Fan Pan
SUBLIME OF HORROR ARCHITECTURE
FAN PAN — M.ARCH
SUBLIME OF HORROR ARCHITECTURE
Sublime of Horror Architecture
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Fan Pan 03457526 Academy of Art University Graduate School of Architecture M. Arch (63 units) Presentation Day: May 2019 Expected Graduation Day: August 2019 3
FAN PAN — M.ARCH
Project Description
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This project explores the beauty of abandoned infrastructure, not only about the beauty of their highly engineered structure and their embodied histor y but also about their potential functions in the future and about utilizing their strong formal statement. In this project, the design needs an alternative method. Rather than Modernist “form follows function,” which had already happened as engineers first designed and constructed the site, “function follows form” will be the suitable design strategy so that the alreadypower ful industrial formal language can be revitalized for new programs and new visitors. 5
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Study Timeline
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FA17 ARH 609: Intermediate Design Studio 1 Peter Suen & Mark Myers ARH 620: Digitally Generated Morphology Peter Suen ARH 602: Graduate Design Technology 1: Structures Carl Wilford ARH 641: Architectural History: Modernism and its Global Impact Stamatina Kousidi
6 units 3 units 3 units 3 units
SP18 ARH 608: Advanced Design Studio 1 - Concept, Context,&Typology 6 Mark Mueckenheim & Maria Paz De Moura Castro ARH 604: Material and Methods of Construction: Building Detailing 3 David Gill ARH 642: Architectural Theory 3 Dora Johns IAD 625: Survey of Sustainable Design 3 Michael Sammet SU18 ARH 659: Digitally Generated Fabrication Peter Suen
units units units units
3 units
FA18 ARH 619: Advanced Design Studio 2 - Concept&Comprehensiveness 6 units David Gill & Ethen Wood ARH 690: Thesis Preparation & Development 3 units David Gill ARH 605: Graduate Design Technology 2: Environmental Controls 3 units Shakeel Ahmed/Matthew Williamson/Wyatt Kennedy/Toby Lewis/ McLean Pierce/Darby Rowland/Goetz Frank/Jennifer Asselstine SP19 ARH 810: Master of Architecture Thesis 6 units Maria Paz De Moura Castro ARH 606: Construction Documents and Building Codes 3 units Yim Gloria Lim Jew GR 700: MA Portfolio Seminar 3 units Marry Scott FA19 IAD 611: BIM 3 units To Be Determined ARH 614: Architectural Professional Practices 3 units To Be Determined Total Units: 63 units Estimated Graduation: Summer 2019 7
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Project Abstract
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This project is to explore and find a solution for the decommissioned Rancho Seco Nuclear Power Plant to be attractive to the public. The Rancho Seco Nuclear Power Plant was put in operation in 1974 to produce electricity for Sacramento County. However, the nuclear power plant had experienced several malfunctions that resulted in leaking accidents. This hazardous situation provoked a lot of discussions and debate on energy and sustainability. Eventually, this nuclear power plant was fully decommissioned in 2009. Today af ter all energy generating equipment has been removed, the lef t structure, which was designed to adapt to the machine scale, is much oversized compared to the human scale. These huge empty infrastructures create a sense of fear among visitors. Never theless, the proposed architectural solution, which is to introduce new recreational, conventional, educational, commercial, and research programs to the site and expand existing energy production programs, provides a design direction to break down the huge and “un-human-friendly� scale to fit human occupation. Programs include green economy matrix for business, energy and climate research labs for science, conference centers for politics, Exploratorium and museums for education, and bicycling and camping for recreation. Integrating these programs with architecture as an intermediate will create a chance for people from dif ferent disciplines to work together to find out the ultimate sustainable solutions for the problems we have now. 9
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Table of Contents
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Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg
6-13 14-33 34-35 36-39 40 41-47 48 49 50 51-52 53-62 63-65 1 2-5 6-13 14-33 34-35 36-39 40 41-47 48 49 50 51-52 53-62 63-65 49 50 53-62 63-65
1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 3.01 3.02 3.03
Concept Statement User Group Narrative Precedent Studies Research Research Summar y Site & Context Analysis Existing Site Area Master Plan Program Diagram Spatial Analysis Building Code Analysis Site Model Massing Study Models Bibliography Development Models Site Plan Floor Plans Building Sections Elevations Wall Section Par tial Elevation Building Details Sustainability Strategy Egress Diagram Structural Diagrams Mechanical Diagrams Public Space Section Presentation Model Exterior Perspectives Interior Perspectives 11
FAN PAN — M.ARCH
Concept Statement
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Nuclear energy has been both celebrated and criticized ever since it was discovered. The radioactive material uranium was discovered in 1789, but it was not until 1895 that scientists first noticed nuclear radiation, which then lead to the utilization of nuclear energy around the world. The X-ray, as a type of nuclear energy, has brought people many benefits, especially in life science where nuclear radiation imaging is used. However, as the study of atomic energy advanced through time, nuclear fission brought about the nuclear bomb. This bursting form of nuclear energy, unlike the subtle radiation in medical experiments, shocked the world with the bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II, which lef t a long-lasting horrifying impression that still scares people today. On the other hand, our ability to control the energy generating process of nuclear energy has progressed and has led to the use of nuclear power plants throughout the world. 13
