BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
Foundation & Structural Concrete Frame created by FARAHIM AKBAR
Foundation
WHAT IS FOUNDATION IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION A foundation is a lower portion of building structure that transfers its gravity loads to the earth. A tall building must have a strong foundation if it is to stand for a long time.
BASICALLY THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF FOUNDATION WHICH IS
WHAT IS SHALLOW FOUNDATION
SHALLOW FOUNDATION
transfer the load to the soil at the base of the substructure known as a stepped Foundation. depth of foundation is less than or equal to its width. depth does not exceed 10 meter
SHALLOW
DEEP
WHAT IS DEEP FOUNDATION
DEEP FOUNDATION
A deep foundation is used where the soil underneath the structure is not able to support the building load within the appropriate depth, therefore the structure has to rest at a greater depth. The function of deep foundations is to transmit the weight of the building to firm layers deep inside the ground..
SHALLOW FOUNDATION PROS AND CONS
CHARACTERISTIC soil has a good bearing capacity CONS
Control of the excessive displacement of settlements
PROS
settlement limit capacity irregular ground surface
residential or light commercial building
cost labours material construction procedure
simple and cost effective mostly usig insitu concrete
SLAB ON GROUND STRIP FOOTING ISOLATED OR COLUMN FOOTING COMBINED FOOTING
TYPE OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION
STRAP OR CANTILEVER FOOTING MAT OR RAFT FOOTING INVERTED ARCH FOOTING
SLAB ON GROUND
ISOLATE DOR COLUMN FOOTING traditional slab foundations slab ties the spread footings together as well as providing a solid flat floor surface
STEPPED FOOTING
SLOPPED FOOTING
SIMPLE FOOTING
step is raised.
one base foundation
one base
generally used where a heavy load is coming
STRIP FOOTING
from a superstructure.
footing is in the shape of a trapezoid.
foundation . used for a small structure
one base foundation followed with a wall. load-bearing structures but with less amount of structural load
MAT OR RAFT FOOTING
COMBINED FOOTING STRAP OR CANTILEVERED FOOTING
2 INIDVIDUAL COLUMN CLOSE TOGETHER USED WHEN BEARIG CAPACITY IS LESS FOUNDATION BASE CAN BE RECTANGULAR OR TRAPEZOID
RCC SLAB COVER THE ENTIRE AREA BENEATH STRUCTURE. USED AT LOW BEARING CAPACITY AREA
INVERTED FOOTING
TWO FOOTINGS OF COLUMN CONNECTED BY BEAM BEAM NOT TRANSFER ANY LOAD TO THE SOIL
RARELY NOWADAYS THICK AND EXPENSIVE USE ON LOW SBC
DEEP FOUNDATION PROS AND CONS
CHARACTERISTIC typically used for taller and heavier buildings that require greater support beneficial in areas where earthquakes are likely to occur. Soils that are high compression, low shear strength and have swelling or shrinkage Soils that resist lateral loads, surface erosion and Resist tension
PROS
CONS
can be prefabricated off-site allows efficient installation on the site. The induced piles displace and compact the soil which will increase the bearing capacity of the pile. Piles will keep the facility safe and strong for many years.Increase overall productivity.
can carry a huge load Piles can undergo corrosion. Daily inspection required. Skilled labor is required to fix the piles. .
TYPE OF DEEP FOUNDATION
PILE FOUNDATION CAISSONS FOUNDATION HOLLOW BOX FOUNDATION SHAFT FOUNDATION CYLINDER FOUNDATION
PILE FOUNDATION
PILE FONDATION MATERIAL
Piles are used to bear the vertical compressive load. Vertical piles are used to carry the vertical compressive load of superstructures such as bridges, buildings, etc. Piles are used for the foundation of a building to hold the load from the superstructure. Piles are also used to resist bending as well as horizontal forces. Use of piles to resist lateral loads in bridge and retaining wall structures.
the entire surface of the pile works to transfer the loads from the structure to the soil.
END BEARING PILE
SHEET PILE
TYPES OF PILE FOUNDATION
the entire surface of the pile works to transfer the loads from the structure to the soil.
FRICTION PILE
SOIL COMPACTOR PILE
Sometimes piles are driven at placed closed intervals to increase the bearing capacity of soil by compacting.
CAISSONS FOUNDATION
the entire surface of the pile works to transfer the loads from the structure to the soil.
These are hollow substructures that can be constructed near or on the ground surface and are sunk to the desired level as a single unit. They have an enormous load-carrying capacity and are commonly used for bridges, piers in rivers, dock structures, and so on. ON LAND
IN WATER
HOLLOW BOX FOUNDATION SHAFT FOUNDATION
This foundation is hollow substructures designed to offer a semi-buoyant substructure, due to which the net loading on the soil is reduced to a lower intensity. They can be constructed in open excavations or sunk like caissons.
It is largely used to help buildings with axial and lateral loads by digging cylindrical shafts into the ground and filling them with concrete. can be constructed near existing structures and under low overhead conditions, making them suitable for use in numerous seismic retrofit projects
Structural Concrete Frame
IS A COMMON FORM OF STRUCTURE COMPRISING COLUMNS AND BEAMS THAT FORMS A STRCUTURAL OR KNOWN AS THE SKELETON OF THE BUILDING, FROM TOP TILL THE FOUNDATION ARE BASICALLY MADE OF CONCRETE
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 2
WHAT IS CONCRETE FRAME?
