p. 242 p. 244 p. 247 p. 249 p. 252 p. 254 p. 256 p. 258 p. 260 p. 262 7

URBAN STRATEGY MASTERPLAN

RESEARCH QUESTIONS OVERVIEW

State Intervention

Urban commons

URBAN BLOCK STRATEGY

“

Continuous Political Mediation Process

BUILDING PROPOSITION

“

ARCHITECTURAL DISCUSSION

“

PROGRAMME

“

Discover whether practical training and collaboration between different social forces, via green energy installation systems, can improve the social dialogue between actors and generate greater accessibility to available sustainable solutions and possible training programmes to increase the skill base in Slupsk.

Spatial How to utilise the spatial tectonics of materials and circulation of users to allow actor collaboration and public access to possible green energy systems?

“

Technology How can technology be used to create the environmental conditions for the multiple spaces ranging from conferences, exhibitions, training workshops and classrooms to a public recreation café and restaurant, whilst serving the design constraint that passive and mechanical systems work cohesively?

SPATIAL

“

Programme

“

9

TECHNOLOGY REPORT

“

How can two social forces – state interventions and urban ‘commons’ come together on common ground in a cohesive environment to build the future resilience of Slupsk, underpinning its socio-economic deprivations, social migration, unemployment and energy poverty in the area?

MASTERPLAN

MASTERPLAN STRATEGY

URBAN STRATEGY MASTERPLAN

WIDER THEORETICAL INFLUENCES

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY MASTERPLAN

Summary of what is the aim of the project with showing the way of achieving it.

Presence of deprivation areas has made an impact onto the growth of the economy.

Disproportionately, it affects the local residence, precariats and the public especially in heavy populated areas. We have identified 2 patterns of social interventions - state and urban common initiatives who are involved in the revitalisation process of deprivation areas. Highlights of different social participation and their behaviours can be described as follows1: • Top-down state intervention: Government participation where decision makers are chosen based on their technical expertise and background. It works along strong hierarchical constraints and active enforcement to develop the city.

• Bottom-up initiatives: Community participation in the evaluation of development proposals.

Decision making is based on community interest; design and planning involved in advocacy and participated by the commons.

We believe the cause of deprivation areas are closely linked towards long term unemployment.

This is caused by deficit of initiative to create full time employment in the city2. When people are long term unemployed, they may become unskilled, demotivated and have difficulty finding jobs in future. Lack of aggregate demands can be overcome if public skills and social dialogue can be strengthen in the city. However, according to Flexibility and Security in Labour Market2 report in Poland, social dialogue in Poland is still a fairly early stage of development. The process takes place mainly at national level among government, trade unions and employers. In particular parts of social dialogue within these social partners, there lies a problem of limited roles played on influencing the change of legal policies. At the same moment, neither the trade unions nor the employers in Poland are sufficiently mature to balance the needs for social security and labour market flexibility.

1. Birkeland. J. ‘Community participation’ in urban project assessment’ (Wollongong, Australia: Science and Technology Studies, University of Wollongong, 1999), [online] Available from: http://www.uow.edu.au/~bmartin/pubs/99tpp/birkeland.html#fn1, (accessed 17th December), pp. 113-142.

2. Economics Onliine, [online] Available from: http://www.economicsonline.co.uk/Managing_the_economy/Unemployment_ types_and_causes.html, (accessed 17th December 2015).

3. Google Books: Flexibility and Security in the Labour Market: Poland Experience , chapter 7.

11

OUR INITIATIVE Collaborative mediation between the two social forces

“

How can two social forces - state interventions and urban ‘commons’ come under mutual grounds in a cohesive environment to build the future resilience of Slupsk underpinning its socio-economic deprivations, social migrations, unemployment and energy poverty in that area?

“

What is the role of urban ‘commons’ and state authority?

What are the initiatives for the two social forces?

How does the collective behaviors of the two social forces contribute into the development of Slupsk in terms of social, spatial and economic perspective?

Our initiative is to develop the practice of commoning for social forces of state intervention and the existing urban commons to come into mutual participation, with reference of multiple social dialogue and modes of interventions. This process will be taken through a continuous political mediation process to solve different socioeconomic issues.

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Top-down Agency

> >

MASTERPLAN

Territorial enforcement and policing.

Encourage community development in governance, planning and action

State Intervention

Continuous Political Mediation Process

Bottom-up Agency Social groups in common, collective and uncommodified movement

> >

Urban commons Steer people to collaborate across boundaries and tackles divisions of social-economic issues

13

TWO INTERVENTIONS Between top-down and bottom-up agencies

• Top-down state intervention: Government participation where decision makers are chosen based on their technical expertise and background. It works along strong hierarchical constraints and active enforcement to develop the city.

• Bottom-up initiatives: Community participation in the evaluation of development proposals.

Decision making is based on community interest; design and planning involved in advocacy and participated by the commons.

14

MASTERPLAN Mayor

City Planners

Stakeholders

Territorial enforcement and policing.

>

Top-down Agency

>

Fails to consider significance of actions taken earlier in policymaking process.

State Intervention

Deficit demands lifted by participants Mismatch between skill sets and labour market demands

Unequal terrestrial distribution

Bottom-up Agency

NGOs

Prekariats

Long term unemployment

General Public

Social groups in common, collective and uncommodified movement

Polarization, barriers for collaborations

> >

Urban commons Often reflective on community interest and limited action taken upon large development proposals that requires large capital funding.

15

Słupsk is a city located in the north-western part of Pomerania Voivodeship. The city lies in the Bay of Pomerania of the Baltic Sea, on both sides of the river Słupia. It is an important hub of communication and transport in the region of Central Pomerania.

The city meets the railway lines from Szczecin to Gdańsk, and road connections to Poznań via Miastko and Piła, and to Bydgoszcz and Toruń via Bytów and Chojnice. Importantly, Słupsk also has a good bus service from coastal tourist towns. The distance of only 18 km away Słupsk from the Baltic Sea coast.

SŁUPSK Project Location

1265 it was given city rights.

Eastern Pomerania with Gdansk was a part of Poland.

Slupsk at that time was situated on Prussian territory.

Tightly cooperating with Ustka it became of the trade cities.1

MASTERPLAN

SIGNIFICANT HISTORY OF SŁUPSK TAKEN OVER

BY DIFFERENT SOCIAL FORCES

1265

Plebiscite for ownership of the Polish Corridor.

A Plebiscite was insisted to determine the ownership of the “Polish Corridor”. Germany wanted the corridor and the seaport of Gdynia would become a Polish enclave with a route connecting Poland with Gdynia. After British-French guaranteed support for Poland, the Plebiscite negotiation over Danzig ended.2

Baltic Sea Slupsk

1918

After the war the Polish borders were switched.

Polish boarders before World War II. Current Polish borders. Area of former eastern borderlands (now belong to the territories of Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine.)

Current Polish territory (part is pre-war Poland and parts belong to the German Reich).

Gdansk

Vilnius

Slupsk Szczecin

Gdansk Vilnius

Slupsk

Gdansk

Szczecin

1939

Warsaw Warsaw

Wroclaw Wroclaw

Cracow Cracow

Lviv

Baltic Sea

People’s Republic of Poland.

German population deported soon after 1945. Their houses were taken over by Poles form central Poland and, from the former Polish eastern territories, Poland was conquered by the Soviet Union which created People’s Republic of Poland.3

Lviv

Slupsk

Slupsk

1945

Gdansk

Slupsk

Warsaw Warsaw

Solidarnosc It was the first trade union in a Warsaw Pact country that was not controlled by a communist party. Originally, it started in Gdansk shipyard thanks to Lech Walesa initiative. Soon, the spark of riot against communist government took over other cities as well. Slupsk was one of them shortly after Gdansk and Gdynia.4 1.

2.

3.

4.

1980

Local Regeneration Programme City of Slupsk, 28 April 2010, Slupsk, June 2013, p21-28.

Ibid, p21-28.

Ibid, p21-28.

The rise of Solidarnosc, [online] Available from: http://isj.org.uk/the-rise-of-solidarnosc/, (accessed 16th December 2015).

17

SITE TRIP

Our Purpose in Slupsk

Through our perspective, we understood that different actors shared different interest/visions on the development of Slupsk. We believe that the local community have the potential to contribute towards the future of Slupsk. For instances, there are already evidences of initiatives were performed by the NGOs and the local authority, responding to local situations and the value and interests of communities involved.

It offers us a good opportuniy to envision this essence of collaboration to be taken through a large visionary approach, towards a mediation process that can be taken from small to large scale of interventions under the hands of both urban commons and the state authority.

However, the practice of commoning can be challenging as these participants lie conflicting social and political interest. Our first aim is address the following questions: who are the participants involved? What would be the role of the participants in the interface between bottom-up initiatives and top-down governance?

19

MASTERPLAN

During our site visit in the city of Slupsk, we had engaged social dialogues through different actors such as the local residents of Slupsk, city planner, the mayor, NGO and a member of the Technology Incubator. Form of dialogues were initiated through sets of interviews, discussions, conferences and forum.

PUBLIC CONSULTATION Who are the participants?

Robert Bierdron is officially the city Mayor of Slupsk in 2014. He strongly believes on equal human rights, freedom of thinking and the development of the economy.. The role of the mayor represents the local government of The City of Slupsk.

Mayor

City planners study conditions and directions of spatial development of City of Slupsk. They are incharge of issued zonings and location of public investment. Recently, they developed ‘The Study for City Development’ model, featuring plans for different functions in development areas.

Stakeholders are independent party that have interest or concern in an organisation. Some stakeholders such as shareholders and investors can affect or be affected by organisation’s actions, objectives and policies.

City Planners

Stakeholders

1. Department of Urban Planning, Architecture and Civil Engineering, [online] Available from: http://bip.um.slupsk.pl/urzad_miejski/ wydzialy/122.html, (accessed 17th December 2015).

20

MASTERPLAN Precariats is a social class living under existing poor conditions of houses that requires maintenenance, social benefits and economic support.

Prekariats

There are more than 100 listed non-governmental organisations (NGOs) available in Slupsk.

Among of them are chategorised as Public Benefit Organisation (PBO) whereby 90% of efforts are focus on the benefit of general good.

NGOs

We defined the rest of the ‘commons’ such as the local residence as the ordinary people in society who are not involved in any particular political agenda and interest.

General Public

21

ROLES OF PARTICIPANTS What could be the roles of participants?

Represent the City of Slupsk to empower the people and their organisations to influence and transform public policies and services and all factors affecting the conditions of their lives.

Mayor

Adopt strategic approach to community development within their region, linking with other suitable bodies and departments within the City of Slupsk and considering community development when developing regional strategies, including sustainable economic strategies.

Recognise community development as an integral component in the delivery of good public services and local governance.

City Planners

Stakeholders

1. Communities and local government, [online] Available from: http://www.cdf.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/TheCommunity-development-challenge.pdf, (accessed 17th December 2015).

22

MASTERPLAN Drives younger generations too and develop independent groups and projects across the community sector within an ethical framework, and increase networking between groups.

Advise and inform public authorities on community perspectives and assist them to strengthen communities and work in genuine partnership with them.

Precariats

NGOs

Support and develop independent groups and projects across the community sector within an ethical framework, and increase networking between groups.

General Public

23

SOCIAL DIALOGUE & REQUESTS

“... city needs small businesses, not most profitable, but those that attract people...” “... need for better engagement of local NGO’s and coworkers...”

Mayor

24

“... no facilities for families, no playgrounds...” “... some residents still using coal for heating...”

City Planners

Stakeholders

MASTERPLAN “... we need more playground...” “... I’m working under hourly paid contract of promoting political party in upcoming elections...” “... if the parliament got the seat, I’ll get 2000 Zloty...” “... after the election I’ll be unemployed again...”

Prekariats

“... over 400 registered NGOs in Slupsk...” “... city dispone 2mln zl per year, allocated for participatory budget, where residents can vote for most wanted projects...” “... only 10% of residents votes in participatory budget programme...” “... problems happen when voted projects exceed the costs estimated in their brief...”

NGOs

“... Dluga bad reputation for gypsy and travelers that used to live there...” “... young people going abroad..” “... a pensioner has to survive with their money from pay day to pay day, and still squeeze the expenses for it to last...”

General Public

25

CITY’S PRESSING ISSUES The effects of deprivation

Polarisation

Marginalised zoning - locations for special economic zones, social housing and privatised allotment spaces.

26

Unequal terrestrial distribution Signs of gentrification of housing and chain stores emerges in Slupsk.

(Food, education, coffee shops and houses)

Mismatch between skill sets As local industries are gradually advancing, educational facilities still teach students based on conventional teaching model.

Lack of dialogue

Lack of discipline

MASTERPLAN

Education (Knowledge)

Lack of organisation

Deficit in demands

Polarisation

Unequal terrestrial distribution

Mismatch between skill sets

Long term unemployment

DEPRIVATION

Social migration

Social housing

Energy Poverty

This flow diagram illustrates the original source of Slupsk’s pressing issues. From these three prime issues the description for a part of the city becomes deprived due to the lack of employment. This in turn radiates out to city polarisation and a miss-match of skill sets between each city zone.

The proposed strategy aims to alleviate the lack of dialogue, organization and discipline by initiating knowledge exchange through a new education programme breaking the rigidity of traditional teaching methods. Instead utilising theories by Stephen Stirling with transformative learning and Sir Ken Robinson’s inspiration for dynamic and practical learning.

27

SOCIAL MIGRATION The effects of deprivation

The most common motivator for Poles to emigrate is primarily the possibility of increasing the amount of remuneration. Subsequently, they are indicated factors associated with the comfort of living and social security.

The most important reason indicated by 78% of respondents are therefore higher wages and bettering economical situation. For 44% the motivator to go is to raise the standards of life. 37% declared that what leads them to emigrate is lack of suitable jobs in Poland, and the same number of respondents expects to experience a greater career prospects abroad.

Secondly in relation to migration, Poles have stated: exploration of the world and traveling (35%), better healthcare (29%), and better social conditions (19%).1 The president of Slupsk also recognizes the impact of educational migration on depopulation of the city. As he describes, many young people are leaving to study at polytechnics and universities located in larger cities, settle there and never come back.