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Since the nuclear energy generating process produces a large amount of heat that requires an enormous body of water to cool down the system, huge cooling towers are constructed to cool down the heated water before releasing it into the environment. Cooling towers have become par t of the nuclear power plant typology, and they have come to be an icon of nuclear power plants. During the Cold War period, the U.S. and the Soviet Union competed to construct nuclear-powered electricity generators to suppor t their economic growths and militar y developments. Meanwhile, in the 1960s and 1970s, due to the oil and coal crisis, countries like the U.S. aimed to become energy independent. Along with the increasing awareness all over the world that the pollutions from fossil fuel plants damaged the environment, people began to notice how “environmental-friendly” nuclear power plants were as they produced much less air pollution than fossil fuel plants during the power generating process. To conclude, nuclear power plant construction companies experienced a business boost because of all these factors. However, in 1979, the Three Mile Island’s nuclear power plant had an accident. People identified this accident as an indicator of the meltdown of the nuclear industr y in the U.S. People came to realize the heavy construction of nuclear power plants was not sustainable at all. Additionally, the consequences of a failing nuclear power plant were totally unbearable no matter what. The cooling towers, the representation of nuclear power plants, warn people about the danger of nuclear energy and remind people about the horror of accidents. Despite the debates about whether nuclear energy is benefiting human society or harming it, and whether nuclear energy should be considered as green energy or not, the image of nuclear power plant architecture can be identified as a new categor y of architecture: horror architecture. Horror architecture features a few unique characteristics: enormous scale (machine scale), massive but simple volumes, highly secured sites, and specialized original functions that were designed for cer tain dangerous operations. 14
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This thesis is to exploit the horror architecture and to propose a design to shif t the ideology of “horror” to “sublime” so that the horror architecture can be welcoming to the general public, rather than specialized groups of people. The chosen site Rancho Seco Nuclear Power Plant was first opened in 1974, when in this year the Arab nations’ oil embargo against the U.S. of ficially ended. Sacramento County put Rancho Seco Nuclear Power Plant into operation to provide electricity for the increasing number of residents. The Power Plant was decommissioned in 2009. Today this industrial area is no longer using uranium to produce electricity, the heavy structures are lef t empty and programless. The proposed revitalization includes many dif ferent programs that relate to sustainability, adaptability, and “sublimity”. By introducing new programs to the site and new perspectives to look at the site, the huge and un-humanfriendly scale can be broken down for human occupation.
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User Groups
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1/ User Groups Identification 2/ Sacramento County Demographic Data 3/ Typical Environmentalists
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Green Economy Green Tech/Product Expo Green Economy StartUps Google Uber
Tourists
Biker Campers Horsing Riding Local Residents
Staff Energy Production Staff Food Service Staff Store Sales Staff Delievery Staff Green Hospitality Service Movie Industry Staff
Educators Professors Teachers
K-6 to K-12 Afterschool Camp K-6 to K-12 School Field Trip College Class Field Trip
Daily Users in Energy Production & Facility Operation Visitors look for Recreation & Education Energy/Climate Researchers and Policy Updating 18
Environment
Hunter Lovi Robert K. W Phil Radfor Amory Lovin
Energy Resear Energy Enginee Climate Resear Future transp Tesla
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Green Building/City
tal Activists
ins Watson rd ns
rchers ers rchers portation Researchers
Contractors Designers Architects Landscape architects Urban planners Property owners / Clients
Envionmental Organizations United Nations Environment Programme International Union for Conservation of Nature International Network for Sustainable Energy Greenpeace Natural Resources Defense Council World Resources Institute Rocky Mountain Institute
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Sacramento County Demographic Data Population by Age Range
Population by Age Category
Images Cited: censusreporter.org/profiles/05000US06067-sacramento-county-ca/
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Occ
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Occupations
Image Cited: censusreporter.org/profiles/05000US06067-sacramento-county-ca/
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Hunter Lovins
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Robert K. Watson
Founder of Natural Capitalism Solutions Professor Co-authored: Factor 4: Doubling Wealth - Halving Resource Use and Least Cost Energy (1997) The First Nuclear World War (1984) Brittle Power: Energy Strategy for National Security (1983)
Founder of the LEED Green Building Rating System CEO and Chief Scientist of The ECON Group "We cannot continue to use eighteenth century economics, and nineteenth century engineering, to solve twentieth century problems. We need to move from EGOnomics to ECOnomics." Sc3 Congress, 2009
Phil Radford
Amory Lovins
Executive director of Greenpeace USA Founder of Progressive Power Lab "we are concerned that this new explosion in electricity use could lock us into old, polluting energy sources instead of the clean energy available today." -Comments on developments of Data Center, later on "tech giants like Apple, Google, Facebook, and Salesforce have promised to power their data centers with renewable energy" - Business Insider
CITATION 22
Chairman/Chief Scientist of the Rocky Mountain Institute. Advocates "soft energy paths," limit Nuclear Power "Nuclear power is the only energy source where mishap or malice can kill so many people so far away; the only one whose ingredients can help make and hide nuclear bombs; the only climate solution that substitutes proliferation, accident, and high-level radioactive waste dangers. Indeed, nuclear plants are so slow and costly to build that they reduce and retard climate protection"
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Study of Precedents
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Images Cited: archdaily.com/879763/ zeitz-museum-of-contemporary-art-africa-heatherwick-studio/59bc17a6b22e38ff0100037f-zeitz-museum-of-contemporary-art-africa-heatherwick-studio-photo archdaily.com/879763/zeitz-museum-of-contemporary-art-africa-heatherwick-studio/59bc1887b22e38ff01000384 -zeitz-museum-of-contemporary-art-africa-heatherwick-studio-ground-floor-plan
erplan Zollverein Masterplan Public Area: OMA
Private Area:
Public Area: Art Gallery Business Performance Theater Office Art Gallery Design Center Hotel Performance Theater Event Center Design Center Education Center Event Center Education Center Museum Museum Visitor Center Visitor Center
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Outdoor Area: Private Area: Garden
Circulation Business Office Pool Hotel Seating
OMA Zollverein Master Plan
Outdoor Area: Garden Circulation Pool Seating
Outdoor Area Outdoor Area
Private Area Private Area
Public Area
Public Area
