NIK FAHMI NIK FAUZI STUDIO 2 / M.ARCH 2 ‘Large Span Structure’ AIM 706
Content
introduction [1-3] pages > > > > > >
chapter chapter chapter chapter chapter chapter
1 2 3 4 5 6
: site introduction..........................[1-3] : design proposal............................[1-6] : regional study.............................[1-4] : structural study [precedent study].........[1-12] : structural design strategy.................[1-38] : environmental study........................[1-11]
conclusion [1-7] pages bibliography [1]
pages pages pages pages pages pages
INTRODUCTION
1/
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INTRODUCTION Initial Proposal
Infrastructure + Manufacturing
2/
00.
INTRODUCTION
Design Manifesto / Thesis
The hybridising transport infrastructure + manufacturing project seeks to transforming the city around Cambridge Railway Station into an Interchange center between people and industry. Cambridge has been a genuine worldclass location for innovation and business, giving opportunity to create one high technology innovation and transport interchange. An interchange for High Technology Manufacturing with an intelligent workforce and the highest number of patents filed per head of population, Cambridge is arguably the UK’s most innovative city and a perfect location for high – tech innovation. While excellent regional, national and international transport links makes it the place to be. The manufactured product is a carbon fiber material that can later be use to print a carbon fiber component. The proposal will include an assembling area for the component testing (under ground level). The Project is interested in discovering ways to support manufacture and transportation of Super-Sized Construction Component, that is currently limited by transport infrastructure. The products of the manufacture can be transported out of Cambridge by using the railway track to the nearest large seaport (Felixstowe port, Port of London, Port of Southampton, Port of Liverpool, Port of Immingham and Port of Leith). The interchange is also being use as a transport center (car, busses, taxi, train, bicycle and pedestrian). The interchange also acts as a connector between the west site and the east site of Cambridge to allow faster route. The original train station is being remodel and intergrade with other types of transportation such as bus and taxi services. The Aim of The Design Thesis is How the Complexity of the Infrastructure spaces merge with the manufacturing spaces that affect the circulation of the people in and out of cambridge. The proposal also acts as a bridge to connect between the east site and the west site of cambridge [existing been cut by the rail tracks].
MANIFESTO / THESIS
3/
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INTRODUCTION Technical Thesis
‘The technical aspect will explore the design and constructions of a long span structure [mainly roof structure] with an adpatation to the railway track constrains and conditions. The thesis question is How the long span structure can accomodate an infrastructure and manufacturing facilities. The Aim of the thesis is to design a long span structure with less columns to adapt to the circulation of public and infrastructure constrains’
TECHNICAL THESIS
CHAPTER 1 : SITE Introduction
1/
01.
site INTRODUCTION Design Manifesto / Thesis
325 m
Cambridge City of Cambridge key plan n.t.s
site - 34,000 sqm
United Kingdom
The site is Cambridge Train Station, located at the fringe of Cambridge City, United Kingdom. The site is a large area consist of the train station and construction area. The site is divided by the rail track.
2/
01.
site INTRODUCTION site map
Cambridge Site Map
NTS
3/
01.
site INTRODUCTION
elevation / street section
Site Elevation NTS
9000 mm
20000 mm
14000 mm
8000 mm
13000 mm
9000 mm
29000 mm
12000 mm
22000 mm
27000 mm
24000 mm
33000 mm
10000 mm 6000 mm 4000 mm
[Construction Area]
[Train Station]
[Platform]
Street Section [B-B]
[Train Office]
NTS
[Student Accommodation]
4/
01.
site INTRODUCTION
Existing Programs - Urban Analysis
Resident Industrial Commercial Student Accommodation Education Business Train Station
5/
01.
site INTRODUCTION
elevation / street section
Walking distance per minute from the station (1minute = 90 meter)
Bus Route (mainly using the major road)
Bus station located near to the site (within 5 minute walk)
Car Route
Major Train Route
Cycle and Pedestrian Route
6/
01.
site INTRODUCTION site issues - Severance
Bicycle Path Pedestrian
Vehicle Road
The site is divided by the rail track, creating a severance between the east and west of the site. There is only one approach to the site, creating congestion toward the entrance of the train station.
CHAPTER 2 : design PROPOSAL
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02.
