BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
WALL AND FLOOR SLAB DESIGN created by FARAHIM AKBAR
OUTLINE BASIC ABOUT WALL
WALL DESIGN
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENT TYPES OF WALL CLADDING TYPES OF CLADDING CURTAIN WALL
BASIC ABOUT WALL
LOAD BEARING WALL
NON LOAD BEARING WALL
It carries loads imposed on it from beams and slabs above including its own weight and transfer it to the foundation.
Non-load bearing walls only carry their own weight and does not support any structural members such as beams and slabs.
These walls supports structural members such as beams, slabs and walls on above floors above.
These walls are just used as partition walls or to separate rooms from outside.
It can be exterior wall or interior wall. It braces from the roof to the floor.
It is known as interior wall (doesn’t carry other load than its own load.
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENT OF WALL STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS OF WALLS The strength of materials is determined by its compressive and tensile strength which can be achieved from tests
DURABILITY REQUIREMENTS OF WALLS durability of walls is determined by frequency and the amount of work that is required to make the wall meet the minimum requirements functionally and aesthetically acceptable
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMNET OF WALL
depends on stability of its foundation, load eccentricity, temperature effects, lateral loads such as earthquake and wind loads, and changing in moisture
SOUND RESISTANCE OF WALLS Impact and airborne are the two ways of transmitting sounds for example footsteps that induce floor vibration and in return the air around is vibrated and heard as sound.
Strength
Walls should have enough resistance against Resistance to heat passage moistures that might penetrate through foundation Sound resistance walls by absorbing water from ground or by falling of rain on the walls.
providing a convenient way to escape from it, occupant will be in danger because of fumes and smokes Safety against spreading of fire is the second measures which include restricting lining, structural, external fire spread in addition to provide access for fire fighters
STABILITY REQUIREMENTS OF WALLS
Stability Weather and ground moisture WEATHER AND GROUND resistance MOISTURE RESISTANCE OF WALLS DurabilityFire safety
FIRE SAFETY REQUIREMENTS OF WALLS
RESISTANCE TO HEAT PASSAGE very important to contain heat and prevent its loss because it leads to obtain cost effective, desirable, and comfortable thermal conditions in buildings.it is recommended to construct a wall that is thermally insulated to avoid too much loss of heat.
High density materials can be used to resist airborne sounds such as concrete walls, cavity wall, and solid wall.
TYPES OF LOAD BEARING WALL
PRECAST CONCRETE WALLS constructed by casting concrete in a reusable wall mold or form which is then cured in a controlled environment, transported to the construction site and lifted into place. The main function of the precast walls is to speed up the construction process.
RETAINING WALL
ENGINEERING BRICKS
STONE WALL
walls used for supporting soil
Engineering bricks are used
Stone-built walls. Stone in its various forms is a traditional
laterally so that it can be retained at different levels on
where in construction where strength and resistance to
building material which has been used in the construction
the two sides. Retaining walls are structures designed to restrain soil to a slope that it
water and frost attack are important.
of buildings for a very long time. Traditionally, buildings
would not naturally keep to
constructed using stone had solid walls, often at least 500mm (over 18 inches) in thickness.
TYPES OF LOAD BEARING WALL As the height of the building increased, the required thickness of wall and resulting stress on foundation will also increase and cause it to be uneconomical. it must be able To Carry Other Structure Weight Beside Its Own Weight
MASONRY WALL
PRE PANELIZED LOAD BEARING METAL STUD WALLS
Masonry is a term used to
Pre Panelized Load Bearing
indicate the part of the construction that uses brick,
Metal Stud Walls: It is used for building exterior wall cladding.
concrete blocks, structural clay tile, and stone. These materials
The metal can be stainless steel, copper, aluminum. It supports gravity, seismic and
are held together with mortar.
wind loading.
in the picture here shows incase a building neead a pass through, Removing a section of a load bearing wall to create a pass-through but requires adding a new beam and columns to support the floor above.
TYPES OF NON LOAD BEARING WALL
HOLLOW BRICK BLOCK
FACADE WALL
MASONRY CAVITY WALL wall constructed in 2 leaves / skins with a space / cavity between them Cavity walls helps to prevent the penetration of rain to the internal surface of the wall.
HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCK
BRICK WALL
SHEAR WALL Shear walls are a framed wall designed to resist lateral forces .It is a vertical elements of the horizontal force resisting system. It is typically a wood frame stud walls covered with a structural sheathing material like plywood
TYPES OF NON LOAD BEARING WALL
PARTITION WALL
PANEL WALL
Partition wall is an interior nonload bearing wall to divide the
Panel wall is generally made of wood and is an exterior non-
larger space into smaller spaces.
load bearing wall in framed construction.
The heights of a partition wall depends on the use which may
It is used for aesthetics of the buildings both inside and
be one storey or part of one storey.
outside.
VENEERED WALL
FACED WALL
masonry veneer walls is a
Faced walls has the facing
single non-structural external masonry wall
and backing of two different materials are
made of brick, stone or manufactured stone. It has an air space behind and is
bonded together to ensure common action under load.
called as anchored veneer.
CLADDING CLADDING FUNCTION WHATS IS CLADDING Cladding is a type of "skin" or extra layer on the outside of a building. It can be attached to a building's framework or an intermediate layer of battens or spacers.
It is mainly used to stop wind and rain from entering the building. Cladding can also provide sound and thermal insulation as well as fire resistance. It is often used to make a building's exterior look more attractive.
CLADDING FUNCTION KEEPING WATER OUT PREVENTING AIR LEAKAGE CONTROLING LIGHT CONTROLLING CONDUCTION OF HEAT CONTROLLING SOUND CONTROLLING RADIATION OF HEAT
BRICK SLIP
RAINSCREEN
ALUMINIUM
TERRACOTTA
EXAMPLE OF CLADDING MATERIAL
TYPES OF CLADDING
SANDWICH PANELS Sandwich panels (sometimes referred to as composite panels or structural insulating panels (SIP)) consist of two layers of a rigid material bonded to either side of a lightweight core, so that the three components act as a composite.
RAINSCREEN
TIMBER CLADDING
METAL PROFILE CLADDING
term ‘patent glazing’ refers to a
One of the most popular
Sheets are manufactured in a
non-load bearing, two-edge support cladding system. Patent
methods of cladding is through the use of timber softwoods,
range of corrugated and other profiles, such as trapezoidal,
glazing bars provide continuous support along two edges of glazing infill panels (rather than
such as western red cedar. This type of wood is relatively knotfree and has a natural resistance
sinusoidal or half-round. The profiles are manufactured from sheets fed through banks of
four-edge curtain walling), and are fixed back to the main
to decay and moisture.
forming rollers.
structure of the building.
TYPES OF CLADDING
TENSILE FABRIC COVERINGS
BRICKS SLIP WALL CLADDING
TILE HANGING WALL CLADDING
One of the cheaper forms of
A fabric membrane is 'stretched' to form a three-dimensional surface that may be used to create a roof, shading, or decorative component. Sometimes described as 'modern tents',
UPVC WALL CLADING
Brick slips are thin layers of
The traditional method of
masonry and are of similar appearance to conventional
cladding a property is through the use of tiles. The addition of
bricks. They are available in a variety of styles and colours.
which can add character to older properties.
cladding is uPVC with white being the cheapest option. It can have fewer detailing requirements than timber and requires less maintenance, although it can discolour with age.
CURTAIN WALL
floor line.
STRUCTURAL GLAZING Structural glazing is a system which involves bonding glass to the structural framing units of an edifice using a highstrength, high-performance silicone sealant designed and tested especially for structural glazing.
STICK SYSTEM
TYPES OF CURTAIN WALL
A curtain wall is a thin, aluminum-framed wall. It can come with different fillings which include glass, metal panels, or thin stones It doesn’t bear the load of the roof or the floor; instead, it relies on the building structure, specifically at the
the components are assembled piece by piece on the structure of the building. This system is mainly used for low-rise buildings or in small regions.
UNITIZED SYSTEM the parts are already assembled in the factory. The components are installed and brought as a single unit from the factory to the site. This negates the need for individual installation. The size of the unitized curtain walls is directly proportional to the floor to floor height of the structure.