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Images Cited: powerstationofart.storage.comocloud.net/upload/photo_db/2016/ 07/06/201607061855368428.jpg static.designboom.com/wp-content/dbsub/365352/2012-11-10/ img_12_1352522735_12-planelevationsection.jpg
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Images Cited: archdaily.com/879763/zeitz-museum-of-contemporary-art-africa-heatherwick-studio/59bc17a6b22e38ff0100037f-zeitz-museum-of-contemporary-art-africa-heatherwick-studio-photo archdaily.com/879763/zeitz-museum-of-contemporary-art-africa-heatherwick-studio/59bc1887b22e38ff01000384-zeitz-museum-of-contemporary-art-africa-heatherwick-studio-ground-floor-plan
Heatherwick Studio Zeitz Museum of Contemporary Art Africa
Public Area: Registration Pedagogy Exhibition
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Private Area: Office Conference Room
Private Area:
Outdoor Area: Seating
Outdoor Area Private Area
Outdoor Area:
Public Area
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Images Cited: powerstationofart.storage.comocloud. net/upload/photo_db/2016/07/06/20 1607061855368428.jpg static.designboom.com/wp-content/dbsub/365352/2012-11-10/ img_12_1352522735_12-planelevationsection.jpg
Original Design Stdio Power Station of Art
Public Area: Public Area: Registration Registration Conference Room Conference Room Exhibition Exhibition
Private Private Area: Area: Offices Offices Preservation Room Room Preservation Breakroom Breakroom
OutdoorArea: Area: Outdoor Circulation Circulation
Outdoor Outdoor Area Area Private Private Area Area Public Area Public Area 29
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Images Cited:
Exploritorium
Public Area:
Private Area:
Exhibition Area Education Gift Shop
Office Research Lab
Outdoor Exhibition Education View Circulation
Public Area:
Private Area:
Outdoor Area:
Exhibition Area Education 30Gift Shop
Office Research Lab
xploritorium
Outdoor Area:
Outdoor Exhibition Education View Circulation
EHDO San Francisco Exploritorium
Outdoor Area Private Area Public Area
Outdoor Area
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Images Cited:
Tsutsumi & Assocites Tsingpu Baisha Retreat Tsutsumi & Associates Tsingpu Baisha Retreat Public Area: Conference Room Dining Room Event Room Meeting Room
Private Area: Office Guest Room
Outdoor Area: Garden Seating Pond View Circulation
Outdoor Area Private Area Public Area 31
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Images Cited: i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/12/16/00/2F66FA8C00000578-0-image-a-52_1450225624195. jpg i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/12/16/00/2F66FB2C00000578-0-image-a-65_1450225688973.jpg
Satsop Nuclear Power Plant in Washington
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Images Cited: i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/12/16/00/2F66FA9400000578-0-image-a-75_1450225730229.jpg i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/12/16/00/2F66FAAC00000578-0-image-a-70_1450225706171. jpg
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Research
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Decommissioned Coal Natural Gas Nuclear Solar Wind Hydro Geotherm Biomass landfill Gas
Power Plants serving California 36
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Sacramento San Francisco
San Jose
Los Angeles
San Diego
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Energy Generation Coal Mining
Wat er
Wastes
Coal Washing
l d Coa
Water with Ash Content
Purifie
Consumption
Coal-Burning Power Plants Working Process
te Wa
r
Products Appliances Transmission Lines Transformer
El ec y
S
it
te
ic
am
tr
Water from Steam
Turbine
Generator Coolant Energy Steam
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Burning
Boiler
Pollutants: Oxides of Nitrogen NOX Oxides of Sulfur SOX Particulate Matter Greenhouse Gases: Carbon Dioxide CO2 Methane CH4
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Oil
Fr (May
es
be)
h
Air Co
Natural Gas Mining
mp re ss or
Wastes
Combustion Chamber
Natural Gas-Burning Power Plants Working Process
High-Pressu
re Air
Consumption
Products Appliances Transmission Lines Transformer
Turbine
El ec tr ic it y
Regenerator Generator
Exhaust
Greenhouse Gases: Carbon Dioxide CO2 Methane CH4 (unburned)
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Water Treatment Ra
wW ate r
Wastewate r
Living Use Industrial Use
Pathogens： Bacteria Viruses Tr
t ea
ed
e at W
r
Screening
or
in
e
Large Objects
C
hl
Disinfection
a
ne
se
Water Treatment Wokring Process
Disinfectant: Chlorine Chloramine Particles Pathogens
Suspended Soilds Pathogens
Pre-Chlorination Aeration, Softening, Membranes
Algae Fungi Dissolved Inorganics Minerals: Iron...
Filtration
Pol yele
Sedimentation
L arge
40
M
a ng
r Part ical
es
Coagulation Flocculation Slow-sand Filtration
ctro
lyte s
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40 Acres Nuclear Power Plant 160 Acres Stand-by Cooling Water / Reservoir Nameplate Capacity: 913 MW Electricity
Energy Generation Comparason Nuclear vs Soalr
1966 Acres Solar Farm Nameplate Capacity: 250 MW Electricity 42
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...... ...... 43
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Energy Generation Landuse Area Comparason between nuclear and solar
0' 128' 256'
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512'
1024'
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Renewable Energy Power Plant Typology Photovoltaic Solar Farm
Images Cited: goodnewsnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Topaz-Solar-Farm-Calif-released.jpg kc3ipr.club/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/ solar-car-ports-solar-carport-solar-carports-australia.jpg
Power Plant Typology Renewable Energy: Solar 46
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pology
Images Cited: solarreviews.com/content/images/blog/ post/solar-shingle.jpg
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Renewable Energy Power Plant Typology Hydroelectric Power Plant
Power Plant Typology Renewable Energy: Wind 48
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pology
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Renewable Energy Power Plant Typology Geothermal Power Plant
Power Plant Typology Renewable Energy: Water 50
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pology
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ygolo
Power Plant Typology Renewable Energy: Biomass 52
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Power Plant Typology Nonrenewable Energy: Coal-burning Power Plants
ygolopyT tnalP rewoP ygrenE elbawenerno Navajo Generating Station — Arizona —Closed in 2019 as the biggest customer contract (with LA) expired.
stnalP rewoP gninruB-laoC
Navajo Generating Station, Arizona Close in 2019 as the biggest customer contract (with LA) expires.
on
Four Corners Power Plant —Arizona —In transition to Natural Gas Power Station 54
Intermountain Power Plant, Utah Close in 2025 as CA prohibits purchasing coal generated electricity.