DESIGN PROPOSAL
program brief - visual of spaces
BICYCLE FACILITY - An underground bicycle storage facility. - Pollution, traffic and loss of green spaces can be decrease. - an “eco-cycle underground bicycle park”. Structure:
CARBON FIBER PRODUCTION
PRINTING CARBON FIBER COMPONENTS
- produce carbon fiber from raw material (Polyacrynitrile) - Large area for production process - Storage area for raw material and final product - loading area for the arrival of the raw material
- printing of carbon fiber through weaving machine - Large area for printing , assembly and testing area - Storage area for the final printing product - loading area (train platform)
Spaces:
> 7 meters wide > cylindrical strorage facilities (204 bike) > automated system - 13 second (retriving bike
> > > > > >
loading area raw material and final product storage. processing area (large amount of heat produce) general sorting area packaging area despatch area
Spaces: > > > > > > >
loading area final product storage. printing area assemble area testing area packaging area office area
external area of the storage facility
MANUFACTURING
Internal space of the storage facility
INTERGRATING TRANSPORTATION AND MANUFACTURING
INTER-CHANGE TRANSPORT HUB
LOGISTIC
large area - coach platform
- Large coach terminal - Local and regional coach. - Waiting area that are connected with the train station. Spaces: > ticketing hall > platform seperate local and regional direction > waiting area and small kiosk facility.
COACH FACILITY
waiting area with kiosk
- Large area for the ticketing area - connected with coach facility - incorporate commercial into the facilty
- Large storage to store the large parcel - transport parcel using train and lorries.
Spaces: > > > > >
Spaces:
ticketing hall platform retail area toilet retail area
> > > >
TRAIN FACILITY
platform storage area toilet office
LOGISTIC FOR ROYAL MAIL
MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE 2 BRING SPACE INTO THE CITY NIK FAHMI BIN NIK FAUZI
2/
02.
DESIGN PROPOSAL
proposal concept - hakka house
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka_walled_village
3/
02.
DESIGN PROPOSAL hakka house - info
The Fujian tulou “FUJIAN EARTHEN BUILDINGS” are Chinese rural dwellings unique to the Hakka in the mountainous areas in south-eastern Fujian, China. They were mostly built between the 12TH AND THE 20TH CENTURIES. A tulou is usually a large, enclosed and fortified earth building, most commonly rectangular or circular in configuration, with very thick load-bearing rammed earth walls between three and five stories high and housing up to 800 people. Smaller interior buildings are often enclosed by these huge peripheral walls which can contain halls, storehouses, wells and living areas, the whole structure resembling a small fortified city. The fortified outer structures are formed by compacting earth, mixed with stone, bamboo, wood and other readily available materials, to form walls up to 6 feet (1.8 m) thick. Branches, strips of wood and bamboo chips are often laid in the wall as additional reinforcement. The result is a well-lit, well-ventilated, windproof and earthquake-proof building that is warm in winter and cool in summer. Tulous usually have only one main gate, guarded by 4–5-inchthick (100–130 mm) wooden doors reinforced with an outer shell of iron plate. The top level of these earth buildings has gun holes for defensive purposes. HAKKA HOUSE - FUJIAN TULOU https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka_walled_village
4/
02.
DESIGN PROPOSAL
hakka house - plan evolution
Development layout of Hakka house to form a fortress
Layout forms of Hakka residential buildings (boyd, 1962, S.104)
Circular form layout types of Hakka residential buildings
5/
02.
DESIGN PROPOSAL
hakka house - courtyard analysis
COURTYARD < PROGRAM private > public
COURTYARD > PROGRAM private < public
Hakka House consist of a center courtyard with a program surround it. The circulation between program spaces is high due to its easy access to every spaces. The diagram shows different type of circulation.
6/
02.
DESIGN PROPOSAL existing plan
7/
02.
DESIGN PROPOSAL changes to the site
iii
iv
i ii
i - The student accommodation is relocated to the nearest and new student accommodation (the HUB) ii - Connect the abandoned road and the cycling path to create a new road to the entrance of the proposal iii - Turning the cycle path to a vehicle road and cycle path to connect the major road to the loading bay iv - Extension of the existing road to connect to the other site to create new circulation for the vehicle [bus]
CHAPTER 3 : REGIONAL Study - Rail track
1/
03.
REGIONAL ANALYSIS
train rail track - seaport location
Port of Leith
Port of Immingham Port of Liverpool
Felixstowe Port Situated in Suffolk, the Port of Felixstowe is Britain’s biggest and busiest container port and one of the largest in Europe. If you’re importing less than a full container from Asia then this is nearly always where we’ll have it sent to. Regardless of where in the UK your goods are to be delivered (or business is based), Felixstowe’s East Midlands location makes it ideally located to distribute your goods to wherever you need them. The port handles the equivalent of 3.5 million twenty-foot containers each year and provides some of the deepest water close to the open sea of any European port. Felixstowe runs services to and from 365 ports around the world.
