FACULTY OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS) IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN BAR 1133 SITI NURFARAHIM BT ZUL AKBAR LAD4-06/20-00006
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction.............................................................................................................. 4 1.1. Indian architecture era............................................................................................ 4 1.1.1. Ancient India..........................................................................................5 1.1.2. Medieval India....................................................................................... 5 1.1.3. Early modern India...............................Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.1.4. The republic of India..............................................................................7 1.2. Evolution of Indian architecture..............................................................................8 1.2.1. Indus valley civilization......................................................................... 8 1.2.2. Mauryan and Gupta empire....................................................................8 1.2.3. Southeast India..................................................................................... 11 1.2.4. Islamic influences.................................................................................12 1.2.5. British Indo-saracenic style..................................................................13 1.2.6. modern India........................................................................................ 14 1.3. Formation and development..................................................................................15 1.3.1. Geographical condition........................................................................ 15 1.3.2. Climate condition................................................................................. 16 1.3.3. Geological condition............................................................................ 17 1.3.4. Religion................................................................................................ 18 2. Beliefs and value..................................................................................................... 19 2.1. The main religion that influence Indian architecture............................................ 19 2.1.1. Buddhism............................................................................................. 20 2.1.2. Hinduism.............................................................................................. 21 2.1.3. Jainism..................................................................................................22 2.1.4. Islam.....................................................................................................23 2.1.5. Caste system.........................................................................................24 2.2. Pattern of life and spaces.........................................................................26 2.2.1. Temple..................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.2.2. Houses.................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.3. Culture and festival............................................................................................... 27 2.3.1. Vaastu shastra.......................................................................................27 2.3.2. Family structure and Arrange marriage............................................... 29 2.3.3. Cuisines, clothing, and animal............................................................. 29 2.3.4. Festival................................................................................................. 31 3. Element of Indian architecture............................................................................. 35 3.1. symbolic layers......................................................................................................35 3.2. Figurative decoration.............................................................................................35
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3.3. Animal statuary..................................................................................................... 36 3.4. Sikharas................................................................................................................. 37 3.5. Stupas.................................................................................................................... 38 4. Chosen building: Konark sun temple in Odisha,India....................................... 39 4.1. The orissa temple...................................................................................................39 4.1.1. Orissa temple timelime........................................................................ 39 4.1.2. Kalinga architecture............................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.2. History, legends and mythology............................................................................42 4.2.1. The Indian gods.................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.2.2. Samba son of deity Krishna and Surya god of sunError! Bookmark not defined. 4.2.3. King narasimha deva 1......................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.2.4. Sun temple............................................................................................44 4.2.5. Spaces...................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.2.6. Materials...............................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.2.7. Sculpture.............................................................................................. 52 5. Conclusion...............................................................................................................62 6. Pictures of model making...................................................................................... 63 7. bibliography............................................................................................................ 68
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1. Introduction 1.1. Indian architecture era In this topic there going to be four era that the report going explained. Basically it would start with ancient India, medieval India, early modern India and modern India. Each era will be explained on how India is develop and form to current India. Before India is consist of three states which is Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal. With roughly one seven of the world now India is second most populated country in the world after China. Notably Hinduism,Buddhism, and Jainism is the religion that originated in India.
Figure 1 maps of India
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1.1.1. Ancient India India is known for their archaeological evidence, a sophisticated urbanized culture of Indus civilization. It all start 55 thousand years ago, when people from Africa reach India subcontinent. Then around 6300 b.c.e appear an evident of human living permanently. There are proof of food crops, structures as shelters or storage and animal at Meghard, which now known as Balochistan. From all the evident, then found Indus valley civilization. Around this era there were two religion being created which is Buddhism and Hinduism.
Figure 2 Indus valley 1.1.2. Medieval India In the early part of the second millennium BCE, a persistent drought caused the people of the Indus Valley to spread from the city center to the village. The caste system appear, which created a hierarchy of free priests, soldiers and peasants, but did not exclude the indigenous people by defining their profession as impure, emerged later in the day. Urbanization is accompanied by the emergence of a new ethical movement in Greater Magadha, including Jainism and Buddhism, which rejects the influence of Brahmanism and the effectiveness of ceremonies led by Brahmin priests associated with the Vedic religion, gave rise to the new religious concept.
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Figure 3 Bharhut stupa 1.1.3. Early modern India The Islamic conquest created a limited presence in modern Afghanistan and Sindh as early as the 8th century. The rich sultanate of Bengal also emerged as the great world power for more than three centuries. The modern era began in the 16th century, when the Mughal Empire conquered most of the Indian subcontinent and became a global economy and manufacturing power. The Mughal experienced a gradual decline in the early 18th century, allowing the Marathas, Sikhs, Mysoreans, and Nawabs of Bengal to control large areas of the Indian subcontinent.
Figure 4 left early modern India map and fatehpur sikri palace
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1.1.4. The republic of India From the mid-18th to mid-19th centuries, way of education and technologies are cahnge and the most important thing is large sections of India were gradually certified by the East India Company, a chartered company acting as a sovereign power on behalf of the British government. The dissolution and rule of the Company in India created the Indian Revolution in 1857, which turned the North and Central parts of India in reverse, until the company dissolved. India was then ruled directly by the British crown, under the British Raj. After World War I, the Indian National Congress, led by Mahatma Gandhi, sparked a national struggle for independence, known to power. Then, the All-India League will defend the separate country and the Muslim majority. The British Indian Empire was divided into the dominion Indian and Dominions of Pakistan in August 1947 after that each gain its independence.