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Intermountain Power Plant —Utah —Close in 2025 as CA prohibits purchasing coal generated electricity.
Reid Gardner Generating Plant, Nevad Closed in 2017 and in transition from Power Plant.
Reid Gardner Generating Plant —Nevada —Closed in 2017 and in transition to mixed Natrual Gas and Renewable Energy Power 55
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Nonrenewable Energy Power Plant Typology Coal Mining
San Juan Generating Station —New Mexico San Juan Generating Station, New Mexico —Local coal mining areaMaybe will close in 2022. —Maybe will close in 2022.
Citation: occupy.com/file/coal-miningjpg
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Power Plant Typology Nonrenewable Energy: Natural Gas-burning Power Plants
ygolo
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Power Plant Typology Nonrenewable Energy: Nuclear Power Plants
Typology
Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant —Operating through 2025 58
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Nonrenewable Energy Power Plant Typology Uranium Mining
Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant -
Uranium Mining 59
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Nonrenewable Energy: Nuclear Power Plant Diagram
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Cooling Tower Structure
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3 Million Cooled Water Basin
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SITE ANALYSIS
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Sacramento
25 miles
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Rancho Seco Power Plant
Uranium Mine
9 miles
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Autumn
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Spring
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425 ft. 253 ft.
Rancho Seco Nuclear Power Plant Cooling Tower
Hyett Regency SF
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EXISTING SITE
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0
32'
64'
128'
256'
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Area Master Plan
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0
92
0.78
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1.55
3.1 Miles
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Small Extra Small
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Medium
Extra Large
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Large
0'
128' 256'
512'
1024'
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PROGRAM DIAGRAM
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Green Economy Green Tech/Product Expo Green Economy Matrix with office areas for rental Energy Production (Solar) Energy Production (Natrual Gas) Movie Industry GOOGLE Green Tech Center
Outdoor Trails Camp Grounds Horse Raising Living Areas Restaurants Commercial Stores Retreat Center
Recreation
Green Building/City Material Stores UBER Eco-Delievery Prototype Exhibitions
Visitors
Convention Center Energy Research Labs Climate Research Labs Future Transportation Research Labs Future Transportation Racing Track TESLA Future Transporation Lab Researchers Dedicated Living Areas Offiices
Education Lab Exhibition Routes Exploritoriums Museums Teenager Center College Exploration Sites
Daily Users in Energy Production & Facility Operation Visitors look for Recreation & Education Energy/Climate Researchers and Policy Updating 99
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SPACIAL DIAGRAM
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Exploritorium
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View
Retreat Programs
Boarding Rooms/ Resort
Conference Center
Office Play
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Building Code - Zoning Diagram
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111
Industrial and Manufacturing Zones
SC - Shopping Center
ORMU - Office/Residential Mixed Use
OB - Office Building
HC - Highway Commercial
EC - Employment Center
C-4 - Heavy Commercial
C-3 - Central Business District
C-2 - General Commercial
C-1 - Limited Commercial
Commercial and Office Zones
RMX - Residential Mixed Use
RO - Residential-Office
RMU - Residential Mixed Use
RCMU - Residential/Commercial Mixed Use
R-5 - Multi-Family (174)
R-4A - Multi-Family (110)
R-4 - Multi-Family (58)
R-3A - Multi-Family (36)
R-3 - Multi-Family (29)
R-2B - Multi-Family (21)
R-2A - Multi-Family (up to 17 units/acre)
R-2 - Two-Family
R-1B - Single or Two Family
R-1A - Single Family Alternative
R-1 - Standard Single Family
RE - Rural Estates
Residential Zones
Water
Street
Highway
City Boundary
LEGEND
Base Zones
Planning and Development Code
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• Rancho Seco Nuclear Generating Station Unit No.2 - Final Environmental Impact Repor t • A Visual Tour of SMUD's Rancho Seco Nuclear Generating Plant • Rancho Seco, A Look Inside... • "Fact Sheet -Rancho Seco Nuclear Power Plant" • "Cosumnes Power Plant Project - Commission Decision" • "Rancho Seco Historical Site Assessment, Revision 1" • "Rancho Seco License Termination Plan" • "Environmental Radiological Studies - Downstream from the Rancho Seco Nuclear Power Generating Station -1985" • google.com/maps/d/u/0/viewer?ll=37.89752501806944 %2C-111.395931618507&spn=6.120544%2C9.338379&h l=en&t=h&gl=us&vpsrc=0&msa=0&source=embed&ie=UTF8&mid=1MEyvpe80GOXT6s4ZTafnXW9m-ro&z=5. • “California’s Dir ty Secret: The Five Coal Plants Supplying Our Electricity,” Gretchen Weber, Oct 19, 2011. ww2. kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/10/19/californias-dir ty-secret-the-five-coal-plants-supplying-our-electricity/edtoShutRanchoSeco,SMUDHasDiversifiedEnergySources. • “What Is Biomass.” reenergyholdings.com/renewable-energy/ what-is-biomass/. • “Biomass Explained,” Aug 22, 2018. eia.gov/energyexplained/?page=biomass_waste_to_energy. • “Safety of Nuclear Power Reactors,” May 2018. world-nuclear. org/information-librar y/safety-and-security/safety-of-plants/ safety-of-nuclear-power-reactors.aspx. • noaa.gov. • “Coal fired power plant,” Jordan Hanania, James Jenden, Kailyn Stenhouse, Jason Donev, Feb 24, 2019. energyeducation. ca/encyclopedia/Coal_fired_power_planthttps://ngmdb.usgs. gov/ngmdb/ngmdb_home.html. • “How Hydropower Works,” 2019. wvic.com/content/how_hydropower_works.cfm.