Port of Southampton If you’re business (whether eBay store/homeseller or SME) is based in the south of England and importing full container loads then Southampton is a good option. The saving in haulage costs that can be gained by routing containers through the Hampshire based port often makes Southampton the best place for us to send your container. We can also use it for less than container loads if there’s a good service from your supplier’s nearest port in Asia.
Cambridge
Felixstowe Port Port of London
Port of Southampton
http://www.boostcapital.co.uk/blog/migrant-run-uk-businesses/
2/
03.
REGIONAL ANALYSIS
rail track - train station location
Kennet
newmarket Cambridge
Bury St Edmunds
Elmswell
Thurston Stowmarket
Dullingham Needham Market
Westerfield
Ipswich
Derby Road EUROPE Trimley AUSTRALIA
Felixstowe
AMERICA
ASIA AFRICA ANTARCTICA
Railway track from Cambridge to the nearest Large Seaport (FELIXSTOWE PORT). The products of the manufacturing can be exported to the whole world and the whole UK via trains and ships.
3/
03.
REGIONAL ANALYSIS
rail track - train track curve issues
A Cambridge
C
Westerfield
Ipswich
B Felixstowe
C A B R1584 ,72.0O
B - The curve of the track is sufficient but the direction of the rail track is not convinient to handle the length capacity. So the train have to reverse/ u-turn at the Ipswich station.
Minimum for handling of long freight trains, a minimum 717-foot (218.5 m) radius is preferred. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_railway_ curve_radius)
R739 ,127.3O R4301 ,131.5O
Radius of the curve (railway track)
4/
03.
REGIONAL ANALYSIS
rail track - height and width constrains
extra clearance for electric traction
> 1830 mm
610 mm
< 3250 mm
Number plates, window bars, reservation card holders
3505 mm
4115 mm
4420 mm
4875 mm
> 2135 mm
5410 mm
Lamp, gutters, destination boards, alarm signal disc
< 3175 mm
< 3050 mm
1600 mm 305 mm Rail Level
1676 mm - gauge < 2440 mm
Standard dimensions pf rolling stock, 1971 Broad gauge (1676mm = 5â&#x20AC;&#x2122;6â&#x20AC;?) all dimension is in mm
CHAPTER 4 : structural STUDY - PRECEDENT STUDY ‘The technical aspect will explore the design and constructions of a long span structure [mainly roof structure] with an adpatation to the railway track constrains and conditions. The thesis question is How the long span structure can accomodate an infrastructure and manufacturing facilities. The Aim of the thesis is to design a long span structure with less columns to adapt to the circulation of public and infrastructure constrains’
TECHNICAL THESIS
1/
04.
STRUCTURAL STUDY
long span structure - definition
Long span Structure - Roof structure
form active system
vector active system
section active system
surface active system
> cable structure
> flat trusses
> beam structures
> plate structures
> tent structure
> curved trusses
> frame structures
> folded structures
> pneumatic structure
> space trusses
> slab structures
> shell structures
> arch structure
2/
04.
STRUCTURAL STUDY parallel cable structure
direct suspension from central pylon
dead weight
dead weight
wind
suspension and stabilization mechanism
wind
3/
04.
STRUCTURAL STUDY parallel cable structure
roof sitted upon suspension cable
dead weight
dead weight
wind uplift
suspension and stabilization mechanism
wind uplift
4/
04.
STRUCTURAL STUDY arch cable structure
2 boundary arches with 1 central arch
central arch boundary arch
2 boundary arches with 2 intermediate arches
cable structures formed by arches
3/
04.
