MALAYSIA ARCHITECTURE HISTORY TIMELINE | HISTORY AND THEORY ARCHITECTURE by FARAHIM AKBAR

KOLEJ UNIVERSITI LINTON ASSIGMENT 2 SESSION JUN/AUG 2020 FACULTY OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT

SUBJECT CODE

: BAR 1133

SUBJECT NAME

: HISTORY AND THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1

LECTURER

: PROF. DR. NANGKULA UTABERTA

PROGRAMME NAME

: BSC. HONS IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

YEAR/SEM

: YEAR 1, SEMESTER 1

ASSIGMENT 2

: MALAYSIAN ARCHITECTURE HISTORICAL TIMELINE

STUDENT NAME

: SYAZA SYAZANA BINTI MOHD KHASTALANI LAD4 - 06/20 – 00003 : SITI NURFARAHIM BINTI ZUL AKBAR LAD4 – 06/20 – 00006

Contents

1. Chronological timeline and historical moments.................................................... 7 1.1. Year 1800-1850....................................................................................................... 7 1.2. Year 1850-1900..................................................................................................... 10 1.3. Year 1900-1950..................................................................................................... 14 1.4. Year 1950-2020..................................................................................................... 29 1.5. Year 1957 – 1967.................................................................................................. 30 1.6. Year 1968 – 1977.................................................................................................. 33 1.7. 1978 – 1993........................................................................................................... 37 1.8. Modern period ( 1994 – today ).............................................................................39 2. Introduction of the building (architect, year, place, function, cost).................. 46 2.1. Buildings Before independence.............................................................................46 2.2. Buildings after independence................................................................................ 54 3. Architecture style and influence............................................................................62 3.1. Snake temple bayan lepas pulau pinang 1805....................................................... 62 3.2. St George church in George town, pulau pinang 1817..........................................63 3.3. Franxis xavier church in malacca city, melaka......................................................63 3.4. KL Railway station in Kuala Lumpur, selangor 1860...........................................64 3.5. Leaning tower of Perak in Teluk Intan 1885......................................................... 65 3.6. Carcosa seri negara in Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 1898.......................................... 66 3.7. Sultan azlan shah gallery in Kuala Kangsar, Perak 1903...................................... 68 3.8. Loke hall mansion in Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 1907............................................68 3.9. Seri Menanti in Bandar Seri Menanti, Negeri Sembilan 1908.............................. 69 3.10. Pavilion in Kuching, Sarawak............................................................................. 70 3.11. Ipoh railway station in Ipoh, Perak......................................................................71 3.12. Telekom museum in Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 1930...........................................72 3.13. Hotel Majestic in Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 1932................................................73 3.14. Sultan Ibrahim building in Bandar Baru Johor, Johor 1942................................74 3.15. Parliament Building.............................................................................................75 3.16. National Mosque..................................................................................................75 3.17. Kota Kinabalu International Airport....................................................................76 3.18. Shangri La Rasa Sayang, Penang........................................................................ 77 3.19. Wisma Bapa Malaysia. Kuching Sarawak.......................................................... 77 3.20. Tun Mustapha Tower...........................................................................................78 3.21. Tanjong Jara Beach Resort.................................................................................. 78 3.22. Dayabumi Complex.............................................................................................79 3.23. Menara Tabung Haji............................................................................................79 2

3.24. Maybank Tower...................................................................................................80 3.25. Mesiniaga Tower................................................................................................. 81 3.26. Menara Multi Purpose......................................................................................... 81 3.27. Kuala Lumpur Tower.......................................................................................... 82 3.28. Petronas Twin Tower...........................................................................................83 3.29. Istana Budaya...................................................................................................... 83 3.30. Federal Territory Mosque....................................................................................84 3.31. Putrajaya International Convention Centre (PICC).............................................85 3.32. Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre...................................................................... 85 3.33. Sarawak State Legislative Assembly Building....................................................86 3.34. Grand Hyatt......................................................................................................... 86 3.35. Raja Haji Fisabilliah Mosque.............................................................................. 87 3.36. Sabah State Administrative Centre......................................................................88 3.37. The Exchange 106............................................................................................... 88 3.38. Solama Bridge..................................................................................................... 89 4. Construction methods and material used.............................................................90 4.1. Snake temple in bayan lepas , pulau pinang 1805................................................. 90 4.2. St George church in George town, Pulau Pinang 1817......................................... 91 4.3. KL Railway station in Kuala Lumpur, selangor 1860...........................................91 4.4. Leaning tower of Perak in Teluk Intan 1885......................................................... 92 4.5. Taiping Central Market in Taiping, Perak 1889....................................................93 4.6. Sultan azlan shah gallery in Kuala Kangsar, Perak 1903...................................... 93 4.7. Loke hall mansion in Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 1907............................................94 4.7. Seri Menanti in Bandar Seri Menanti, Negeri Sembilan 1908.............................. 95 4.8. Hatter Castle in Carey Island, Selangor 1923........................................................97 4.9. St Michael and all Angel in Sandakan, Sabah 1925..............................................97 4.10. Sultan Alaeddin mosque in Jugra, Selangor 1926...............................................98 4.11. Istana Kenangan in Kuala Kangsar, Perak.......................................................... 99 4.12. Sultan Ibrahim building in Bandar Baru Johor, Johor 1942..............................100 4.13. Parliament Building...........................................................................................101 4.14. National Mosque................................................................................................102 4.15. Kota Kinabalu International Airport..................................................................103 4.16. Rasa Sayang Hotel, Penang............................................................................... 103 4.17. Wisma Bapa Malaysia. Kuching Sarawak........................................................ 104 4.18. Tun Mustapha Tower.........................................................................................105 4.19. Tanjong Jara Beach Resort................................................................................ 105 4.20. Dayabumi Complex...........................................................................................106 3

4.21. Menara Tabung Haji..........................................................................................107 4.22. Maybank Tower.................................................................................................107 4.23. Mesiniaga Tower............................................................................................... 108 4.24. Kuala Lumpur Tower........................................................................................ 109 4.25. Petronas Twin Tower.........................................................................................109 4.26. Istana Budaya.................................................................................................... 110 4.27. Federal Territory Mosque..................................................................................111 4.28. Putrajaya International Convention Centre (PICC)...........................................111 4.29. Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre.................................................................... 112 4.30. Sarawak State Legislative Assembly Building..................................................112 4.31. Grand Hyatt....................................................................................................... 113 4.32. Raja Haji Fisabilliah Mosque............................................................................ 114 4.33. Sabah State Administrative Centre....................................................................114 4.34. The Exchange 106............................................................................................. 115 4.35. Saloma Bridge................................................................................................... 116 5. Special or cultural event happened at the building in the past and recently.. 117 5.1. Snake temple in bayan lepas, pulau pinang 1805................................................ 117 5.2. St George in George town, pulau pinang 1817.................................................. 118 5.3. Penang museum &art gallery in George town, pulau pinang 1821...................119 5.4. KL Railway station in Kuala Lumpur, selangor 1860.........................................119 5.5. Kuching old courthouse in Kuching, Sarawak 1874........................................... 120 5.6. Carcosa Seri Negara in Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 1898......................................121 5.7. Jesselton hotel in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah 1954.................................................... 121 5.8. Soonstead mansion in George town, Pulau Pinang 1911.................................... 122 5.9. Sultan Alaeddin mosque in Jugra, Selangor 1926...............................................123 5.10. Telekom museum in Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 1930........................................125 5.11. Ihsaniah Iskandariah mosque in Padang Rengas, Perak 1938...........................126 5.12. Sultan Ibrahim building in Bandar Baru Johor, Johor 1942..............................127 5.13. Parliament Building...........................................................................................127 5.14. National Mosque................................................................................................128 5.15. Kota Kinabalu International Airport..................................................................129 5.16. Shangri La Rasa Sayang Penang....................................................................... 129 5.17. Wisma Bapa Malaysia. Kuching Sarawak........................................................ 130 5.18. Tun Mustapha Tower.........................................................................................131 5.19. Tanjong Jara Beach Resort................................................................................ 131 5.20. Dayabumi Complex...........................................................................................132 5.21. Menara Tabung Haji..........................................................................................132 4

5.22. Maybank Tower.................................................................................................133 5.23. Mesiniaga Tower............................................................................................... 133 5.24. Menara Multi Purpose....................................................................................... 134 5.25. Kuala Lumpur Tower........................................................................................ 134 5.26. Petronas Twin Tower.........................................................................................135 5.27. Istana Budaya.................................................................................................... 135 5.27. Federal Territory Mosque..................................................................................136 5.28. Putrajaya International Convention Centre (PICC)...........................................136 5.29. Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre.................................................................... 137 5.30. Sarawak State Legislative Assembly Building..................................................137 5.31. Grand Hyatt....................................................................................................... 138 5.32. Raja Haji Fisabilliah Mosque............................................................................ 139 5.33. Sabah State Administrative Centre....................................................................139 5.34. The Exchange 106............................................................................................. 140 5.35. Solama Bridge................................................................................................... 140 6. Human culture and behaviour surrounded the historical place...................... 141 6.1. Snake temple in bayan lepas , pulau pinang 1805............................................... 141 6.2. St George church in George town, pulau pinang 1817.......................................143 6.3. Penang museum &art gallery in George town, pulau pinang 1821.....................144 6.4. Leaning tower of Perak in Teluk Intan 1885....................................................... 144 6.5. Carcosa Seri Negara in Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 1898.......................................145 6.6. Sultan Azlan Shah gallery in Kuala Kangsar, Perak 1903.................................. 146 6.7. Pavilion in Kuching, Sarawak 1909.................................................................... 146 6.8. Sultan idris education university in Tanjung Malim, Perak 1919....................... 147 6.9. Parliament Building.............................................................................................148 6.10. National Mosque................................................................................................149 6.11. Kota Kinabalu International Airport..................................................................149 6.12. Shangri La Rasa Sayang ,Penang...................................................................... 150 6.13. Wisma Bapa Malaysia. Kuching Sarawak........................................................ 151 6.14. Tun Mustapha Tower.........................................................................................151 6.15. Tanjong Jara Beach Resort................................................................................ 152 6.16. Dayabumi Complex...........................................................................................152 6.17. Menara Tabung Haji..........................................................................................153 6.18. Maybank Tower.................................................................................................153 6.19. Mesiniaga Tower............................................................................................... 154 6.20. Menara Multi Purpose....................................................................................... 154 6.21. Kuala Lumpur Tower........................................................................................ 155 5

6.22. Petronas Twin Tower.........................................................................................155 6.23. Istana Budaya.................................................................................................... 156 6.24. Federal Territory Mosque..................................................................................157 6.25. Putrajaya International Convention Centre (PICC)...........................................157 6.26. Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre.................................................................... 158 6.27. Sarawak State Legislative Assembly Building..................................................158 6.28. Grand Hyatt....................................................................................................... 159 6.29. Raja Haji Fisabilliah Mosque............................................................................ 160 6.30. Sabah State Administrative Centre....................................................................160 6.31. Solama Bridge................................................................................................... 161 7. Bibliography..........................................................................................................161

1. Chronological timeline and historical moments 1.1. Year 1800-1850

Figure 1 snake temple 1805 It was built is year 1805 and located in bayan lepas, pulau pinang. It also known as the temple of azure cloud and it was built for a monk name Chor Soo Kong. He came from far to pray in the temple during monk’s birthday which is six day of the first lunar month. Chor Soo Kong is very well known for his ability of healing sickness and he also did a lot of good deeds such as giving shelter to snakes. Once the temple is done constructed snakes started to appear by themselves. Most of the snakes is from the species of Wagler's pit viper.

Figure 2 a snake a sitting near to a frame inside the temple Jump into next building is well known church in pulau penang

Figure 3 view of the church at night St. George is a 19th century Anglican church located in the town of George Town in Penang, Malaysia. The oldest Anglican church built in Southeast Asia. The church is under the North Archedeaconry North in the Anglican diocese of West Malaysia. This church exist due to Captain Francis Light was the Founder & First Governor of Prince of Wales Island, later to become Pulau Pinang. He was a Visionary & it was his Vision to build an Anglican Church on the Island befitting the status of the Colony. Unfortunately he passed away in 25 October 1794, some 22 years before planning of the Church commenced.

Figure 4 view of the building

Next is penang museum and art gallery, this building is one of well known old building in pulau pinang, it is being use as a museum and the same time it held an art gallery inside. The museum building was used for housing at the Penang Free School in 1821-1919. After the Penang Free School moved to a new building on Green Lane, Hutchings School took over the building in January 1928 and used it until 1960. The museum was opened on April 14, 1965 by the Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Penang King Uda Raja Muhammad. It has been declared a Grade I listed building under the Heritage Act 2005. The next building going to shared here is, the magnificent Francis Xavier church in malacca city, melaka. This church is built in 1849 in an old Portuguese church by the French pastor, Father Farvé. The last touch to the building was completed in 1856 by Father Allard, with the presbytery now built in 1874.