As Datko suggests in her study on educational migration in Poland, achieving education, economical independency, leaving parents home, change of an environment are mainly the reasons for students migrating to larger academic orientated cities.2 In most cases, future students do not consider moving to academic city for a temporary stay. Often their plan is to remain in the city after the end of this stage of education. Moving back to your native city is not considered as a possible path in life, because it is often associated with personal failure - the ones who come back, are seen as unsuccessful, and as those who could not cope with leading the forefront metropolitan culture, or were not good enough to succeed on demanding, but yet attractive employment market.

The graduation itself is not considered a success - in the era of ‘mass production of academic education’ it is simply the next step towards personal development. Success is the beginning of career.3

1. Work Service, ‘Economic migration of Poles - Report’ [online] Available from: http://www.workservice.pl/content/ download/4139/32794/file/Migracje%20zarobkowe_WS_RAPORT.04.2015_digital.pdf, (accssed 15th December 2015).

2. Slupsk migration in numbers, [online] Available from: http://gdansk.stat.gov.pl/vademecum/vademecum_pomorskie/portrety_ miast/miasto_slupsk.pdf, (accessed 15th December 2015).

3. Datko, A., ‘ZA DYPLOMEM? MIGRACJE MâODYCH POLAKÓW DO MIAST AKADEMICKICH’

28

21

POPULATION 93 706

from

POPULATION 93 706

GDAŃSK (2013)

abro 67 ad

mo ve 4 1 d out 27

POPULATION 461 935

POPULATION 461 935

from abro 360 ad

SZCZECIN (2013) from abro 360 ad

mo ve 3 6 d out 07 oad abr 4

migration balance: 1 112

oad abr 4

in ed ov 363 m 5

mo ve 4 1 d out 27

in ed ov 3 m 5 36

mo ve 3 6 d out 07

oad

in ed ov 98 m 8

oad abr 4 48

oad abr 4 48

67

MASTERPLAN

d roa ab 53 1

mo ve 1 2 d ou 13 t

t

3

d roa ab 53 1

in ed ov 9 m 3 64

POPULATION 408 105

from abro 124 ad

migration balance: 162

in ed ov 9 m 3 64

POPULATION 408 105

from abro 124 ad

SŁUPSK (2013)

d roa b a 53 1

mo ved 1 2 ou 13 t

in d e ov 8 m 89

from

POPULATION 93 706

abro 67 ad

migration balance: -401

in ed 3 v o m 5 36

mo ve 4 1 d out 27 oad abr 4 48

from

POPULATION 461 935

abro 360 ad

29

UNEMPLOYMENT The effects of deprivation

In 1990 Słupsk’s dominant sector of the economy was agriculture and industry. With its later crises, so called ‘structural unemployment’ occur. The sub-region is facing this unfavorable situation for over 10 years.

Industry in the former province of Słupsk was strongly linked to the countries of the former Comecon block. It was mainly the footwear, shipbuilding, wood and machinery industry. It was focused primarily in Slupsk, Kępice, Ustka and Sławno. In order to adapt to a market economy, local manufacturers had to find themselves in a competitive market.

In the postwar years, in Slupsk large factories employing about 1 thousand personnel were created (including Slupsk Furniture Factory). At the end of the sixties, three big plants were put into operation: Utility Companies Repair of buses “Kapena” (1968.), North Betting Leather Industry “Alka” (1969), and Ship and Equipment Factory “Sezamor” (1970.). In total they have employed more than 5 thousand people. Industry therefore had an important place in the economical development on Slupsk. It provided the main source of income for city’ population. In the late eighties, the industry employed more than 31% of total city population. Large companies, however, did not resist the reduction of employment. Industries initiate restructuring, including privatization and the introduction of modern machinery.

In the nineties, the most visible changes in the market came as a result of enterprises privatization.

In recent years, processes related to employment were mainly influenced by reforms that shaped the basis of the market and unemployment mechanisms. Changes in the Polish economy have forced many entrepreneurs to downsize production. The importance of agriculture and industry, has decreased, while development of services intensified. The changing structure of Polish economy meant that demand for some professions significantly decreased, thereby influenced the rise and consolidation of unemployment.1

1. Rydz, E., Siwek, A., (2003), PRZEOBRAŻENIA NA LOKALNYCH RYNKACH PRACY W LATACH 1988-2001 NA PRZYKŁADZIE POWIATU SŁUPSKIEGO, Słupskie Prace Geograficzne vol. 1, Instytut Geografii Pomorska Akademia Pedagogiczna Słupsk

30

MASTERPLAN

12.2% SŁUPSK

6.5%

13.2%

GDAŃSK POMERANIA

10.6%

SZCZECIN

13.4% POLAND

31

ENERGY POVERTY The effects of deprivation

“Poverty is not an accident. Like slavery and apartheid, it is man-made and can be removed by the action of human beings.’’ - Nelson Mandela The increase in energy prices, which are affected by long-term, global trends in commodity prices, charge the budgets of households. Consequently, most of them will have difficulty in meeting basic needs.

Today the budgets of households in Poland are more burdened by expenditure on energy than in other countries of the European Union (EU). In 2010, energy costs accounted for 11% of total Polish households expenditures, about half more than the average for countries in the EU. The reasons are: the lower level of income in Poland relating to fixed prices of energy commodities on world markets, as well as, high heating costs related to climate and the quality of building structures. In 2013, as many as 18% of households were under heated in order to reduce the costs of living. These were mainly households of unemployed people and those who are using fuel stoves in their apartments.1 Energy poverty is not only lack of comfort associated with the right temperature at home, but also a difficulty to heat the water or light a room; not to mention the possibility of using seemingly basic household appliances - refrigerators, washing machines, stoves, gas or electricity, radio, television, computer and the Internet. This concept therefore means lack of access to energy understood as electricity, heat and gas, mainly for financial reasons, as well as the inability to pay bills, make appropriate modernization purchasing systems or devices.

1. Komu grozi ubóstwo energetyczne?article: Forbes, [online] Available from: http://csr.forbes.pl/komu-grozi-ubostwo-energetyczne,artykuly,197514,1,1.html, (accessed 17th December 2015).

2. Figure 1: Działania Słupska ograniczające niską emisję, [online] Available from: http://misja-emisja.pl/goodpractice/dzialania-slupskaograniczajace-niska-emisje/, (accessed 17th December 2015).

32

MASTERPLAN in 2009 -2013 SĹ‚upsk

309,000 zł from city budget removed 273 masonry heaters 37 coal stoves modernized heating in 19 public use buildings 117 council houses 29 housing community buildings spent

Figure 1.

33

SYSTEM OF EDUCATION The effects of deprivation

Polish educational system faces two basic problems, and for further generations of its students these may contribute to an overall struggle in meeting constantly evolving employment market demands. The first is profound systematic problem that characterise all educational systems around the world. Most educational programmes are unresponsive in following fast-paced revolutionary changes taking place across the other major sectors of society. ‘Economic or social problems faced by parents were usually very similar to the problems their children encountered. Today, however, the younger generations face changes in their social environment that are completely foreign to those their parents had faced.’1 Past educational models were based on equipping students with certain skills and knowledge base, with assumption that this would serve them for life. Nowadays, this model produces not sufficient framework for the needs of today. ‘If information, skills and attitudes become quickly outdated then we cannot continue to allow students to live in the past by participating in an increasingly archaic system of education.’ 2 ‘The second problem is unique to education systems within post-communist countries.’3 The political system has influenced the education in specific way. In post totalitarian society, the role of teacher is still primary to books, manuals, individual research or extra-curricular activities. 4

1. Kulewski. W. (1998) The Basic Problems of Education in Poland and the Potential Role of NGO’s, [online] Available from: http:// www.21learn.org/archive/the-basic-problems-of-education-in-poland-and-the-potential-role-of-ngos/ (accessed:November 2015).

2. Ibid, Kulewski. W. (1998) The Basic Problems of Education in Poland and the Potential Role of NGO’s, 3. Ibid, Kulewski. W. (1998) 4. Ibid, Kulewski. W. (1998)

34

MASTERPLAN

SCHOOL SYSTEM

y.o. 0

3 EARLY CHILDHOOD CARE

7 PRE-SCHOOL EDUCATION

13 PRIMARY EDUCATION

16

19 UPPER-SECONDARY

LOWER-SECONDARY

EDUCATION

EDUCATION

POST-SECONDARY

EDUCATION

BASIC VOCATIONAL

EDUCATION

TECHNICAL UPPER-SECONDARY

EDUCATION

5

16 COMPULSORY FULL-TIME EDUCATION

18

TERITARY EDUCATION

PART-TIME

SCHOOLS IN SŁUPSK

NUMBER OF INSTITUTIONS IN SŁUPSK

EARLY CHILDHOOD CARE

PRE-SCHOOL EDUCATION

PRIMARY EDUCATION

LOWER-SECONDARY EDUCATION

6

43

12

14

UPPER-SECONDARY EDUCATION

26

POST-SECONDARY EDUCATION

20

BASIC VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

12 TECHNICAL UPPER-SECONDARY EDUCATION

13

TERITARY EDUCATION

3

35

EDUCATION vs OCCUPATION The effects of deprivation

LEVEL OF EDUCATION IN RELATION TO OCCUPATION

36

Deficit in demands

MASTERPLAN

UNEMPLOYED BY EDUCATIONAL LEVEL IN SŁUPSK 1 5

30% 1. tertiary education 2. post-secondary and vocational secondary 3. general secondary 4. basic vocational 5.lower-secondary, primary and incomplete primary

14%

20%

2

24% 12% 4

3

Number of research analysed how creativity is perceived among various populations in Poland.

The studies ‘investigated the teachers’ opinion about characteristics of creative, non-creative, ideal, and conduct-challenging students.’ The results suggested the teachers had not only problem with identifying creative individuals’ characteristics, but what is more important, ‘they showed a tendency to ignore the personality characteristics typical for creative individuals. Typically for Eastern societies, creativity is being perceived through its product and usefulness. ‘(…) Polish people understand creativity as self-expression, with stress in artistic attributes’. 2 During the time in which Poland was under Communism influence, ‘ubiquitous shortages of basic goods stimulated creativity. In other words, to get hold of unavailable products, Polish people had to draw on ingenuity and innovativeness. Making dresses from dyed diapers - improbable as it might now sound - is a good case in point.

Poles ‘remarkable creativity played a role in overthrowing the system.’1 This creativity derived from and aimed to challenge general constrains and the authority.

1. Zientara, P. (2014) Human Resources Management in Emerging Economies, New York: Routledge , p.13 2. Kaufman, J. C., Sternberg, R. J., ed. (2006) The International Handbook of Creativity, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.290

37

CITY’S ASPECTS SUMMARY Most problematic areas in the city, summing up social, economical and spatial aspects.

less

most

onomic & spatial issues combined

The highlighted areas indicated large numbers of deprivations as statistics are overlapped to show possible correlations.

38

39

MASTERPLAN

population densityvalue of social benefits in PLN

no of social benefits per 1000 people

City areas the most problematic in terms of social aspects.

no of social benefits per 1000 people

CITY’S SOCIAL ASPECTS

highest value of social benefits granted per person 183.87 - 245.16 PLN/person

elderly people

value of social benefits in PLN population density

highest number of social benefits per 1 000 persons 79.5 - 100 benefits/1 000 persons

elderly people

highest population density of SĹ‚upsk - 180 - 240 persons/Ha

40

highest percentage of retired people in general population

CITY’S ECONOMIC ASPECTS

growth of economy

unemployment

unemployment

MASTERPLAN

City areas the most problematic in terms of economic aspects.

highest growth of economic activities - 10.97 - 21.94%

growth of economy

highest general unemployment rate - 17.16 - 22.88 %

The following diagrams showed statistics of deprivations in Slupsk based on the report of ‘Delimitation of degraded areas in the City of Slupsk’1.

1. Delimitation of crisis areas of the City of Slupsk, Prepared by: Faculty of Management Funds City Hall in Slupsk, p16-63.

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CITY’S SPATIAL ASPECTS

built before 1970

no of listed buildings

no of listed buildings

City areas the most problematic in terms of spatial aspects.

built before 1970

highest percentage of listed buildings - 36.48 - 48.64 %

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highest percentage of buildings built before 1970- 63.45 - 84.60%

MASTERPLAN

buildings to repair

buildings to repair

built before 1970

highest emission of pollution in buildings - 85.92 - 100%

built before 1970

highest percentage of buildings demanding repairs 47.88 - 61.84%

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SŁUPSK SPATIAL STRATEGY

44

45

MASTERPLAN

SPATIAL STRATEGY

Existing urban block spatial formation analysis.

Three contrasting spatial formations were examined; typology space A investigates the pocket spaces formed by retail and residential property extensions into the urban block courtyard.

Secondly typology space B is the open space within and around an urban block. Such open spaces are evident in urban blocks where the perimeter buildings are more enclosed and there are less fragmented extensions filling the courtyard.

Thirdly typology space C is the large open spaces surrounding public institutional buildings and small business. These spaces are used primarily for car parking.

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MASTERPLAN

Typology map Key

Typology Space

Pocket spaces.

Typology Space B

Social activity courtya

Typology Space C

Public institutions and derelict, historic buildi social spaces.

The map of Slupsk has been colour coded highlighting the chosen three typology spatial studies across the city.

By identifying these differentiated spaces, the activities to design in each category becomes more regimented and follows urban rules to aid the efficiency of masterplanning the city regeneration scheme.

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URBAN RULES

EXTENSION Hybrid Connection

Existing blocks

Connection between two buildings

Creating public-oriented spaces

Connection between two buildings & multiple levels, encourage social & business interactions.

Maximising spaces above while enhancing social inclusive space below.

Transitional Space, DIY Installation Gallery

Transitional Space, Market Vendors

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Developed spaces Effective use of vacant spaces.

DIY Workshop, Fabrication Labs, Test beds, Retail spaces

MASTERPLAN

EXTENSION

Adaptive Upper-croft Courtyard

Existing blocks

Collaborative spaces Existing buildings redefine as collaborative spaces, allocated for communal activities in courtyard.

Adaptive courtyard Multi-functional public spaces, bridging social inclusivity and allocation of storage, garage and workshop spaces below

Terrace Extended balconies, allocating additional gardening space and storage space below

Consultation rooms, Research Labs

Allotment Space, Beds Outdoor Theatre

Terrace Garden, Viewing deck

Test

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URBAN RULES

REAPPROPRIATION

Adaptive Reuse Internal Spaces

Existing blocks

Reappropriate vacant & existing spaces Vacant & existing spaces can be redefined as micro and macro spaces for different size of collaborative projects.