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• “Hydroelectric Power: How it Works,” www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/hydroelectric-power-how-it-works?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects. • “Types of Hydropower Plants,” energy.gov/eere/water/ types-hydropower-plants. • “Diablo Canyon’s dismantling, An in-depth look at the painstaking process of decommissioning California’s last nuclear power plant,” David R. Baker, April 13, 2018. sfchronicle. com/business/ar ticle/Diablo-Canyon-s-dismantling-Inside-the-12826795.php. • “California’s last nuclear plant to close af ter unanimous vote by regulators,” David R. Baker, Jan 11, 2018. sfchronicle. com/bayarea/ar ticle/California-regulators-vote-unanimously-to-close-12491203.php. • “Potrero Power Station,” sfplanning.org/potrero-power-station. • “Liquid Waste (Sewage/Wastewater) Treatment,” eschooltoday.com/pollution/water-pollution/sewage-treatment-processfor-kids.html • “Disposal of Water Treatment Disposal of Water Treatment Plant Waste Containing Plant Waste Containing Radionuclides,” epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/ disposal_issues.pdf. • “Waste Water Treatment Plant,” sciencedirect.com/topics/ ear th-and-planetar y-sciences/waste-water-treatment-plant. • energy.ca.gov/maps/. • cecgis-caenergy.opendata.arcgis.com/. • caenergy.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=ad8323410d9b47c1b1a9f751d62fe495. • suncalc.org. • “Tidal Energy,” sfenvironment.org/ar ticle/hydro/tidal-energy. • “Ocean Energy,” energyarchive.ca.gov/oceanenergy/. • “Wave Motors and Tide Machines at the Clif f House: 1886 to present,” Christine Miller, 2003. outsidelands.org/wave-motor.php
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• “California Power Plant Water Facts (2014),” arcgis.com/ home/webmap/viewer.html?webmap=7303f358a79d470b8486bc319d61c68e. • “New Rules for Power Plants: What They Mean for California,” Craig Miller, Jun 1, 2014. kqed.org/science/17914/new-rulesfor-power-plants-what-they-mean-for-california. • “California Sets Deadline to Close Its Last Operating Nuclear Power Plant,” Reuters, June 21, 2016. for tune. com/2016/06/21/california-nuclear-power-plant/. • “Soaring Costs Plague California Nuke Plant Shut Down By Leak,” Elizabeth Douglass, May 29, 2012. insideclimatenews. org/news/20120529/san-onofre-nuclear-power-plant-california-nuclear-regulator y-commission-costs-decommission-environmentalists. • “California nuclear plant shut indefinitely amid hunt to find cause of problems,” CNN Wire Staf f, April 6, 2012. cnn. com/2012/04/06/us/california-nuclear-plant/index.html. • “The histor y of Climate Change,” Boethus, Mar 27, 2015. historum.com/threads/the-histor y-of-climate-change.87748/ page-111. • “Learn the histor y of the PG&E Humboldt Bay Power Plant,” pge.com/en_US/about-pge/environment/what-we-are-doing/ buildings-and-operations/humboldt-bay-power-plant.page. • “Is California Ready To Build Its Next Big Dam?” Tara Lohan, Feb 15, 2016. huf fpost.com/entr y/california-next-big-dam_n_56c1e4bde4b0c3c55051e6a5. • “Climate Policy Tracker,” climatenexus.org/policymap/. • “California Drought Cuts Power Production at Many Dams,” Rosanna Xia, June 1, 2015. govtech.com/fs/California-Drought-Cuts-Power-Production-at-Many-Dams.html. • “The Dinosaur That Wouldn’t Die,” Alastair Bland, Mar 21, 2018. eastbayexpress.com/oakland/the-dinosaur-that-wouldnt-die/Content?oid=14356680. • “Utah’s Largest Coal Plant to Close, Conver t By 2025,” Editors of Power Engineering, May 24, 2017. power-eng.com/ ar ticles/2017/05/utah-s-largest-coal-plant-to-close-conver tby-2025.html.
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• “Reid Gardner Generating Station Permanently Shut Down,” Editors of Power Engineering, Mar 17, 2017. power-eng.com/ ar ticles/2017/03/reid-gardner-generating-station-permanently-shut-down.html. • “Navajo Nation company buys stake in Four Corners Power Plant,” Noel Lyn Smith, July 10, 2018. azcentral.com/stor y/ money/business/energy/2018/07/10/navajo-transitional-energy-company-buys-four-corners-power-plant/770121002/. • “Four Corners Power Plant,” srpnet.com/about/stations/ fourcorners.aspx. • “Replacing coal with more coal: how Arizona Public Ser vice’s Four Corners coal plant hur t customers, but earned investors profits,” Matt Kasper, Oct 1, 2018. energyandpolicy.org/arizona-public-ser vice-four-corners-power-plant/. • “Navajo Generating Station,” srpnet.com/about/stations/ngs/ default.aspx. • “How San Juan Generating Station went from powerhouse to possible closure,” Hannah Grover, Sept 25, 2018. daily-times.com/stor y/news/local/2018/09/25/san-juan-generating-station-power-histor y-future-pnm-southwest-utility/1072851002/. • “New Mexico legislators still looking for San Juan power plant solutions,” Thom Cole, Jul 21, 2018. santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/new-mexico-legislators-still-looking-for-san-juan-power-plant/ar ticle_24ea6b26-9d2a-57d2-912e-bdf9f48f f8ac.html. • “What happens if San Juan Generating Station Closes?” Emily Bowie, July 24, 2017. sanjuancitizens.org/coal/happens-san-juan-generating-station-closes. • “Potential buyer for Navajo Generating Station out, plant closure likely,” Alexis Egeland, Sept 21, 2018. cronkitenews. azpbs.org/2018/09/21/potential-buyer-for-navajo-generating-station-out-plant-closure-likely/. • “Solar Roof,” tesla.com/solarroof.