Figure 5 world war 1
Figure 6 mahatma gandi and jawaharlal neru
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1.2. Evolution of Indian architecture In this topic will be explaining the evolution of the Indian architecture through ages. There are 6 different era and ages to show how the temple and building evolves. 1.2.1. Indus valley civilization It flourished during the bronze age, and it also known as the Harappan civilization. It has more than 100 sites that have been identified. The evident of gridiron pattern for the layout of the cities it shown that the civilization have an extensive town planning. The town have an elaborated drainage and good water management system which is rare for a contemporary civilization at Mesopotamia and Egypt. The houses are mostly built with baked bricks also stone and wood.
Figure 7 mohenjo daro
Figure 8 public bathing place
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1.2.2. Mauryan and Gupta empire
Figure 9 mauryan empire maps The Mauryan architecture was a finest specimen of indian art , most of it was embalmed in timber and rocks and stone were not used at all. Ashoka is the first Mauryan emperor who began to think on using stone for the buildings. The ashokan rock edict at dhauli is the earliest rock cut sculpture in India. Ashoka constructed several stupas with large halls. Ashoka had built many palaces but most of them have perished. His palace near Patna was a masterpiece.
Figure 10 ashoka pillar
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Figure 11 sanchi stupa After mauryans then cam the sungas and kushans to north and satavahanas to the south. They contributed a lot in stone construction. They are the one who enlarged ashokan stupas and replace all the wood work and brick to stone. The sungas is the one who built the toranas for the stupas. Kushans is the one who changes the Buddha form in human instead of symbols.
Figure 12 ellora cave temple
Figure 13 varaha - udaigiri cave 10
1.2.3. Southeast India The style of this architecture are very distinct from the rest of the architecture in India. It also called as dravida style. The style essentially consist of square chambered sactuary topped by a superstructure tower, or spire and an attached pillared porch or hall or known as mandapa, enclosed by a peristyle of cells within a rectangular court. It start to developed the style around 7 century. The South Indian style is most fully realized in the splendid Bṛhadīśvara temple at Thanjāvūr, built about 1003–10 by Rājarāja the Great and also the great temple at Gaṅgaikoṇḍacōḻapuram, built about 1025 by his son Rājendra Cōla.
Figure 14 Bṛhadīśvara temple at Thanjāvūr
Figure 15 great temple at Gaṅgaikoṇḍacōḻapuram
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1.2.4. Islamic influences Islamic architecture very known for their Mughal style. It was in 1206 where Islamic political power established in India. All the kings on that era are called sultan of Delhi or also known as Delhi sultanates. The first mosque in India, Quwwat al-Islam Mosque in Delhi, was also built as a series of arches and domes. But Indian craftsmen who did not know the principles and how to construct them they used another method of cor-belling, which is to pile up ashlars horizontally, making progressively higher protruding layers in result of collapse living only the arch. Generally most of islam architecture is represented by mosque in every region. The notorious taj mahal by shah jehan is one of the Islamic architecture good example and also jami masjid in Delhi.
Figure 16 jami masjid
Figure 17 taj mahal
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1.2.5. British Indo-saracenic style It’s a style that British architects bring in the late 9th century. It drew an element of native indo-Islamic and Indian architecture and combine it with the Gothic revival and neoclassical style which can be found a lot on Victorian British. There are some development of style happen which is before 1857 mostly the building is built with european classical style included Greek and roman feature such as column triangular pediments and most of it change during Revolt of 1857 when India began to ruled by British empire.
Figure 18 st George cathedral in chennai
Figure 19 chepauk palace
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1.2.6. modern India In 1947 there's only 300 trained architect in population of 330 million. And only one training institute that taught architecture which is indian institute of architects so most of the first batch of architects trained abroad. A few of the architect are a traditionalist like Ganesh Deolalikar, he is the one who design the supreme court that imitate the lutenist-baker buildings. Then on 1950 Le cor busier came and built a few buildings. The most iconic building in India is the lotus temple it represent the modern temple for the all baha’I houses of worship.
Figure 20 capitol complex by le corbusier
Figure 21 the lotus tample
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1.3. Formation and development In this topic, will going to explain on how exactly or the main reason the formation and the development of building or temple in India being built. There is 4 main reason which is geographical, climate, geological and religion. 1.3.1. Geographical condition India is a triangular peninsula which bounded with the Himalayas mountain. The river which is Ganges, Indus, Nerbudda, Kitsna and Jumna also the sea are the main reason India being one of the first country receive an overflow of races. Due to the geographical condition of India made it one of a good harbour that employs a lot of boatmen and people around the world come here to do trading. Delhi is the centre of India and after having been in succession the capital of Hindu, Mahometan, and Mogul Empires, now Delhi known as capital of the Empire of India.
Figure 22 the himalayas mountain view
Figure 23 the view of Ganges river
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1.3.2. Climate condition India is mostly tropics with two main types of season wet and dry. During ancient period here in India most likely the roofs are flat terraced roof for coolness. A lot of lattice windows and pierced screen being used it shows the characteristic of Indian eastern art design to exclude heat and light caused by constant sunlight received. Found canals, reservoir and water tanks near to every structure or buildings is essential for water storage and irrigation during the dry season.