Consultation Rooms, Design Studio, Conference room

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Open-plan collaborative Spaces Multi-functional customised spaces to cater for different types of events.

Consultation rooms, Research Labs

Reappropriate roof spaces Existing roof can be reused to utilise natural light and ventilation

Roof top garden, Offices

MASTERPLAN

REAPPROPRIATION

Adaptive Ground Floor Courtyard

Existing blocks

Reappropriate existing courtyard spaces Improve courtyard spaces into a more public-oriented spaces, sharable among the ‘commons’.

Green Amenities

Public Allotments

DIY Narrative Courtyards

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URBAN RULES

REAPPROPRIATION Maximise shop frontage

Existing blocks

Divided vehicular circulation

Reappropriate vehicular and pedestrian circulations to enhance social inclusivity and security.

Primary vehicular roads, pedestrian & cycle paths

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Pedestrian-oriented Streets

Start-up Incentives

Maximised shared spaces for the ‘commons’ to conduct pedestrian activities and circulation space.

Offers low cost & tax free incentives to smallmedium enterprises on retail spaces for DIY projects.

Market vendors

Incubators, retail spaces

MASTERPLAN

PRESERVATION

Preserve historical facades Maintaining historical link, enhance cultural identity of Slupsk.

Enhance mixed-used typology Improving existing spaces with more mixed-used typology for greater social interactions.

Maintaining skyline profile Ensures buildings do not overshadow courtyard spaces and provide visibility towards historical buildings.

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URBAN RULES

DEMOLITION

Enhance permeability

Existing blocks

Permeability of Sight & Circulations Demolish existing space to allow more permeability through existing built fabric, creating landmark sight-lines and social inclusive space.

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MASTERPLAN

‘

The first thing to understand is that the public peace - the sidewalk and street peace - of cities is not kept primarily by the police, necessary as police are. It is kept primarily by an intricate, almost unconscious, network of voluntary controls and standards among the people themselves, and enforced by the people themselves.

The Death and Life of Great American Cities - Jane Jacobs

’

DLUGA SITE ANALYSIS Existing site analysis of typology and courtyard possibilities in DÅ‚uga Street neighbourhood.

privatisation of public space, less room for pedestrians

MASTERPLAN

CARS PARKED ON PAVEMENTS

COAL HEATING

causes air pollution

COAL HEATING

POOR MAINTENANCE OF COURTYARD’S GREEN AREAS

causes air pollution

CARS PARKED IN VOIDS AND GAPS privatisation of public space, unused land

CARS PARKED ON PAVEMENTS

privatisation of public space, less room for pedestrians

COMMUNITY ALLOTMENTS

sparks initiatives & social interactions

COMMUNITY ALLOTMENTS

COAL HEATING

sparks initiatives & social interactions

causes air pollution

CARS PARKED IN VOIDS AND GAPS privatisation of public space, unused land

POOR MAINTENANCE OF COURTYARD’S GREEN AREAS

NO TREES ON STREET

CARS PARKED ON PAVEMENTS

privatisation of public space, less room for pedestrians

CARS PARKED IN VOIDS AND GAPS privatisation of public space, unused land

Dluga is primarily residential and industrial site south of the Slupsk City Hall, but visually connected and efficient access to the city centre, However the site has poor maintenance of pavements, courtyards and green spaces. The prominent visual typology in Dluga are the streets lined with parked cars and sometimes on the pavements due to privatisation of public space resulting in less room for pedestrians.

The site houses a majority of residential buildings which use coal fired heating systems. The coal emissions causes air pollution as well as other fumes emitted by burning domestic rubbish such as plastic bottles.

Dluga has the highest benefits value in Slupsk and the largest number of family related crimes. The site houses multiple allotments which are well maintained and spark initiatives and social interactions. In addition the site is in close proximity to a Technology Incubator which could be harnessed by extending the initiatives to support local businesses in Dluga.

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W. POLSKIEGO SITE ANALYSIS Existing site analysis of typology and courtyard possibilities in Wojska Polskiego Street neighbourhood.

COAL HEATING

causes air pollution

PROMENADE

MASTERPLAN

CARS PARKED ON PAVEMENTS

social interactions

privatisation of public space, less room for pedestrians

NGO CENTRE

sparks initiatives & activates the neighbourhood

COAL HEATING

causes air pollution

REDESIGNED COURTYARD

EMPTY PLOT

CARS PARKED ON PAVEMENTS

PUBLIC SQUARE social interactions

privatisation of public space, less room for pedestrians

Wojska Polskiego’s sites are situated along the Wojska Polskiego promenade street lined with commercial, offices and residential properties on the floors above. The promenade channels circulation effectively from the train station to the city centre.

Along the promenade street are opportunities for social interactions due to suitable meeting spaces and market stalls.

In the urban blocks behind the main, ornate frontages, the secondary streets are lined with parked cars and courtyards are utilised mainly for parking and deliveries.

The bus station us located behind the main promenade street and is not in such a prominent visual position as the train station at the pinnacle of the west end of Wojska Polskiego street.

In addition neighbouring the bus station is a large empty plot of land presenting a neglected site atmosphere.

Similarly to Dluga many of the properties are heated by coal fired heating systems.

There is a redeveloped courtyard housed next to the NGO centre which has been redesigned by re-appropriating the courtyard with a theatre space, playground, table tennis facilities and an external gym.

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NEW MUSEUM SITE ANALYSIS Existing site analysis of typology and courtyard possibilities in New Museum neighbourhood.

not available to everyone

FORMER WAREHOUSE BUILDINGS

CUSTODY BUILDING

MASTERPLAN

PRIVATE GREEN AREA

available for rent

COMMUNITY ALLOTMENTS

sparks initiatives & social interactions

COAL HEATING

causes air pollution

CARS PARKED ON PAVEMENTS

privatisation of public space, less room for pedestrians

The New Museum site includes two historic gain stores tiled ‘Red and White’ grain stores. These buildings are architecturally characterful and have the potential to become tourist attractions celebrating their prime River Slupia proximity, internal high ceilings and monolithic morphologies.

Also located around the museums is a Youth Cultural Centre, multiple schools and large institution buildings such as the court and Short Stay Male custody prison.

In addition there are community allotments and a neighbouring cemetery.

The site has also the largest number of retired people.

Presently the grain stores are derelict and are proposed to become museums for the city of Slupsk. The land around the two buildings are utilised by a car park and to the rear there is a car body paint workshop with numerous vehicles parked in the urban block and along secondary street pavements.

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Explore new prototypes regarding micro-generation

DIY wind farms Research Development Market spaces DIY allotment spaces

Celebrative space

Design Studio Collaborative involvement with community in the production process

Co-production

Testing DIY microbial fuel cell

Test beds

DIY solar panels Improving mixeduse typology & develop more business incubators Improve and develop more workshop spaces with enhanced technology

MASTERPLAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

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63

MASTERPLAN

THE FRAMEWORK 3 modes of project intervention

P SS

D I S C OV E

CE

R

RO

IM

PL

EMENT

We devised 3 stages of project intervention- discover, process and implement as a clear manual for the ‘commons’ in which they could address towards the resilience of the city. Precedents are drawn from projects conducted by ‘Made in Tottenham’project1 and ‘Design Thinking Innovation Process’ by Experience Point2.

1. Made in Tottenham, [online] Availble from: https://www.anewdirection.org.uk/asset/959, (accessed 17th Deceber 2015).

2. The University of British Columbia, Design Process, [online] Available from: http://dstudio.ubc.ca/toolkit/processes/, (accessed 17th December 2015).

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MASTERPLAN

What are the problems to be addressed?

Analyse existing context socio-economic issues to re-frame design problems based on user perspectives and experiences.

What are the opportunities to present?

Identify opportunities for intersection between what people value or need and what organisation can offer within a given time and budget.

Who should benefit?

Organise a team of mediators to collaborate with other actors.

Understand who are our primary user, their backgrounds and who can change or influence in the process?

Where should we focus?

Understand the provision of location in terms of impact and cost. Understand the scale of project and which location would be best suited to be undertaken.

What is the best way to respond to these problems?

Assemble the initiative by combining different techniques such as prototyping, co-design and action planning to explore possible responses throughout the design process.

How to translate the design in delivery?

Assemble techniques through delivery of accessible, tangible instruments such as workshops, test beds and fabrication labs.

How to consolidate funding?

Understand what is the startup cost; how to divert funds, track savings and long term payment incentives to ensure the success of project delivery.

What is the outcome of the project?

Evaluate the viability and likelihood of making successful implementation and adoption of project what are the potential benefits and consequences?

What is the resilience on the outcome of project?

Evaluate new implementation of project whether can it adapt or change the socio-economic issues faced.

Evaluate the next step of project to be revised or move on to a bigger scale intervention.

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DESIGN INTENTIONS Spatial, social intentions

and

economic

The aim of our strategy is to instill a two-way collaborative approach (process of knowledge exchange) upon both urban ‘commons’ and state interventions to share ideas, experiences and learning. Our urban strategy and masterplan proposals concern spatial, social and economic perspectives which can be explained as follows:

Spatial

Territorial Cohesion: Revitalising spaces in order to maintain balance distribution of social and economic resources by implementing constraints and benefits imposed upon deprived areas with the support of financial framework.

Mechanical Learning Elements: Improve one’s collaborative capabilities by enriching learning process and technology-aided approach.

Biological Learning Elements: Improve surrounding context with rich green and cultural spaces that can enhance one’s learning ability1.

Social

Social Groups: Provide DIY projects that cater to range of participants derived from individual, communal, industry and state interventions.

Social Complexity: Analyses social networks in Slupsk from small to large perspectives, understanding patterns of deprivation areas in terms of poor economy, social security and green poverty.

Attitudes: Instill sense of ownership upon the local communities to conform and be motivated to develop projects in order to respond to current issues of Slupsk.

Economy

Innovation and Creativity: Promoting hybrid ideas and new prototypes when cooperative design and discussions between participants from different backgrounds and industries are initiated. New prototypes can enhance conditions of local economy.

Networking and Collaborations: Providing a platform that connects people from different locations who can offer help and solutions.

Interdisciplinary Learning Approach: Instill the public to explore various ways to conduct learning process through different means of media and social interactions.

1. Prashnig. B. The Power of Diversity : New Ways of Learning and Teaching Through Learning Styles, (2004, A&C Black).

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67

MASTERPLAN

DIY INITIATIVE Intermediate technology, placemaking and micro-generation.

The right to city is the right of an individual or group to access resources and reinvent the city in the community’s desires1. DIY initiative highlights on the urban development of Slupsk through the forces by the individuals and local communities - the production for the masses, empowering them with strong sense of ownership and participation. By putting the urban ‘commons’ into public spaces, transforming into a political commons where people can have collaborative open discussions and debate over what the system should be doing for the future of Slupsk.

Doing DIY projects enhance one’s capability of making their own resources, fostering connections between individuals, bridging deeper connections to materialism, having the wider thought on the resilience, training them to be self-reliance and inspiring the public to take up future projects.

The success of the project depends on the collaborations between various civic stakeholders and urban ‘commons’. DIY projects can be used by the communities as mediators to engage residents locally through exchange of knowledge, creative hybrid prototypes that can create an impact of creative placemaking and urban design; solving deprivation issues and build resilience on the city of Slupsk.

Based on current identified issues of Slupsk, we explore our ideas on alternative energy generation prototypes through the use of ‘intermediate technology’3 - combines sophisticated ideas with cheap and readily available local materials that can be developed by the ‘commons’ as an example of DIY initiative towards improving the economy and social wellbeing.

1. Harvey. D. ‘Rebel cities from the right to the city to the urban revolution’, (2012, London: Verso).

2. http://www.artscapediy.org/Creative-Placemaking/Approaches-to-Creative-Placemaking.aspx 3. Dr E. F. Schumacher, ‘Small is Beautiful’, 1973 Blond & Briggs Ltd, p.48

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MASTERPLAN

DIY Wind Turbines & Hydroelectic generators

Figures: Popular mechanics, [online] Available from: [online] Available from: http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/ environment/how-to/g118/make-your-own-miniature-windturbine/, (accessed 19th December 2015).

Figures: New wind, [online] Available from: http://www. newwind.fr/en/innovations/, (accessed 16th December 2015).

DIY Solar panels Solar panels created by the general public.

Collaboration.

Figures: Demand Energy Quality, [online] Available from: http://www.demandenergyequality.org/, (accessed 17th December 2015).

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MASTERPLAN PROPOSAL Dulga Masterplan in Medium (S) Scale Intervention

Within these 3 proposed zones, Dluga site was used as a case study to provide in depth masterplan proposals that can be represented to Wojska Polskiego and the New Museums site.

Using DIY initiatives to help improve the urban conditions, the masterplan proposals illustrate a series of phases highlighting spatial interventions and processes in different scale of influences (from small to medium scale interventions). Different series of projects were developed using the example of the framework (refer to page 64 for descriptive format).

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Phase 1

Precariats

MASTERPLAN

Surveys, Interviews, Seminars, DIY research, Discussions

NGOs (Mediators)

The steer of the project

Phase 1: Project started by drawing the attention of NGOs to act as mediators of the project to steer the precariats for the improvement of Dluga and DIY approach. Existing NGO spaces will be used as collaborative discussions to plan for development of DIY projects.

Initiate project with NGOs as mediators to steer the precariats

Develop start-up projects with common interest on DIY approach

Analyse current issues and search for potential volunteers in the neighbourhood Reusing NGO spaces for seminars and project discussions Conducting surveys and interview

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Phase 2

Allotment spaces Community Practice, Narrative courtyard and pocket spaces

NGOs & Precariats (Mediators) General Public

Prototyping DIY projects

Phase 2: NGOs and precariats can be mediators to draw attention in wider audiences to be part of the cause, performing DIY prototypes and workshops to enhance personal skill sets such as car maintenance and creative ways of growing food. Vacant spaces are proposed to be re-appropriate for more workshop and collaborative spaces.

Improving permeability into Dulga street with DIY green infrastructure Exploring new methods of growing in relation to technolog and permaculture

Propose more allotment spaces

Establish green links

Allocating spaces for workshops and design studios.