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• “Fighting for the Growth of Local Solar and Storage at All Levels of Government,” calssa.org/program-over view. • “Public Sector Solar: Solar innovation to reduce your carbon footprint,” blueoakenergy.com/public-sector-solar. • “California Believes Solar is About Much More Than Saving Energy,” sunlightandpower.com/por tfolio/california-solar/. • “Google-Backed Clean Energy Solar Plant is Accidentally Setting Birds on Fire in Mid- Air,” Mar y- Ann Russon, Aug 20, 2014. ibtimes.co.uk/google-backed-clean-energy-solar-plantaccidentally-setting-birds-fire-mid-air-1461993. • “California’s electrical grid can’t handle all the solar energy the state is producing,” Julia Franz, Jul 20, 2017. pri.org/ stories/2017-07-20/california-s-electrical-grid-can-t-handle-all-solar-energy-state-producing. • “Focus: Hydropower poised for comeback in California, thanks to a wet winter,” Rob Nikolewski, Mar 5, 2017. sandiegouniontribune.com/business/energy-green/sd-fi-hydro-rain20170227-stor y.html. • “Recycled Energy Development Acquires California Biomass Power Plant,” Jun 3, 2010. prweb.com/releases/2010/06/ prweb4081064.htm. • “Power plant energizes Potrero Hills Landfill,” Todd R. Hansen. dailyrepublic.com/all-dr-news/solano-news/fair field/ power-plant-energizes-potrero-hills-landfill/. • “Tilbur y Biomass Power Plant,” thegreenage.co.uk/cos/tilbur y-biomass-plant/. • “Study: California Drought Means Less Hydropower, More CO2 Pollution,” Ed Joyce, Feb 10, 2016. kpbs.org/news/2016/ feb/10/study-california-drought-means-less-hydropower-mor/. • “Hydroelectric Power: Room for Growth? Or Swelled Up?” Sept 15, 2017. sifcoasc.com/hydroelectric-power/. • “How ‘Green’ Is Hydropower?” Dr. David Suzuki, Jul 13, 2016. ecowatch.com/how-green-is-hydropower-1919539525.html.
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• “Large Hydropower,” Charlotte Helston and Andrew Farris, May 2016. energybc.ca/largehydro.html. • “How the drought is hur ting hydroelectric power generation in CA,” June 16, 2014. scpr.org/programs/airtalk/2014/06/16/37938/how-the-drought-is-hur ting-hydroelectric-power-gen/. • “AD Classics: Montreal Biosphere / Buckminster Fuller,” David Langdon, Oct 7, 2018. archdaily.com/572135/ad-classics-montreal-biosphere-buckminster-fuller. • jonespar tners.com. • “Nuclear Power Reactors,” October 2018. world-nuclear.org/ information-librar y/nuclear-fuel-cycle/nuclear-power-reactors/ nuclear-power-reactors.aspx. • “New Power Plant Major Components,” holcombstation.com/ technology/power-plant-major-components/. • “Gas Turbine Power Plant,” cset.mnsu.edu/engagethermo/ systems_gtpp.html. • “Various components of Gas turbine power plant-Functions,” electricalengineeringtutorials.com/various-components-of-gas-turbine-power-plant-functions/. • “Natural gas power plant,” Bethel Afework, Jordan Hanania, James Jenden, Kailyn Stenhouse, Jason Donev, Feb 24, 2019. energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Natural_gas_power_plant. • “Gas turbine power plant (Histor y, Working, Par ts and Applications),” top-ee.com/gas-turbine-power-plant/. • “Natural Gas: The New Face of U.S. Power Generation,” Russell Ray, Jul 20, 2016. power-eng.com/ar ticles/print/volume-120/issue-7/features/natural-gas-the-new-face-of-u-spower-generation.html. • “Trona ACE, State’s Last Coal Fired Electric Plant, Being Decommissioned,” Mark Gutglueck, Mar 3, 2015. sbcsentinel. com/2015/03/trona-ace-states-last-coal-fired-electric-plantbeing-decommisioned/. • “Argus Cogeneration Plant,” Aug 16, 2012. sourcewatch.org/ index.php/Argus_Cogeneration_Plant.
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• “California and coal,” Mar 15, 2015. sourcewatch.org/index. php/California_and_coal. • “Argus Cogen Plant,” energyjustice.net/map/displayfacility-67168.htm. • “Burning Coal Generates Little Electricity in California,” Jan 10, 2018. calenergycommission.blogspot.com/2018/01/burning-coal-generates-little.html. • “Power Plant Decommissioning, Demolition & Remediation,” nixonpeabody.com/en/work/trending-topics/power-plant-decommissioning-demolition-and-remediation. • potreropowerstation.com. • “Study Finds California Can Close 28 Natural Gas Plants Immediately Without Af fecting Electricity Reliability,” Aug 8, 2018. powermag.com/press-releases/study-finds-california-can-close-28-natural-gas-plants-immediately-without-affecting-electricity-reliability/. • “Environmental Impacts of Natural Gas,” ucsusa.org/clean-energy/coal-and-other-fossil-fuels/environmental-impacts-of-natural-gas#.W9DK82hKjDd. • “Hunter’s Point PG&E Power Plant Before and Af ter,” foundsf. org/index.php?title=Hunter%27s_Point_PG%26E_Power_ Plant_Before_and_Af ter. • “Demolishing the California Dream: How San Francisco Planned Its Own Housing Crisis,” Hunter Oatman-Stanford, Sept 21, 2018. collectorsweekly.com/ar ticles/demolishing-the-california-dream/. • data.sfgov.org/Energy-and-Environment/Elevation-Contours/ rnbg-2qxw/data. • “20 Years Af ter Sacramento Voted to Shut Rancho Seco, SMUD Has Diversified Energy Sources,” Matt Weiser. nukefree.org/news/20YearsAf terSacramentoVotedtoShutRanchoSeco,SMUDHasDiversifiedEnergySources. • “In Appalachia, the coal industr y is in collapse, but the mountains aren’t coming back,” Laura Gottesdiener, Aug 30, 2015. grist.org/business-technology/in-appalachia-the-coal-industr y-is-in-collapse-but-the-mountains-arent-coming-back/.