Figure 24 punkah a manual fan
Figure 25 lattice window example
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1.3.3. Geological condition Stone and hill, influenced a lot in earlier time of Indian architecture. Granite of the Deccan, sandstone of certain districts, volcanic pot-stone of Hullabid, all contributed to development of India. India the rock-cut " Chaityas " of the Buddhists were produced in the actual geological formation ; for they were carved in the horizontal strata of the living rock, where it rises sheer from the ground in perpendicular cliffs. Teak, the principal timber of the country, is found on the Eastern and Western Ghats, and in the Himalayas while besides ebony and bamboo there are the palms, which grow mostly on the lowlands of the coast, and supply food, drink, clothing, and building material to the natives. Terra-cotta has been use also in early times. Lime for building was obtained by burning limestone, shells, and kankar, a nodular form of impure lime found in river valleys.
Figure 26
Figure 27
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1.3.4. Religion According to statistic world population review, 80% of the population is Hindu. And 13% Islam, it is the second largest religion the spread throughout India. Then other 2% is Christianity they could be find mostly in Kerala, Goa, Tamil Nadu and Meghalaya. Next 2% is Sikhism mostly in Punjab region. 1% Buddhist most;y in the Maharashtra area. 0.4% Jainism in the regions of Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Gujarat, and major cities and 1.6% Other is Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Bahá’í, tribal religions.
Figure 28 Hinduism god Krishna Buddhism and Jainism is formed in response to Hinduism, the three religion basically have the similar ways of teachings.
Figure 29 upper left Buddhist and Jainism bottom left Sikhism and Islam
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2. Beliefs and value
2.1. The main religion in india
Figure 30 the statistic of religion in India
Hinduism is one of the most widespread religions in the world after Islam and Christianity and is considered the oldest religion in the world for at least 5000 years. It is believed to be older, but there is no definitive evidence. The Indian census indicates that 80% of Indians identify as Hindus, 13% identify as Muslims and 2% identify as Christians. Another 2% of the population was identified as Sikh, 1% identified as Buddhist and 0.4% identified as Jain. Due to the large size of India, religious minorities still represent a significant number of people.
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2.2. The religion mainly influence the architecture in India This are the main religion that mostly influenced the architecture in India, in this topic going to explain in detail each religion background. Where the religion started and came from. Also the Gods and their practices. 2.2.1. Buddhism
Figure 31 bodh gaya in India Buddhism was developed in India. There was a time in ancient India when Buddhism prevailed in India. Currently, less than 1% of the Indian Buddhist population. Buddhists have many followers in eastern India. Buddhism was founded around 500 BC Buddha started with a prince named Siddhartha Gautama. Siddhartha belonged to a noble family. As a prince he had wealth. At some point, Siddharta began to leave the palace and saw poverty, sickness and suffering for the first time. After seeing, leave the palace and giving personal items to those who need. He participated in a series of enlightenments in search of lighting. At the time, however, those who seek enlightenment believe that this can only be achieved with a basic needs. They do not eat anything and almost starve. Siddharta also followed this path in search of lighting. But at the end of the day, he may feel that this is not a way of enlightenment or a corrupted life. According to him, the right path was in the middle.
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To focus the search for light, the Buddha sit under the fig tree and after many temptations received enlightenment. According to Buddhist theory, life is a long process. People who do not know the life you want to be born again in the circle of people with a full life and will be able to exclude themselves from the world without suffering - Nirvana. To become a Nirvana, one has to follow the eighty path to believing, desire, thinking well, living well, making good efforts, thinking right, doing good, and practicing meditation properly. There are two main teachings of Buddhism, Mahayana and Hinayana. Mahayana Buddhists believe that the right path for their followers will lead to the salvation of all people. Hinayana believes that all people should be the responsibility of your own destiny. 2.2.2. Hinduism
Figure 32 god of Hinduism Hinduism is a mystical religion there is no books and no prophets, but followers believe in Brahman as a creative force that they all come and go to Brahman. The religion is consider as polytheistic since there are many gods and goddesses in Hinduism. However, followers believe that Brahman is a god and that other gods are different from humans. This is the deity you often hear in your relationships with Hindus: Brahman is the creator of the nature of this and Vishnu is the Lord who keeps the universe in balance and harmony. Vishnu occurs in various forms based on circumstances and have many different forms, such as Rama, Krishna and Sarasvati.
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Shiva, the prince was destruction. The followers believed that from time to time the world was destroyed by Shiva and rebuilt by Brahman. The cycle is an important symbol for Hindus. Ganesha is a God who removes obstacles and brings destiny. Ganesha is described as the face of an elephant and a human body. Most of the temple in India are built to worship the god, some of the people believes that temple are sacred place the god built. Vedas is the holy books they believe the religion is Truth,timeless, infinite, and unique. Dharma is “the moral order of the universe and a code of living and the pursuit of dharma allows humanity to get to the higher truth. Also they believe in reincarnation.
2.2.3. Jainism
Figure 33 jain cosmology in a picture Jainism also known as Samana Drarma is an ancient Indian religion came from Hinduism. Jain believes in the wheel of time. During each upward movement is called as utsarpini and downward is called avasarpini of this wheel, 24 Tirthankars is known as scouts or male prophets were promised to be reborn to spread eternal truths and help humanity to salvation. According to Jainism, every living person has a soul. Every soul has supernatural potential, with the attributes of purity, fame, understanding, strength and happiness can reduced karma and lust. The current cycle, which is considered a downward movement, has 24 Tirthankars, the first one being Rishabhdev and Vardhaman Mahavira.. Vardhaman Mahavir was a holy prince who lived 2,600 years ago and was 22
a contemporary of Gautam Buddhism and a fighter in Jainism. The three gems of Jainism - true faith, true knowledge and true practice offer a way of salvation. Jain believes that there is no supreme divine creation. The world is meant to govern itself and every soul has the potential to attain divine consciousness (siddha) through its own efforts.