Teaching the public on enhance skillsets such as maintenance, plumbings, growing and electrical appliances

Reappropriate vacant spaces through selffund initiatives Demonstrate visuals and installations on creative DIY approach Trails of narrative courtyard and pocket spaces

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NGOs, Precariats & General public (Mediators)

MASTERPLAN

Phase 3

Forum, Conference, Stakeholder dialogue, Action planning

Mayor, Stakeholder, City planners

Urban planning & funding opportunity

Phase 3: Wider collaborations are conducted with City Planners to discuss common grounds on urban planning and changing local planning policies. Involvement of stakeholders will initiate future funding opportunities for DIY projects of wider ambitions. Permeability within sites of Dluga are further enhanced with plants and DIY green infrastructure, enhancing social inclusivity and pedestrian-oriented spaces.

Collaborate with city planners to improve local issues and planning policy

Action planing on revitalising Dulga

Discuss future collaborative funding opportunities

Stakeholder dialogue

Discussion on the improvement of DIY project to the next level

Expanding conference, forum spaces Enhance permeability into Dulga street with DIY green infrastructure Establish green links

Collaborate with local industries to develop DIY prototypes in larger scale

Industrial fabrication labs

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MASTERPLAN PROPOSAL

Dluga Masterplan in Medium (M) Scale Intervention: Large DIY projects.

Phase 4 NGOs, Precariats & General public (Mediators)

Regional Conference, Opensource Knowledge Fair, Focus Group, constructing new spaces

Mayor, Stakeholder, City planners

City Networkings & collaborations

Phase 4: With proper funding resources, materials can be invested into making large DIY projects such as solar panels, wind farms, operative facades and green infrastructures. Regional conferences are held to explore alternative ways to produce clean energy and enhance relationships within City Center of Slupsk. Developed green links enhance the characters of Dluga as pedestrianoriented spaces and improves social security. Public spaces are allocated for the urban ‘commons’ to conduct communal activities such as knowledge fairs and street vendors.

Collaborative planning with NGOs Explore creative topic on energy poverty and deprivation issues

Debate and explore new DIY approach Rented Consultation spaces

Regional Conference

Improving mix-use typology & develop business incubators

Design and test DIY solar panels, wind turbines and insulation panels

Proposed new conference spaces Knowledge fair

Proposed new production spaces Initiating construction of upper-croft courtyard

Improving green links Improving green parks

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NGOs, Precariats & General public (Mediators)

MASTERPLAN

Phase 5

Test beds, Research Development, Co-design & production, Demonstration

Education Institution, Technology Incubators

City planners

DIY Implementation, micro-generation

Phase 5: Solar panels, wind farms, insulation panels and operative facades are proposed to enhance the urban fabric of Dluga, supporting the local community through micro-generation of energy and other DIY initiatives. Research on DIY approach never stops, further analysis such as DIY microbial fuel cells and other projects can be developed in response to further resilience of the city.

Explore new prototypes regarding micro-generation

DIY wind farms Research Development Market spaces DIY allotment spaces

Celebrative space

Design Studio Collaborative involvement with community in the production process

Co-production

Testing DIY microbial fuel cell

Test beds

DIY solar panels Improving mixeduse typology & develop more business incubators Improve and develop more workshop spaces with enhanced technology

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DLUGA PROPOSED URBAN BLOCK ATMOSPHERES Proposed view of DÅ‚uga Street.

Live and work courtyard spaces re-appropriated.

Proposed social interventions on the street.

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77

MASTERPLAN

Proposed Dluga urban block courtyard perspective view from a rear workshop displaying the range of activities in the courtyards rather than left as neglected void spaces.

URBAN BLOCK STRATEGY

Proposed Site

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79 URBAN BLOCK STRATEGY

EXISTING & PROPOSED URBAN BLOCK

The proposed masterplan aims to create integrating connections across the urban block to generate greater economic networks with the city and invite more activity to the centre of the urban block.

The proposed urban strategy aims to create more permeable edges to the urban block by siting public institutions at the edge nodal points inviting more activity to flow through the buildings and transcend into the urban block via new densified residential and local shop lined high streets.

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81 URBAN BLOCK STRATEGY

URBAN BLOCK STRATEGY

MASTERPLAN DIY PROGRAMME

83

EXISTING URBAN BLOCK ANALYSIS 1. EXISTING CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS

84

URBAN BLOCK STRATEGY

Identified locations surrounding the urban block requiring investigation.

The chosen typologies to analyse are influential features which include contrasting actors which are proposed to integrate in the proposed Green Energy Lab programme.

85

ROUTES : CITY HALL TYPOLOGY ANALYSIS

1. EXISTING CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS

The Slupsk City Hall is an iconic landmark for the city. It is located in the centre and on the edge of the historic old town of Slupsk.

In addition the public car park is sited here which generates natural congregation of visitors and workers of the City Hall. Historically the car park was a market square. This typology has been requested to return to the traditional market square.

The vehicular traffic radiates around the perimeter of the market square as a natural nodal point.

To the side and rear of the City Hall are green landscape parks which are used by the public to sit on benches and walk dogs watching the busy traffic flowing around the perimeter.

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87 URBAN BLOCK STRATEGY

ENTRANCES : COMMERCIAL SHOPPING CENTRE TYPOLOGY ANALYSIS

1. EXISTING CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS

The Slupsk large commercial shopping centre is located opposite the proposed Green Energy Lab site.

The morphology of the centre covers the nodal island forming public entrances on both sides of the building.

The private delivery bays are located on the primary road for large vehicles to directly access the bays to off-load. Both delivery bays are positioned behind residential buildings on the main road.

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89 URBAN BLOCK STRATEGY

PUBLIC SPACE : SECONDARY SCHOOL TYPOLOGY ANALYSIS

1. EXISTING CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS

The secondary school consists of two buildings located on the primary road corner forming access via the secondary road creating a natural square. However the square is fenced off from the general public.

The main entrance to the school is off the primary road and on the sides of the building morphology.

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91 URBAN BLOCK STRATEGY

PUBLIC SPACE : VOID TYPOLOGY ANALYSIS

1. EXISTING CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS

This node void is the proposed site for the Green Energy Lab as it is in the prime position connecting to the secondary school and on the primary road aiming to attract visitors attention when visiting the City of Slupsk.

In addition the high level of traffic that pass the node void presents a good opportunity to propose permeable passageways to enter the urban block.

Presently the void is used for advertisement boards and car park.

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93 URBAN BLOCK STRATEGY

PASSAGES : RESIDENTIAL AND REAR EXTENSIONS DIMENSION ANALYSIS

1. EXISTING CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS

The residential properties located along secondary roads all have long thin rear extensions extending residential properties into the urban block courtyards.

The passageways to access the courtyards are open for the general public to enter, however there is a noticeable threshold change of the ground conditions from stone paving to rough soil.

Also the passages all change in dimensions generating a lack of rhythm in the street facade.

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95 URBAN BLOCK STRATEGY

INTERNAL URBAN BLOCK VOID TYPOLOGY ANALYSIS

1. EXISTING CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS

The urban block consists of multiple gardens, courtyards, allotments which are fenced off to the general public. However the voids in the street built fabric create ambiguous spaces which are unknown to be public or private spaces to a visitor therefore is used for a multiple of uses such as a car park, or to hang up washing lines and locate community recycling bins.

However the spaces are all paved and lacks attractive activity and forms a blight to the street elevation.

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97 URBAN BLOCK STRATEGY

STREET FACADE VOID TYPOLOGY ANALYSIS

1. EXISTING CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS

There are multiple voids off the secondary roads surrounding the urban block. They are disused and ill-maintained therefore the ground conditions are rough soil, paving or rubble. The spaces are mainly used as a car park for the residential properties.

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99 URBAN BLOCK STRATEGY

PROPOSED SPATIAL URBAN BLOCK STRATEGY

After analysing specific aspects around the proposed urban block covering; public spaces, routes, entrances, and courtyards, the proposed Green Energy Lab has been sited in the junction void due to the primary road accessibility and close proximity to the secondary school.

In addition the proposed densified high street of ground floor shops and residential properties was influenced by the research completed of the existing residential high street morphology and dimensions in order to propose a masterplan that can sit sensitively in the environment.

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101 URBAN BLOCK STRATEGY

PROPOSED URBAN BLOCK & BUILDING STRATEGY PRINCIPLES

2. PROPOSED URBAN BLOCK &

BUILDING DESIGN PRINCIPLES

Examine the natural footfall and congregation points to design elements which will achieve greater tourist and economic business.

Rules for the urban block in order to generate greater footfall into the urban blocks, more permeable green infrastructure to the voids, access passageways into the courtyards, visibility to local landmarks and accommodate the presently derelict shops to generate a thriving retail high street along Dluga street.

Locally grown produce for local business and allotment produce to display and sell at the proposed City Hall market square.

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Propose visible pathways to local landmarks such as churches, and City Hall.

Urban rules drawn by Author, Blunden, Fabienne. ‘Slupsk New Materialism, Urban Rules Design Guide & Manual, ARCH753 Emerging research in Architecture: Ecologies of Architecture of creative materiality’, 2015-2016.

Urban block proposed street infrastructure orientating around the typologies ensuring greater permeable flow of multiple actors to access the urban block.

Proposed greater activity on the high street and in the urban block by pedestrian and cyclists through permeable passageways in the street elevation.

Propose ground floor local shops to line the high street facade to generate greater visitor and general public activity and local economic networks.

URBAN BLOCK STRATEGY

Sunlight penetration into the urban block courtyards and green infrastructure.

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URBAN BLOCK STRATEGY

URBAN RULES APPLICATION STRATEGY

105

ARCHITECTURAL DISCUSSION

Architectural Discussion

ARCHITECTURAL DISCUSSION Slupsk Green Energy Lab

107

108

ARCHITECTURAL DISCUSSION Slupsk Green Energy Lab

Contents Introduction

p. 110

Masterplan research question Sub-research questions Programme

Spatial Technology

p. 111

Conclusion

p. 123

Image references Bibliography Precedents Appendices Index

p. 124 p. 126 p. 129

ARCHITECTURAL DISCUSSION Slupsk Green Energy Lab

ARCHITECTURAL DISCUSSION

p. 114 p. 117 p. 121

109

Introduction This architectural discussion is the combination of the “DIY Initiative”1 urban strategy and the critical essay Slupsk “New Materialism”2 design manual.

This discussion explores the following themes: The intention to bring two actors within Slupsk, the state interventions (top-down techniques) and urban commons (bottom-up techniques), who are presently disjointed in their effects on the city, to participate together to share skills and knowledge exchange to help build the skill base in Slupsk, in order to become more sustainably aware and move towards greater social cohesion by designing participatory and practical learning environments.

Additionally in order to break through the voids in the built architectural environment, rigid education system and separated social forces and move away from the 19th century Cartesian order (which aims for the ‘lineage of desire’ and logic referring back to Plato’s theory), into a more collaborative, multifunctional and participatory society by bringing two social forces, the state interventions and urban commons together using the transformative learning methodology.

In addition the building aims to celebrate, similar to Louis Kahn’s architecture, the binding together of geometrical forms, proposing an ‘abstract structure of progressively broken spherical symmetries’3 and illustrating the Deluzian multiplicity. For example 1 Blunden, F. Krol, J. Min, K. T. Skrucha, K. DIY Initiative, Masterplan design document, Plymouth University Master of Architecture year 2, 2015-2016.

2 Blunden, F. Slupsk New Materialism, Urban Rules Guide and Manual, PLymouth University Master of Architecture year 2, Emerging Research in Architecture, 2015-2016.

3 DeLanda, M. Ecology and realist ontology. (Palgrave Macmillan 23--41, 2009), p.36.

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the building design orientates around a load bearing structural brick wall spine which also acts as the service core with multiple geometries intertwining.

Furthermore this wall performs as the environmental regulator interlocking the actors of passive architectural technology with manmade sustainable mechanical systems illustrating cohesiveness throughout the building. Therefore this structural/environmental spine presides in the building where socio-political conferences for sustainable city resilience will take place along-side practical green energy training, aiming for a radical shift in Slupsk’s social, economic and political systems.

The Slupsk Green Energy Lab primary design intention is to bring people together of multiple social forces to work in unison on green energy training programmes learning how to maintain, run and install sustainable energy systems in domestic, commercial and business buildings aiming to solve one of Slupsk’s pressing issues of energy poverty where coal and other waste is used for heating generating pollution and health concerns.

The designed education programme orientated around green energy is demonstrated in the proposed building workshops and training studios which are visible from the high street and flows around the live display of the quaternary energy systems working cohesively including biomass, ground source, solar thermal and wind. The practical training facilities aim to improve the skill base in Slupsk, the goal being to alleviate long term unemployment through practical, collaborative education.

ARCHITECTURAL DISCUSSION Slupsk Green Energy Lab

State Intervention

Continuous Political Mediation Process Urban commons

Figure 1: Urban strategy masterplan diagram.

Figure 2: Degraded building fabric in Dluga urban block courtyard.

Masterplan

This architectural discussion focuses upon a prime research question for the urban strategy masterplan, as illustrated in figure 1, investigating how two social forces – state interventions and urban ‘commons’ can come together on common ground in a cohesive environment to build the future resilience of Slupsk, underpinning its socio-economic deprivations, social migration, unemployment and energy poverty in the area?

Aiming to unpin the city’s pressing issues, for example the economic factors in Slupsk, there is dramatic difference in the fabric of the city, between the large promenade streets lined with large commercial business, illustrated in figure 2, which can affect the efficiency of the small local businesses of the old town. Similarly there are degraded areas of Slupsk for instance Dluga which is a residential and industrial location with multiple derelict small local businesses as illustrated in figure 3. The ordered urban fabric ‘confounds and resists not only the excesses of bourgeois capitalism but also the tyranny of modernism’s urban form agenda.4 Therefore the integration of greater perception of ecology within new proposals to the city aim to avoid the polarising effect of city zoning, as notified

by David W. Harvey (a Distinguished Professor of Anthropology and Geography) in the marked differences discovered between top-down and bottom-up techniques used by the state and urban commons respectively. Two contrasting methods; top-down and bottom-up are illustrated as follows: the top-down method begins with an overview 4 DeLanda, Manuel. In Bernd Herzogenrath (ed.), Deleuze/Guattari & Ecology, Deleuze, Gilles. and Guattari, Pierre-Félix. Ecology and realist ontology. Palgrave Macmillan 23--41, 2009, p.34.