Figure 5 the building and the location of the building situated.

1.2. Year 1850-1900 In sarawak there is fort built by the Brooke government known as Fort Lily or Fort Lily. Around 1855, Brooke's ruler in Sarawak Kingdom through Rajah James Brooke's nephew, Young Prince Charles Brooke, directed the Sarawak Kingdom administration to build a fort in an area called Rantau Anak once upon a time and now known as Betong. And just as many forts were built to be Brooke's administrative strongholds in a province as well as a hindrance to the uprising of the locals who rose up against Brooke at that time, Lily Fortress was no exception for the same reason.

Figure 6 the above 100 years fortress in sarawak

The Old Kuala Lumpur Railway Station is Kuala Lumpur's main railway station and the longest is the three-year-old. Kuala Lumpur's first railway station completed built 1860and was opened in 1886 with the opening of the first Kuala Lumpur line from Bukit Kuda in Klang to Kuala Lumpur, a distance of 19.5 miles (approximately 31.4 km) on September 15, 1886. It is located about 1 km north. current building

Figure 7 side view of the kl railway station Next is kuching old courthouse in kuching, sarawak. After Charles Brooke was proclaimed Rajah of Sarawak in 1868, he sought a better location for the administrative center of the Sarawak government. Construction on the courthouse began in 1868 and was completed in 1874, then led by William Henry Rodway. In 1883 a bell tower at the entrance was added to the building. In 1924, a monument to Charles Brooke was erected in the plaza entering the building. It was used as an administrative center in the Sarawak government until 1973. In 2003 the building was converted into a Sarawak Tourism Complex.

Figure 8 the building at night view 11

Other than that the next building is also quite famous in Malaysia due to it uniqueness. The tower was built under the direction of contractor Leong Choon Chong in 1885, late 19th century, but was claimed by the British, Neol Danison, and during the Japanese occupation of Malaysia in 1941. During this time, the tower became a Japanese watchtower. After independence, in 1957, the tower became an official national monument. The skill of building towers, also known as Clock Clock, is to store water for the local population during the dry season, in case of fire. The clock in this tower is also used to keep time.

Figure 9 The leaning tower of perak

Figure 10 the map of teluk intan which where the tower situated

This building is one of the main attraction in perak for its design and function. The fine wooden eaves and louver walls of this 130-year old building which is the largest non-indigenous timber and cast iron structure in the country. Built over two years (1884-1885) by the colonial Ministry of Crafts, it is still a vibrant market today with space to commemorate the space for all kinds of fish, meat, vegetables and fruits. All over the market, different stores offer buyers all kinds of items, goods, and other services they need.

Figure 11 front of the market view

the next building is known as SERI NEGARA , According to a letter written in 1936, Swettenham chose the name Carcosa as a combination of two Italian words, way and casa, meaning "life desired." Seri Negara ('Land Beautiful' in Malay), originally known as the Resident Governor when it opened in 1913 as the official council of Governor Settlement Street. It later became known as the King's House. The history starts when Swettenham go to Carcosa while construction, and household official party not held until August 28, 1898. During World War II, the headquarters of the government of the occupation army in Japan Emperor Malaya in Carcosa Seri Negara.

The Constitution of Malaysia was enacted in Seri Negara between 1955 and 1957. The Malayan Federation was signed in the King's Building on 8 August 1957 and the property was vacated by the British High Commissioner on 31 August 1957. when it was returned to the Malaysian government. It was later opened as a Guest Palace (guest house), where many officials visited, including Queen Elizabeth II in 1986.

Figure 12 front veiw of the carcosa seri negara 1.3. Year 1900-1950 Sultan Azlan Shah Gallery was inaugurated by His Majesty the Sultan of Perak, Sultan Azlan Muhibbuddin Shah on December 9, 2003. This magnificent gallery has been restored from the old palace, Istana Ulu, which was first built in 1898 and completed in 1903. This Palace is originally of the three sultans of Perak, namely the late sultan Idris Murshidul 'Adzam Shah I, the late sultan Abdul Jalil Karamatullah Shah and the late sultan Yussuf Izzudin Shah. It is now a gallery that records the history and important events of the journey of DYMM Sultan Azlan Shah from childhood until he was appointed as the 34th Sultan,

Yang Dipertuan and King of Perak State Government as well as His Majesty 9 Yang Dipertuan Agong.

Figure 13 view showing the entrance of the gallery One of the building that are quite famous around this years are the loke hall mansion. Loke Hall was built in 1907 for a prominent business magnate Loke Chow Kit. It has now been restored renamed Rumah Tangsi. This building was formerly known as Loke Home or Loke Chow Kit. The building was started as a mansion, the Chinese are famous entrepreneur and tin minor Loke Chow Kit which is already known as the local building.

Figure 14 entrance of the mansion

Next is the seri menanti castle, In 1902, Tuanku Muhammad ibni Almarhum Tuanku Antah, the 7th Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan, ordered the construction of a new residential palace in Seri Menanti. This palace, later called Istana Seri Menanti, replacing the older palace, Istana Baroh, was built by its predecessor (father) Yam Tuan Tuanku Antah. Tuanku Antah built Istana Baroh to replace the previous palace, Istana Pulih, which was burned by the British army during the Battle of Bukit Putus in 1875.

Figure 15 The view of the castle in the afternoon Other than that, there is one beautiful building in Kuching, Sarawak. This pavilion is a museum building that is originally built in 1907 as a medical center. It was then placed in the Ministry of Education of the Sarawak State Government. In August 2000, it was eventually transformed into the Sarawak Textile Museum.

Figure 16 angle view of the building

Next building is Soonstead Mansion is one of the mansions along Penang's "Millionaire row" along the coastline. Originally named Northam Lodge, Soonstead Mansion was built in 1911 by renowned architect - James Stark - for the rubber and sugar plant Heah Swee Lee.

Figure 17 view of the building from the top

The next building that will be describe is, Tomb government Al-Ghufran (Malay: makam Al-Ghufran) as the royal tombs of Perak near Ubudiah in Bukit Chandan Palace in Jalan Ipoh, Malaysia. The first Sultan of Perak to be buried here was Sultan Idris Murshidul Azzam Shah I in 1916.

Figure 18 dome of the mousoleum

On year 1917, there is one building that is quite famous in Perak, it is a railway station in Ipoh . Ipoh Railway Station is a train station in Malaysia in the southwest and named after the capital Ipoh, Perak. This is the country's main railway terminal. It was owned by the Malayan Railway Berhad and provides services to KTM Intercity as well as rail cars. The Ipoh railway station was initially meant to be a hospital and used before the 1900s as such before being turned into a station. The original completion year of 1917 was delayed for three years due to lack of construction materials as well as high costs during World War I.

Figure 19 the railway station from the front

The first teacher training center in Malaya was originally in Taiping and known as the College Training Training Matang. Founded in 1913, the home of the Malaysian leaders in Taiping, Ngah Ibrahim was the first teacher training college in Malaya to move to the center and nine years later he was named the Sultan of Perak. The history of UPSI as it is known today dates back to 1922, when the university was known as Sultan Idris Training College (SITC). Recommended by the then Deputy Director of Schools in Malaysia, r.o. Winstedt is a training school for Malaysian teachers. Named after the late Sultan Idris Murshidul Azam Shah, the Sultan of Perak, 28, attended the college on November 29, 1922 by the Chief Secretary of the Federated Malay States, Sir George Maxwell.

Figure 20 one of the entrance to the building

Figure 21 maps of the sultan idris education uniersity

Carey Island was named after Edward Valentine John Carey, a British planter who acquired the island from Sultan Alaedin Sulaiman Shah to start planting rice. Carey started plantations at Jugra Land Ltd and Carey Ltd. The island is divided into four Estates: North, South, West and East. There are seven bungalow managers and engineers on Carey Island. Hatter Castle was built in 1923 by engineer C.L. Gjorup for himself lived, flat at the top for the General Manager, Mr. James French, when he visited. The name of the bungalow was inspired by A.J.Cronin’s novel of the same name. The ‘Hat’ was the domed roof over the first floor terrace which was removed in the 1950s because the wooden structure was decaying.

Figure 22 hatter castle from the front

William Burgess Pryer, founder of Sandakan and the public are active, write request to the head of the Anglican community, Archbishop of Canterbury, since January 1883. In mid-1888, news came that the Sandakan Reverend William Henry Elton has been appointed as pastor to Sandakan. Elton arrived in Sandakan on September 2,

1888. Governor Charles Vandeleur Creagh asked the religious authorities to select vacant land for the construction of a mission. Assisted by Von Donop, Elton explored the forest a few weeks ago and eventually found a two-ache site where the construction of a temporary church with representatives, a school for boys and girls, and building matters was necessary. His plan was officially abolished on October 5, 1888. The church building is also the first stone building built in Sabah. The foundation stone was laid on September 29, 1893 by Governor Creagh and took more than 30 years to complete.

Figure 23 the main entrance of the church

Sultan Alaeddin Palace Mosque is one of the luxurious mosques completed during the reign of Sultan Sir Alaeddin Sulaiman Shah ibni Almarhum Raja Muda Musa GCMG KCVO and inaugurated by him. The Sultan Sulaiman Royal Mosque in Klang and the

Sultan Abdul Samad Jamek Mosque in Kuala Lumpur were also completed during the government and both were officially opened.

One of the reasons why many mosques were built during the time of sultan Alaeddin Sulaiman Shah was that the famous Sultan must have been very loyal to this religion, Islam, and he was very close to Islamic scholars. His Majesty has also consulted with Islamic scholars on government affairs and the spread of Islam.

Figure 24 the mosque with new look

The Telekom museum building began in 1928. Originally used as a manual telephone exchange office, it was upgraded to a mechanical telephone exchange in 1938. In the early 1980s, Telekom Malaysia found a place to house offices and store telecommunications equipment in Kuala Lumpur. In 1984 it found the building to be the right location. However, the plan was canceled in 1985 when Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad proposed to keep the building as a national heritage site. Telekom

Malaysia then decided to turn the building into a museum worth MYR 10 million. The museum was built in 1989-1992 and museum materials and collections were collected in 1993-1994. The museum was officially opened on June 3, 1994.

Figure 25 the building during restoration

The next building is Originally opened in 1932, the majestic hotel was commissioned by Estate Trustee Loke Wan Tho, the youngest son of Loke Yew, and is located on a hill along Lake Gardens, behind the Kuala Lumpur Railway Station. Designed by architectural firm Lock and Dowdeswell, the hotel caters to the desires and fantasies of contemporary society. For the first time in Malaysian history, modern sanitation was introduced in all rooms, with hot and cold water, long showers and showers in 18 rooms, which were considered the pinnacle of luxury at the time.

Custom furniture, silverware, and furniture imported from the UK are all complemented by luxurious settings. The roof garden is special, with floors and rooms for 350 guests. The hotel features artists from all over the world, including popular acts from Hollywood and the Coliseum in London.In good times, Hotel Majestic is the largest and best hotel in Kuala Lumpur, unmatched by prestige and luxury. Beloved by the colonial elites and famous visitors, it is home to luxurious parties, Sunday tiffin curry lunches and traditions, the largest tea dance in Europe.

However, in the 1970s, the hotel lost its luxury and made its way to newer, larger and more luxurious hotels. Survived from demolition by the government, it is classified as a building under the Antiquities Act. The last guest checked out in late 1983, and the hotel served as the National Art Gallery from 1984 to 1998, until moving into its current home. YTL Hotels was then tasked with restoring this national treasure, a project the company undertaken with great pride.

Figure 26 view of the hotel from the main entrance

Other than that there is another building which is known as the Perak royal museum. This was built in 1926 for Sultan Iskandar Shah by carpenter with the help of his sons The palace used to be known as the Valley of the Kings because of its location. The palace was an official residence between 1931 and 1933. However, after the Palace of Alexandria, the Palace of Memories was used to complete the royal reception and where the palace guests stayed.

Figure 27 the side of the building

This is an ancient mosque called Ihsaniah Iskandariah located in Kampung Kuala Dal, Kuala Kangsar. It was built in 1936 and funded by the late Paduka Seri Sultan Iskandar Shah, the 30th birthday of the Sultan of Perak.

Figure 28 back of the mosque The last building as an example for years between 1900-1950 are the Sultan Ibrahim Building or Sultan Ibrahim Building which is the former State Secretariat in Johor Bahru, Malaysia. It is a monument to history. In the 1970s, this was the tallest building in Johor Bahru before other structures began to appear. officially declared open by Sultan Ibrahim himself in 1942. Officials of the State Secretariat have now moved to Iskandar City. There are plans to turn the building into a museum.