Figure 34 left the people that worship Jain and the temple 2.2.4. Islam Islam is the second largest religion in India and influences society, culture, architecture and art. The division of the continent in 1947 resulted in the massive emigration of about 10 million Muslims to Pakistan and almost many Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan to India. The event changed the demographics of two countries that are significant and still felt across India. Nevertheless, the Muslim community in India can then play an important role in the growth of the country. For example, the Muslim community in India has contributed to theological research and the establishment of religious institutions, institutions and universities. The mystical form of Islam (Sufism) is also popular, with people flocking to Sufi dance performances. The majority of Muslims are Sunni, but there are also influential Shiite minorities in Gujarat. Most Sunnis live in Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Kerala, as well as major cities. Most of the architecture can be seen in mosque building.
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Figure 35 2.2.5. Caste system This system are basically being practised by mostly all Indian throughout the world. The system appear at least thousand years before Christ was born. It was a book of a Hindu law, it is known as the basis order and regularity of society. The main caste were further divided to 3000 caste and 25000 sub caste, it all based on specific occupation. It is segregated by four level, Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and the Shudras. Many believe that the groups originated from Brahma, the Hindu God of creation. To understand the meaning of each level it’s started with Brahma which is the head it represent the intellectual for examples teachers. Then kshatriyas the Brahma arms,
represent as the warriors and the rulers. Brahma thighs vaishyas
represent the traders. At the bottom of the heap were the Shudras, who came from Brahma's feet and did all the menial jobs. Over the centuries, caste has dictated almost every aspect of religious and life, with each group finding a place in this complicated hierarchy. Older communities are organized based on caste - upper and lower castes almost always live in isolated colonies, water wells are not divided, Brahmins do not receive food or drink from the Shudras, and one can marry only to one caste.
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The independent constitution of India banned discrimination, and in an effort to rectify historical injustices and provide a playground for traditional groups, the authorities announced quotas for governmental institutions and education for caste and tribal design. lowest in caste hierarchy, 1950.
Figure 36 the Brahmin figure
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2.3. Pattern of life and spaces In this topic going is to show on the pattern of life of an Indian people in their daily life. How they spent most of their times and the important spaces in the temples and their houses. 2.3.1. Houses Basically in the house it is essential for them to have a prayer room or section for them to worship the god.
Figure 37 the daily activities and the important spaces 2.3.2. Temples This the activities that usually being done in a temple.
Figure 38 activities and the space in the temple
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Figure 39 typical temple spaces
2.4. Culture and festival 2.4.1. Vaastu shastra The origin of Vastu can be traced back over 5000 years. Vastu Shastra is a traditional Indian Architectural Science that guides the construction and design of buildings with natural and simple laws around the world. The Sanskrit word 'Vastu' here means the foundation of the earth, site or building and 'Shastra' is translated into teaching or science. Hence, together they mean 'scientific construction'. Vastu Shastra is intended to use a higher level of energy in yourself and can help in various aspects of life:
Improving Potential Earning
Helping in Higher Rising in Career
Success in Studies
Improve Married Bliss
Ensure Good Health
Freedom from Tension and Prejudice
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Knowing that the Sun is the most important part of the world that gives light and heat and is the reason for living on earth; This is why the Sun is known as the "World Soul" in ancient Indian texts.The principle of vastu allows humans to use limited solar energy in the most efficient way possible. The earth, which is the home of our planet, is like a mother and is a source of wealth of all sorts of pleasures beyond human comprehension. Environmental reflections in residential buildings were established considering the cosmic influence. The vastu shastra guide for humans to achieve the best role of mother earth.
Figure 40 the diagram of vastu shastra
Figure 41 list or spaces that following the vastu shastra and an example of a house space placement
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2.4.2. Family structure and Arrange marriage India is famous for their culture which they usually call as joint family marriage. It happen when usually the extended member of a family is living together. The oldest male member will be the head of the family. He will be the main structure of the house the one who make all the decision and rules to the houses member. The culture are not practice is certain area or India. Arranged marriage also part of Indian culture it is a norm in Indian society. Nowadays most of the India family still practice this culture. Usually the bride will provide dowry to the bridegroom, since daughter don’t have legal claim on family estate so it is consider as the bride sharing the the family wealth. The wedding is like a festival for them. There will be extensive decorations, colors, music, dance, costumes and rituals th efew key rituals common in Hindu weddings – Kanyadaan, Panigrahana, and Saptapadi. these meaning, gifting away of daughter by the father, voluntarily holding hand near the fire to signify impending union, and taking seven steps before fire with each step including a set of mutual vows. Mangalsutra necklace of bond that a Hindu groom ties with three knots around the bride’s neck in a marriage ceremony. that depend on the religion of the bride and the groom, as well as their preferences. 2.4.3. Cuisines, clothing, and animal Indian are well know with their variety of spices, Indian cuisine is diverse, ranging from very spicy to very mild, varying with seasons in each region. These reflect the local agriculture, regional climate, culinary innovations and cultural diversity. Food in India is sometimes served in thali – a big plate with rice, bread and a selection of sides. Thali were known as the “rich mans” food and only the elite and rich would feast. In history usually only the royalty will eat using thali, it happen because the villager will gather the food in a big platter and serve it to the king or the ruler in that time.