Figure 3: 2015 photograph of Slupsk city promenade Wojska Polskiego street. The existing street is lined with larger commercial properties and offices.

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Masterplan research question

Figure 4: Collaboration between bottom-up and top-down actors strategy.

Figure 5: Guy Debord, “Psychogeographic guide of Paris”, ‘Symmetry-breaking cascade.’

of the whole system, for example a plan of the overall project and then breaks the system down to gain insight into its components, the bottomup techniques study the small scale organisational systems, progressing to a larger architectural scale.

Both techniques are used by separate actors in Slupsk, for instance top-down methods involve the Mayor, city planners and stakeholders. In contrast the bottom-up method involves NGOs (non-governmental organisations) and the general public. To achieve a greater ecological perception the interactions between both actor groups should be initiated by sharing resources, skills and dialogue to avoid the polarisation effect as illustrated in figure 4.

The objective of maximising efficiency seems to be the zeitgeist solution of today which aims to achieve a ‘natural law and resource based economy’5 for Slupsk and create a more ‘contextual, citizen-based approach’ as envisaged by Guy Debord 1957 with the proposal of a ‘symmetry-breaking cascade,’6 as illustrated in figure 5. This is the milieu of the 1950s Situationists International approach who were ‘alarmed at the rationalist urban renewal schemes of modernist architects.’ ‘Ancient quarters were being demolished and replaced with clean,’7 ordered institutional boulevards which was especially evident in the 1854 Paris renovation by GeorgesEugene Haussmann who designed new boulevard street networks as illustrated in figure 6.

By embracing a more citizen based approach, by ‘joining networks of advocacy and activism and by converting lifestyles’8 the range of social forces can

Figure 6: An aerial view of Paris showing the boulevards radiating from the Arc De Triomphe.

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5 Joseph, P. ‘Post-Scarcity Economics and the End of Capitalism, The Zeitgeist Movement,’ June 20th 2015, METal, [Online] peterjoseph.info, (5th December 2015).

6 Ibid.

7 DeLanda, M. Ecology and realist ontology. (Palgrave Macmillan 23--41, 2009), p.34.

8 Social Movements in Central and Eastern Europe, A renewal of protests and democracy, Geoffrey Pleyers, Ionel N. Sava (eds.), 2015: University Bucharest, p52.

The proposed design encouraging, civic engagement, is a prospect greatly desired as Poland is ‘a place where the level of civic engagement has been, on the whole, low since the events’ of the 1989 revolutions. ‘While the Constitution provides for the establishment of a civil society’11 this implementation of participation is a pressing issue.

For instance, organisations ‘have had a difficult time affecting social change because important figures involved in Poland’s social dialogue are reluctant to adopt progressive stances.’ In addition the ‘nonprofit sector, whether in culture, advocacy, or service provision, is a client of the state rather than a partner.’12 Multiple voids exist in the range of actors in Poland.

For instance the young people have not been in ‘priority for Polish political parties’ illustrating a ‘participatory void.’ This is ‘because there is a weak civil sector and people, especially the youth, do not have widespread access to civic education.’13 By providing the Green Energy Lab children and 9 Social Movements in Central and Eastern Europe, A renewal of protests and democracy, Geoffrey Pleyers, Ionel N. Sava (eds.), 2015: University Bucharest, p52.

10 Ibid.

11 Ibid, p54 12 Murzyn-Kupisz 2010; Kozuch and SienkiewiczMalyjurek 2013, ibid, p54.

13 Social Movements in Central and Eastern Europe, A renewal of protests and democracy, Geoffrey Pleyers, Ionel N. Sava (eds.), 2015: University Bucharest, p55.

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change their ‘“way of thinking about and acting upon the environment” (Agrawal, 2005).’9 The merge of top-down and bottom-up techniques are necessary as a ‘bottom-up approach can only go so far in the transformation of community-state-environment relations’ therefore ‘a more participatory decisionmaking process is needed before communities can forge their own relationship with their environment, especially in the case of mono-industrial areas’10 where there is low business resilience.

students can access the resources and training facilities displaying ‘cultural animation’14 as illustrated in figure 7 of the section through range of activities available for all actors.

‘Cultural animation’ is a ‘cultural activity that addresses the cultural void by encouraging participants to create a conversation around their activities, which are an extension of voiced needs’,15 as proposed in the training workshops, studios and exhibition conferences welcome to all social forces.

Figure 7: Sectional perspective highlighting the range of accessible activities from the exhibition atrium to explore the energy systems and training facilities.

Overall the masterplan urban strategy aims to generate an urban ecology following the ten principles of the 1996 Urban Ecology, one principle being to; ‘increase awareness of the local environment and bioregion through activist and educational projects that increase public awareness of ecological sustainability issues.’16 Three sub-questions posed by the urban strategy research question motivate the proposed building design; Programme, Spatial, Technology aspects.

Building design sub-research questions

Programme

Firstly the programme of the building aims to discover whether practical training and collaboration between different social forces, via green energy installation systems, can improve the social dialogue between actors and generate greater accessibility to available sustainable solutions and possible training programmes to increase the skill base in Slupsk.

The range of collaboration activities within the training programme include; solar thermal panel roof installation training, the components within systems and how to repair and install biomass and 14 Social Movements in Central and Eastern Europe, A renewal of protests and democracy, Geoffrey Pleyers, Ionel N. Sava (eds.), 2015: University Bucharest, p55.

15 Ibid, p55.

16 Mark Roseland, ‘Dimensions of the eco-city’, Cities Vol. 14, No.4, 1997: Elsevier Science Ltd, p198.

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Figure 8: Slupsk proposed Green Energy Lab energy display system accessible by the public to explore.

An education facility which has inspired the proposed method of transformative education is Schumacher College which is part of the Dartington Estate Trust. The Elmhirst Dartington Experiment has a similar concept to the proposed design as they aim ‘to achieve a balance between the practical life and the activities of the mind and spirit,’17 in environmental conditions situated ‘beyond the classroom,’18 as illustrated in the Dartington experiment title page, figure 9 and detailed on precedent 1. This experimentation with alternative configurations of learning environments referes to the radical working environment of semi-enclosed offices in Herman Hertsburger’s Office Building Centraal Beheer detailed in precedent index 7.

Such an approach is enforced at Schumacher College and other alternative colleges as detailed on precedent index 2. The proposed Slupsk Green Energy Lab adopts the transformative learning movement aiming to be an influential force upon generating greater awareness of alternative sustainable systems available in the city of Slupsk.

The design aims to enforce the principles of the Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) of ‘“moving beyond awareness to incorporate real change and transformation through empowerment

Figure 9: Elmirst Dartington Experiment in education framework, Mark Kidel, ‘Beyond the Classroom’, Green Books, 1990.

17 Dartington Estate Framework, [online] Available from: https://www.dartington.org, (accessed 30th March 2016).

18 Mark Kidel, ‘Beyond the Classroom’, Green Books, 1990.

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ground source heat pump technology into different building typologies. These training facilities are available for the education curriculum during school, college and university. The classes and live tours of the energy systems are also available to the general public to engage and learn about the chosen systems, for instance to install and maintain a biomass boiler in the home as illustrated in figure 8.

and capacity – building that may lead to or allow for more sustainable lifestyles, values, communities and businesses”19 The proposed Green Energy Lab is a practical training institute which aims to contribute to the curriculum of the existing neighbouring and fellow Slupsk schools, colleges and universities enforcing an education model of participatory methodology as discovered by Stephen Stirling with transformative learning that ‘touches our deeper levels of knowledge and meaning which then influences our more immediate and concrete levels of knowing, perception and action.’20 This learning methodology encouraging action, participation and investigation for greater knowledge reflects the Bateson model evoking the successful third principle of ‘epistemic learning.’21 Epistemic learning ‘involves a profound shift in the operative way of knowing and thinking that frames people’s perception of, and interaction with, the world’22 and encourages the ‘experience of “seeing our worldview rather than seeing with our worldview.’23

Figure 10: The Bateson model learning levels summarising the shift towards deeper learning. Model adapted from Stephen Sterling ‘Transformative Learning and Sustainability’

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19 Mark Kidel, ‘Beyond the Classroom’, Green Books, 1990, walls/UNESCO, p10.

20 Transformative learning for a sustainable future: an exploration of pedagogies for change at an alternative college, Joanna Blake, Stephen Sterling, Ivor Goodman, Article: Sustainability, 2013, 5(12), [online] www.mdpu.com, (accessed 30th March 2016).

21 Ibid.

22 Ibid.

23 Ibid.

ARCHITECTURAL DISCUSSION Slupsk Green Energy Lab

Spatial

Secondly the spatial design sub-question investigates how to utilise the spatial tectonics of materials and circulation of users to allow actor collaboration and public access to possible green energy systems. For example the entrance to the building from the primary high street is situated within a glazed window which sits in-between two dense red brick walls displaying the concept 24 Transformative learning for a sustainable future: an exploration of pedagogies for change at an alternative college, Joanna Blake, Stephen Sterling, Ivor Goodman, Article: Sustainability, 2013, 5(12), [online] www.mdpu.com, (accessed 30th March 2016).

25 Ibid 26 Ibid ARCHITECTURAL DISCUSSION Slupsk Green Energy Lab

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This third principle of the Bateson model as illustrated in the table figure 10 is embodied by the Slupsk Green Energy Lab ethos by providing the third order of change from the neighbouring secondary school to an additional element to the curriculum where ‘perceptual change and coming to a transpersonal ethical and participative sensibility, or a shift towards a more relational way of seeing that inspires different values and practices.’24 The proposed building not only provides an additional layer to Slupsk school’s curriculum but can also encourage interaction and social action that allows ‘people to become aware of, understand, and act on their collective reality, and that neither one nor the other has sufficient transformative power by itself.’25 Therefore such transformative learning is dependent on several intertwining processes’ as portrayed in the various activities for all social forces, architectural structural formation and environmental strategy.

In addition the design strategy aims to bridge the gap between social forces for instance encouraging social dialogue and knowledge exchange. Also ‘narrowing the gap between our espoused theory … and our theory in use – how we actually act.’26

of a large structural mass broken by contrasting curtain wall technology. Additionally as the visitor walks along the high street towards the entrance you pass a glazed structural volume which wraps around the brick atrium. The glazed volume acts as a display cabinet publicly displaying the building’s sustainable building system of biomass and ground source heat feeding to the hot water tank feeding into the red brick wall service core. In addition the structural composition of the building illustrates the integration of a dense red brick atrium merging with steel and glass structures as illustrated in figure 11.

Figure 11: Glass and steel display cabinet of the energy systems feeding into the radiator red brick wall.

The contrasting materials of red brick, reflecting the existing secondary school construction, steel and glass curtain walling and laminated timber rafters are highlighted and exposed. The materials are celebrated, an example being the glass roof lights that wrap around the perimeter of the atrium volume with natural light entering the atrium from above streaming down the graduating wall highlighting the angles and material texture of the red brick. The multiple material choices, that integrate together, aim to reflect the concept of integrating actors participating together. The integration of contrasting material types such as brick, glass and steel is evident in the architecture of the National Museum of Roman Art by Rafael Moneo, the Amsterdam Stock Exchange by Beurs van Berlage and the Wexner Centre for the Arts by Peter Eisenman detailed in the precedents index 3, 5, 6 respectively.

Figure 12: Cartesian plan radiating out from the out town to the right of the 19th century urban plan.

The concept of breaking the rigidity of geometrical forms is alluding to the Cartesian plan evident in Slupsk’s city formation from the 19th century which wraps around the historical settlement of the 9th century old town radiating out from the centre, forming linear street patterns as illustrated in figure 12. However the Cartesian plan in Slupsk does not

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Figure 13: ‘Life between buildings’, Jan Gehl title page illustrating the range of pedestrian and cyclist activities.

Figure 14: Ayub central hospital by Louis Kahn illustrating the multiple geometrical forms integrating to form atmospheric passageways and monumental experiences.

The primary design objective when considering the users and their circulation around the site is to encourage collaboration, and this will require the use of a new materialistic approach which attempts to account for all elements in a situation.

For instance all actors; people, materials, structure and programme are intertwined into the design illustrating the Deleuzian multiplicity technique which is a celebration of abstract structures from ‘progressively broken spherical symmetries’27 merging together. This progression of broken geometries was investigated in the proposed building plan and material components to celebrate the combination of fractured elements. Such an approach has been inspired by Louis Kahn’s architecture for instance the Ayub central hospital as illustrated in figure 14. Kahn’s buildings use a collation of geometries which have contextual and religious meanings seamlessly intertwining together to create monumental architecture as illustrated in the Yale University Arts Museum precedent 4.

The new proposals aim to puncture the rigid city structure with the potential for ‘creative transformation offered by Deleuze’s generative 27 DeLanda, M. Ecology and realist ontology. (Palgrave Macmillan 23--41, 2009), p.36.

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seem appropriate to follow due to the multitude of voids within the city fabric especially in the chosen urban block around Dluga. This residential and industrial location requires greater social inclusion and accessibility into the urban blocks. Therefore a more human scale intervention should be adopted, planning for life, people and then buildings as enforced by Jan Gehl’s design principles of improving the quality of urban life by using the scale of the pedestrian and cyclist to re-orientate city planning as illustrated in figure 13. The circulation of the users is a prime element of the design aiming to encourage inclusion for all social forces.

ontology of difference.’28 The city of Slupsk is an assemblage of many different historical morphological forms and materials resulting in an exciting city, as illustrated in the photos of Slupsk architectural variations in figures 15. However the control of the symmetrical Cartesian plan threatens to overwhelm the intimate character of the old town. In order to break this rhythm of symmetrical, linear streets, the ‘mechanic assemblage’ approach is utilised, which is not a ‘fixed structure, but’ includes ‘sites of continuous organisation and disorganisation (Bogard, 2000: 273).’29

Figure 15: Range of architectural morphologies and typologies in Slupsk.

28 Hillier, J. and Healey, P. (ed.) The Ashgate Research Companion to Planning Theory: Conceptual challenges for spatial theory. (Surrey: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2010).

29 Hillier, J. Stretching beyond the Horizon a multiplanor Theory of Spatial Planning and Governance.

(Aldershot: Ashgate publishing, 2007), p.151.