Figure 29 the view of the buildingg at night

1.4. Year 1950-2020

Between these year, there are alot of building that being build and become one of the most known building in Malaysia and one of it is the Jesselton building. Following the destruction of Jesselton (now Kota Kinabalu) after World War II, the British colonial governor of Jesselton, Sir Herbert Ralph Hone, encouraged British Hong Kong Chinese businessmen to invest and rebuild the town of Jesselton. It was built in 1954 at 69 Bond Street (now the style). It was then sold to Chinese leader Khoo Siak Chew and then went to hotel management Wong Fatt Tze, who became the founder of Southeast Asian brand of Gardenia bread. The hotel management will undergo a series of renovations.

Figure 30 the building view in evening

Figure 31 maps showing where the building situated 1.5. Year 1957 – 1967 These timeline are known as Malaysia first decade after independence. In early independence, Malaysian architects that trained overseas mostly from Australia and United Kingdom returned to Malaysia. They are keen to show their capabilities and dedicate themselves for Malaysia’s development. During this time, they focus more on developing commercial buildings, and residential. The building shows more influence on British architecture. The buildings built during this era are Maternity hospital in 1960. In early days the Chinese maternity hospital was establish as a charitable organization that provide free medical care for the poor. Constant addition and renovation are made throughout years such as installing elevator, new building, operating room and adding medical equipment and machines with the help of few donations and contribution from the public.

Figure 32 Maternity Hospital building Next, is University Malaya that was built in 1961. It is the oldest university in Malaysia that located in Kuala Lumpur on a 922 acre land. The campus construction complete on 1961, while University of Malaya officially established on 1st January 1962. Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj who is also the country’s first prime minister appointed as the first UM chancellor while the vice-chancellor was a world honored Mathematician, Professor Oppenheim.

Figure 33 first UM campus

The next government building is called the Parliament Building that was built in 1963. The first meeting of Parliament of Malaysia was held in the Parliament Building on 16 September 1963. It was officiated by His Majesty the 3rd King, Tuanku Syed Putra Al-Haj AlMahrum Syed Hassan Jamlullail on 2 November 1963.

Figure 34 Parliament Building Complex The National mosque was built to celebrate the independence of Malaysia in 1965. The mosque was launched by Tunku Abdul Rahman, the first prime minister. The donation from Muslims, Buddhist, Christians, Hindus and other religion in Malaysia make this building more meaningful. The mosque undergone major renovation after few years such as change the originally pink concrete dome to blue and green tiles.

Figure 35 National Mosque complex 32

It was first the airport site of military airfield World-War 2 known as Jesselton Airfield. After War, Sabah took charge and rebuilt it to commercial airport and officially opened Kota Kinabalu International Airport in 1967. Constant renovation and addition made throughout the years such as building new terminal and installing longer runway.

Figure 36 KKIA building 1.6. Year 1968 – 1977 These timeline are known as the second decade after independence. Malaysia’s economy experience rapid growth along with the building development. The second Malaysian plan was introduce to emphasis building industry that could improve the economy such as high rise buildings, mini townships, housing development, commercial buildings, educational establishment and tourism. Some of the recognise buildings that built in this era are Universiti Sains Malaysia in 1969. USM is founded as a statuary body with its own constitution and the second university in Malaysia. In early years it known as University Pulau Pinang.

Figure 37 One of buildings in Universiti Sains Malaysia campus The first Equatorial Hotel establish in 1971, located at Penang, 150 meter above sea level, later expanded to manage many properties in Asia. Few years later, the hotel growth by adding new buildings on the west side of the land.

Figure 38 the latest complex of Equatorial Hotel

Penang is popular for tourism scene. Since official openingo of Shangri La Rasa Sayang, by Malaysia’s second prime minister, Tun Abdul Razak Hussein, the resort going through few renovations for luring more tourist to the island.

Figure 39 Shangri La hotel Building The Tanjong Jara Beach resort built in 1972, located on the pristine East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The resort build as a tourism attraction as is located strategically and to provide a local village environment with elegance and luxury. It is among a few remaining hatcheries for giant leather-back and green turtles. The area is conceived and developed by the Malaysian government.

Figure 40 Tanjong Jara Beach Resort

Wisma Bapa Malaysia was built in 1976 and designed to be similar in several aspect to the Malaysian Parliament Building in Kuala Lumpur. The foundation stone were laid by Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj, Malaysia’s first prime minister on 1973 and on 1976, the building was officially opened by Yang Di- Pertuan-Agong, Tuanku Yahya Petra of Kelantan.

Figure 41 Wisma Bapa Malaysia Tun Mustapha Tower was built in 1977. Originally the building is called Yayasan Sabah Tower to house the Yayasan Sabah that promote economic and education development in Sabah. Forward to 2001, the tower renamed as Tun Mustapha Tower to honor the former Sabah chief minister. The glass tower become iconic structure in Sabah right after the building completion.

Figure 42 Tun Mustapha Tower 36

1.7. 1978 – 1993 These timeline known as the third consecutive decade of Malaysia’s growth. Between 1978 and 1984, the economy reach it peak and later slowed down due to short recession. During these years the fourth and fifth Malaysian plans were launched. Mega-scale housing of 500 acres above and the intensive high rise building development that takes place around Malaysia. These building were highly influence by international modernism, Islamic reference, post modernism and traditional elements. Some of the noticable buildings are Menara Tabung Haji. Menara Tabung Haji was built in 1984 for the Malaysian Muslim Pilgrim’s Management Found Headquarters. The construction started on 1982 and completed in 1984. It became one of the iconic building in Kuala Lumpur.

Figure 43 Menara Tabung Haji Dayabumi Compex is one of the modern skycrapers in Kuala Lumpur that houses several commercial facilities. It was owned by the Urban Development Authority of Malaysia (UDA), but later change its ownership to KLCC Properties Holding in 2005.

Figure 44 Dayabumi Comples After the completion of Myabank Tower in 1987, it become the tallest building in Malaysia at that time. The tower serve as the headquarters for Maybank, largest bank in Malaysian since 1960. Mesniaga Tower become a landmark that was admired by experts worldwide in 1992. The building won several awards locally and internationally such as Aga Khan Award in 1995 and Royal Australian Institue of architecture (RAIA) in 1996.

The building housed the Mesiniaga Berhad

headquarters.

Figure 45 Maybank Tower

Figure 46 Mesiniaga Tower

1.8. Modern period ( 1994 – today ) Starting 1994 onward we can see the advance modern design especially in capital city of Kuala Lumpur. Other area also develop rapidly along the growth of Malaysia’s economy. Some of the noticable buildings are the Menara Multi Purpose. Originally it was built to be part of a greater capital square commercial development but unfortunately the project stalled in 1997 due to financial crisis leaving Menara MultiPurpose the only complete structure standing. Menara Multi-Purpose complete it construction in 1994. The first owner is its own developer, BRDB but later purchase by KWSP.

Figure 47 Menara Multi-Purpose

Figure 48 Kuala Lumpur Tower

Kuala Lumpur Tower is built in 1995, initially to replace the existing stell tower which have insufficient height for communication network needs. The tower equipped with new technology to meet the increase demands in the city. Tun Dr Mahathir

officiate the opening ceremony of the tallest communication tower in Asia after Tokyo Skytree in Japan at that time. Petronas Twin Tower is the tallest building in the world from 1998 to 2004 but later surpassed by Taipei 101. It is still remained as the tallest twin tower in the world. The building was so iconic that in include in international movies such as 1999 film, Entrapment, 200- Bollywood film, Don and others. Notable events where bomb threat in 2001 the day after World Trade Centre bombing, fire broke in 2005 and French urban climber attempted to climb the twin tower without any safety equipment until floor 28 but later arrested.

Figure 49 Petronas Twin Tower Istana Budaya is built in 1999 and the first theatre in Asia that has modern stage mechanism for theater performance. The name originally called Panggung Negara but the cabinet has approved the abolishment to Istana Budaya in 2000. The grand opening of Istana Budaya was launched by Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohammad in 1999.

Figure 50 Istana Budaya Federal Territory Mosque opened its doors to both muslim and non-muslim visitors in year 2000. It is one of the grandest mosque in the world at that time and attract many professional visitors around the world. The design reflect the Blue Mosque in Instanbul Turkey.

Figure 51 Federal Territory Mosque

PICC located along the axis of Putrajaya that designed to host the 10th OIC summit. The Putrajaya Convention Centre was built in 2003 and officially renamed to Putrajaya International Convention Centre in 2004. The building design by Tun Dr Mahathir Mohammad with the help of famous architect, Hijas Kasturi, to show the wealth of the country as it is design from warrior belt buckle.

Figure 52 Putrajaya International Convention Centre Since its grand opening in 2005, Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre have hosts many exhibitions, seminars, conference and entertainment events. Right after the opening, it host the 11th ASEAN Summit and the 6th Asian & Oceanian Epilepsy Congress and other important events. The Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre has hosted over 13 000 event where 10% were from international visitors.

Figure 53 Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre 42

New Sarawak State Legislative Assembly Building is built in 2009 to house assembly men from all over Sarawak states meet and preside over debates and laws. The opening ceremony held in 2009 by Yang Di-Pertuan Agong, Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin of Terengganu. Later in 207 the government added Darul Hana Bridge that complement the building. The first Grand Hyatt hotel in Malaysia is built in 2012 located in Kuala Lumpur near to the Petronas Twin Tower. This 43 floor building consist of restaurants, bars, recreation, meetings and events space.

Figure 54 Sarawak State Legislative Assembly

Figure 55 Grand Hyatt Hotel

This modern futuristic mosque was named after Raja Haji Fisabilillah ibni Daeng Chelak, a Bugis warrior and also Yang Dipertuan Muda of Johor-Riau Sultanate in year 1777. The construction completed in 2015 and officially opened by Sultan Selangor, Sultan Shrafuddin Idris Shah I conjuction with the Nuzul Quran celebration.

Figure 56 Raja Haji Fisabilillah Mosque The Sabah State Administrative Centre building was built for government office complex that consist of a 33-strorey tower, and two office buildings. The construction takes 30 months and completed in 2015. It became the tallest building in Sabah and Sarawak.

Figure 57 Sabah State Administrative Centre building complex

The Exchange 106 is design to surpace the height of Petronas Twin Tower that will be house to Malaysia’s financial and banking district. Originally the planned is to complete the building in 2018 but was delayed. The building finally complete in 2019. In December 2019, they are ready to take tenants in.

Figure 58 The Exchange 106 Saloma Bridge connects Kampung Baru and City Centre of Kuala Lumpur. The bridge inspired by sireh junjung concept. The name Saloma is from a legendary Malaysian singer.

Figure 59 Saloma Bridge in night sky 45

2. Introduction of the building (architect, year, place, function, cost) 2.1. Buildings Before independence

BUILDING

INTRODUCTION

Building: SNAKE TEMPLE Architect: UNKNOWN Year: 1805 Place: BAYAN LEPAS PENANG Function: A BUDDHIST TEMPLE

Building: ST GEORGE CHURCH Architect: WILLIAM PETRIE AND ROBERT N.SMITH Year: 1817 Place: GEORGE TOWN, PULAU PINANG Function: IT IS AN ANGLICAN CHURCH

Building: PENANG MUSEUM & ART GALLERY Architect: SMITH

CAPTAIN

ROBERT

Year: 1821 Place: GEORGE TOWN, PULAU PINANG Function: before it is PENANG FREE SCHOOL Now it is a MUSEUM AND ART GALLERY

Building: CHURCH

FRANCIS

XAVIER

Architect: FATHER ALLARD Year: 1849 Place: MALACCA CITY, MELAKA Function: A CHURCH 5

Building: FORT LILY Architect: CHARLES BROOKE Year: 1855 Place: BETONG, SARAWAK Function: OLD FORTRESS NOW IS A MUSEUM

Building: KL RAILWAY STATION Architect: ARTHUR HUBBACK

BENISON

Year: 1860

Place: KUALA SELANGOR

LUMPUR,

Function: RAILWAY THAT PROVIDE KOMUTER AND ETS

STATION TRAIN,

Building: KUCHING COURTHOUSE Architect: RODWAY

WILLIAM

OLD HENRY

Year: 1874 Place: KUCHING, SARAWAK Function: ADMINISTRATIVE CENTER OF THE GOVERNMENT OF SARAWAK

Building: LEANING TOWER OF PERAK Architect: LEONG CHOON CHONG Year: 1885 Place: TELUK INTAN, PERAK Function: A CLOCK TOWER THAT STORE WATER FOR THE COMMUNITY

Building: MARKET

TAIPING

CENTRAL

Architect: COLONIAL WORK DEPARTMENT

PUBLIC

Year: 1889 Place: TAIPING, PERAK Function: MARKET 10

Building: NEGARA

CARCOSA

Architect: ARTHUR HUBBACK

SERI BENISON

Year: 1898 Place: KUALA SELANGOR

LUMPUR,

Function: before is is RESIDENCE FOR BRITISH HIGH COMMISIONER Now it is OWN BY MALAYSIA GOVERNEMENT

Building: GALERI AZLAN SHAH

SULTAN

Architect: MAURICE ALEXANDER CAMERON Year: 1903 Place: KUALA KANGSAR, PERAK Function: ROYALTI OF PERAK RESIDENCE

Building: LOKE HALL MANSION Architect: A.K. MOOSDEEN Year: 1907 Place: KUALA SELANGOR

LUMPUR

Function: before it is a RESIDENT Now it is a PAM FORMER OFFICE

Building: ISTANA SERI MENANTI Architect: TUKANG KAHAR AND TUKANG TAIB Year: 1908 Place: BANDAR SERI MENANTI,NEGERI SEMBILAN Function: ROYALTI RESIDENCE

Building: PAVILION KUCHING Architect: UNKNOWN Year: 1909 Place: KUCHING,SARAWAK Function: TEXTILE MUSEUM

Building: SOONSTEAD MANSION Architect: JAMES STARK Year: 1911 Place: GEORGE TOWN, Function: before it is a RESIDENCE Now it is a TEMPORARY SPACE FOR STONYHURST PRIVATE SCHOOL PENANG

Building: AL GHUFRAN ROYAL MOUSOLUEM Architect: UNKNOWN Year: 1915 Place: KUALA KANGSAR, PERAK Function: A PLACE WERE ALL TEH ROYALTI ARE BURRIED.