STRUCTURAL STUDY
precedent study - yogogi national gymnasium
- architect : kenzo tange [1964] - Capacity up to 10 000 people - Icon for Metabolism Movement (a post-war Japanese architectural movement that fused ideas about architectural megastructures with those of organic biological growth) - Worlds Largest Suspended Roof Structure for almost 50 years - 2 swimming pools and a basketball court - Were constructed for Tokyo Olympic Games in 1964
Design Concept: - At time of designing Yoyogi Stadium 1, suspension-roof structure was a quite innovative and unexplored structure - Most reasonably and economically bring out advantageous characteristics of steel - It can provide not only an elegant geometric form but also expected to reduce cooling load as well as to provide good acoustic characteristics
Structural Concept - Structure of Stadium 1 consist of : i - Hanging Roof Surface - Created between suspension-roof structure and peripheral reinforced concrete structure ii - Central Structure - Load from the roof is supported by balancing main suspension cables, main columns, steel hanging members, bracing cables, anchorage and underground struts iii - Peripheral reinforced concrete structure -
Tension force from the roof and weight of spectatorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; stands are balanced by this structure
- Structure of Stadium 2 consist of : i - A plan of 65 m in diameter. ii - Main structure is composed of one main column and a main spiral pipe starting from the top of main column to the anchorage. iii - Steel hanging members of truss shape are attached to the main pipe in radius direction. iv - Roof surface is laid on the steel hanging members. Unlike Stadium 1, there are no wires net on roof.
https://structurae.net/structures/first-gymnasium-of-yoyogi-national-stadium
4/
04.
STRUCTURAL STUDY
precedent study - yogogi national gymnasium
YOYOGI NATIONAL GYMNASIUM
STADIUM 1
STADIUM 2
https://structurae.net/structures/first-gymnasium-of-yoyogi-national-stadium
5/
04.
STRUCTURAL STUDY
precedent study - yogogi national gymnasium
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM Two large steel cables [13â&#x20AC;? in diameter] are supported between two structural towers in addition to being anchored into concrete supports on the ground
A central structural spine from where the structure and roof originates is employed
UNIVERSAL JOINT
universal joints were created to allow complex displacement during and after the construction
https://structurae.net/structures/first-gymnasium-of-yoyogi-national-stadium
6/
04.
STRUCTURAL STUDY
precedent study - yogogi national gymnasium
central arch [primary element]
boundary arches [perimeter element]
cable structure [tension element]
anchor structure
section shows the element of the roof
7/
04.
STRUCTURAL STUDY
precedent study - yogogi national gymnasium
CONSTRUCTION 6 oil dampers were installed near the top of each main column
Damper
Damper
Main Cable
Oil Dampers - to control unexpected dynamic vibration of the main cable
Damper Damper
Main Cable
https://structurae.net/structures/first-gymnasium-of-yoyogi-national-stadium
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04.
STRUCTURAL STUDY
precedent study - yogogi national gymnasium
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM OF STADIUM 1
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM OF STADIUM 2
https://structurae.net/structures/first-gymnasium-of-yoyogi-national-stadium
9/
04.
STRUCTURAL STUDY
precedent study - ice skating rink [munich]
This facility, initially designed as ice skating rink was recently converted into an inlineskating facility due to the increasing popularity of this new sport. The elliptical rink of 88x67m is covered by a cable net roof, suspended from a central arch and supported along the edges by a series if steel masts with guy cables. A prismatic trussed steel arch spans 104m between concrete abutments. The arch supports the cable net and is itself stabilized by it. The cable net is suspended to the arch by means of looping edge cables along the central spine. The space between the edge cables is designed as a skylight that exposes the arch from the inside and provides natural lighting in addition to a translucent roofing membrane. The cable net of double strands has 75x75cm meshes to which a lattice grid of wood slats is attached at the joints. A translucent PVC membrane is nailed to the lattice grid. This unusual combination of materials creates a unique interior spatial quality of quite elegance, contrasting the lightness of the translucent fabric membrane with the warms of the wood lattice grid.
https://secure.ifai.com/fabarch/articles/1109_ce_aging.html
10/
04.
STRUCTURAL STUDY
precedent study - ice skating rink [munich]
COMPRESSION ELEMENT THAT HOLD THE TENSION ELEMENTS
ANCHOR FOR THE COMPRESSION ELEMENT https://secure.ifai.com/fabarch/articles/1109_ce_aging.html
11/
04.
STRUCTURAL STUDY
precedent study - ice skating rink [munich]
Tension
Compression
Compression
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM OF ICE RINK, MUNICH
At the roofâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s edges the cable nets are bordered by garlandshaped cables which pass over adjustable angled supports of steel being anchored fast.
https://secure.ifai.com/fabarch/articles/1109_ce_aging.html
12/
04.