FLOOR SLAB DESIGN
FLOOR SLAB DESIGN TOPIC OUTLINE WHAT IS FLOOR REQUIREMENT MATERIALS TYPES OF FLOOR WHAT IS SLAB REQUIREMENT MATERIAL TYPES OF SLAB
WHAT IS FLOOR? Lower horizontal surface of any space in a building part of the permanent construction various types of floor and and various types of finishes bottom and elevated floor
Floor Function support occupants, furniture, and other equipment supply diaphragm strengt h to maintain the shape of the building as a whole
Requirement functional Strength and stability Resistance to weather and ground moisture Durability and resistance to wear and tear during maintenance Fire resistance Resistance to passage of heat Resistance to passage of sound
STRENGHT AND DURABILITY
properties of material adequate to carry dead load stiffness of floor deflection of the floor must be adequately restricted
reinforced concrete or suspension reinforced concrete
RESISTANCE OF FLOOR TO WEATHER AND GROUND MOISTURE heated encourage moisture nature of subsoil, water table, and whether the site is horizontal or sloping
concrete slab or concrete slab with water tght membrane
DURABILITY AND RESISTANCE TO WEAR AND TEAR DURING MAINTENANCE nature of materials applied the wear they are exposed to
WOODEN FLOORING
TRABECULAE RUBBER SEAL GLASS WOOL BEAM FLOOR PLASTER BOARD
FIRE RESITANCE withstand fire for enough period during which the occupant can get out of the building. ACI 216.1-7 (Code Requirements for Determining Fire Resistance of Concrete and Masonry Construction Assemblies) reinforced concrete floors combat fire for longer period compare with timber floors
RESISTANCE PASSAGE HEAT
withstand heat release prevents heat transfer from the floor to the ground or from ground to the floor
RESISTANCE PASSAGE SOUND significant with multi stories of dwellings Reinforced concrete floor work better lightweight insulating material or dense material can be used The sound absorption of ceiling could be improved by choosing an absorbent acoustic tile or panel finishes.
TYPES OF FLOOR CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL
CEMENT TIMBER
STONE BRICK
TYPES OF FLOOR OR SLAB
SOLID FLOOR GROUND
require little maintenance less prone to movement thicknesses of the layers and their order.
PROS
PROPERLY CONSTRUCTED FLOOR WILL OUTLAST MOST OF THE OTHER COMPONENTS OF THE BUILDING
CONCRETE FLOORS CAN BE CONSTRUCTED QUICKLY
DEFECTS ON CONCRETE FLOORS ARE NOT EASY TO RECTIFY.
IT DOES NOT POSSESS VERY SATISFYING INSULATION PROPERTIES AGAINST SOUND & HEAT.
PROS
MINIMAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: LOW CO2 EMISSIONS AND A CONSTRUCTION METHOD WHICH SITS LIGHTLY ON THE LAND.
EASY INSTALLATION OF UNDER FLOOR DUCTED HEATING SYSTEMS
CONS
HEATED HOMES WILL CAUSE THE FLOORING TO EXPAND AND CONTRACT
USUALLY BUILT FROM THIS COMPONENT hardcore blinding dmp insulation screed finish
SUSPENDED TIMBER FLOOR
consist of the finished timber floorboards being attached to floor joists creates a small gap cause a problem of draughts
CONS
NEED CONSTANT AIR FLOW TO PREVENT DRAFT.
TYPES OF FLOOR OR SLAB
SUSPENDED CONCRETE FLOOR
floor slab where its perimeter is, or at least two of its opposite edges are, supported on walls, beams or columns based on ground conditions robust and very quick and easy to lay void beneath the floor requires ventilation
PROS
HIGH STRENGTH COMPARED TO WOOD JOIST FLOORS
CONS
SUSCEPTIBLE TO MOISTURE
NO MOVEMENT AND WILL THEREFORE PREVENT ANY CRACKING
HARD AND COLD ASLO SLIPPERY
RIBBED FLOOR (WAFFLE)
PROS
lighter and stiffer slab than an equivalent flat slab very good form of construction where slab vibration decrease the weight of traditional full-concrete slabs
CONS
VERTICAL PENETRATIONS BETWEEN RIBS ARE EASY.
DEPTH OF SLAB BETWEEN THE RIBS MAY CONTROL THE FIRE RATING
ATTRACTIVE SOFFIT APPEARANCE IF EXPOSED
LARGE VERTICAL PENETRATIONS ARE MORE DIFFICULT TO HANDLE.