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• “How a Nuclear Reactor Works,” Patrick J. Kiger. science.howstuf fworks.com/nuclear-reactor2.htm. • “California Academy of Sciences / Renzo Piano Building Workshop + Stantec Architecture,” Sept 28, 2008. archdaily. com/6810/california-academy-of-sciences-renzo-piano. • “Exploratorium, Designed by EHDD,” Katie Ger fen, Jun 24, 2013. architectmagazine.com/design/buildings/exploratorium-designed-by-ehdd_o. • “Power Plant,” matteothun.com/project/11/power-plant. • perkinswill.com/work/suzhou-science-technology-museum. • “Green Buildings: Salem Harbor Station,” Oct 18, 2013. intercongreen.com/2013/10/18/green-buildings-salem-harbor-station/. • store.usgs.gov/map-locator. • viewer.nationalmap.gov/basic/?basemap=b1&categor y=histtopo,ustopo&title=Map%20View#productGroupSearch. • librar y.ucsb.edu/src/maps/usgs-topo-maps-california. • “Cooling Accident at Rancho Seco Chills Nuclear Power Industr y,” Steve Geissinger, Aug 31, 1986. latimes.com/archives/ la-xpm-1986-08-31-me-15083-stor y.html. • ejatlas.org/conflict/rancho-seco-nuclear-generating-station. • “Top of Rancho Seco Cooling Towers,” YouTube, Mar 29, 2011. youtube.com/watch?v=XbFLDSsR4gI. • “Evaptech cooling tower time lapse,” YouTube, Dec 4, 2016. youtube.com/watch?v=dl2OqJNsYys. • “SMUD’s Rancho Seco Nuclear Power Plant is Now a Ghost,” MySMUD, YouTube, Mar 18, 2011, youtube.com/watch?v=gPRYE5Mj7jM. • “The Nuclear Options,” sactownmag.com/August-September-2014/The-Nuclear-Options/. • “Rancho Seco Solar II development,” 2019. smud.org/en/Corporate/Environmental-Leadership/Power-Sources/Rancho-Seco-Solar-II-Development. • “California Valley Solar Ranch,” power-technology.com/projects/california-valley-solar-ranch/.
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• “Germany’s Transition from Coal to Renewable Energy Of fers Lessons for the Rest of the World,” Emma Br yce, Aug 1, 2017. ensia.com/features/german-transition-coal-renewable-energy/. • “Apples to Atoms: Why Comparing Nuclear Costs to Solar Costs Is Misguided,” Jessica Lovering, Feb 23, 2016. greentechmedia.com/ar ticles/read/the-problem-with-comparing-learning-rates-across-energy-technologies#gs.9of0ik. • “Rancho Seco, High Winds 2007,” Douglas Hannah. dphannah.smugmug.com/Adventure/Rancho-Seco-High-Winds/. • International Atomic Energy Agency, Redevelopment and Reuse of Nuclear Facilities and Sites: Case Histories and Lessons Learned, Nuclear Energy Series No. NW-T-2.2, IAEA, Vienna (2011). • “Orlando Towers,” gauteng.net/attractions/orlando_towers. • “The Orlando cooling towers in Soweto South Africa,” June 16, 2015. thisisafrica.me/lifestyle/orlando-cooling-towers-soweto-south-africa/. • lariver.org/. • “Sacramento County, CA,” datausa.io/profile/geo/sacramento-county-ca/#categor y_age. • “12 Environmentalists You Should Know,” Marc Lallanilla, Oct 2, 2018. thoughtco.com/environmentalists-you-should-know-1709040. • greenpeace.org/usa. • “The 14 Most Influential Sustainability NGOs,” Jul 1, 2014. sustainabilitydegrees.com/blog/most-influential-sustainability-ngos/. • “List of Environmental and Social Justice Organizations,” globalstewards.org/environmental-organizations.htm. • ran.org. • “Having a blast! Abandoned nuclear plant transformed into theme park... complete with a swing ride inside an old cooling tower,” Chris Kitching, Feb 24, 2015. dailymail.co.uk/travel/ travel_news/ar ticle-2966591/Former-nuclear-site-Germany-transformed-theme-park.html.