Building: STATION

IPOH

Architect: ARTHUR HUBBACK

RAILWAY BENISON

Year: 1917 Place: IPOH, PERAK Function: main railway terminal for the state

Building: SULTAN IDRIS EDUCATION UNIVERSITY Architect: UNKNOWN Year: 1919 Place: TANJUNG MALIM, PERAK Function: UNIVERSITY

Building: HOSTEL AH WAI Architect: UNKNOWN Year: 1920 Place:ALOR SETAR, KEDAH Function: A TRAVELLLER

HOSTEL

FOR

Building: HATTER CASTLE Architect: C.L. GJORUP Year: 1923 Place: PULAU SELANGOR

CAREY,

Function: A BUNGALOW, ALSO USED A S GUEST HOUSE FOR SIME DARBY PLANTATION STAFF 21

Building: ST MICHAEL AND ALL ANGEL CHURCH Architect: B.W. MOUNTFORT Year: 1925 Place: SANDAKAN, SABAH Function: A BUIDING CHRISTIAN WORSHIP

Building: SULTAN MOSQUE

FOR

ALAEDDIN

Architect: TENGKU HITAM Year: 1926 Place: JUGRA, SELANGOR Function: A MOSQUE PLACE WHERE MUSLIM SOLAT.

Building: TELEKOM MUSEUM Architect: W.F. HEDGES Year: 1930 Place: KUALA SELANGOR

LUMPUR,

Function: before it was a HOUSE THE AUTOMATIC TELEPHONE EXCHANGE 24

Building: HOTEL MAJESTIC Architect:DUTCH ARCHITECTURAL FIRM KEYES AND DOWDESWELL Year: 1932 Place: KUALA SELANGOR

LUMPUR,

Function: HOTEL 25

Building: ISTANA KENANGAN Architect: HAJI SUFFRAN Year: 1933 Place: KUALA KANGSAR, PERAK Function: ROYALTY RESIDENCE

Building: MASJID ISKANDARIAH

IHSANIAH

Architect: UNKNOWN Year: 1938 Place: PADANG RENGAS, PERAK Function: MOSQUE FOR MUSLIM TO PRAY

Building: SULTAN BUILDING

IBRAHIM

Architect: PALMER AND TURNER Year: 1942 Place: JOHOR BAHRU, JOHOR Function: FORMER STATE GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICES AND LEGISLATIVE BUILDING.

Building: JESSELTON HOTEL Architect: UNKNOWN Year: 1954 Place: KOTA KINABALU, SABAH Function: HOTEL

2.2. Buildings after independence No

Buildings

Information

Maternity Hospital

Architect : unknown Owner : Perak Community Specialist Hospital Year : 1958 – 1960 Place : Ipoh, Perak Function : Hospital

University Malaya

Architect : unknown Owner : His Royal Highness Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Sultan Perak Darul Ridzuan Sultan Azlan Muhibbuddin Shah Year : 1957 – 1961 Place : Kuala Lumpur Function : Education

Parliament Building

Architect : William Ivor Shipley Owner : JKR Year : 1961 – 1963 Place : Kuala Lumpur Cost : RM 18 million Function : Government building

National mosque

Architect : Howard Ashley, Hisham Albakri and Dato Baharuddin Abu Kassim Owner : Kuala Lumpur government Year : 1958 – 1965 Place : Kuala Lumpur Function : Religious building

Universiti Sains Malaysia USM

Architect : unknown Owner : government education Year : 1969 Place : Gelugor, Penang Function : Education

Kota Kinabalu International Airport

Architect : VERITAS Design Group Owner : Air Asia Berhad Year : 1969 Place : Kota Kinabalu, Sabah Function : Commercial

Architect : Colin Seah

Equatorial Hotel

Owner : Datuk Lim Kong Wai Year : 1973 Place : Penang, Pulau Penang Function : Hotel

10.

Architect : Belt Collins Hawaii LLC and LTW Designworks Owner : Shangri- La Group

Rasa Sayang Hotel

Year : 1972 Place : Batu Ferringhi, Pulau Pinang Function : Hotel & Reacreation

11.

Architect : Hijjas Kasturi

Wisma Bapa Malaysia

Owner : Sarawak State Government Year : 1973 – 1976

Place : Kuching, Sarawak Function : Government Building

12.

Architect : Wimberly, Allison, Tong & Goo, and Arkitek Bersikutu Owner : Tourist Development Corporation of Malaysia

Tanjung Jara Beach Resort

Year : 1978 – 1980 Place : Kuching, Sarawak Function : Hotel & Recreation 13.

Tun Mustapha Tower

Architect : Mori Buildings Company and James Ferrie & Partners Owner : Sabah Foundation Year : 1975 – 1977 Place : Kota Kinabalu, Sabah Function : Commercial Building Cost : RM 38 million

14.

Architect : Arkitek MAA, BEP Architects, Takenaka Corperaton and Kumangai Gumi Co. Ltd

Dayabumi Complex

Owner : KLCC Property Holdings Year : 1982 – 1984 Place : Kuala Lumpur Function : commercial building Cost : RM 280 million

15.

Architect : Hijjas Kasturi Owner : Muslim Pilgrim’s Management Found

Tabung Haji

Year : 1982 – 1984 Place : Kuala Lumpur Function : office building Cost : RM 95 million 16.

Architect : Hijjas Kasturi and Taisei Construction Co. Owner : Sarawak State Government

Maybank Tower

Year : 1984 – 1987 Place : Kuala Lumpur Function : office building Cost : RM 366 Milion 17.

Architect : Ken Yeang Owner : Mesiniaga Berhad

Mesiniaga Tower

Year : 1989 – 1992 Place : Subang Jaya, Selangor Function : office building Cost : RM 1.8 million 18.

Architect : John Portmen & Associates Owner : Multi-Purpose Holdings Berhad, Bandar Raya Developments Berhas BRDB

Menara Multi-purpose

Year : 1973 – 1976 Place : Kuala Lumpur Function : commercial building Cost : RM 474 million

Buildings

Information

19.

Kuala Lumpur Tower

Architect : Kumpulan Senireka Sdn Bhd Owner : KLCC Holdings Year : 1991 – 1994 Place : Kuala Lumpur Function tower

telecommunication

Cost : RM 6.6 billion 20.

Petronas Twin Tower

Architect : Ceaser Pili Owner : KLCC Holdings Year : 1992 – 1996 Place : Kuala Lumpur Function : office & commercial tower Cost : RM 6.6 billion

21.

Istana Budaya

Architect : Ceaser Pili Owner : Assosiates

Panggung

Year : 1995 – 1999 Place : Kuala Lumpur Cost : RM 210 million

22.

Federal Territory Mosque

Architect : Fazli Othman Owner : Kuala Lumpur Year : 1998 – 2000

Negara

Place : Kuala Lumpur Function : religious building Cost : RM 300 million

23.

Putrajaya International Convention Centre Architect : Hijjas Kasturi PICC Owner : Badlishah Ahmad, Malaysia Convention & Exhibition Bureau Year : 2001 – 2003 Place : Putrajaya Function : Commercial building Cost : RM 600 million

25.

Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre

Architect : Arkitek Jururancang Malaysia Owner : KLCC Properties Year : 2003 – 2005 Place : City Square, Kuala Lumpur Cost : RM 550 million

26.

Sarawak Building

State

Legislative

Assembly Architect : Bina Puri Holdings, Naim Cendera Sdn Bhd, PPES Works Sdn Bhd Owner : Government

Sarawak

State

Year : 2004 – 2009 Place : Kuching Sarawak Function : government building

Cost : RM 296.5 million

27.

Grand Hyatt

Architect : WATG Architects Sdn Bhd, GDP Architects Sdn Bhd, Bilkey Llinas Interior Owner : Jay Pritzker Year : 2010 – 2012 Place : Kuala Lumpur Function : Hotel

28.

Raja Haji Fisabilillah Mosque

Architect : ATSA Architects Sdn Bhd Owner : Jabatan Agama Islam Selangor, Cyberview Sdn Bhd Year : 2013 – 2015 Place : Cyberjaya, Selangor Function : religious building

29.

Sabah State Administrative Centre

Architect : Bina Puri Holdings, Owner : Sabah State Government Year : 2011 – 2016 Place : Kota Kinabalu Sabah Function : Government building Cost : RM 600 million

The Exchange 106

Architect : Mulia Group Architects, Peter Chan Architect Owner : Mulia Group Year : 2016 – 2019 Place : Kuala Lumpur

Function : office & commercial building Cost : RM 2.8 billion

Saloma Bridge

Architect : VERITAS Design Group Owner : Mulia Group Year : 2019 – 2020 Place : Kuala Lumpur Cost : RM 31 million

3. Architecture style and influence

3.1. Snake temple bayan lepas pulau pinang 1805 The temple is a fine architectural art. In the early years, it was a simple roof structure, a traditional lifestyle found in the rural villages of Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore. But after decades and some major renovations, it grew into a beautiful structure, with details on the doors and beams of the roof. The main temple opens to the grounds, on the site of Kuan Yin Temple, so visitors are amazed at the beautiful plants that occupy the garden. Follow the path and you will come to a ‘pool’, where snakes are in the trees among the green leaf branches, either in the sun or in the shade.

Figure 60 front view of the temple

3.2. St George church in George town, pulau pinang 1817 Using Francis Light Insights to encourage East India companies, a plan was put forward in 1810 but nothing was done until the East India Companies Act 1813 and finally an agreement was reached in 1815. The final plan was prepared by the Governor, William Petrie and edited by Lieut. Robert Smith of the Madras engineers. The architecture is believed to be based on the Cathedral of St. George in Madras, designed by Col. James Caldwell, a friend of Lieutenant Smith Smith of the Madras engineers.

Figure 61 light enhance the building aesthetic feature. 3.3. Franxis xavier church in malacca city, melaka.

The church is a double Gothic Revival structure. The church is believed to have been adapted after St. Peter's Cathedral in Montpelier, southern France, which followed the construction of the old church, except for the portico which was added in 1963.

Figure 32 the church view

3.4. KL Railway station in Kuala Lumpur, selangor 1860

The main structure, which contains the main hall, counters and offices, is mainly designed in the style of Raj (pronounced "horse arches"), which is also found in many other buildings in the area around Merdeka Square. Neo-Mughal architecture or more popularly known as Indo-Saracenic architecture or sometimes it is also referred to as British Raj architecture. The style was imported directly from British India where the Indo-Saracenic style movement started in 1870 and it reached the height of its popularity among British architects in British India between late 19th century and early 20th century.

Figure 63 an old picture of the railway station

3.5. Leaning tower of Perak in Teluk Intan 1885

The leaning bell tower has the greatest influence on Chinese architecture. This is due to the Pagoda concept. Although it was built under British rule, Chinese influences, backers, and contractors were successful in fighting culture. What can be clearly seen on the outer façade, such as the gates, the roof tiles and the decoration of the tiles, proves the richness of Chinese architecture and culture. From the outside, this building looks like an eight storey building; but in fact there are only three floors.