STRUCTURAL STUDY
precedent study - ice skating rink [munich]
symmetrical nets of cable have a grid of 75 x 75 cm and support a wooden lattice, upon which is attached a translucent plastic sheeting
https://secure.ifai.com/fabarch/articles/1109_ce_aging.html
CHAPTER 5 : structural DESIGN STRATEGY
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05.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN STRATEGY initial roof scheme - long span roof
2/
05.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN STRATEGY initial roof scheme - long span roof
primary structure [cooling tower]
3d print of the initial roof scheme to understand the form created outside of the 3d modelling software world. few problems been observed such as structural suppport for the surface, location of the support system that support the whole structure and scale of the roof surface towards the site.
3/
05.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN STRATEGY
initial PATTERN idea - rotation elements
Parabolic pattern created by rotation of a single line to a different form of boundary [TRIANGLE, CIRCLE, SQUARE]
The invention relates to high stiffness parabolic structures utilizing integral reinforced grids. The parabolic structures implement the use of isogrid structures which incorporate unique and efficient orthotropic patterns for efficient stiffness and structural stability.
4/
05.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN STRATEGY
initial PATTERN idea - rotation elements
Parabolic pattern created by rotation of the boundary line of the selected shape to create form
5/
05.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN STRATEGY
initial PATTERN idea - rotation elements
no rotation - less tension of the cable - straigth elevation
450 rotation - small tension of the cable - curve elevation
Testing of the tension element effected by the rotation. resulting in the differences in form and tension forces of the cable. its observed that the distance between the top and the bottom elements is becoming less due to higher rotation
[treating the model as a solid structure]
900 rotation - great tension of the cable - bend elevation
6/
05.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN STRATEGY
initial PATTERN idea - rotation elements
border structure act to pull the cable
archored element that hold the border structure from collapse to the center. the tension created by the cable is hold up by the anchored to stabilize the whole structure
cable pull by the border structures [top & bottom] create a tension that pull the border structure to the center part.
a test with a selected shape of rotation, determine what element to create the form.
[treating the model as a hollow structure]
7/
05.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN STRATEGY rotation experiment
0o rotation - no tension - large opening - large apeture
20o rotation - less tension - bigger opening - bigger apeture
[treating the model as a hollow structure]
8/
05.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN STRATEGY rotation experiment
45o rotation - high tension - small opening - small apeture
90o rotation - greater tension - very small opening - very small apeture
[treating the model as a hollow structure]
9/
05.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN STRATEGY roof structure study
Model created by the combination of understanding of the suspension roof elements needed and the rotation element without considering the site constrains
10/
05.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN STRATEGY roof structure study
Elements to create a suspension roof - anchor structure, primary structure and perimeter structure
primary structure
cable structure structure
perimeter structure
Compression Element
Compression Element Tension Element
Compression Element
11/
05.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN STRATEGY roof structure study
using the same technique and method with considering the site constrains [train track]. resulting in the deform of the perimeter elements. the red line show the potential place to put a column created by the constrain of the rail track and platform.
12/
05.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN STRATEGY rotation experiment
the elements - boundary structure, primary structure [central] and tension cable form the roof structure [long span cable structure]
13/
05.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN STRATEGY issues regarding the model -
middle point [apply pressure]
load test on the boundary structure. The weak points are the middle part and the joint part.
joint part
When you apply pressure to the boundary structure, the joint break. resulting in consideration of having a support to support the boundary structure.
load test
14/
05.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN STRATEGY model experiment
one bay
experiment boundary
boundary structure cable net structure primary structure
The structural focus will be look into one bay to figure out the construction and can be apply to all the bay [bay : consist of a primary structure, cable tension and boundary structure
15/
05.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN STRATEGY model - experiment boundary
boundary of testing
primary structure
cable net structure
boundary structure column to support the boundary structure
test to show the effect of rotation of the cable net to the boundary structure. The AIM is to make sure that the force created by the cable net structure will stabilize the boundary structure with out having suppport in the middle part.
16/
05.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN STRATEGY model - experiment boundary
The model with a fix rotation between the cable able to support the boundary structure in straight line. the equilibrium achieved by having the same tension from 2 direction.
When excess rotation been apply to the primary structure, the cable net tension will increase pull the boundary structure towards the primary structure. so, the boundary structure is not stabilize. therefore, finding the correct tension of the cable structure is the key to keep the boundary structure stable [not bend].
17/
05.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN STRATEGY model - experiment boundary
The same test but change the material of the structure. the test shows that the tension create on the boundary structure is enough to stabilize without any support. but there are few problems created,
18/
05.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN STRATEGY model - experiment boundary
The picture shows the problem created by the model
19/
05.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN STRATEGY model - experiment boundary
fo
rc
es
go
in
g
th
e
op
po
si
te
di
re
ct
io
n
The primary structure starts to bend towards the boundary structure. The solution is to have a equilibrium tension throughout the whole primary structure to stabilize it.