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Technology

The multiple spaces are designed to integrate and make public display of energy systems running the building’s services; intelligent digital sensors display the regulation of the comfort conditions, and advanced computer algorithms control building services. These algorithms coordinate the boiler electricity supplied by small wind turbines and solar thermal panels on the building roof that supply hot water from the hot water tank to service ancillary spaces such as the kitchen, showers and WC’s.

Solar Photo-Voltaic panels Biomass Boiler

IN • • • •

Ground Source Heat Pump

ENERGY ELECTRICITY TRAINING EXHIBITIONS

S E R V I C E C O R E

Wind Turbine

Figure 16: Four energy systems running in the Green Energy Lab working in cohesion to regulate the building systems.

OUT

W A L L

• • • • •

KNOWLEDGE EXCHANGE SOCIAL DIALOGUE SKILLS NETWORKS COLLABORATION

There are four energy systems that maintain the services of the Green Energy Lab as illustrated in figure 16. Firstly hot water is generated by a biomass boiler, which is sustained by wood pellets sourced locally from allotments, plus there is a ground source heat pump. The biomass boiler will generate hot water (70 C.) that can be used directly

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Thirdly the technology sub-question seeks to ask how technology can be used to create the environmental conditions for the multiple spaces ranging from conferences, exhibitions, training workshops and classrooms to a public recreation café and restaurant, whilst serving the design constraint that passive and mechanical systems work cohesively.

for heating or washing. The heat pump generates low temperature (40 C.) which may require further heating by the boiler. Such further heating is powered by the electricity generated by the solar thermal panels and small wind turbines on site.

The four energy systems are designed to work cohesively, serving as a metaphor that all multiple actors may collaborate together to generate a stronger social network in Slupsk.

Figure 17: Hot water pipes and services passing in and out of the red brick main service core.

Figure 18: Internal work space in the South West Energy Centre with a 1:1 scale model of a house illustrating the layout of energy systems in a domestic property and training workshops organised for demonstrating how to install systems on model pitch roofs.

Additionally to reflect the collaboration of the energy systems, the hot water is passed through the main artery brick wall, as illustrated in figure 17, which acts as an internal spine supplying space heating to the exhibition, conference atrium and services the training spaces and classrooms with under floor heating. Under floor heating is a heating method to smooth out the irregular peaks that could arise if the building relied on one energy system. Instead the four systems balance the climatic and building usage irregularities by leveraging heat storage and computer control.

There are many precedents of sustainable energy centres displaying the performance of sustainable systems which can be installed in domestic buildings, commerce and offices. Such centres include the Centre for Alternative Technology (CAT) and the South West Energy Centre as illustrated in figure 18 and described further in precedent index 8. These two centres are a selection of the multiple sustainable centres available to visit. The proposed Slupsk Green Energy Lab aims to adopt ‘appropriate technology’, a term coined by EF Schumacher in 1973 where “intermediate technology” signifies the ‘“technology of production by the masses’ ‘and designed to serve the human person instead of making him [sic] the servant of machines” (Schumacher, 1973).’30 30 Mark Roseland, ‘Dimensions of the eco-city’, Cities Vol. 14, No.4, 1997: Elsevier Science Ltd, p198.

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Overall the central aim for Alternative Technology (AT) is to design the technology to be ‘compatible with its local setting.’31 Therefore the specific climate, building orientation and internal comfort conditions must be accounted for to ‘enhance the self-reliant communities that AT can help facilitate’ for example ‘a high degree of social cohesion and sense of community.’32 Such a primary social unit created by a proposed ecological society is ‘the ecocommunity, a human-scale, sustainable settlement based on ecological balance, community selfreliance and participatory democracy.’33 By designing the energy systems to be accessible by all and provide training programmes of system installation into different building typologies, the ‘cooperation and coordination within and between communities is considered able to transcend the destructive trends of centralised politics and state power.’34 Therefore the city of Slupsk aims to function as “an ecological and ethical arena for vibrant political culture and highly committed citizenry” (Bookchin, 1987).’35

31 Mark Roseland, ‘Dimensions of the eco-city’, Cities Vol. 14, No.4, 1997: Elsevier Science Ltd, p198.

32 Ibid 33 Ibid, p199.

34 Ibid 35 Ibid.

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Conclusion

Image references Figure 1: Urban strategy masterplan diagram, Blunden, F. Krol, J. Min, K. T. Skrucha, K. DIY Initiative, Masterplan design document, Plymouth University Master of Architecture year 2, 2015-2016.

Figure 2: Degraded building fabric in Dluga urban block courtyard photo taken by author.

Figure 3: Photograph taken by author of Slupsk city promenade Wojska Polskiego street.

Figure 4: Collaboration between bottom-up and top-down actors strategy diagram drawn by author.

Figure 5: Guy Debord, “Psychogeographic guide of Paris: edited by the Bauhaus Imaginiste Printed in Dermark by Permild & Rosengreen - Discourse on the passions of love: psychogeographic descents of drifting and localisation of ambient unities”, (1955), [Online] http://imaginarymuseum.org/LPG/Mapsitu1. htm, (30th December 2015).

Figure 6: An aerial view of Paris showing the boulevards radiating from the Arc De Triomphe. [Online] http:// www.citi.io/2015/03/27/georges-eugene-haussmann-arrondissments-boulevards/, (30th December 2015).

Figure 7: Author’s drawing of a sectional perspective using Google Sketchup, Sketching and Photoshop.

Figure 8: Auhtor’s drawing of the energy display system using Google Sketchup and Photoshop.

Figure 9: Elmirst Dartington Experiment in education framework, Mark Kidel, ‘Beyond the Classroom’, Green Books, 1990. Title page image.

Figure 10: The Bateson model learning levels summarising the shift towards deeper learning. Model adapted from Sterling (Sterling, S. Transformative Learning and Sustainability: sketching the conceptual ground. Learn. Teach. High. Educ. 2011, 5, 17–33., p. 25).

Figure 11: Drawing by Author using Google Sketchup and Photoshop. Glass and steel display cabinet of the energy systems feeding into the radiator red brick wall.

Figure 12: Drawing by Author of the Slupsk Cartesian plan radiating out from the out town to the right of the 19th century urban plan.

Figure 13: Title page of Jan Gehl, Life between buildings, Using Public Space, Island Press: London, 2011.

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Figure 14: Domus, Ayub central hospital Louis Kahn in Dacca, [online] Available from: http://www. domusweb.it/en/from-the-archive/2012/09/08/louis-kahn-in-dacca.html, (accessed 1st May 2016).

Figure 15: Author’s photographs of Sluspk architecture.

Figure 17: Diagram by Author using Photoshop of the hot water pipes and services passing in and out of the red brick main service core.

Figure 18: Author’s photograph of the internal work space in the South West Energy Centre with a 1:1 scale model of a house.

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Figure 16: Diagram by Author of the four energy systems running in the Green Energy Lab working in cohesion to regulate the building systems.

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4:2, 141-167, Braunfels, Urban Design in Western Europe, DOI: 1080/10903770124810, [online]

http://dx.doi.org/1080/10903770124810, (2001), (accessed 22nd November 2015).

Blunden, F. Krol, J. Min, K. T. Skrucha, K. DIY Initiative, Masterplan design document, Plymouth

University Master of Architecture year 2, 2015-2016.

Coole, Dianna. and Frost, Samantha. Introducing the new materialism, New Materialisms: Ontol- ogy, Agency,

and Politics. Durham & London: Duke University Press, 2010.

DeLanda, Manuel. In Bernd Herzogenrath (ed.), Deleuze/Guattari & Ecology, Deleuze, Gilles. and

Guattari, Pierre-Félix. Ecology and realist ontology. Palgrave Macmillan, 23--41, 2009.

Deleuze, Gilles, The Fold: Leibniz and The Baroque, London and New York: Continuum, 2006, [1988].

Hillier, Jean. and Healey, Patsy. (ed.) The Ashgate Research Companion to Planning Theory: Conceptual

challenges for spatial theory. Surrey: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2010.

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Joseph, Peter. ‘Post-Scarcity Economics and the End of Capitalism, The Zeitgeist Movement,’ June 20th 2015, METal, [Online] peterjoseph.info, (5th December 2015).

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Pleyers, Geoffrey. Ionel N. Sava (eds.), ‘Social Movements in Central and Eastern Europe, A renewal of

protests and democracy’, University Bucharest, 2015.

Roseland, Mark. ‘Dimensions of the eco-city’, Cities, Elsevier Science Ltd, Vol. 14, No.4, 1997.

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com/83110/ad-classics-yale-university-art-gallery-louis-kahn, (accessed 2nd May 2016).

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Amsterdam Stock Exchange, [online] Available from: http://www.holland.com/global/meetings/article/

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from: http://www.archdaily.com Peter Eisenman, 80 Wexner Center For The Arts Columbus, Ohio, [online] Available from: http://

architizer.com/blog/8-over-80-lions-of-the-architecture-industry/, (accessed 2nd May 2016).

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apeldoorn.nl/straten-a-z/p/prins-willem-alexanderlaan.html, (accessed 2nd May 2016).

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Herman Hertzberger. Centraal Beheer, Apeldoorn, 1969-72, [online] Available from: http://i-ryanchen.

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1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Precedents Appendices

Dartington Estate Framework

p. 128

Schumacher College

p. 130

Rafael Moneo . National Museum of Roman Art

p. 133

Louis Kahn. Yale University Arts Museum

p. 135

Amsterdam Stock Exchange. Berlage

p. 137

Peter Eisenman. Wexner Centre for the Arts

p. 139

Herman Hertsburger

p. 141

South West Energy Centre

p. 143

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Index

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Schumacher College

The Dartington ‘estate is host to a large number of successful businesses, an ongoing arts programme and significant art collections, a national research organisation and internationally renowned education programmes at Schumacher College. It also has a number of buildings and structures of international importance. In addition, the land on the estate continues to be a place of experimentation with a farm, a range of community-led activities, listed gardens, historic deer parks, forests and nature reserves.’1

Summer School and Festival

Principles to guide development decisions at Dartington in coming years for example:

Figures: What is the Estate Framework? [online] Available from: https://www.dartington.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/ Exhibition-Boards.pdf, (accessed 01,04,2016)

Classes and courses

- ‘Create places that allow experimentation, learning and research through action – build on Dartington’s history of research through experimentation and consolidate the education and research activities to promote synergies between them and activities on the estate.’2 - ‘Create opportunities for community innovation and the growth of a new economy – create space for the flourishing of the arts and crafts fostering social innovation through temporary and flexible spaces that work alongside existing programmes and events.’3

1 What is the Estate Framework? [online] Available from: https://www.dartington.org/wp-content/ uploads/2016/02/Exhibition-Boards.pdf, (accessed 01,04,2016), p2.

2 ibid, p3 3 ibid.

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1

What is the Estate Framework? [online] Available from: https://www.dartington.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Exhibition-Boards.pdf, (accessed 01,04,2016), p1.

Bernard Leach at Shinners Bridge Pottery.

Photo Fritz Henle, Dartington Archive, [online] Available from: https://www.dartington.org/about/ourhistory/dartington-whos-who/bernard-leach/, (accessed 1st April 2016).

Bernard Forrester ‘Bernie’ was an inspiring teacher, who for some 30 years taught pottery at Dartington Hall School, having come to Dartington in 1932 with Bernard Leach.

[Online] Available from: https://www.dartington.org/about/ourhistory/dartington-whos-who/bernard-forrester/, (accessed 1st April 2016).

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ARCHITECTURAL DISCUSSION

Dartington Estate Framework

Schumacher College is an international centre for naturebased education, personal transformation and collective action.

The education programme involves, co-creation and participation in a more resilient, equal and sustainable world.

Schumacher College, [online] Available from: https://www.schumachercollege.org.uk/, (accessed 13th December 2015).

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2 Schumacher College

Schumacher College Transition Design: New Solutions For Life on a Finite Planet, [online] Available from: https://www. schumachercollege.org.uk/courses/short-courses/ transition-design-solutions-for-life, (accessed 1st April 2016).

Schumacher College, [online] Available from: https://www.schumachercollege. org.uk/, (accessed 1st April 2016).

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ARCHITECTURAL DISCUSSION

Schumacher College, [online] Available from: https://www.schumachercollege.org.uk/, (accessed 1st April 2016).

After examining this architecture the use of lighting in the proposed Green energy Lab was inspired by the down lit illuminated brick walls and arches casting down gently onto the art work below.

The method of lighting the red brick, highlighting the texture, was influential to the perimeter roof lights in the red brick construction atrium emphasising the chamfered wall texture and monumental quality.

134

ARCHITECTURAL DISCUSSION Slupsk Green Energy Lab

3

ARCHITECTURAL DISCUSSION

Rafael Moneo . National Museum of Roman Art

External facade openings. Multiple brick envelope reveals for where openings occur.

Glass and steel structure puncturing brick facade at the top floor to allow natural light to penetrate the building generating museum down lighting.

Internal archways with steel balconies passing through generating passageways.

Figure 1: Manuel Ramirez Sanchez, AD Classics: National Museum of Roman Art / Rafael Moneo, [online] Available from: http:// www.archdaily.com Figure 2: The central “nave”, Alvaro Perez Vilarino, AD Classics: National Museum of Roman Art / Rafael Moneo, [online] Available from: http://www. archdaily.com

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135

The architecture by Louis Kahn has inspired many of my design decisions for the range of geometries and how to achieve very crisp simple spatial tectonics with the complexity of joining contrasting material types and construction methodologies.

Firstly I integrated too many shapes and circulation passages in my design iterations, but after having examined Louis Kahn’s Yale University Arts Museum, the plan of the building is very simple with large atrium spaces. After these studies this influenced my design to become less cluttered and focus on mainly two construction types and the intersection of these two tectonics. To celebrate these junctions the atrium became a large mixed use public space, uninterrupted from floor to ceiling, allowing the inhabitants to view the extensive height of the building up to the intersection joints.

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ARCHITECTURAL DISCUSSION Slupsk Green Energy Lab

4 Louis Kahn . Yale University Arts Museum External glass and steel facade. Visible internal activity.

Internal atrium with the enclosed spiral staircase. Load bearing concrete structure.

Figure 2: AD Classics: Yale Center for British Art / Louis Kahn, [online[ available from: http://www. archdaily.com/, (accessed 25th May 2016).