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Figure 42 food with thali presentation Regarding attire, India have their own traditional clothing and it is different depend on the region. Clothing styles include cutouts such as sari and sador for women and dhoti or lungi or panche for men. Also popular were sewing dresses like churidar or salwarkameez for women, with dupatta (long scarves) thrown on the shoulders. The dastar, a headgear worn by Sikhs is common in Punjab Indian women add a sense of charm and style to their makeup and decor. Bindi, mehendi, earrings, bracelets and jewelry are common. On special occasions, such as wedding ceremonies and festivals, women are allowed to wear cheerful colors with decorations made of gold, silver or regional stones and other gems. Bindi has often been an important part of Hindu women makeup. Down on the blade, some think bindi is a good sign.
Figure 43 left visual presentation of woman jewelry and bindi and second picture is traditional cloth in India
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In Hinduism, the cow is considered a symbol of ahimsa known as non-violence, motherhood and bringing fortune and wealth. Because of this, the cow is worshiped in Hindu culture and feeding the heard is a religious event. This is why beef remains a staple food in the Hindu and Jain streams.
Figure 44 celebration for the holy cow
2.4.4. Festival India are know well with their festival, there are around thirty six kind of festival, but the main one consist of 8 kind of festival.
Figure 45 kolam for diwali festival The upper figure are showing one of the main festival that being celebrated by all Indian not just in India by also all Indian around the world. The festival are known as
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Diwali every homes, buildings and temples are decorated with festive lights. A five day festival celebrating new beginnings and the triumph of good over evil, and light over darkness.
Figure 46 holi festival Holi is known as festival or spring or festival of color. This celebration represents good success over evil. It was originally from India and celebrated there. It is famous for the Indian theater diaspora in other parts of Asia and the western world.
Figure 47 dancer dancing for navaratri festival Navaratri is a Hindu festival that lasts for nine nights or ten days and is held every year in the fall. It was noted for various reasons and restrained in many aspects of Indian culture. However, in practice, the post-fall sign of Sharada Navaratri is widely obeyed in honor of goddess Durga . The festival is held in the light of the Hindu lunar calendar, which usually falls on the Gregorian months in September and October.
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Figure 48 festival celebrating ganesh Ganesh Chaturthi also known as Vinayaka Chaturthi is a Hindu festival celebrating the arrival of Ganesha in the world from Kailash Parvat and his mother Goddess Parvati / Gauri. The festival is styled with the installation of Ganesha clay sculptures in private, or made public on public displays known as pandals or a temporary stage.
Figure 49 kid playing as god Krishna Krishna Janmashtami, also known only as Janmashtami or Gokulashtami, is an annual festival that celebrates the birth of Krishna, the eighth avatar of Vishnu.It is an important festival especially in Hindu Vaishnavism tradition.
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Figure 50 girls celebrating durga puja
Durga Puja is also known as Durgotsava, an annual Hindu festival originating in the Indian subcontinent and the worship of the Hindu goddess, Durga. The festival marks the victory of the goddess Durga in the battle against her aunt, Mahishasura.Thus, the festival shows a superiority of evil than evil, though it is also part of the harvest festival that celebrates the Goddess as a mother power behind all life and creation.
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3. Element of Indian architecture 3.1. symbolic layers Most Hindus worship over alters in their homes and at temples. Family altars are used for daily prayers. Temples are sought out for important matters or big events and occasions. A temple usualy is built tall and big the tower it self tell stories .The central tower is representing Mt. Meru is considered to be the cosmic axis between heaven and earth. The elaborate temple has a central wall surrounded by other towers. Drawing on top of Mount Meru, the tower is arranged with a square plan around the central dome, like a lotus flower, and is often decorated with stucco or stone decoration. The conical shape is formed by several stitches that together form a circle.
Figure 51 khajuraho 3.2. Figurative decoration Indian architecture is known for its high style. Exteriors are often accompanied by statues, images of gods, narrative relief from mythology and many decorative engravings. Panels, beautiful and colorful with pictures of plants, monkeys and elephants, and men and women of all sizes. On the interior the amount of decoration is minimal, so as not to distract or distract from the icons in the central sanctuary. The decoration include nagas a cobra of several myths guarding the sanctuary, representation of Hindu gods, and scenes from the Hindu epic Ramayana. The gods can often be identified with attributes Vishnu with ridges and Triva Shiva or with mountains lions for Durga or rats for Ganesh.
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Many Hindu temples display phallic temples and asparas - women dancing from figures considered to be women of beauty - on the wall. Some have sexual images. Some towers have lotus roads or lotus shoots or mythical and heroic figures. Amalak is an architectural form found in several towers. It comes from gourd-like myrobalan fruit.
Figure 52 sample of a colourful figurative decoration on temple
3.3. Animal statuary Basically sometimes the the god came in a form of animal or the animal is the god companion. Its also showing that all living is sacred symbol. Besides carving there's also temple for certain animal which is rats, snakes, monkeys and dongs
Figure 53 example of dog statue in temple and elephant on the temple carving
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3.4. Sikharas The most appealing characteristic feature in the hindu temple and mostly can be found in the north india. Basically there is two type of sikharas. Basically sikhara means mountain peak. It’s a superstructure above a sanctuary. The first type is the latina, curvilinear in outline, the type most usually found above the sanctuary, and second type is the phamsana, rectilinear in outline and capped by a bell-shaped member, the form more usually found above the mandapa.