The support structure that hold the boundary structure undergo a huge tension from the boundary structure [pulling towards the center].
Greater tension cause by the boundary structure pulling the support structure and resulting in bending. The solution is to have a force that pull to the opposite direction to stabilize it [equilibrium condition]
20/
05.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN STRATEGY model - experiment boundary
the aim of this experiment is to find the way of construction of large span roof structure and understand the element that need to construct it.
21/
05.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN STRATEGY model - experiment boundary
boundary of testing
The test will experiment on the elevation site of the building to have an equilibrium forces between the structure.
When the rotation been apply, the forces pull the boundary structure towards the primary structure.
To overcome the problem, it need a force pulling the opposite direction to make the system stabilize.
22/
05.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN STRATEGY model -
result sectional model
elevation resulting by the experiments.
23/
05.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN STRATEGY
primary structure design - cooling tower design
primary structure - cooling tower
RENAULT
the cooling tower act to ventilate the area underneath and direct the light to the basement area [assembling area] manufacturing facility
24/
05.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN STRATEGY
primary structure design - cooling tower design
A cooling tower is a specialized heat exchanger in which air and water are brought into direct contact with each other in order to reduce the waterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s temperature. As this occurs, a small volume of water is evaporated, reducing the temperature of the water being circulated through the tower. http://financialtribune.com/articles/energy/17810/power-plants-and-water-crisis
25/
05.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN STRATEGY
primary structure design - cooling tower design
the initial proposal of the cooling tower
after adaptation to the constrain of the site and construction ability. the idea of rotation is adapt to the design of the cooling tower.
the final cooling tower design that have different purpose with different shapes. adapt to the program surround the cooling tower.
26/
05.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN STRATEGY
primary structure design - cooling tower design
wide opening allow more light to penetrate in, with small base to direct less light to the basement area
wide opening allow more light to penetrate in, with wide base to direct more light to the basement area
small opening allow less light to penetrate in, with wide base to direct more heat from the basement area
27/
05.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN STRATEGY
primary structure design - cooling tower design
the cooling tower act as a primary structure to hold the roof structure.
28/
05.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN STRATEGY
primary structure design - cooling tower design
29/
05.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN STRATEGY
primary structure design - cooling tower design
30/
05.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN STRATEGY section of the proposal
A
B C
RENAULT
31/
05.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN STRATEGY detail drawing of the structure
le
cab
net
ure
uct
str
plan view
the connection connect the cable to the ring beam that hold up the roof structure. its moveable connection allow movement of the cable during the constructionand fix it when the tension is at equilibrium [movement allow the cable to move forward and backwrd but not to left and right direction]
a structure that hold up the two ring beam from being pull towards each other due to the tension created by the cable.
32/
05.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN STRATEGY detail drawing of the structure
cable intermediate joint
cable end joint - connected to the boundary cbale structure
end cable head
cable net structure that support the roof fabric
33/
05.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN STRATEGY detail drawing of the structure
cable net attach to the boundary cable
bo
un
da
ry
ca
bl
e
st
ru
a beam that support the column from pulling towards each other. [due to force created by the boundary cable]
anchor that hold the column from collapsing.
cable that pull the column strucutre backward to hold the column from collapsing forward
column structure that support the boundary cable.
ct
ur
e
34/
05.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN STRATEGY cable detail
> Spiral strand
> Locked coil Cables
> • • • • •
Spiral strand or Locked Cables Compactness Clamp “ability” Installation drawbacks heavy cable large anchorage (big jacks)
> • • •
Poor durability rust in the cable high maintenance cost (paint) low fatigue resistance (100 MPa)
35/
05.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN STRATEGY method of construction
prefabrication bench
storage
strand marking
marking and unsheathing
phase 1 : prefabrication
36/
05.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN STRATEGY method of construction
strand bundle compaction
clamp connection with precurved cable
clamp installation
pre-tightening
phase 2 : clamp connections
37/
05.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN STRATEGY method of construction
cable launching with mast installation
lifting of prefabricated cable net
cable net launching
initial ref. launching and adjustment
strand launching
phase 3 : clamp connections
38/
05.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN STRATEGY method of construction
stressing fabrication at length > Adjustment at SAG if needed > pre-load: central node release > application of roof load
phase 4 & 5 : separation and mast installation & stressing
CHAPTER 6 : environmental STUDY
1/
06.