Framed structure components COLUMN vertical member that carry the loads of the upper column. column is the most important part of the building and if it fail the whole structure will collapse.
SLAB they usually carry vertical loads. they also can carry quite large forces like from earthquake and wind then them transfer it to the beam.
BEAM they carry the loads from slabs and also the direct load as masonry wall and their own self weight. beam is may supported by other beam and column.
FOUNDATION The loads from the columns and walls are transmitted to the solid ground through the foundations
Framed structure components
SHEAR WALL
ELAVATOR SHAFT
Shear walls are actually very large columns because of which they appear like walls rather than columns. Shear walls also carry the vertical loads. they only work for horizontal loads in one direction,
they usually carry vertical loads. they also can carry quite large forces like from earthquake and wind then them transfer it to the beam.
Concrete is a structural material consisting of a hard, chemically inert particulate substance, known as aggregate (usually sand and gravel), that is bonded together by cement and water.
CEMENT
WATER
CONCRETE MIX
AGGREGATES
WHY CONCRETE? Concrete members can be formed on site with the use of formwork. Demolished concrete is 100% recyclable. Concrete is, by its nature, very robust, capable of withstanding explosions, accidental damage and vandalism. properly construct concrete is maintenance free. Internal fair-faced concrete can be both aesthetically pleasing and durable, ensuring buildings keep looking good with little maintenance Concrete can be used in a variety of ways to suit the designer, the client, the building and the site Inherent fire resistance means concrete structures generally do not require additional fire protection
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
CONCRETE
The Admixtures are additions to a concrete mix that can help to reduce the time of concrete curing and other aspects of fresh concrete admixture also improve the performance of problem concrete by modify its characteristics and enhancing workability.
WHY CONCRETE IS ADDED WITH ADMIXTURE?
FIVE CLASSES OF CHEMICAL MIXTURE AIR ENTRAINING ADMIXTURE
WATER-REDUCING ADMIXTURE
RETARDING ADMIXTURE
ACCELARATING ADMIXTURE
SUPERPLASTICIZER ADMIXTURE
used to develop a large number of small air bubbles in the concrete air bubbles have several effects on the fresh and the hardened concrete.
increase the strength and workability of concrete and to reduce cost
used to slow the rate of setting of concrete. concrete mixture can stay in its fresh mix state longer before it gets to its hardened form
increase the rate of hydration of hydraulic cement, shorten the time of setting and increase the rate of early strength development
high range water reducers, are additives used in making high strength concrete.
These reinforcements resist tensile forces while the concrete itself helps resist compressive forces. They create a strong bond and, as a result, the two materials resist a variety of applied forces. In essence, they become a single structural element.
PROS Better fire-proof quality than steel, wood or brick Can take any shape with the right moulding. Cost effective construction materials when it comes to certain structures like dams, footings, and piers.
CONS Comparatively expensive. When compared to steel it has low compressive strength. Requires mixing, casting and curing. This might result in a change in the final strength of the concrete.
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
REINFORCED CONCRETE
Since concrete has little tensile strength, it generally needs to be reinforced. Rebar, also known as reinforcement steel (or reinforcing steel), is a steel bar or mesh of steelwires
Many large concrete projects use prestressed concrete units. Prestressed concrete is created using a special technique. Like reinforced concrete, it includes bars or tendons. But these bars or tendons are stressed before the actual application of the concrete.
PROS Prestressed concrete can be used in long spans as the section of member can be reduced It is more durable than reinforced concrete Prestressed member is free from crack,so the resisting impact, shock and reversal of stresses is much more than reinforced concrete
CONS Comparatively expensive. When compared to steel it has low compressive strength. The major problem with prestressed concrete is that it needs specialized construction machineries like jacks anchorage etc.
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 2
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE
PRECAST CONCRETE
frequently see these units transported to worksites as drive on highways.
PROS Precast Concrete products are monitored and quality checked before going to the jobsite easy to maintain uniformity among the precast concrete components the parts being used come already created, no time is wasted forming, framing, pouring, or curing
CONS It can be complicated to move precast concrete to a jobsite mobile cranes are required to install large pieces of precast concrete. It is extremely difficult to modify a piece of precast concrete if it does not fit its placement
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 2
This concrete is created and cast in a factory according to exact specifications. Precast concrete units are then transported to the site and assembled.
IN-SITU CONCRETE
As opposed to precast, site cast, sometimes known as in-situ concrete, is poured, molded and cured on site. Like precast concrete, on site concrete is formed in a mold and then lifted in place
PROS It’s typically the cheapest method It can be very effective when properly constructed It’s a well-established method used for over 100 years It works well on large-scale substructures
CONS It’s very labour intensive on-site work – and it can take a long time. You also have to wait for the concrete to cure before you can can load it In order for your team to work safely, you’ll need a large excavation site There’s a chance it can leak once constructed – often caused by reduced skill levels and on-site quality control when being constructed
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Farahim Akbar
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BUILDING CONSTRUCTION FOUNDATION & STRUCTURAL CONCRETE FRAME IUKL SEPT 2021