TYPES OF FLOOR OR SLAB
HOLLOW POT FLOOR
PROS
fewer concrete and reinforcement compare with solid slab gives in large span Reduced slab weight Ease of construction
CONS
VERY STRONG AND ABLE TO WITHSTAND A HIGH LEVEL OF LOADING
DEPTH OF SLAB BETWEEN THE RIBS MAY CONTROL THE FIRE RATING
ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDING MATERIALS BECAUSE OF THEIR INSULATING PROPERTIES
LARGE VERTICAL PENETRATIONS ARE MORE DIFFICULT TO HANDLE.
RAISED FLOOR
PROS
also known as plenum chamber referred to as an access floor or raised access floor create a hidden void for the passage of mechanical and electrical services
Equipment and floor damage can happen when using flooring that does not meet load demands
CONS
REDUCED CONSTRUCTION AND LIFE CYCLE COSTS
HIGHER SHORT TERM COSTS
EASIER ACCESS TO UNDERLYING FACILITIES
NOT AS EFFECTIVE FOR ROOMS THAT SUPPORT HETEROGENEOUS PLATFORMS
TYPES OF FLOOR OR SLAB
SPRUNG FLOOR
PROS
floor that absorbs shocks dance and indoor sports and physical education Modern sprung floors are supported by foam backing or rubber feet, while traditional floors provide their spring through bending woven wooden battens
CONS
ABILITY TO ABSORB A PORTION OF FORCES
FLOATING FLOORS MAY AMPLIFY SOUND.
PREVENT INJURIES AND COUNTER FATIGUE, ENABLING MORE ENERGETIC TRAINING AND PERFORMANCES
THEY CAN'T BE REFINISHED AS MANY TIMES (OR AT ALL)
SEPARATING FLOOR floor designed to restrict the passage of sound between the spaces above and below enhanced levels of fire performance generally either timber or concrete construction
PROS
COST-EFFECTIVE
CONS
PRONE TO FASTER WEAR
ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY
NOISY AND HOLLOWSOUNDING
FLOOR VS SLAB
REQUIREMENT basics of RC slab design
A floor that is made of timber or other material is not referred to as a floor slab. Slabs usually made of reinforced concrete . is a common structural element of modern buildings, consisting of a flat, horizontal surface made of cast concrete. Steel-reinforced slabs, typically between 100 and 500 mm thick, are most often used to construct floors and ceilings Slabs are generally designed on the assumption that they consists of a number of beams of breadth ‘one meter’.
1. effective span of slab The effective span of a simply supported slab shall be taken as the lesser of the following: Distance between the centers of bearings, Clear span plus effective depth 2. thickness of slab
3. reinforcement for slab Minimum reinforcement in either direction shall be 0.15 percent of total cross-sectional area. Main reinforcement which is based on the maximum bending moment shall not be less than 0.15 per cent of the gross sectional area.
TYPES OF SLAB
CONVENTIONAL SOLID SLAB
PROS
the slab which are supported with beams and columns is called conventional slab this kind of slab is small whereas depth of beam is large and load is transferred to beams and from beams to columns. These type of slabs are used in constructing Floors of multi stored building
CONS
REQUIRE A LOT LESS SKILL AND EXPERTISE TO POUR
NOT FLEXIBLE
COST EFFECTIVE
LIMITED IN LENGTH AND THICKNESS
TWO TYPES OF CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE SLAB ONE WAY SLAB Slab supported only on two opposite sides by rigid supports carry the load by flexure in the direction perpendicular to the supports.
TWO WAY SLAB The rectangular slabs supported on two adjacent, three or four edges, and with the ratio of longer to shorter span less than two, which carry the load by flexure in two perpendicular directions
DIFFERENCES
ONE WAY SLAB
ONE WAY SLAB
While designing one-way slab need provide less steel hence the depth of the slab increases, as a result, the thickness of the one-way slab is more as compared to the two-way slab. In one-way slab, the load is carried in one direction perpendicular to the supporting beam.
reinfrocement detail of one way slab DEFORMATION OF ONE WAY SLAB
TWO WAY SLAB
TWO WAY SLAB designing two-way slab need provide more steel hence the depth of slab decreases, as a result, the thickness of two-way slab is less as compared to the one-way slab.
In two-way slab, the load is carried in both directions.
DEFORMATION OF TWO WAY SLAB
reinfrocement detail of two way slab
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Farahim Akbar
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BUILDING CONSTRUCTION WALL AND FLOOR SLAB DESIGN IUKL SEPT 2021