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ARCHITECTURAL DISCUSSION

Figure 1: AD Classics: Yale University Art Gallery / Louis Kahn, http://www.archdaily. com/83110/ad-classicsyale-university-artgallery-louis-kahn

The Amsterdam Stock Exchange by Beurs van Berlage is an example of a monumental brick constructed building with the integration of a steel and glass frame roof construction in the atrium. The steel truss roof load flows down onto the brick colonnades of the atrium and are bracketed onto a stone platform. The load then passes down to the red brick columns.

In addition the construction technology is visible and celebrated in the large atrium illuminating the red brick walls by the glass roof presenting a warm atmosphere.

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ARCHITECTURAL DISCUSSION Slupsk Green Energy Lab

5

ARCHITECTURAL DISCUSSION

Amsterdam Stock Exchange. Berlage

External facade of the Amsterdam Stock Exchange building. Red brick heavy weight construction. [online] Available from: http://www.holland.com/global/tourism/article/beurs-van-berlage-5.htm

Internal double height atrium space. Atmospheric space with natural roof lighting.

The steel and glass roof structure spanning across the atrium passes the load down to meet the redbrick internal wall onto stone pads flowing down red brick columns. [online] Available from: http://www.holland.com/global/meetings/article/hollands-finest-historical-meeting-venues.htm

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139

Peter Eisenman’s Wexner Centre for the Arts was an influential precedent for providing evidence for the heavy weight brick construction to be punctured and joined by steel and glass construction. The integration of these material types form exciting spaces and are exaggerated in this building by pulling the chimney geometry apart allowing circulation to flow in between as well as the steel and glass construction to puncture between.

140

ARCHITECTURAL DISCUSSION Slupsk Green Energy Lab

6

External view of the main entrance illustrating the integration of red brick construction and steel frame transition space.

Figure 1: Peter Eisenman, 80 Wexner Center For The Arts Columbus, Ohio, http://architizer.com/blog/8-over-80-lions-of-thearchitecture-industry/

Integration of red brick heavy weight construction punctured by steel and glass construction.

Figure 2: Wexner Center for the Arts; Columbus, Ohio, http://www. civicartsproject. com/2012/05/31/wexnercenter-for-the-artscolumbus-ohio/

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ARCHITECTURAL DISCUSSION

Peter Eisenman. Wexner Centre for the Arts

The Herman Hertsburger office building, Centraal Beheer, was a useful precedent to illustrate the offices situated on multiple floor levels and half landings creating intimate working environments.

The offices project into the atrium creating a hive of activity atmosphere with plants and open plan circulation giving the impression of being outside.

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ARCHITECTURAL DISCUSSION Slupsk Green Energy Lab

Herman Hertsburger External view of morphology creating courtyards and intimate balcony spaces.

MASTERPLAN

7

Internal office environment. Multiple floor heights and intimate working environments created. Open atrium spaces with balcony plants.

Figure 2: Herman Hertzberger. Centraal Beheer, Apeldoorn, 1969-72 http://i-ryanchen.blogspot.co.uk/2010/10/ herman-hertzbergeroffice-building.html

ARCHITECTURAL DISCUSSION Slupsk Green Energy Lab

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ARCHITECTURAL DISCUSSION

Figure 1: Prins Willem Alexanderlaan. Centraal Beheer 1970/71. http://www.oud-apeldoorn.nl/straten-a-z/p/ prins-willem-alexanderlaan.html

The South West Energy centre was a very useful precedent to visit personally and experience a similar energy centre to the proposed Green Energy Centre for Slupsk.

Visiting the biomass plant and understanding the size of the tank and system to supply the scale of the Energy centre was very useful in order to design the systems in my building providing the appropriate space for such systems to be maintained and viewed by the public.

In addition the South West Energy Centre houses multiple sustainable energy systems with opportunities for people to train on how to install and maintain the systems by using scale models of roofs and a 1:1 scale house to practice installing in a realistic setting.

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ARCHITECTURAL DISCUSSION Slupsk Green Energy Lab

8 South West Energy Centre

Figure 1: South Devon College, [online], Available from: http://www. southdevon.ac.uk/college-news/2863-success-for-energycentre, (accessed 11th April 2016).

Main entrance atrium.

1:1 scale building elements training workshop.

Biomass boiler.

ARCHITECTURAL DISCUSSION Slupsk Green Energy Lab

145

ARCHITECTURAL DISCUSSION

External and internal views of the South West Energy Centre. Publicly accessible energy systems.

PROGRAMME

DESIGN PROPOSITION

147

PROGRAMME research question

148

CONTENTS

p. 148 p. 150 p. 151 p. 152 p. 154 p. 156 p. 158

PROGRAMME

- Programme research question.

- Programme interlocking agenda.

- Programme : response to Mayor’s Green Energy Institute request.

- Programme: responding the Mayor’s Green City request.

-Programme: social interaction.

-Programme: spatial.

-Programme: public tour guide.

149

PROGRAMME interlocking agenda

Mayor

Stakeholders

NGOs

City Planners

Prekariats

General Public

Collaborate multiple participants to exchange knowledge and build a skill base in Slupsk to help bring down the use of coal and in turn the city’s Carbon footprint.

Green Energy Urban [inner-city] Lab

WIND

Collate sustainable alternative energy systems to work cohesively to regulate the Urban Lab energy and the Dluga district heating system.

SOLAR

BIOMASS

GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP

All participants and energy systems work cohesively together demonstrating the collaboration of actors increasing skills, knowledge exchange, economic networks and more Green energy awareness.

150

PROGRAMME RESPONSE TO MAYOR’S GREEN ENERGY INSTITUTE REQUEST

Robert Biedroń (Slupsk)

30th November 2015

‘We chose three promises made in the campaign by the current President of Slupsk and asked how’ he would ‘comply with their implementation.’1 The importance for a Green Energy Lab for Slupsk is one of the main points stated by Robert Biedroń in the election programme which was for the establishment of a ‘Green Energy Institute’ in Slupsk ‘which will deal with the development and implementation of modern energy technologies.’1

Additionally another solution was ‘Green Point’ which is ‘a point of information and consultation, which supports residents and residents of the city’ to ‘save energy and’ acquire ‘renewable energy from the sun and wind for their own needs.’1 ‘All volunteers will receive free advice here, among others, on ways to reduce electricity bills and heat up to several tens of percent, or obtaining financing for the replacement of heating organic waste. During the first five weeks of work ‘eco advisers’ reached 1,500 entities in the city: people, as well as cooperatives and housing communities, businesses, non-governmental organizations, municipal institutions, universities and schools.’2 In support for the design strategy to orientate around alleviating the cities pressing issues of social housing, social migration, unemployment and energy poverty, is Robert Biedroń who raised funds for the ‘renovation of social housing and the municipal - in total at the end of 2015 they will be cast over 100 installed in them ecological sources of heating (gas, electricity and municipal), eliminating 85 coal stoves. As a result, reduce the number of tons of coal burned by approx. 191 tons, which will reduce carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere by 366 tons per year.’3

1 Check presidents: Robert Biedroń (Slupsk), Onet.messages, [online] Available from: http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/trojmiasto/sprawdzamy-prezydentow-robert-biedron-slupsk/8v8mde, (accessed 28th April 2016).

2 Ibid.

3 Ibid.

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PROGRAMME

Recently there have been sustainability and green solutions heavily promoted, for instance the Green Energy Forum, a nationwide campaign for “More than energy”, which works on the development of low-carbon economy collaborating with other municipalities in Poland to form a network of municipalities to “Energie Cites”.1

PROGRAMME GREEN ENERGY LAB RESPONDING TO MAYOR’S GREEN CITY REQUEST

The proposed Green Energy Lab is a practical training institute which aims to contribute to the curriculum of the existing neighbouring and fellow Slupsk schools, colleges and universities enforcing an education model of participatory methodology as discovered by Stephen Stirling with transformative learning that ‘touches our deeper levels of knowledge and meaning which then influences our more immediate and concrete levels of knowing, perception and action.’1 1 Transformative learning for a sustainable future: an exploration of pedagogies for change at an alternative college, Joanna Blake, Stephen Sterling, Ivor Goodman, Article: Sustainability, 2013, 5(12), [online] www.mdpu.com, (accessed 30th March 2016).

152

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PROGRAMME

PROGRAMME : SOCIAL INTERACTION

Range of social interaction activities available spreading across the proposed Green Energy Lab. Collaborative activities when learning about alternative sustainable energy systems are encouraging greater participation, knowledge exchange and social dialogue in Sluspk increasing community and economic networks.

The city of Slupsk aims to function as “an ecological and ethical arena for vibrant political culture and highly committed citizenry” (Bookchin, 1987).’1 1

154

Mark Roseland, ‘Dimensions of the eco-city’, Cities Vol. 14, No.4, 1997: Elsevier Science Ltd, p199.

155

PROGRAMME

PROGRAMME : SPATIAL Exhibition of energy systems.

Public presentation of innovative systems and performance.

Technology labs, classrooms.

Community recreation.

Overlapping activities.

Ground floor plan

156

PROGRAMME : SPATIAL Exhibition of energy systems.

Public presentation of innovative systems and performance.

Technology labs, classrooms.

Community recreation.

Overlapping activities.

PROGRAMME

Roof plan

Second floor plan

First floor plan

157

PROGRAMME PUBLIC TOUR GUIDE

158

159

SPATIAL research question

160

CONTENTS

p. 162 p. 165 p. 168 p. 170 p. 172 p. 174 p. 177 p. 179 p. 181

SPATIAL

-Landscape plan -Street perspectives -Building plans -Elevations -Perspective section A. -Perspective section B. -Volumetric strategy -Model 1:200 Urban block spatial atmosphere -Model 1:50 Internal spatial atmosphere

161

LANDSCAPE PLAN URBAN BLOCK :

1.

2.

162

SPATIAL

1.

2.

163

Street view of the proposed Green Energy Lab, north east, walking from the City Hall along the primary road.

The perspective illustrates the main entrance passing the display cabinet of the Green energy systems inhabited by people visiting the systems and learning how to install and maintain such systems.

165

SPATIAL

STREET PERSPECTIVE

Street view of the proposed Green Energy Lab, north west, from the secondary school and proposed public square.

167

SPATIAL

STREET PERSPECTIVE

BUILDING PLANS

168

SPATIAL

BUILDING PLANS

169

ELEVATIONS

France - Paris - Bibliotheque nationale, [online] Available from: https://www.flickr.com/photos/ darrellg/5724612902, (accessed 2nd May 2016).

Solar shading timber panels precedent. Adjusted by the inhabitants according to different uses across the Bibliotheque Nationale.

NOT TO SCALE Ground floor plan

170

171

SPATIAL

PERSPECTIVE SECTION .A

Perspective section A illustrating a wide range of activities spanning across the Green Energy Lab. Below on the following page is the existing site view across the node spatial void where advisement boards are located due to the space lying on the primary road entering Slupsk city centre.

NOT TO SCALE Ground floor plan

172

Front elevation site as existing.

SPATIAL

Photo from Google street view.

173

PERSPECTIVE SECTION .B

Perspective section B illustrates a wide range of activities spanning across the Green Energy Lab through the service wall where ancillary typologies and offices are inserted into the wall.

The community theatre to the west of the proposed building is located on the public square linking the existing secondary school to the Energy centre programme.

NOT TO SCALE Ground floor plan

174

175

SPATIAL

SPATIAL

VOLUMETRIC STRATEGY

177

Contextual siting of the Green Energy Lab in the urban block highlighting the public access passages through; the new ‘green link’ high street, public square outside the proposed community theatre, and the roof top of the Green Energy centre where the public can experience the solar energy tour.

179

SPATIAL

MODEL: URBAN BLOCK SPATIAL ATMOSPHERE

MODEL: INTERNAL SPATIAL ATMOSPHERE Roof light around the perimeter of the atrium space: Mechanical ventilation louvres are located to the sides of the roof lights ensuring ventilation into the atrium regulating the temperature with an internal sensor under the flat roof to control the opening and closing of the louvres releasing hot air pressure collected at the roof.

Glass and steel construction roof.

Zinc wraps over a sawtooth roof structure where solar Photo-voltaic panels are located on the south facing sawtooth.

Roof light with mechanical louvres regulating the comfort conditions in the offices and classrooms.

Exhibition conference of sustainable systems: The general public and specialists visit and discuss options for various installation scales and typologies.

The exhibition is located in the main atrium along with a cafe and presentation lectures.

School trips: tour around the Green Energy Centre.

Workshops and lessons on alternative sustainable systems.

Detail section of the wall made up of steel ‘A’ frames and a steel chassis beam accessing each floor level running between the red brick cladding.

Energy display atrium: The biomass tank, boiler and hot water tank are located here illustrating the system regulating the building’s services.

181

SPATIAL

Primary road access to the city centre passing the City Hall and market square.

TECHNOLOGY research question

182

CONTENTS

p. 184 p. 185 p. 186 p. 188 p. 190 p. 192 p. 194 p. 196 p. 199 p. 201 p. 202 p. 207 p. 210 p. 212 p. 215 p. 220

183

TECHNOLOGY REPORT

-Landscape orientation plan -Spatial composition (ground floor plan) -Fire travel distances -Spatial composition (sections) -Elevations (solar shading) -Environmental strategy

-Environmental strategy tour guide leaflet

-Building system strategy tour guide leaflet

-Rainwater harvesting

-Comfort conditions strategy (heating) -Integrating material studies -Building junctions [spatial study 1:50] -Ventilation detail -Comfort conditions detail -Construction strategy -1:10 Structural detail

184

TECHNOLOGY REPORT

LANDSCAPE ORIENTATION PLAN

SPATIAL COMPOSITION

185

186

TECHNOLOGY REPORT

FIRE TRAVEL DISTANCES

187

TECHNOLOGY REPORT

FIRE TRAVEL DISTANCES

SPATIAL COMPOSITION

Front and rear sectional perspectives illustrating the spatial composition of the Green Energy Lab. The sections display the change in levels and the proportion of volumes for example the dramatic contrast between the red brick atrium and the more intimate archway passages through the brick wall into the bright glazed volume of educational facilities.

NOT TO SCALE Ground floor plan

188

Proposed perspective section . A NOT TO SCALE

189

TECHNOLOGY REPORT

Proposed perspective section . B NOT TO SCALE

ELEVATIONS

1:20 Timber shutter detail. Timber panels twist on pivoting steel runners around a steel column spanning from the floor to ceiling 3500 mm.

1:50 Elevation of the timber panel shutters.