Figure 64 the view of the tower from the side

3.6. Carcosa seri negara in Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 1898 Carcosa Seri Negara refers to two buildings, the larger Carcosa and the smaller (and newer) Seri Negara (or King's House). With an eclectic blend of Gothic Revival and Gothic Revival style, the house has more than eight bedrooms, including master and guest bedrooms; and eleven bathrooms. Carcosa mansion was built in 1896-1897 as the official residence of Sir Frank Swettenham, the British High Commissioner that the first Resident General of Federated Malay States. It was designed by Arthur Benison Hubback at best Charles Edwin Spooner, state engineer at the Selangor Department of Public Works, and is also sometimes associated with Arthur Charles Alfred Norman, senior government architect at the Malaysian Department of Public Works. It was built at a cost of approximately £ 25,000 GB it is equivalent to £ 2,910,000 in 2019.

Figure 65 entrance of the Carcosa Seri Negara

3.7. Sultan azlan shah gallery in Kuala Kangsar, Perak 1903

The splendor and grandeur of this Gallery showcases colonial and local architecture. Pyramid-shaped roof section using the influence of Aceh while at the dome in the two towers of the building is the influence of India.

Figure 66 side view showing on of the tower at the sultan azlan shah gallery

3.8. Loke hall mansion in Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 1907

Loke Hall sticks out for the absolute ostentation and how to create a mix of classical and traditional European traditions Chinese house plans and motifs. As the owner of a capitalist towkay, he becomes an intermediary foreign power and capital on the other, and the Chinese stock market on the other the buildings they built reflect their loyalty

to the east and west, which in turn created architecture hybrids are known as "compradore mansions".

Figure 67 the mansion looking fresh with new color

3.9. Seri Menanti in Bandar Seri Menanti, Negeri Sembilan 1908

Architecture style is influenced by the architecture of the Minangkabau, a recent study found that actually the Negeri Sembilan Malay architecture. Rosrita Nordin, curator of the Royal Seri Menanti antiques museum, reported by NST on Dec. 16, said that because the architecture of the castle and town from 2012 is not old, but actually the building of Negeri Sembilan Malay. He added that the court should follow the tradition of the Malays: the porch (veranda primary), rumah ibu (the main house), or

gajah menyusur the way to the kitchen, all of which are no legacy Minangkabau. He said this fact could not be found after extensive research by local historians.

Figure 68 view of the part of the castle 3.10. Pavilion in Kuching, Sarawak

The museum is housed in a 3-storey building with a colonial British Renaissance theme, the Pavilion Building. The permanent exhibition is located on the top two floors.

Figure 69 front view of the pavilion

3.11. Ipoh railway station in Ipoh, Perak

The buildings is British Malaya with a variety of western colonial styles and "NeoMoorish / Mughal / Indo-Saracen / Neo-Saracenic" influenced by Indian colonial architecture. Unlike Kuala Lumpur Railway Station, the exterior of Ipoh Station is more typical of Western design, with late Edwardian Baroque architectural elements and a moderate rustic curb at the base of the ground floor, undressed, making use of elaborate columns and a large central dome in the porte -cochère, when combining local elements such as the interior, the open-air loggias to the ground floor and the top floor of the building (floor loggias size at 183 meters, length of the front of the station.). Despite the overall aesthetic, elements of Indo-Saracenic architecture can still be found in the form of miniature chhatris above the corner support columns on either side of the structure.

Figure 70 panoramic view of the railway station

3.12. Telekom museum in Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 1930

The building of the Telecom Museum has a common neoclassical architectural style and a special Palladian style. Palladian architectural style but mixed with some Art Deco elements. It was inevitable as it was built during the Art Deco craze in 1930. One of the nice neoclassical features in the 3-level Museum is the 8 Ionic columns that line one of the two main entrances that cross Church Road, entering the west side. The building also includes a wing on either side of the central hall, while between the two wings is an open courtyard - a feature used by the building in the style of Palladian architecture.

Figure 71 the ionic column of the telekom museum

3.13. Hotel Majestic in Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 1932 The complex consists of transitional hybrids in Beaux-Arts and Art Deco styles, with arches, pilasters and cornice on the main block, a more vernacular double-storey annexe, and an extended Art Deco porte-cochère that leads down the hill.

Figure 72 the majestic hotel in the old days

3.14. Sultan Ibrahim building in Bandar Baru Johor, Johor 1942

The architecture in the colonial architecture and integrated with the French design and the Saraceni tower that became a landmark in Johor Bahru. The building was designed by the famous British architectural firm Palmer and Turner, who were also responsible for the design of Johor Bahru General Hospital, now known as Sultanah Aminah Hospital as well as some famous landmarks in Singapore. The building was previously located at the Office of the Minister (Menteri Besar) and the Johor State Legislative Council before the two were moved to Iskandar City.

Figure 73 the main entrance of the building

3.15. Parliament Building The Parliament Building represent ‘National identity’ and modernization with local traditional forms and democracy in Malaysia. The design of Parliament Building using the grid system with the mix of few style such as crown podium roof structure that resemble Bugis or Malacca roof form and a western style interior

Figure 74 Parliament building Malaysia 3.16. National Mosque The architecture style and design are influenced by Middle East Islamic architecture. There are features that resembles the Islamic influence such as horseshoe arch in mihrab, abstract shapes and geometric lattice in roofing and ironworks. The National Mosque also has a modernist expressionism feels that reject ornamentation and classic revivalism that keen to abstraction forms and structural expression.

Figure 75 National Mosque

figure 76 Mihrab

3.17. Kota Kinabalu International Airport The architecture design of Kota Kinabalu International Airport was purely influence by Sabah geography and nature. The building form reflects the ocean waves of the South China Sea and the surrounding mountains. The feature which is the columns also reflects Sabah’s culture which is a Wakid. Wakid can be found in the basket design made by the native. Other meaning is that preparing a meaningful journey where it is very relevant in this airport.

Figure 77 Exterior of Kota Kinabalu International

3.18. Shangri La Rasa Sayang, Penang The architect and designer for Shangri La Rasa Sayang want to compliment Malaysian elements and materials in the design. The main influence can be seen on the roof where they highlight the minangkabau architecture style.

Figure 78 Shangri La Rasa Sayan 3.19. Wisma Bapa Malaysia. Kuching Sarawak Wisma Bapa Malaysia was once the main building for Sarawak Government State that house various government department. The architect design this building by referring to the Malaysian Parliament Building in Kuala Lumpur. The building is iconic for modernization in Sarawak. By using the block and grid system, the building is constructed and completed within 3 years.

3.20. Tun Mustapha Tower During the brutalist architecture era in Malaysia, Tun Mustapha Tower stands out as it is the most modern design building at that time. The 30-storey glass tower made its name as the most outstanding structure in Kota Kinabalu.

Figure 80 Tun Mustapha Tower complex 3.21. Tanjong Jara Beach Resort The Tanjong Jara Beach resort is a beautiful and luxury place for relaxing and enjoy the beauty of Malaysian architecture. The architecture was inspired by the 17th century of traditional Malay palaces that spread over 31 hectare site around a crescent-shaped beach.

3.22. Dayabumi Complex Dayabumi Complex is a sky monument of 36-storey office tower that represent a high standard aesthetic and design in Malaysia in 1984. The building influence by the neo Islamic architecture and Moorish architecture in a modern architecture style.

Figure 82 Dayabumi Complex 3.23. Menara Tabung Haji Menara Tabung Haji is a prominent landmark in Kuala Lumpur as a symbol of Islam development. The architects design the building from resembling the traditional Malay drum that has an Islamic Architecture influence which suit the building function. The Islamic architecture element can be seen in the five pillars shown on the façade and there are cone-shaped mosque that was designed together with the building.

Figure 83 Menara Tabung Haji 3.24. Maybank Tower Maybank Tower is the tallest building in Malaysia after its completion in 1989s. The building architecture was the mix of Islamic and Malay architecture with colonial elements. The aim is to articulate the Malaysian identity structures, facades and elements of the traditional buildings.

Figure 84 Maybank Tower

into architecture by using

3.25. Mesiniaga Tower Mesiniaga Tower shock the world with its modern design. The building is design to provide a comfortable environment to the employees of Mesiniaga Company. This tower was design in a Bioclimatic architecture with modernism architecture elements in a contemporary and structural expressionism.

Figure 85 Mesiniaga Tower 3.26. Menara Multi Purpose Menara Multi Purpose is a skyscraper that built to provide a lot of offices and retails spaces for commercial purpose. The design still look modern even though it was built a decade ago. The building style is structural expression to express modernism architecture.

Figure 86 Menara Multi Purpose 3.27. Kuala Lumpur Tower Kuala Lumpur Tower is constructed due to replace the stell tower for upgrading Kuala Lumpur’s telecommunication network. The tower design in a postmodern Islamic architecture style.

Figure 87 Kuala Lumpur Tower

3.28. Petronas Twin Tower The Petronas Twin Tower is the iconic symbol of Malaysia that was built two decades ago. This building is design by referring to Postmodern Islamic architecture style in the structure and details. The symbol used as reference for floor plan is called The Rub El Hizb which are overlapping two squares to create 8 points that reflected Islamic arts.

Figure 88 Petronas Twin Tower 3.29. Istana Budaya The top view of Istana Budaya was inspired by the traditional flying kite called ‘Wau bulan’ while the building shapes illustrate the multi flora arrangement that symbolic for traditional malay weaddings called ‘sirih junjung’. There are also malay traditional house elements that complements in the design such as ‘rumah ibu’, ‘jendela’,’rebana ubi’ and ‘rumah dapur’.

Figure 89 Istana Budaya 3.30. Federal Territory Mosque Federal Territory Mosque or Majid Wilayah was built in two style which are Malay and Ottoman architecture. The mosque covers 47 000 meters land. The mosque has the mix influence of foreign mosque such as in India, Morrocco, Turkey, Moghul and others.

Figure 90 Federal Territory Mosque

3.31. Putrajaya International Convention Centre (PICC) PICC design were developed by referring to the three magnets theory from Garden Cities by Howard Ebenezer. The form reflects the circular shape of traditional Malay warrior belt buckle and Wau to achieve strongest form of symbolic unity.

Figure 91 Putrajaya International Convention Centre 3.32. Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre Kuala Lumpur Convention Center provide world class multipurpose space for visitors or business groups. The design based on the concept of ‘City within City then compliment with postmodern architecture styles.

Figure 92 Kuala Lumpur Convention Center 3.33. Sarawak State Legislative Assembly Building The building is the latest landmark and the new state legislative assembly building of Sarawak. The unique roof design is referring to the royal umbrella while the crosssection of the whole building is designed like a nine-pointed star.

Figure 93 Sarawak state legislative assembly building 3.34. Grand Hyatt Grand Hyatt is one of the luxurious hotels that situated in the heart of Kuala Lumpur. The design are fully modern architecture style with a contemporary grandeur. 86

Figure 94 Grand Hyatt 3.35. Raja Haji Fisabilliah Mosque The mosque situated on a 100 acre site in University Islam Malaysia campus. The design are based on royal belt buckle and National mosque of Kuala Lumpur. The design is not a typical mosque design but all the mosque element are here and modernize. Modern architecture style are incorporate both in structure and design.

Figure 95 Raja Haji Fisabillah Mosque

3.36. Sabah State Administrative Centre Sabah State Administrative Centre is the new government office complex building that consist of 33 storey office tower cabinet member offices and chief minister’s offices that covers overall 60 000 square feet working spaces. This building is currently the tallest building in Sabah. The design are based on Islamic architecture style with Modern architecture elements.

Figure 96 Sabah State Administrative Centre 3.37. The Exchange 106 The 106 refers to the number of floors and become the tallest building in Malaysia. The total heights of the building is 492 meters with 48 meter roof crown. The design is straight up modern architecture based on the iconic building Petronas Twin Tower. The texture took from the pattern of the palm tree. The form is a very simple geometrical pattern that is extruded and let it essentially die into the sky.

Figure 97 Exchange 106 Tower 3.38. Solama Bridge The Saloma Bridge is inspired from the Sirih Junjung that is used is offerings ceremonies to tie unity. This represent the Saloma Bridge that unite KLCC and Kampung Bharu. The modern architecture style and modern elements are used to construct the bridge.

Figure 98 The Saloma Bridge

4. Construction methods and material used

4.1. Snake temple in bayan lepas , pulau pinang 1805 The architecture of the temple is a design commonly found in Southern China. Three dimensional sculptures constructed using a technique knows as Chien Nien (cut and paste) from shards of coloured porcelain decorate the roof.

Figure 99 closer view of the roof

4.2. St George church in George town, Pulau Pinang 1817 Under Captain Smith, construction began in 1817 with sand and stone sliding 100 machines, pressed by workers blaming the hills of Penang. Doric columns have Senegal mahogany poles indoors for stability. Witnesses left on the left side of the church were still singing was still coming in the escort ship of India.