Figure 54 example of sikhara
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3.5. Stupas The first Buddhist statue was erected on the earth by the Buddha and his friends and is almost certainly in the Buddhist sanctuary. The concept of relics is then expanded to include sacred texts. Mini stupa and pagodas are also used in worship by Buddhists in Asia. Stupas were also built by Jainists to commemorate the guardians. The monument consists of a circular base supporting a large dome or also known as the "egg" or garbha, "womb" of the protrudes' umbrella. The Great Stupa is surrounded by palaces and four gates, adorned with spacious statues depicting Jataka stories, Buddhist life events and popular mythological figures.
Figure 55
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4. Chosen building: Konark sun temple in Odisha, India
4.1. The orissa temple The orissa architecture is a supreme expression of the temples and one of the finest in the country but it is in epic moment during 7 century. It also known as kalinga style. temple of this style consists of a structural due, the main temple or shrine and the frontal porch. The main temple is called Vimana or Deula, the deity shrine or assembly hall called Jagamohana is the place for people to pray recite mantras. The former, constructed on a square base, has a soaring curvilinear tower whisch is called as sikharas or also known as rekha deula. It rich it’s finest during ganea period where to more structure is added to meet the need for ritual. The finest structure of orissa architecture is the sun temple of konark. It is the greatest monument, it is a masterpiece of art. It was a perfection in proportion and stupendous size also a great example for researcher.
Figure 56 example of orissa temple
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4.1.1. Orissa temple timelime There divide to three era started with, early period the Parsurameswar temple around 750-900 a.d, then middle period the jagannath temple around 900-1100 a.d and the later period the sun temple konark around 1100-1200 a.d.
Early period the Parsurameswar temple This temple it has the orissa temple architecture features but not yet fully developed. There are all together eleven niches in this temple The sikhara portion contains an amalaka, a kalasi and a lingam instead of Ayudha.
Figure 57
Middle period the jagannath temple this temple were made during the rule of the Suryavamsi Gajapatis in Odisha. after the death of Chodagangadeva then the temple construction was completed most probably by Anangabhimadeva III. Chodagangadeva might not have started the construction he extended the work and failed to complete it during his life time.
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Figure 58
Later period the sun temple konark The Sun temple of Konarka is remarkable for its variety of sculptures. A notable feature of the architecture of the Sun temple of Konarka is the presence of erotic figures in the walls. The Sun Temple in Konark is a great example of the creative genius of Oriya artists. Kalinga's art style reaches its peak of perfection by building the Sun in Konarka. From the point of view of the beauty, balance and beauty of this temple, the only temple in East India that distinguishes must be one of the Seven Wonders of the World.
Figure 59
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4.2. History and mythology Konark is 35 km away from the famous religious and tourist center of Puri and the capital of Bhubaneswar. As the legend goes, King Narasimha Deva-I of the Ganga Dynasty has performed this temple building as a royal proclamation of the political superiority of his dynasty. He paid 12 hundred architects and artisan to invested in creative talent, energy and artistic commitment for 12 years. The king has reduced the amount to 12 years.but something happened whch is the magnetic force middle of the duel made the statue of the deities floating and fall to the ground. Then the king gave the final command that the work be completed by a certain date. The team of architects led by bisu Maharana is at a loss. It was also at that time that 12-year-old Dharmapada son of chief architect bisu Maharana came there as a visiting spectator. He became aware of the fear of the architects. Although he did not have practical experience in temple building, he thoroughly studied the architectural theory of the temple. He later solve the confusing problem of fixing the latest grinding on top of the temple. He surprised everyone by doing it himself. But shortly after this completion of the temple, a young genius was found dead on the beach at the base of the temple. Legend has it that Dharmapada gave his life to save his community.
Figure 60
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Stories spread throughout the cities of Konark. It is possible to give several reasons for the appearance of the temple. According to legend, Samba, Lord Krishna's son was proud of his beauty. It was clear when he made the mistake of mae fun a sage called Narada.narada decide to taught Samba lesson. At one point narada lure samba to his stepmother bathroom while she was bathing. When Krishna heard of this evil act, he became angry and cursed his son with leprosy. However, it didn't take long before god Krishna knew that it was all a bad plan. He sent his son to worship the sun god,surya, who can sure from all diseases. The Samba guards advise and spend 12 years in worship. Finally, surya sent Samba to collect
water from the sea in Konark when Samba was taking his bath in
chandrabhaga, his hands came in contact with something in the water. He immediately lifted it up and saw an image of Surya (Sun God) standing on a lotus pedestal, holding two lotuses in his both hands. Samba was however completely cured, after sometime, by worshipping the deity. So the boy leprosy was healed. Samba he carried the image to his Ashrama (hermitage) and installed it in a temple, sambe has emerged to build a temple in honor of the surya. The actual temple seems to have an architectural setup with magnet at the top and bottom of the temple making the idol stand in air without any physical support.
Figure 61 an old picture of konark sun temple
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4.2.1. Sun temple The name konark cames from the sanskrit words Kona which means corner or an angle and Arka means light or sun, to be exact it refer as the hindu sun god Surya but the Kona is still remain unclear, but it could possibly means to the southeast location of the temple on the subcontinent. The temple was built close to the Chandrabhaga River which used to flow within a mile of it. However, over the years, the river has changed course and no longer flows near the temple now. It was built from stone, it was carved into a form of giant ornamented chariot to dedicate to the sun god, due to in hindu vedic iconography surya is rising from the east with 7 horses pulling him on a chariot and there are two goddess with him Usha and Pratyusha both shooting arrow to help him fight darkness. The sun temple is gigantic. It has 24 collaborated carved stone wheel which almost 12 feet in diameter. Konark Sun Temple is regarded as the third link of Odisha’s golden triangle comprising of the Jagannath Temple in Puri and the Lingaraj Temple in Bhubaneswar. All enclosed within a courtyard measuring 865 ft. by 540 ft.