Timber shutter details reducing solar gain into different building uses, for example classrooms, technology lab and workshops.

NOT TO SCALE Ground floor plan

190

TECHNOLOGY REPORT

ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY

192

TECHNOLOGY REPORT

193

ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY TOUR GUIDE LEAFLET The South West Energy Centre was an influential building using similar alternative energy systems.

Please see precedents index 8 page 145.

194

195

BUILDING SYSTEM STRATEGY TOUR GUIDE LEAFLET The South West Energy Centre was an influential building using similar alternative energy systems.

Please see precedents index 8 page 145.

196

197

ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY

Rainwater harvesting store ref: Water harvesting services, [online] Available from: http:// lrienergysolutions.com/services/water-efficiency/waterharvesting-services/, (accessed 8th May 2016).

199

TECHNOLOGY REPORT

RAINWATER MANAGEMENT

COMFORT CONDITIONS STRATEGY SPACE HEATING

Not to scale.

201

TECHNOLOGY REPORT

Not to scale.

INTEGRATING MATERIAL STUDIES

202

TECHNOLOGY REPORT

203

INTEGRATING MATERIAL STUDIES

The integration of brick and steel required research into the layering arrangement of each component and this online book was very inspiring: ‘Brick cladding to steel framed buildings’, The Brick Development Association and British Steel Corporation, (September 1986), p10. [online] Available from: http://brick.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/BRICK%20 CLADDING%20TO%20STEEL%20FRAMED%20BUILDINGS%20-%20COMMENTRY.pdf, (accessed 27th May 2016).

204

TECHNOLOGY REPORT

205

BUILDING JUNCTIONS

207

TECHNOLOGY REPORT

SPATIAL STUDY 1:50 [Developing design]

BUILDING JUNCTIONS SPATIAL STUDY 1:50 [Final design] Roof light around the perimeter of the atrium space: Mechanical ventilation louvres are located to the sides of the roof lights ensuring ventilation into the atrium regulating the temperature with an internal sensor under the flat roof to control the opening and closing of the louvres releasing hot air pressure collected at the roof.

Zinc wraps over a sawtooth roof structure where solar Photo-voltaic panels are located on the south facing sawtooth.

Laminated timber roof rafters.

Roof light with mechanical louvres regulating the comfort conditions in the offices and classrooms.

Internal brick cladding.

External wall.

Steel frame and brick cladding.

Insulation.

Air gap with damp proof membrane.

Primary road access to the city centre passing the City Hall and market square.

School trips: tour around the Green Energy Centre.

Workshops and lessons on alternative sustainable systems.

Detail section of the wall made up of steel ‘A’ frames and a steel chassis beam accessing each floor level running between the red brick cladding.

Energy display atrium: The biomass tank, boiler and hot water tank are located here illustrating the system regulating the building’s services.

209

TECHNOLOGY REPORT

Exhibition conference of sustainable systems: The general public and specialists visit and discuss options for various installation scales and typologies.

The exhibition is located in the main atrium along with a cafe and presentation lectures.

VENTILATION DETAIL

210

TECHNOLOGY REPORT

211

COMFORT CONDITIONS DETAIL

212

TECHNOLOGY REPORT

213

CONSTRUCTION STRATEGY

Phase 1: • Demolish existing buildings on the proposed site and use the concrete and brick as foundation materials for the proposed building.

• Foundation ground works.

• Wall trenches for the perimeter and load bearing walls.

• Concrete piles for the steel columns in the glass and steel structure.

Phase 2: • Construct the steel A frame for the leaning brick walls and construct the steel spiral staircase inside the self supporting chimney structure.

Steel A frame.

215

TECHNOLOGY REPORT

Brick chimney structure with a steel spiral staircase wrapping inside the chimney volume.

CONSTRUCTION STRATEGY continued ...

The precedent, index 6 page 141, of the Peter Eisenman, Wexner Centre for the Arts was an influential building for the Green Energy Lab’s red brick and steel construction.

Phase 3: • Envelope the steel frame structure with red brick cladding touching the steel chassis beam attached to the steel frame with service pipes carrying hot and cold water to service the ancillary spaces branching from the wall.

• Construct the laminated timber roof structure to span across the atrium.

Steel chassis beam with the service water pipes.

Phase 4: • Construct the ground floor steel columns and glass frame structure.

• Build up the ground floor second layer of brick work enclosing the chassis beam structure with accessible service hatches at each floor level.

• Ground floor under-floor heating is piped across the glass and steel volume.

• Ground floor concrete flooring applied attaching to the chassis beam from the wall service hatch.

• Apply roof structure rigid insulation and roofing membrane.

216

CDM : The design of steel A frames within the sloping red brick wall was implemented due to the fact

that brick does not function structurally at a gradient. Therefore the steel frame is load bearing and the red brick cladding is tied back to the steel frame at each moving joints. The red bricks touch the chassis beam running through the cavity wall between the steel frame and brick. The chassis beam contains hot water from the biomass boiler forming internal heating via conduction against the internal red brick.

The method of the steel frame makes the construction of the wall safer as it performs as scaffolding and allows the gradual build up of each floor.

In addition by building each floor incrementally, service hatches can be inserted at every floor level in the red brick wall in order to access the chassis beam services allowing efficient management of the building ancillary systems.

Phase 5: • Enclose the atrium roof structure with glass roof lights wrapping around the perimeter of the atrium brick wall with ventilation louvers in the extruded roof lights. Connect the temperature sensors inside the atrium to detect the ambient room temperature and when to open the mechanical louvers to release the hot air pressure.

• Construct the first floor red brick wall structure and the first floor steel and timber floor and ceiling structure.

• Connect the lift into the red brick wall connecting to each floor level.

Phase 6:

217

TECHNOLOGY REPORT

• Build the second floor, steel and timber floor structure, inside the red brick wall volume and glass/ steel structure.

• Construct the second floor steel column frame.

• Build the glass and steel curtain wall connecting to the mullion and transom joints.

CONSTRUCTION STRATEGY continued ...

Phase 7: • Construct the steel ribbed roof truss structure.

• Build the steel roof platform on top of roof rafters supporting the flat roof.

• Valley gutters flowing under the flat roof platform to reach the sawtooth structure and side of the building guttering.

Phase 8: • Construct the saw tooth zinc external roof structure enveloping the batons, rigid insulation and damp proof membrane.

• Connect the valley roof structure to guttering running the height of the glass and steel curtain wall.

218

Phase 1.

Phase 7.

Phase 2.

Phase 6.

Phase 3.

Phase 5.

Phase 4.

219

TECHNOLOGY REPORT

Phase 8.

1:10 STRUCTURAL DETAIL

1:10 detail section B model.

Detail sectional model located on the first floor classroom overlooking the atrium.

220

221

TECHNOLOGY REPORT

The 1:10 structural detail model studies the integration of multiple materials forming the arch window opening. The model acknowledges the size of each structural element, for example the proportions of each red brick.

CRITICAL APPRAISAL

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

222

CONTENTS

- Site influences contextual analysis - Chosen site - Programme flow - Permeable street facade - Model activity story board - 1:500 Design iterations - Environmental design iterations - Design iteration section studies - 1:100 Spatial investigations - Spatial investigation - Spatial plan investigation - Geometric investigation - 1:50 Technical spatial study - 1:200 Building design - 1:10 Structural detail

p. 224 p. 226 p. 228 p. 232 p. 234 p. 236 p. 242 p. 244 p. 247 p. 249 p. 252 p. 254 p. 256 p. 258 p. 260

223

SITE INFLUENCES

224

The site influence model was useful to find the relevant links around the urban block to aid the architectural programme of the Green Energy Lab. These influences included local industries and workshops in order to know the skills existing in Dluga and how the general public can help with training students and visitors at the Green Energy Lab. To develop my design I need to see how the local typologies can influence my design spatially.

225

CHOSEN SITE Site model highlighting the main pedestrian circulation and permeable edges of the public spaces and junction nodes.

After analysing the pathways and permeable thresholds of the chosen urban block, the connection between the school, on one side of the junction, with the void on the other side, where advertisement boards and a car park are located, would be an exciting location to transform it into the proposed Green Energy Lab.

226

After modeling the site boundaries and thresholds, the building’s programme flows will be arranged according to service access routes via secondary roads and main public entrances off primary high streets.

227

PROGRAMME FLOW

228

This programme model of the material flows around the proposed building helped my understanding of located service access and the orientation of front and back of house services.

However the model didn’t show the clear definition of enclosed spaces and where certain activities occur.

This model became a material flow diagram and an experimentation of how the recycled materials could influence the architectural form merging with the existing building.

The existing building, which is an electrical store and art supplies shop, became more of a restriction rather than aiding the design of the Energy Centre.

Instead of trying to link the buildings they will be demolished due to the lack of architectural influence and will be reused as foundation materials.

229

PROGRAMME FLOW Programme flow orientation around a public atrium entrance.

However this exercise of moving different programme uses around the site was not progressing my building design architecturally.

It helped me understand links programmatically but the overall structure needed to be investigated.

230

Programme spatial arrangement formation around the site and how each building use neighbours other uses and how the public and private actors can collaborate together.

231

PERMEABLE STREET FACADE

232

Permeable street facade investigation. The study of material types, brick and fluid materials integrating together to stretch across the public street threshold.

Modeling the extruding spatial volumes from inside the building to become visible and interactive to the pedestrian.

233

MODEL ACTIVITY STORYBOARD

234

Models displaying a storyboard illustrating the activities ranging from the workshops to the classrooms.

The model uses permeable model materials to allow the workshop activities to be visible from the street.

235

1:500 MODEL DESIGN ITERATIONS Test 1:

236

The first design investigation of the proposed Green Energy Lab aims to draw activity from the primary road into the urban block.

The pedestrian and cycle path follows a landscaped passage passing the testing labs of the proposed energy workshop.

The building proposes a spine wall made from red brick as a large thermal mass next to a sloping glass roof acting as a green house effect.

On the sloping roof solar PV panels are located and feed the generated electricity into the wall as the energy collector.

However the deign is not coherent and does not present a welcoming entrance from the main street.

237

1:500 MODEL DESIGN ITERATIONS Test 2:

238

The second model iteration was more successful. I tested a wide range of geometrical forms and from this design noticed a link to Louis Kahn’s architectural forms and the integration of many contrasting geometries merging together.

The merge of geometric forms aimed to signify the collaboration of actors, the state and urban commons together in the Green Energy Lab.

239

1:500 MODEL DESIGN ITERATIONS Test 3:

240

This third model test investigated wrapping the service spine wall around to the front facade making a visible connection for the general public.

The workshops connect to the wall and the energy systems are displayed on the high street as a display cabinet.

I designed the community theatre cone morphology to be located on the proposed public square next to the existing secondary school to connect the Green Energy Lab’s community integration initiative outside the building.

241

ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN ITERATIONS Test 3: Contextual sectional studies studying the levels and heights of floors and relating the height of the proposed building to the surrounding architecture.

On the right are environmental strategy diagrams labelling the flow of energy and electricity generated by each energy system.

242

243

DESIGN ITERATION SECTION STUDIES I have tested a few designs in section as this drawing style has helped me to understand the connection of activities: from the large atrium across the service spine to the workshops and energy display.

The test 3 design development sectional drawing on the right illustrates the range of activities spanning along the length of the Green Energy Lab, however the technology of the brick wall connecting to the steel frame sawtooth roof structure is disjointed and would not work technically.

Instead I have separated the roof technologies between the brick atrium and the glass steel volume.

The sections below illustrate the final design section.

Final design sketches

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Test 3: Design development

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1:100 SPATIAL INVESTIGATION

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This model studies the relationship of spaces either side of the service spine wall. For example the large atrium space which contains studio spaces and on the other side the energy display and workshops.

Making the model at 1:100 aided my awareness of how large the wall would be connecting the spatial volumes either side.

By making this model I have rearranged the design of the atrium to be clear of any structural volumes creating a clear view of the monumental wall punctured by openings and steel balconies.

Also the view of the roof is unobstructed creating a suitable atrium for conferences and exhibitions.

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SPATIAL INVESTIGATION

Spatial study sketch of the design test 3 where I investigated a simple shell enveloping the Green Energy Lab. However the main driving design element of the red brick wall was not visible as it was hidden amongst the glass curtain wall and roof structure. The roof structure also didn’t reflect the two contrasting construction types.

Instead the design on the right enforces the two geometric forms of two interlocking rectangles with very contrasting construction styles. This integration must be celebrated and visible.

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SPATIAL INVESTIGATION

Roof and context

Second floor

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Progressional build up of the developed design illustrating the range of multiple activities spanning across the building.

However the red brick wall next to the public square and secondary school is not very welcoming and needs to be designed more permeable to the public.

Therefore I have designed vertical narrow window openings which re-enforce the height of the structure and shadow patterns cast across the atrium floor.

First floor

Ground floor

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SPATIAL PLAN INVESTIGATION Developing design plans

Ground floor plan spatial reorganisation studies.

First floor plan spatial reorganisation studies.

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Ground floor plan spatial study.

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GEOMETRIC INVESTIGATION

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Contrasting materials and geometric styles of the large atrium holding exhibitions and conferences in contrast to the glass and steel training labs wrapping around the rear.

I used clay to illustrate the rustic texture of the red brick construction style.

Stairs model study through the service spine wall as influenced by Louis Kahn’s architecture using the circulation staircase as a feature.

For instance the Jatiyo Sangsad Bhaban (National Parliament House) designed by Louis Kahn was very influential for creating exciting internal atmospheres, as illustrated below.

‘’Even A Brick Wants To Be Something’’ - Louis Kahn, Yatzer, [online] Available from: https://www.yatzer. com/even-brick-wants-be-something-louis-kahn, (accessed 4th May 2016).

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1:50 TECHNICAL SPATIAL STUDY Final design

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Technology model investigation of the integration of multiple construction and material types.

For instance the merge of red brick in a diagonal morphology linking to the steel and glass volume with a saw tooth roof structure. The use of zinc wrapping around the glass curtain wall forming a parapet reflects the parapet wall technology used in the red brick wall construction.

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1:200 BUILDING DESIGN Final design

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With the 1:200 scale model I investigated the lighting patterns created from the roof lights wrapping around the perimeter of the atrium casting sharp shadows down the red brick wall highlighting the texture of the wall gradually sloping down.1

1

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1:10 STRUCTURAL DETAIL Final design

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