Figure 100 front view of the magnificent church 4.3. KL Railway station in Kuala Lumpur, selangor 1860 The total construction cost is reported to be $ 742,980 Straits Dollar. Costs include the straightening section of the Klang River, a temporary station, the demolition of a staff building, and the rebuilding of a new site in Brickfields (which still stands today). The new station, number three since the launch of the Kuala Lumpur-Bukit Kuda route, will not only provide passengers with comfort and convenience, but will also be a fitting addition to the public office that the Kuala Lumpur community is proud of. The platform is covered with a large steel frame construction. Apparently the roof was initially glazed but was partially opened to let the smoke from the locomotive escape. Today glass has been replaced by corrugated iron.

Figure 100 train track 4.4. Leaning tower of Perak in Teluk Intan 1885 This bell tower has 110 steps to connect each floor to a height of 35 cm. The impressive architecture of this building is made of wood and stone; there is a 1.8 meter wide road with a 2 meter wide wall decorated with green stone. Detailed architecture and space planning can be seen through the adaptation of the use of water tanks on the 3rd floor made of pieces of steel as high as 4 meters and volume 680 cubic meters. The lower part of the building measures 43 feet.

Figure 101 close up of the clock at the tower

4.5. Taiping Central Market in Taiping, Perak 1889 The building was built between 1884 and 1885, it is the oldest market in Malaysia and free teak and the largest non-religious structure in the country. The collective structure consists of three different sections, two wet markets neatly separated by a wallless space named day and night with a small food stall. It is a popular place for dinner. Impressively, they are spread over a large area in the middle of the city which is on two main roads namely Jalan Kota and Jalan Taming Sari.

Figure 102 view of the building during morning . 4.6. Sultan azlan shah gallery in Kuala Kangsar, Perak 1903 This gallery is located in the building of Istana Ulu. The building is made of carvings inspired by natural plants in the area. Stone carvings were made by artisans with the permission of Sultan Idris Shah I. The architectural design of the building shows common features with the State Palace Building, Ipoh High Court and Ipoh Railway Station. Building materials requested from abroad from England and floors from Italy.

However, many local materials used like cengal wood roof frame and meranti wood is the best carving material.

Figure 103 top view of the gallery

4.7. Loke hall mansion in Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 1907 The pediment is decorated with floral motifs made of plaster and in the center there is a round ventilation hole. Under the house there are three pairs of windows, each decorated with keystones and artificial railings.

Figure 104 the front facade is decorated with motif 94

Most of the exterior is in Western architectural forms, traditional principles of internal organization of space in Chinese mansions are also observed in Loke Hall. There is already an internal open field or known as courtyard that can only be seen in the old building in Malacca and the current Cheong Fatt Tze Mansion in Penang. In addition the building also retains some local features in the roof details. In the second section, extensive artwork is made in the gables and at the top.

Figure 105 the mansion in 1909-1919

4.7. Seri Menanti in Bandar Seri Menanti, Negeri Sembilan 1908

Construction began in 1902 and was completed six years later in 1908. Construction costs about $ 45,000. This wooden kingdom is made of tropical wood called chengal or sometimes pleasant (Neobalanocarpus heimii).

The whole structure is built on 121 pillars. 121 pillars in the middle of the four pillars of the middle (tiang seri in the Malay language) that rise from the ground level up to 95

the top (fourth). The main pattern consists of four single chengal blocks with a height of 51.8 meters (170 feet) and 340 mm to 340 mm. The rest of the pillars are 190mm x 190mm.

The chengal wood used to build the palace was harvested from the forest near Bukit Pergai, Jelebu and transported about 40 miles to Seri Menanti by kart. He reportedly took three cartons of bulls to transport each 70-foot-long chengal tree trunk and traveled 40 miles to Seri Menanti from Bukit Pergai, Jelebu. It is not impossible that it takes 6 years to complete!

The construction of this timber palace was done without using a single piece of metal nail or screw.

As a common practice in the construction of timber structure

traditional way, the construction method adopted in jointing the main frame of the building is called tebuk pasak in Malay (mortise and tenon) while the wooden panels were pieced together using wooden dowels and rivets instead of metal nails or screws.

Figure 106 example of tebuk pasak

4.8. Hatter Castle in Carey Island, Selangor 1923

All the wood to make the Hatter Palace was cut from the grounds while the forest was being cut, the stones were locally made, and the furniture was made locally by Chinese artisans. There is a water storage system that collects rainwater on the roof and cheeks in the ground tank.

Figure 107 elevation of the building

4.9. St Michael and all Angel in Sandakan, Sabah 1925 Pastor Elton was deeply involved in the choice of materials. Using Eusideroxylon zwageri (Borneo-Belian wood) would drastically increase construction costs, while the use of bricks was not considered cosmetically pleasing, so they eventually came to an agreement on a building made of stone blocks, specifically granite. While the white stones adorning the windows and doors were imported from Hong Kong, the dark stones came from a quarry at Kampong Buli Sim Sim, where they were carved by prisoners at a cost of about $ 1.50 Straits each. cubic meters. One of the stone blocks is 30 cm long and weighed about 63 kilograms. 97

Figure 108 the stained window of the church

4.10. Sultan Alaeddin mosque in Jugra, Selangor 1926

Decorated with 6 types of domes made of ferro cement shell construction on steel belts - a unique construction technique at the time due to it Sultan Alaeddin Mosque was declared a National Heritage Site in 2008 under the National Heritage Act 2005.

Figure 109 minaret of the mosque

4.11. Istana Kenangan in Kuala Kangsar, Perak

Istana Kenangan in Kuala Kangar was built in 1926 and is the only Malaysian palace with bamboo walls. Oral Origin in the Middle East resides in homes and villages. The house is long fitted with stilts and can accommodate 20 to 100 families. The water village is also built on a stick, with houses associated with planks and generally transport by boat. It is two storeys high with the top floor consisting of the bedchamber, family bedrooms and a dining hall. The ground floor was once used as the official royal office where its original floor was made out of solid wood. The wooden floor however had been replaced by marble.

Figure 110 perak royal museum 4.12. Sultan Ibrahim building in Bandar Baru Johor, Johor 1942

The reinforced concrete construction, with facing stone, is built on a metal frame consisting of 3,000 tonnes of structural steel made in the Singapore workshop of United Engineers Ltd, which was also responsible for the founding in 1940. Singapore is another company based, Ah Hong and Company, be responsible for public development.

Figure 111 close up of the building

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4.13. Parliament Building In 1959, a 16.2 hectares site near Lake Perdana was chosen. The project consist of 17story tower block and 3-storey main block. The hilltop was levelled to 61 meter above sea level while the foundation stone laid below. In order to connect the infra system, a bridge was built. The 3-storey main block is the shape of 11 triangle shaped structure called pinnacle with a pineapple-skin façade made of terrazzo while the wall made of glass panel. The 17-storey tower block has the height of 76.2 meters. The design and material used is the same as the main block. Both buildings connected with 50 meter bridges.

Figure 112 Parliament Building

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4.14. National Mosque In 1960, One of the National Mosque architect’s, Mr. Baharuddin was sent to visit the mosques in Pakistan, Spain, Arab, India and Turkey to study in person. After the design approved, in 1962, they demolished and leveling the ground for foundation work. The construction continued and complete in 1965.

Figure 113 National Mosque The walls are built using reinforced concrete with Italian marble cover. The façade also used the same materials which are geometric pattern concrete screen layered between interior and exterior space. There are also 154 concrete columns that support the roof that overlaid with black mosaic tiles and laminated gold aluminum mosaic tiles at top and bottom. The floors are layered with black terrazzo tiles while the roof is a large 16-point dome made of concrete.

Figure 114 Façade

Figure 115 Column and floor 102

4.15. Kota Kinabalu International Airport The new airport building was Built 2006 where there are terminal 1 which is a 3storey linear type where the gates, counters, offices, halls and lounges located while terminal 2 is an open apron type. The terminal 2 has a clear orientation ground that ease the aircraft movement, baggage operation, conveyed sorting and decentralized system. The cured cascading roof is used to minimize direct sunlight. The façade mainly used glass to maximize natural lighting.

Figure 116 KKIA view from parking area

4.16. Rasa Sayang Hotel, Penang The construction of Shangri La Rasa Sayang complete at 1973 and opened in the same year. The Shangri La has the total of 304 rooms. Throughout the years the Shangri La had gone through major renovations in for improving the quality. The popular landmark of the Hotel is the distinctive Minangkabau roof architecture that was made by wood. The structure is supported by reinforce concrete foundation and

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columns. The Shangri La has a luxurious finishes such as using marble, timber and glass.

Figure 117 Minangkabau roof of Shangri La Rasa Sayang lobby 4.17. Wisma Bapa Malaysia. Kuching Sarawak Wisma Bapa Malaysia is made of reinforced concrete foundation with concrete floors and walls. It a straight block design with many compartment inside. Few renovations and restoration are made throughout the years such as update the interior design and maintenance. The façade is design to reflect the pineapple and to show the grid system.

Figure 118 Wisma Bapa Malaysia 104

4.18. Tun Mustapha Tower The Tun Mustapha Tower has a cylinder layout plan with as concrete core. The core are used to hold the suspended high tensile steel brackets that support the long span of floor plan for each floor. The glass curtain façade are to reflect the backdrop of sea, island, mountain and villages surround it.

Figure 119 steel structure

figure 120 facade at night

4.19. Tanjong Jara Beach Resort The Tanjong Jara Beach Resort has a low rise for that is suitable for the climate. The buildings were elevated around 150 cm from the ground for flood protection and air circulation. The steep pitched roofs with gable grilles and bisque roof ties left exposed on the inside. This is to ensure continues air flow and circulation. Most of the structure are made of hardwood that supported by reinforced concrete foundation.

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Figure 121 interior wood material

Figure 122 roof form of Tanjong Jara Resort

4.20. Dayabumi Complex Dayabumi Complex is the most expensive construction built in Malaysia in 1984’s. Every structural part in the building is supported by the steel frames and later laced with concrete. The main finishes of the building is gentle and pure white mosaic tile that represent purity of the Muslims in Malaysia. The sun screen was design in white powder coated aluminum grilles ornaments.

Figure 123 material and façade of Dayabumi Complex

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4.21. Menara Tabung Haji Menara Tabaung Haji used Precast Concrete System as the main material. The used of concrete shows the modernity of the buildings. The structure that support the whole building is the arches where they provide support to the ceiling from tensile and compressive force. Tinted glass also widely used for windows to reduce solar energy transmitted into the building.

Figure 124 ceiling concrete decoration 4.22. Maybank Tower The architects of Maybank Tower planned the design in a simple, blocks forms where cutting, merging, adding and locate the blocks. The main building materials are steel and concrete in both interior and exterior. Perimeter column concept are used to resist lateral loads by having hollow cantilever on ground. The building façade are mostly tinted curtain glass wall that covered with repetitive zig-zag vertical stripped and ornamentation.

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Figure 125 form development of Maybank Tower

4.23. Mesiniaga Tower The Mesiniaga Tower take note the principle of Bioclimatic elements and structural expression that enhance high tech in the design. The exposed steels tubes serve as a supporting structure for the floors that made of concrete over steel trusses system. The aluminum louvers provide thermal comfort by controlling sun exposure to the building. Both foundation and curtain wall uses reinforce concrete that was prefabricated. The aluminum façade was installed later on site.

Figure 126 material and structure of Mesiniaga Tower

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4.24. Kuala Lumpur Tower The construction started in three phases. First is widening and excavating the site in 1991. The second phases involved the foundation construction. The third phase is complete the whole structure. The vertical cantilever structure that support the building is made of reinforce concrete. The core is locate in the middle of the tower and the heights continued to the top. It is the tallest concrete tower at 421 meters. The main lobby decorated with glass cladding domes that arranged in the Muqarnas form by Iranian craftsman.

Figure 127 steel structure of the top 4.25. Petronas Twin Tower The skyscraper need strongest materials and structural plan to make the building stands, the foundation were 120 meter deep underground. Both tower were built with high strength reinforced concrete to cut the vibration.

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Figure 128 Petronas Twin Tower 4.26. Istana Budaya The construction takes 4 years to complete and become top 10 theaters in the world for its sophisticated space, design, structure and quality. The roof was constructed in a repetition gable roof form. Both columns and beams used reinforced concrete in a grid system. There are also susoended steelwork to support the control room.

Figure 129 one of auditorium Hall

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4.27. Federal Territory Mosque The main prayer hall can house 17 000 people at a time. The large wooden doors that welcomed visitors inside. Inside the prayer hall, there is a mehrab that was made by stone embedded into marbles. The roof was covered by turquoise tiles. The façade is made of sleek white marble with geometric patterns carved.