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• labormarketinfo.edd.ca.gov/cgi/databrowsing/localAreaProfileQSResults.asp?selectedarea=Sacramento+County&selectedindex=34&state=true&geogArea=0604000067&countyName=. • “Environmental Studies,” datausa.io/profile/cip/030103/. • “Inside the eerie, disused nuclear power plant that has been reclaimed by nature and now ser ves as a film set for sci-fi blockbusters,” Dec 15, 2015. dailymail.co.uk/news/ ar ticle-3361879/Inside-eerie-disused-nuclear-power-plant-reclaimed-nature-ser ves-film-set-sci-fi-blockbusters.html. • “Atelier Zundel Cristea Transforms Power Plant into Architecture Museum,” Danny Hudson, Mar 12, 2013. designboom. com/architecture/atelier-zundel-cristea-transforms-power-plant-into-architecture-museum/. • “The Architectural Ride at Battersea Power Station by Atelier Zündel Cristea,” Amy Frearson, Mar 6, 2013. dezeen. com/2013/03/06/architectural-ride-battersea-power-station/. • “DESRI buys 11 MW Rancho Seco Solar Project from First Solar,” Aug 3, 2016. elp.com/ar ticles/2016/08/desri-buys-11mw-rancho-seco-solar-project-from-first-solar.html. •
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Elevator Brainstorm
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Energy Lab Brainstorm
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Form Finding
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Green Shopping Mall Solar Field Mall Parking
Park Parking Visitor Center with Train Station
Concrete Garden Climate Tower
Solar Office I
Energy Tower
Office
Train Stop Conference Center
Solar Office II
Green Economy Park Train Stop Food Court
Solar Field
(E) Gas Power Plant
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Bus Drop Off
Solar Field
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Furture Living Community
Community Center Train Stop
Camping
Beach Fishing
Camping Boat Launching Picnic & Barbeque
Lake Visitor Center with Train Stop and Tram Stop
Boat Launching Fishing Boat Launching
Camping
Fishing Transportation Lab with Train Stop
N
0 125 250
500
1000 ft
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Solar Field
Concrete Garden Climate Tower
Energy Tower Train Stop Conference Center
Solar Office II
Green Economy Park Train Stop Food Court
Solar Field
(E) Gas Power Plant
186
CHAPTER ONE
Green Shopping Mall
Mall Parking
Park Parking Visitor Center with Train Station
Bus Drop Off Solar Office I Office
Solar Field
Boat
187
FAN PAN — M.ARCH
SUBLIME OF HORROR ARCHITECTURE
Solar Field
Concrete Garden Climate Tower
Energy Tower Train Stop Conference Center
II 188
Green Economy Park
Shopping Mall
CHAPTER ONE
Mall Parking
Park Parking Visitor Center with Train Station
Bus Drop Off Solar Office I Office
Solar Field
189
FAN PAN — M.ARCH
SUBLIME OF HORROR ARCHITECTURE
Conc Gard Climate Tower
Confere Center 190
CHAPTER ONE
crete den Energy Tower Train Stop
ence 191
FAN PAN — M.ARCH
SUBLIME OF HORROR ARCHITECTURE
FLOOR PLANS
192
CHAPTER ONE
193
FAN PAN — M.ARCH
SUBLIME OF HORROR ARCHITECTURE
Concrete Garden
Aqua Zone
Forest Zone
Aqua Zone
mp
Cafe
Ra
Gift Shop
Researcher Elevator
194
Lobby
CHAPTER ONE
Energy Lab
Train Station
N
0 8
16
32
64 ft
195
FAN PAN — M.ARCH
SUBLIME OF HORROR ARCHITECTURE
BUILDING SECTIONS
196
CHAPTER ONE
197
FAN PAN — M.ARCH
SUBLIME OF HORROR ARCHITECTURE
ELEVATIONS
198
CHAPTER ONE
199
FAN PAN — M.ARCH
SUBLIME OF HORROR ARCHITECTURE
WALL SECTIONS
200
CHAPTER ONE
201
FAN PAN — M.ARCH
Cantiliver Tube Floor Connection to Ring
202
SUBLIME OF HORROR ARCHITECTURE
CHAPTER ONE
Ramp connection to Concrete Shell
203
FAN PAN — M.ARCH
SUBLIME OF HORROR ARCHITECTURE
PARTIAL ELEVATION
204
CHAPTER ONE
205
FAN PAN — M.ARCH
SUBLIME OF HORROR ARCHITECTURE
BUILDING DETAILS
206
CHAPTER ONE
207
FAN PAN — M.ARCH
Energy Tower Brainstorm
208
SUBLIME OF HORROR ARCHITECTURE
CHAPTER ONE
Glass Enclosure Installation at Bottom Legs
209
FAN PAN — M.ARCH
SUBLIME OF HORROR ARCHITECTURE
Cantilivered Tubes
210
CHAPTER ONE
Tiny Wind Turbine Installation
211
FAN PAN — M.ARCH
212
SUBLIME OF HORROR ARCHITECTURE
CHAPTER ONE
213
FAN PAN — M.ARCH
SUBLIME OF HORROR ARCHITECTURE
SUSTAINABILIT Y STRATEGY DIAGRAMS
214
CHAPTER ONE
215
FAN PAN — M.ARCH
SUBLIME OF HORROR ARCHITECTURE
EGRESS DIAGRAMS
216
CHAPTER ONE
217
FAN PAN — M.ARCH
SUBLIME OF HORROR ARCHITECTURE
STRUCTURE DIAGRAMS
218
CHAPTER ONE
219
FAN PAN — M.ARCH
SUBLIME OF HORROR ARCHITECTURE
Floor Plates Connection to Steel Structure in Cantilevered Tube - Method 1
220
CHAPTER ONE
Floor Plates Connection to Steel Structure in Cantilevered Tube - Method 2
221
FAN PAN — M.ARCH
SUBLIME OF HORROR ARCHITECTURE
Floor Assembly for Floor Plates in Cantilevered Tube
222
CHAPTER ONE
Ring Beam reinforces the cut concrete hole
223
FAN PAN — M.ARCH
224
SUBLIME OF HORROR ARCHITECTURE
CHAPTER ONE
225
FAN PAN — M.ARCH
SUBLIME OF HORROR ARCHITECTURE
MECHANICAL DIAGRAMS
226
CHAPTER ONE
227
FAN PAN — M.ARCH
SUBLIME OF HORROR ARCHITECTURE
PUBLIC SPACE SECTIONS
228
CHAPTER ONE
229
FAN PAN — M.ARCH
SUBLIME OF HORROR ARCHITECTURE
PRESENTATION MODEL
230
CHAPTER ONE
231
FAN PAN — M.ARCH
SUBLIME OF HORROR ARCHITECTURE
EXTERIOR PERSPECTIVES
232
CHAPTER ONE
233
FAN PAN — M.ARCH
SUBLIME OF HORROR ARCHITECTURE
INTERIOR PERSPECTIVES
234
CHAPTER ONE
235