350 340
o
N 0o
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY
10
environment study - sun study
o
20o
o
330o
30o
10o
320o
40o
20o
jun - solstice 310
o
50o
30o
may - july 40o
300o
60o
50o 290o
april - august 70o
60o
70o
280o
80o
80o march - september - equinox W 270o
90o E
90o
100o
260o
february - october 250o
110o
120o january - november
240o
december - solstice 130o
230o
140o
220o 150o
210o 160o
200o 190o
180o S
170o location where the diagram are calculated Sun path diagram of Cambridge, United Kingdom
2/
06.
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY
environment study - sun study 30 oC 24.00 23.00 22.00 21.00
19.00 18.00 17.00 16.00 15.00 14.00 13.00
temperature
20.00
15 oC
12.00 11.00 10.00 09.00 08.00
0 oC
07.00
jan
feb
mar
apr
may
jun
jul
aug
sep
oct
nov
dec
aug
sep
oct
nov
dec
06.00 05.00
monthly mean minimum and maximum daily temperature
04.00 03.00 02.00
maximum temperature
01.00 January
February
March
April
May
June
00.00 July
August
September
October
November
December
minimum temperature
Sunrise, Sunset, Dusk and Dawn times graph Sunshine
Dusk
Dawn
Darkness
sunshine percentage
50 %
38 %
25 %
13 %
0% jan
feb
mar
apr
may
jun
jul
mean percent of sunhours during the day
The site is illuminated by the sun evenly through out the site. in the proposal the height of the structure need to be considered. the designed structure need enough sunlight and it also did not block the sunlight on the surrounding buildings.
sun hours
300
150
0
http://www.accuweather.com/en/us/cambridgema/02139/weather-forecast/329319
jan
feb
mar
apr
monthly total of sunhours
may
jun
jul
aug
sep
oct
nov
dec
3/
06.
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY
environment study - shadow study
2 december 2015 - 09.00 am
2 december 2015 - 12.00 pm
2 december 2015 - 03.00 pm
2 december 2015 - 06.00 pm
the daylight rime range is between 9.00 am to 3.00 pm. the sun ray are projected from the lowest angle which effect the shadow range and the daylight brightness on the site.
2 march 2016 - 09.00 am
2 march 2016 - 12.00 pm
2 march 2016 - 03.00 pm
2 march 2016 - 06.00 pm
the daylight time range is between 6.00 am to 6.00 pm. the sun ray are projected from the medium angle which effect the shadow range and the daylight brightness on the site.
2 june 2016 - 09.00 am
2 june 2016 - 12.00 pm
2 june 2016 - 03.00 pm
the daylight time range is between 4.30 am to 9.00 pm. the sun ray are projected from the highest angle which effect the shadow range and the daylight brightness on the site.
2 june 2016 - 06.00 pm
4/
06.
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY
environment study - light testing
wide opening allow more light to penetrate in, with small base to direct less light to the basement area.
wide opening allow more light to penetrate in, with wide base to direct more light to the basement area
small opening allow less light to penetrate in, with wide base to direct more heat from the basement area
5/
06.
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY un
s
RENAULT
the cooling tower direct the light to the space underneath [assembly area].
environment study
6/
06.
environment study
the cooling tower will direct the light the space underneath
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY
- viginette of the cooling tower
7/
06.