Figure 130 front view at night 4.28. Putrajaya International Convention Centre (PICC) PICC used reinforced concrete raft system as foundation. The column used were composite columns with steel plates. The interesting feature in PICC is the courtyard garden behind the curtain glass wall.

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4.29. Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre used several mix of structure which are hyparwave, and 3D lattice. They installed standing seam profile on roof to retain the harmonious combinations of few shapes. The Convention Center utilized the reinforced structure as support. Aluminum Cross bracing techniques are used to support the tension and compressed force.

Figure 133 one of the convention hall 4.30. Sarawak State Legislative Assembly Building This nine storey building has the height of 27.7 meters ans 20.9 meters diameter. The ground breaking ceremony was held in 2004 and later going through site clearing, leveling and pilling. After many engineer challenges the construction complete in 2009. The main structure is made of reinforced concrete. A diamond patterned façade made of curtain glass wall and concrete strip decorates the exterior with the addition arched canopies and golden roof.

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Figure 134 construction of Sarawak State Legislative Assembly Building

4.31. Grand Hyatt The interior are designed in a luxurious way using wood, marbles, stones and others. The building using steel frame structure while supported with reinforce concrete core and foundation. The best thing about this hotel is all hotel’s room have a floor-toceilings window showing the views of Kuala Lumpur city. The curtain glass wall was tinted to block all excess sun and control heat gained into the building.

Figure 135 restaurant and bar of Grand Hyatt

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4.32. Raja Haji Fisabilliah Mosque The whole structure made of reinforced concrete such as foundation, columns, walls and others. The façade is white concrete with arabesque pattern on the face. The dome is made of two layers of low glass panels with metal shading device. The canopy structure is erected to the frond of the building as a shading structure with seating space beneath.

Figure 136 mosque courtyard 4.33. Sabah State Administrative Centre The site ground were paved, cleared, excavate and piling wors are done in 2015. It take 30 months to complete the building construction. The whole structure were supported with reinforced concrete core, column and walls. Tinted glass windows are used to control heat but allowing light to come into the building. The Islamic element can be seen in both exterior and interior.

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Figure 137 the lobby

figure 138 the building facade

4.34. The Exchange 106 The building is a GBI Gold that use recyclable and sustainable material. The construction started in 2016 by excavating and clearing the site. After that laying the foundation concrete mat and piling works. After that the construction continued and compete in 2019. The tall crown roof is the main feature of the Exchange 106 building. It is made of double layering glass with the interlayer where you can see both side inside and out. The high ceilings finishes made of English Burlwood while the walls and floor finishes made of quality marble stones. The tower have 92 column free office floors for flexible layout.

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Figure 139 roof crown of the Exchange 106 tower

4.35. Saloma Bridge Saloma Bridge is designed ti accommodate a small plaza, wider footpaths and street furniture. The steel structure are arranged and welded into shape with adding glass finishes. The LED lights are installed between the steel.

Figure 140 steel structure of Saloma Bridge

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5. Special or cultural event happened at the building in the past and recently

5.1. Snake temple in bayan lepas, pulau pinang 1805

The Chinese people usually celebrated all their important cultural event here such as Chinese new year and more and the temple also once featured during the 8th leg of The Amazing Race 16 and become a location in Tan Twan Eng's novel "The Gift of Rain" (book 1, chapter 4).

Figure 141 the novel

Figure 142 people celebrating Chinese new year at snake temple.

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5.2. St George in George town, pulau pinang 1817 In 1941, the Japanese Army and Air Force invaded Penang and dropped 6 bombs on the site, damaging the east wall and part of the roof. However, none of the columns in the church were damaged and they proudly maintained the church until 1945, when the British returned and repaired the damage they had done. The church has been robbed, its organs destroyed and all artifacts removed. The baptismal font can be found and then returned to the church that is still in use today. Everything we

see in the church is exactly when the construction was

completed in 1818, except the flat roof, which was replaced in 1842 and after WWII in 1945, and the Terrazzo floors were completed. laid in 1914. Prince Charles, the On November 7, 2017. Prince of Wales, and his wife Camilla, the Duchess of Cornwall, began their tour of the state today with a visit to the George Town Unesco World Heritage Site. The royal couple first visited St George Church at Lebuh Farquhar to attend its service, before proceeding to Masjid Kapitan Keling at Jalan Buckingham. They then strolled to the Han Jiang Ancestral Temple and later paid a call on the Arulmigu Sri Mahamariamman Temple.

Figure 143 prince Charles and his wife Camilla, the Duchess of Cornwall visiting the st George church. 118

5.3. Penang museum &art gallery in George town, pulau pinang 1821 The major renovation of the museum's work began in April 2017. The RM20 million restoration project is estimated to take about three years; the museum artifacts were immediately transferred to the museum branch on Macalister Road, George Town. Building a new well planned plot the next museum that has been empty since the bombing of World War II.

Figure 144 the penang museum and art gallery 5.4. KL Railway station in Kuala Lumpur, selangor 1860 The old Kuala Lumpur Railway Station was gazetted as heritage building in 1983 under the Antiquities Act 1976. Its Gazette No./Date is P.U. (A) 142 - 22/3/1983. On 1 March 2006 The National Heritage Act 2005 [Act 645] came into force by abolishing the two previous Acts, the Antiquities Act 1976 and Treasure Trove Act 1957.

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Figure 145 view of the railway station for the road side 5.5. Kuching old courthouse in Kuching, Sarawak 1874

In 2000, the court was relocated and the government decided to keep and re-adjust the use of the courthouse as a tourist facility. The project was completed in 2003 to mark the 40th anniversary of Malaysia's founding. In fact, this is a model heritage project not only is it carried out exactly according to customer requirements and best practice at the time offered by the Burra charter, it can also win national and regional awards and heritage awards.

Figure 146 the view in side the building 120

5.6. Carcosa Seri Negara in Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 1898 Carcosa Seri Negara wrote history. For example, it has been designated as a temporary residence for Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip at the 1989 Commonwealth Games Head of Government meeting in Kuala Lumpur City.

Figure 147 one of an old picture of the building 5.7. Jesselton hotel in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah 1954

Many celebrities have been known in the world visit the Jesselton Hotel, including British royalty Lady Edwina Mountbatten at the reception held on the 20th Governor Turnbull; and boxer Mohammad Ali during a fight with Joe Bugner in Kuala Lumpur on June 30, 1975 and won by unanimous decision and left for Manila via Jesselton.

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Figure 148 an old picture of the first look of the jesselton hotel

5.8. Soonstead mansion in George town, Pulau Pinang 1911

As of 2014, after a "Save Soonstead" petition is launched by the Penang Heritage Authority (PHT, an NGO) over 3000 crafts were completed, it was decided to participate in the sloop: project promoters decided on the current design and revoke the change. design so as not to damage or damage any part of this heritage building ”(PHT, September 5, 2014). As of June 2015, the media reported that the decision had been made in the plan to update the inventory of the Penang company, which GTWHI (George Town State Heritage State) advisers had agreed to. The inventory includes more than 2500 buildings. Stonyhurst Penang will be temporarily located at the historic Soonstead Mansion while the permanent site of the school at Straits Quay undergoes construction for the official opening in 2021. 122

Figure 149 entrance of the mansion

5.9. Sultan Alaeddin mosque in Jugra, Selangor 1926

The mosque has undergone a major restoration and received a new coat of paint, all white compared to the original yellow paint. According to the architect responsible for the restoration work on this mosque, architect Punca Cipta, the architecture of the mosque was designed by Tengku Hitam and modeled after the Muhammadi Mosque in Kota Bharu during construction works supervised by PWD at the request of the Sultan. The restoration project started in 2016 and was completed last year 2018.

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Figure 150 an old picture of the mosque in yellow coat exterior

Figure 151 the latest picture of the mosque with white coat exterior

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5.10. Telekom museum in Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 1930

In 1985, the former Prime Minister, Dato 'Seri Dr. Mahathir Mohamad, plan demolished larger size and advised that the building be enshrined as a national heritage site. With the intervention of the Prime Minister, Telekom Malaysia decided to look for another expansion location and made the proposal to convert the building into a museum for an amount of RM10 million. Construction of the museum took place in 1989 and 992, and museum materials and collections were collected from 1993 to 1994. On June 3, 1994, the museum was officially opened to the public. Telekom Museum is another example of the success story of the adaptation of historic buildings in Kuala Lumpur.

Figure 152 on of the new structure which was add up in the building which is the spiral staircase

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5.11. Ihsaniah Iskandariah mosque in Padang Rengas, Perak 1938

100 relics of the building's exterior are being restored, the bamboo walls and bamboo carvings of the slab are being restored based on the original shape, design and materials. Wall panels are also based on paint in the original color scheme.

Figure 153 an old picture of the mosque

Figure 154 the mosque after restoration

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5.12. Sultan Ibrahim building in Bandar Baru Johor, Johor 1942

In 1942, during the Japanese occupation of Malaya, the Japanese Imperial Army led by General Yamashita Tomoyuki occupied the building and the Bukit Serene Palace to plan the invasion of Singapore. [4] The Japanese use the building as a fortress and command center for British espionage activities in Singapore. The building was partially damaged during the Japanese invasion and damaged parts are still visible.

Figure 155 top view of the building 5.13. Parliament Building The building hosted many important events in the past such as the first National Function in September 1963. It is also used to pay final tribute to the 2nd Prime Minister, Allahyarham Tun Abdul Razak before his burial. There are deer park and forest garden in the compound where the first pair given by President Suharto, Indonesia.

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Figure 156 first national function in Parliament Building 5.14. National Mosque Noticeable events happened in the mosque is US President, Barack Obama visit the National Mosque in April 2014 for pays respects at mausoleum. In the most recent event, the National Mosque has closes its doors for visitors due to the COVID-19 outbreak until it officially open in July for prayers only.

Figure 157 last prayer before covid

figure 158 Barack Obama visits the mosque

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5.15. Kota Kinabalu International Airport In 1959, Sabah took charge of maintenance of the airport from Japan military and extend the runway using bitumen. The runway continue to extends in 19 63, 1967 and 1969 from 1593 meters to 2987 meters. In 2008 the terminal offers modern airport to visitors. August 2018 Air Asia celebrates its maiden flight from Bangkok, Thailand to Kota Kinabalu International Airport. In most recent news, Kota Kinabalu International Airport are on high alert for covid-19.

Figure 159 safety precaution in KKIA 5.16. Shangri La Rasa Sayang Penang The Shangri La Rasa Sayang has hosts many celebrities and famous, important people such as China’s Former President, Jiang Zemin, foreign celebrities such as Barbara Cartland and Stepheniy Powers and King of Cambodia Norodom Sihanouk. The Shangri La has received many awards this past years such as best Feringhgi Restaurant, ASEAN MICE Vanue Standard, Top 25 Luxurious Hotel in Malaysia, Bronze in Travel Award and others.

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Figure 160 Shangri La representative receive an awards 5.17. Wisma Bapa Malaysia. Kuching Sarawak Wisma Bapa Malaysia is a place for government affairs where conference and meetings within state, country and international happens frequently. Any affair, announcement and issues always attract media’s attention for example religious and politics bigots in January 2020, Air Asia expansion in Sarawak by Tony Fernandes in april 2015 and others.

Figure 161 conference of religious and politics bigots in January 2020

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5.18. Tun Mustapha Tower The Tun Mustapha tower is a commercial building that features mini theaters, exhibitions, gymnasium, auditorium restaurant and government offices. Noticeable events happened here is there is a French ‘Spiderman’, Alain Robert climb up the building in 1997, the KL Tower International Base Jump Merdeka Circuit and others.

Figure 162 Tun Mustapha tower 5.19. Tanjong Jara Beach Resort Tanjong Jara Beach Resort has always been popular since its opening in 1980. There are a lot of media coverage in newspaper, magazine and television appearances such as August 2000 on Women Weekly, April 2005 on MyStar and others. The most impressive award is the Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 1981 – 1983 cycle.

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5.20. Dayabumi Complex The first steel frame building, Dayabumi Comple is announced that the building’s valued at RM 773 Million in 2018. The building currently under phase 3 development for create value and bring vibrancy to Kuala Lumpur. The building is working on towards green building certificates.

Figure 165 view from inside 5.21. Menara Tabung Haji Throughout Menara Tabung Haji histories there are many noticeable events happened such as Tabung Haji investment around RM 1.55 Biliion and hosts a celebration for Tabung Haji achievement on children education program.

Figure 166 children education program celebration 132

5.22. Maybank Tower The Maybank Tower has house to many events such as opening celebration for Maybank assists the underprivileged communities in 2002, Maybank award for creative and visual artist in 2018, Maybank conference for rises prot in 2010 and many more.

Figure 167 5.23. Mesiniaga Tower Mesiniaga Tower has accomplish awards few years after the construction complete which is the Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 2013 representing bioclimatic design principle.