Figure 62
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4.2.2. Main structure The temple was built according to traditional elements of Hindu temple on a square plan. The main temple of konark, Deul is no longer exist and it was surrounded by subsidiary shrines contain hindu god particularly surya in his many form. The duel is built on a higher terrace. Each of the structure are in a square form. All orissa temple have indo aryan style. All temple are include the style in the architecture. The main stucture of the temple is the deul or also known as garba-griha and mandapa or its other name is jagamohana. The separated building, the first one is nat-mandir, it is a dancig hall and the secod one is bhog-mandir which is the hall of offering.
Figure 63 space within the enclose area
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Figure 64
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The biggest structure of the temple is the deul, standing tall at 70m in height . but it collapsed in 1837 with no specific reason. The deul facade are broken into five small projection to show an effect of light and shade also to create an d impression of continues verticle line on the surface which is called rekha. It have three side, subsidiary shrines with stairways guided to the niches ad each contain image of life size sun god in three form. It was made up of greyish green chlorite stone.
Figure 65 detailed drawing of the deul
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The jagamohana is on a square plan based building with 36mx36m and 40m high. the building is following the nagara style, it has the largest internal space in a hindu architecture of 20msq. Currently the vast hall are no longer accessible. The corbelled roof carried four mighty pillar of 30m high.
Figure 66 2d rendering of jagamohana of sun temple konark
Figure 67 current placement of the temple
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It has four doorways on its four sides. The western one leads to the antarala (inner sanctum), whereas the others lead to the porches outside. The interior is left unadorned excepting a five feet (1.5 metre) wide ornamental chlorite block on the sides and top of the door-way of the inner sanctum, like those fixed over the entrances to the Jagamohana.
Figure 68 carving in chloride block at the entrance
The nat mandir (ballroom) is a pillard hall ball built on a very high ground, opposite the Jagamohana (ball collecting) that is dedicated to offering arati-nrityas (dancing) by devadashis (girl dancing) during worship. It has no roof, but is very similar to Jagamohana. Column and walls combine with all kinds of figures and women, play different instruments and wear chamaras, incense burners and pradips (lamps).
Figure 69
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Figure 70 dancer and musician playing drums
Figure 71 detailed on the nat mandir column
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Figure 72 in detail of the placing in the temple
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4.2.3. Sculpture The Konark Temple is known not only for its mastery of architecture, but also for the intrigue and profession of sculpture. All of these temples consist of a 24-wheeled sun-god carriage, 10 feet long, with elaborate sets and elaborate carvings. Seven horses dragged the temple. Two lions guard the door, chasing an elephant. The flight enters the main entrance.
Figure 73 the wheels and the horses
Figure 74 full presentation from the side of the temple
The arrangement in front of Jagamohana is also carved. The base of the temple, and on the walls and roofs, are erotic. There are pictures of animals, foliage, men, horses and patterns. There are three images of God Sun, which is in position to capture the sun at noon, dawn and sunset. The First image of Sun God on the the Southern side
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wall called 'Mitra' is described as the Pravhata Surya (Morning Sun or Rising Sun). As the plan of the temple slightly makes an angle with the cardinal directions, the image of the south, is flooded with the rays of the morning-Sun and is therefore significant for its expression of youth and activity, justifying the description of Pravhata Surya. The second image of Sun God on the Western side wall called Punsani is described as the Madhyanha Surya (Mid-day Sun), standing with full vigour and personality. The third image of Sun God on the the Northern side wall called Haritasvai is described as the Astachala Surya (Evening Sun or Setting Sun). The figure brings out beautifully the tired expression which is the result of a hard days work,
Figure 75 three form of surya
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Konark sun temple alsow well known for its erotic sculpture. The higher layers (above the basement and the middle layers) of the Konark Sun Temple contain some of the larger erotic statues, usually. There are people who say that figure is sensual selected for the purpose of saving the temple eliminates the flow of electricity from the eyes visible or only to test the people for the reason of the coming to the temple is to wrship the god or just for lust.
Figure 76 few erotic position sculpture from the temple
The middle row of sculptures on the temple walls, is decorated with all sorts of imaginary figures like Gajasardula (lion upon an elephant), Naravyala (lion upon a man) and Nagamithunas with half-human and half-serpent couples, who fabulously live in deep waters of the sea, where they hoard their treasules.
Figure 77
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4.2.4. Animal statuary The east gate, which is the main entrance to the temple complex, is adorned with a picture of Gajasimha (figure 71), with its outer face, mounted on two stone benches above the hallway. Inside, two stone benches are also provided, possibly for the guard. According to Hindu mythology, lions resemble proud, such elephants resemble wealth and both can even kill humans. All figures are made of one stone.
Figure 78 gajasimha sculpture
There are two beautiful war horses south of the Konark Temple. It is 10 feet high and 7 feet high. The picture shows each of his founding fathers and his soldiers. Konark’s war horse figure has been accepted as a symbol of the government of the state of Odisha and its glory is proclaimed.
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Figure 79 war horse
An elephant figure that first stood on the sidewalk in the north and south of Jagamohana was found in the middle of a cliff. However, the platform is placed closer to the masonry wall, the composite facing the main temple, but in fact it must be open for people to enter.