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY
environment study - wind analysis
NORTH NWN
16
NORTH NNE
NWN
14
WNW
EAST
WSW
ESE
SW
WSW
ESE
SW
SE
SSW
SSE
January
NORTH NWN
16
NWN
14 NE
WNW
EAST
WSW
ESE
SW
NE
ENE
6
WNW
EAST
ESE
WSW
SE
SW
SSE
SSW SOUTH
September
EAST
SW
SE
SSE
October
NWN
WNW
NE
12
NW
WNW
2 EAST
ESE
SE
SW
SSE
November
ENE
6 4
WSW
SOUTH
NE
8 ENE
0
SSW
NNE
10
6
WEST
16 14
2
ESE
SOUTH
NORTH NNE
4
WSW
SSW
August
8
ENE
0
WEST
SOUTH
10
2
0
18
SSE
SSW
12
4
2 WEST
NW
NE
6
4
SSE
14
8
8
SE
SW
16
10
10
ESE
NORTH NWN
EAST
WSW
July
12
NW
0
WEST
SOUTH
NNE
ENE
6
2
EAST
SE
14
12
WNW
16
8 WNW
ESE
SSW
NE
12
4
WSW
SSE
NNE
10
ENE
0
WEST
NORTH NWN
16
NW
2
EAST
June
14
NE
6
SOUTH
NNE
12
14
SW
NORTH
NW
WNW
18 16
SE
SSW
NWN
4
SW
May
18
NORTH
NNE
14
8 ENE
ESE
SSE
16
10
WSW
SOUTH
NWN
NW
NE
0
WEST
SE
SSW
NORTH NWN
NNE
2
0
SSE
April
4
2 WEST
SSW
SSE
March
6
4
SE
February
8
ENE
6
SW
SOUTH
10
8
ESE
SOUTH
16
EAST
WSW
SOUTH
12
NW
10
WNW
SSW
0
WEST
SE
14
12
NW
SW
SSE
ENE
6
2 EAST
ESE
NORTH
NNE
WNW
4
WSW
SE
SOUTH
8 ENE
0
WEST
NE
10
2 EAST
NNE
12
NW
NE
4
0
WEST
16 14
6
2
0
SSW
WNW
4
2
NWN
8 ENE
6
4
NORTH NNE
10
8 ENE
6
16
12
NW
NE
10
8
WEST
NWN
14
12
NW
NE
10
WNW
NORTH NNE
14
12
NW
16
0
WEST
EAST
WSW
ESE
SW
SE
SSW
SSE SOUTH
December
Statistics based on observations taken between 09/2009 - 01/2016 daily from 7am to 7pm local time http://www.accuweather.com/en/us/cambridge-ma/02139/weather-forecast/329319
8/
06.
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY
environment study - wind analysis
NORTH NWN
16
NNE
14 12
NW
NE
10 8 WNW
ENE
6 4 2 0
WEST
EAST
WSW
ESE
SW
SE
SSW
SSE SOUTH Statistics based on observations taken between 09/2009 - 01/2016 daily from 7am to 7pm local time http://www.accuweather.com/en/us/cambridge-ma/02139/weatherforecast/329319
9/
06.
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY
environment study - wind analysis
Statistics based on observations taken between 09/2009 - 01/2016 daily from 7am to 7pm local time
Winds are usually stronger by day than by night due to increased turbulence caused by temperature rise, resulting in higher average speeds and gustier winds. Periods of very light or calm winds are more prevalent inland, with coastal areas having similar wind directions to inland locations but higher wind speeds. Wind direction is defined as the direction from which the wind is blowing. As Atlantic depressions pass by the UK the wind typically starts to blow from the south or south-west, but later comes from the west or north-west as the depression moves away. Directions between south and north-west account for the majority of occasions and the strongest winds nearly always blow from this range of directions. Spring time also tends to have a maximum of winds from the north east.
http://www.accuweather.com/en/us/cambridge-ma/02139/weatherforecast/329319
10/
06.
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY
environment study - cooling tower diagram
the heat radiate from the machine will flow to the upper part of the cooling tower due to the lowest pressure. with the direction of the wind will create pressure enough to drag the heat from the interior part of the tower to the exterior part. so, the direction of the cooling tower should be following the wind direction.
11/
06.
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY
environment study - cooling tower diagram
prevailing wind
RENAULT
heat release
heat release will increase the room temperature and create high pressure. this will push the heat upwards along the cooling tower due to lower pressure at the atmospheric area cause by the prevailing wind
Conclusion
1/
07.
CONCLUSION
scheme conclusion
RENAULT
to conclude, the technology study identified a structural system for creating a long span structure [roof structure] that adapt to the constrains on the site [rail track]. it could be argued that the structure achieved the basic function and also can create a new experiences in cambridge for the public. this technical study also identified a structure system which is multifunctional, act as roof support structure and also an environmental [ventilation]. the final section show the long span roof structure resulting from the investigation done.
[the reason of using the cable net roof structure is because very large span with out supports, light structures and aesthetics value]
2/
07.
CONCLUSION scheme
3/
07.
CONCLUSION final roof plan
bibliograpgy
> http://workgroups.clemson.edu/AAH0503_ANIMATED_ARCH/M.Arch%20Studio%20Documents/Designing%20for%20Long%20Spans-2.pdf > basis of structural design [http://www.ct.upt.ro/users/AurelStratan/] > cable roof, stephane joye,