Figure 168 133

5.24. Menara Multi Purpose Menara Multi Purpose has host many events such as construction and law conference in 2015, collaboration with Myanmar for exhibition in 2019 and others.

Figure 169 open exhibition in Menara Multi Purpose

5.25. Kuala Lumpur Tower The Kuala Lumpur Tower was recognize to the world as the tallest telecommunication tower in the world.

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Figure 170 comparison of network towers 5.26. Petronas Twin Tower It’s not surprising for the Petronas Twin Tower to be selected as recipient in award such as best Manages property 2017, Non strata award in 2018, and others. The Petronas Twin Tower also annually hosts Malaysia events such as Malaysia Independence Day, Chinese New Year, deepavali and others.

Figure 171 representative for award 5.27. Istana Budaya There are around 15 events every month that booked the halls in Istana Budaya. Big events that usually get media coverage such as Maharaja Lawak, concert by Dato Siti Nurhaliza, concert 25 KRU and others. There are also theaters and operas performed in Istana Budaya such as The Phantom of Opera, Ola Bola Musical, Lagenda Gunung Ledang and others.

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5.27. Federal Territory Mosque The Federal Territory Mosque has a large space for events, celebrations or seminar. Some of the noticeable events are FAM Trip Program in 2017 that novels many Malaysian State department such as ministry of defense, ministry of religion and many more.

Figure 174 team of Federal Territory Mosque program 5.28. Putrajaya International Convention Centre (PICC) Noticeable events of PICC is The magnificent building has won award for Convention & Exhibition by Malaysia tourism in 2017.

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Figure 178 representative receive awards 5.29. Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre has won several awards and get recognition from professional panel such as Gold in AIPC Quality Standard Specification, MICE Reports Award 2012, Kuala Lumpur Mayor Universal Award and others

Figure 179 5.30. Sarawak State Legislative Assembly Building The New Sarawak State Legislative Assembly Building houses to various important state affair conference, meetings, debates and assembly such as Sarawak’s Budget Development Plan in 2020.

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Figure180 the new conference room 5.31. Grand Hyatt Noticeable events in Grand Hyatt hotels is the awards and joint management with other companies. The hotels also hosts to important guests such as the Thailand prime minister in 2015 and celebrities.

Figure 181

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5.32. Raja Haji Fisabilliah Mosque A lot of Islamic conference and talk held in the Raja Haji Fisabilillah Mosque. Many Important guests visit the mosque such as ustaz Don, Yang-di-Pertuan Agong Sultan Selangor and others.

Figure 182 5.33. Sabah State Administrative Centre Sabah State Administrative Centre is the new headquarters for government state affairs. The first cabinet meetings held in this building is hosts by Tun Dr Mahathir to discuss about Sarawak’s State affair in 2018.

Figure 183 first cabinet meeting with Tun Dr Mahathir

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5.34. The Exchange 106

Figure 184 The Exchange 106 completion ceremony.

5.35. Solama Bridge The beautiful bridge become a new iconic structure that connects Kampung Baru to KLCC.

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Figure 185 saloma brodge in night time

6. Human culture and behaviour surrounded the historical place

6.1. Snake temple in bayan lepas , pulau pinang 1805 This is a place for people who worship Buddhism, most of them are Chinese. People her can come and also take picture with the snakes that the monk sheltered.

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Figure 186 people come to burn incense during Chinese new year

Figure 187 people praying in the temple

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Figure 188 this woman visiting the temple got the chance taking picture with the snakes 6.2. St George church in George town, pulau pinang 1817

Figure 189 Parishioners attending Sunday service at St George’s Church Penang.

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6.3. Penang museum &art gallery in George town, pulau pinang 1821 In year 1964, this building has been turned into a museum and art gallery on the recommendations of late Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj, Malaysia's First Prime Minister as there is no any building with the collections of Penang local heritage materials at that time. Penang State Museum building is recognized as a heritage building under the Heritage Act 2005.

Figure 190 exhibition is being held there showing art and history of pulau pinang

6.4. Leaning tower of Perak in Teluk Intan 1885 This tower no longer holds water but the clock stil functions and chimes every 15 minutes. The area surrounding the tower has been restored with bricks and now is being used as a plaza for various formal or informal activities. A road in the city centre of Teluk Intan is named Jalan Ah Cheong to recognise Mr Leong Choon Cheong who builts that tower.

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Figure 191 the view of the tower at night

6.5. Carcosa Seri Negara in Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 1898 At first the building is serve as british comissioner residential. After that if became a hotel. As times goes by and after serving as a hotel, the Carcosa Seri Negara, the building is currently responsible for property management and managing the post of the country's prime minister. Carcosa Seri Negara has also been designated one of the Grade I listed buildings, protected by the National Heritage Act. The building is also considered one of the attractions for tourists or tourists who want to experience the authentic Malaysian experience.

Figure 192 a picture of Carcosa Seri Negara in 1900 145

6.6. Sultan Azlan Shah gallery in Kuala Kangsar, Perak 1903 Before the palace was transformed into a museum gallery from 2001 to 2003, the building also was used as a school at one point. The gallery’s exhibit rooms are filled with old photographs and memorabilia of the sultans. Besides the traditional royal regalia glittering with gold and gemstones, there were also an overwhelming array of royal gifts a custom-made display case of luxury wristwatches and a Caran d’Ache Gotica Pen worth more than USD 400,000 which is one of the most expensive pens in the world.

Figure 193 the exhibition inside the gallery

6.7. Pavilion in Kuching, Sarawak 1909

Get home and display original local textiles and costumes made by the Sarawak ethnic community. Examples of Iban pua kumbu are internationally known songket cloth and Sarawak Malay. The exhibition flow follows the process of textile making which starts with raw materials and goes through the weaving phase and ends with the

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final product. Visitors will have the opportunity to test their skills in “touch on” exhibit

Figure 194 the building from behind

6.8. Sultan idris education university in Tanjung Malim, Perak 1919 UPSI has two campuses namely the Sultan Abdul Jalil Shah Campus (KSAJS) and the Sultan Azlan Shah Campus (KSAS) who are in the leadership of education based on the glorious history and leading the global change. The main campus is on a 300-acre site in the town of Tanjung Malim that straddles both the Perak and Selangor state border. A new campus is on an 800-acre (3.2 km2) site in the new township of Proton City, 5 kilometres from the current campus. It is basically a place for education purpose, student from each part of malaysia came here to study.

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Figure 195 the UPSI campus 6.9. Parliament Building The activities here are all for the Federation and it enact laws to be enforced nationwide. The people here carried a formal behavior. Parliament meeting often held here to examine, studies and make certain decisions of the Faderal laws.

Figure 196 meetings in one of the hall

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6.10. National Mosque National Mosques is the symbol of Islam where can accommodate up to 15 000 people at one time. The main activities here are for the Islam believers to pray and others Islamic gestures daily and annually. Other than that, usually there are some photoshoots, event meetings, and others. The mosque also welcomed non-Muslim people as visitors. There are many things that can be done there such as mosque tour, Islamic introduction or lectured, the learning the mosque history, photography and many more.

Figure 197 one of the mosque entrance 6.11. Kota Kinabalu International Airport The airport has large space of lounges, kiosk, stores and gates. People mostly packed in the loges area. They have no problem staying in a long time since thare are many facilities provided. There are also people come to the airport for working such as in airline fields, offices and shops.

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Figure 197 visitors at the counter

figure 198 visitors waiting for flights

6.12. Shangri La Rasa Sayang ,Penang Visitors that come here usually the guest of Shangri La Rasa Sayang. They also enjoy activities available or having a group events with family, coworkers and friends. The Shangri La also hosted Wedding receptions by the within nature and inside a hall. Most of them come here to relax and enjoying their holiday.

Figure 199 outdoor weddings ceremony

figure 200 group events

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6.13. Wisma Bapa Malaysia. Kuching Sarawak Wisma Bapa Malaysia is a formal offices for government state departments. People come here to work, seminars, meetings, appointments, conference or any other work related activities.

Figure 201 Chinese New Year decorations

figure 202 seminar

6.14. Tun Mustapha Tower Since Tun Mustapha Tower is a commercial building, visitors are welcomed to join the activities and facilities here such as mini theaters, exhibitions, gymnasium, auditorium, and 360 degree spin restaurant and bar.

Figure 203 the lobby

figure 204 photography session

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6.15. Tanjong Jara Beach Resort The Tanjong Jara Beach Resort provides facilities and activities for weddings, team buildings, brainstorming sessions, celebrations and outdoor activities for all visitors.

Figure 205 team building activities

figure 206 weeding ceremony

6.16. Dayabumi Complex Dayabumi Complex is a mixed commercial building that consist of offices, retail shops, restaurants and auditorium hall. Visitors come to building for working or as customers. They are welcomed to the building and enjoying activities and facilities available.

Figure 207 a group of small retail opened for busines

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6.17. Menara Tabung Haji Menara Tabung Haji is the Headquarters building for Tabung Haji. People that visit this building usually to affair settlement, bill payment, money banking or any related in that scope of works.

Figure 208 tabung haji affairs at the counter 6.18. Maybank Tower Maybank tower is the headquarters for Maybank. The building features various Maybank departments and offices, conference hall, auditorium hall, Maybank counters and others. People that visit the Maybank tower usually for bank and money affair or work.

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Figure 209 Maybank tower lobby 6.19. Mesiniaga Tower Mesniaga Tower is house for a private company called Mesiniaga Berhad. The people that allowed in the building are the workers and clients only.

Figure 210 employees of Mesiniaga Berhad 6.20. Menara Multi Purpose This large building consist of various auditorium, cafeteria, restaurant and bar, retail shops, booths, mini market, offices, seminar hall and multipurpose hall. All visitors are welcomed since it is a retail and commercial building that always open for business and new tenants.

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Figure 211 open exhibition

figure 212 open seminar

6.21. Kuala Lumpur Tower The Kuala Lumpur Tower not on function as telecommunication network tower, but also a fun place that open to the public. There are 360 degree panorama view observation deck and restaurants. There are also a bouquet hall, broadcasting station and offices.

Figure 213 observation deck 6.22. Petronas Twin Tower Petronas Twin tower is a place where people gathered to enjoy themselves. They hosts many big events in Malaysia such as concerts, celebrations and others. The 155

tower itself has several features which are offices, restaurants, auditorium hall and many more.

Figure 214 Malaysia Independence Day celebration 6.23. Istana Budaya Before entering there are entrance fees and ticket bill for performance each performance. People entering the building usually performer, celebrities, officers, and visitors.

Figure 215 performance stage

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6.24. Federal Territory Mosque Other than a place for worship, there are many things can do inside the Federal Territory Mosque such as community center, classes, weddings, ceremonies and a tourist spot. Both Muslims and non-Muslims are welcomed to the mosque but always to behave well and wearing appropriate clothing.

Figure 216 prayers in Main prayer hall 6.25. Putrajaya International Convention Centre (PICC) Amenities tat provided in PICC are hotels, galleries, hall, auditorium, meetings, offices and others.

Figure 217 hall for teakwando competition

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figure 218 hall for dinner night

6.26. Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre has a multi space of halls and auditorium hence a lot events and activities can be done here such as convocations, weddings, concerts, events, celebrations and many more. People come here from Malaysia and foreign countries whether as visitors or events planner.

Figure 219 people come for exhibition 6.27. Sarawak State Legislative Assembly Building The New Sarawak State Legislative Assembly Building is a formal space for State affairs. People that entered the building are usually government workers. But the building also hosts various fun activities for the local such as merdeka celebration, hari raya celebration and many more. There are also auditorium hall inside that can be booked for any events.

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Figure 220 Malaysia Independence Day fireworks celebration 6.28. Grand Hyatt The Grand Hyatt Hotel has 370 guestrooms and 42 suits for all visitors, tourists, business traveler and local guests. The hotel provide a suitable rooms for business meetings and events. There are also recreational area and spa service. The main attraction is the top floor restaurant and bar viewing the city of Kuala Lumpur. Most visitors that enter the building for work, relax and enjoying luxury treats.

Figure 221 business dineer hall

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6.29. Raja Haji Fisabilliah Mosque Many community events and celebration held here and open to public such as weddings, korban for Hari Raya, Islamic classes for children and adults and many more.

Figure 222 korban for hari raya 6.30. Sabah State Administrative Centre The Sabah government has transfer all departments and offices to from old to new State Administrative Centre in 2017. The complex are formal workplace for State affairs. The only people allowed here are the employees or any people involved in the affairs.

Figure 223 view from above 160

6.31. Solama Bridge The bridge is the latest attraction in Kuala Lumpur. Many people come to take photos and admire the beauty of the structure. The LED lights attract visitors as is change based on the celebration such as merdeka or New Year celebrations.

Figure 224 people come for photo session

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