Figure 80
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The entire temple structure is made in the form of a huge chariot with 24 wheels and is pulled by a set of seven galloping horses (4 on the right side and 3 on the left side). The representation of these seven horses has been explained in different ways by many scholars. The seven horses, which pull the sun temple eastwards towards the dawn, represent the seven days of the week The seven horses, have been named in Bhagawat Gita, as 'Gyatri', 'Usnika', 'Anustuv', 'Vrihati', 'Pangti', 'Tristup' and 'Jagati' which possibly stand for the rhythmic representation of the sacred verses of the Vedas These seven horses at Konarak are the seven colours visible in a rainbow - VIBGYOR. The seven horses are named after these seven colors: Sahasrara (Violet), Indra-nila (Indigo), Nila (Blue), Haritaha (Green), Pita (Yellow), Kausumbhaha (Orange) and Rakta (Red)
Figure 81
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4.2.5. The sun temple’s wheel The size of the wheel is of 9 feet 9 inches in diameter and each one of them having 8 wider spokes and 8 thinner spokes.Out of these 24 wheels 6 are in either side of the main temple, 4 wheels are on each side of the Mukhasala and 2 wheels on each side of steps at eastern front. The gigantic wheels of the Konark Temple are one of the main attractions for visitors. There are various theory regarding the wheel, 7 horses represent the days of the week and the 12 pairs of wheels represent the 12 months of the year and the 24 wheels signifies 24 hours of a day and the 8 major spokes signifies prahars (three hour period) of a day. There also a theory saying that the wheels of the chariot are the interpratation of 'Wheel of Life'. They portray the cycle of creation, preservation and achievement of realisation. There are possiblities of 12 pairs of wheels representing the 12 zodiac signs. Some also believe that the Wheel of Konark is the same as the Dharmachakra of the Buddhists. Diagram belong shows carving on each spokes.
Figure 82
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Konark's wheel was used as a Sun dial in the past to know the present day. Out of these 24 wheels, 2 wheels will accurately represent the time from sun to sun. 22 other wheels, scholars still do not believe. The technique for calculating time using these 2 wheels is to place your finger in the middle of your axle and reflect inside during the day.
Figure 83
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4.2.6. The fall of konark There are various story regarding the fall of konark. The most popular story is about the roots of Konark temple in Kalapahada. According to Orissa history, the Kalapahada invaded Orissa in 1508. He destroyed the Konark Temple, as well as several Hindu temples in Orissa. The flag of the Puri Jagannath temple describes how the Kalapahada invaded Orissa in 1568. because the temple is too big and thick, which is a 20-mile wall up to 25 feet (7.6 m) high, he was able to release Dadhinauti for the temple-transformed path. ,Due to the displacement of Dadhinauti, the temple collapsed and Mukasala's roof also collapsed. Some scholars believe the earthquake is the reason of the fall. . But there is no evidence that there was an earthquake in the area. There are also no signs of temple oppression anywhere. If a major earthquake caused the collapse of the Sun Temple, it could damage Konark area. Such event can be memorable and can be found the evident but There is no evidence of such harm anywhere. Besides earth quake teh scholar suggested maybe the fall happen due to thunderstruck.
Figure 84
Legend said that heavy stones above the Sun temple, ecause of its effects and seawater crossing the Konark sea is pulled inward, causing serious damage. Another legend states that the magnetic effects of the loadings impede the ship's compass to not work properly. In order to save these things, the Portuguese mounted a stone, which was used as a central stone and kept all the stones, and an iron column used to
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join the walls.
Due to the displacement, the temple wall fell off balance and
eventually collapsed. But there is no record of this incident, nor is there any record of the presence of a strong stone at Konark Temple. Speculation by some historians is that, due to the death of King Langula Narasimha Dev, the builder of the Konark temple, the construction of the temple has been abandoned. As a result, the incomplete structure eventually collapsed. But this view is not supported by historical data. The Madala records of the Puri Jagannath temple, as well as some of the bronze plates dating to 1278 AD, indicate that King Langula Narasimha Dev ruled until 1282. Many historians assert that the construction of the Konark temple was completed between 1253 and 1260 AD indicating that the temple collapsed because it had not done when construction is intolerable.
Figure 85 elevation view of the current structure
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5. Conclusion What I learn form doing this research is that India is holding strong to their culture. The main religion in India really influenced on their
daily life and also the
architecture. They really took serious on the culture as we can see the family structure are quite strong they can live with a lot of family in one house and also the divorce rate is low due to the arrange marriage culture. Sounded narrow but yes culture does give a good impact on the society. Faith and religion. The society have a strong faith in god. They even have god for certain thing for example fertility and wealth. The Indian society really create something just to show and help the new generation to stay strong belief in the religion with the festival and everything. Their devotion towards their god are worth it to be an example. Etiquette, India are quite famous for their greeting ‘namaste’. they also really take a good care on the social etiquette like for example man and woman need space between each them to avoid bad things happen. Woman are not allowed going out at night alone its dangerous. Coming to a house need to take of shoes. I believe some of etiquette rules nowadays came from India and those kind of thing spread through out Asia and make us different than other country. India and Malaysia are not that different because Malaysia also practising custom and culture. Regarding architecture, what the Indian architecture did to the building. For example the sun temple is not just a temple is complex a trading place and also a place to learn new things. The interesting part is the building itself taught the society a lot regarding daily life. Encyclopedia in a monument , which now not many building have that characteristic. I think that thing we could use in future architecture
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6. Pictures of model making
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