Farming For Tomorrow by OT Communications

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May / June 2018

VISION IN AGRICULTURE

Hope on the Horizon

Manitoban farming couple with big entrepreneurial spirit embrace diverse opportunities Grain Storage Hay Technology Swathing

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Hope on the Horizon Colleen and Grant Dyck of Niverville, Man., have a unique mixture of farm and nutrition bars that make Artel Farms thrive.

KEVIN HURSH

SCOTT SHIELS

PAUL KUNTZ

TOM WOLF

JEANETTE GAULTIER

INSIDE THIS ISSUE

6 10 18 20 26 4

A Farmer’s Viewpoint Hogs versus dogs - by Kevin Hursh

Grain Market Analysis

’Tis the Seeding Season - by Scott Shiels Farming Your Money

Does change equal success? - by Paul Kuntz Swathing

swath for profit - by Trevor Bacque Grain Storage

Next Generation Storage - by Geoff Geddes

44 46

Haying

What’s new in haying technology - by Melanie Epp Spraying 101

john deere introduces new application system, exactapply - by Tom Wolf Those Wily Weeds

Maximizing herbicide performance - by Jeanette Gaultier

News & innovations

A FARMER’S VIEWPOINT | HOGS VERSUS DOGS

Hogs Versus Dogs It’s amazing what enterprises make money and which ones are a low-margin grind. At a recent producer meeting, I had the opportunity to visit with two different producers who had pursued very different ways to diversify their grain farming operations. One appeared to be doing much better financially than the other. Kevin Hursh, P.Ag. Kevin Hursh is an agricultural consultant, journalist and farmer. He has been an agricultural commentator for more than 30 years, serving as editor for Farm Credit Canada’s national bi‑monthly magazine AgriSuccess, and writing regular columns for Canada’s top agricultural publications. Kevin is a well-known speaker at agricultural conferences and conventions. Kevin and his wife Marlene own and operate a grain farm near Cabri in southwestern Saskatchewan, growing a wide array of crops. Twitter: @KevinHursh1

Sam (not his real name) has been running a 2,000-head feeder-pig barn for many years. It’s a contract operation and while he shares in some profitability upside with the owner of the pigs, his main return comes from putting pounds on pigs and taking them from feeders to market weight. Eventually, he paid off the mortgage on the barn, but certainly hasn’t become rich. While feeding and watering are automated, everything needs to be checked daily. Regular investments are needed in maintenance and the barn needs to be extensively cleaned between batches of pigs. He has a neighbour who helps with the operation. By comparison, Luke (also not his real name) has limited facility investment. He and his wife raise a popular cross-breed of dog. They sell about 50 puppies a year with each going for around $2,500. Establishing a successful business with a good reputation has meant attention to detail and strict health protocols. They use a website for promotion, but finding buyers for the pups hasn’t been a problem. Luke and his spouse have a high-profit margin. Sam, on the other hand, has a lot of investment and does a lot of work for what sounds like a relatively modest return. And eventually his hog-barn facility will reach the end of its useful lifespan.

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A FARMER’S VIEWPOINT | HOGS VERSUS DOGS

Differing risk profiles Since the feeder barn is a contract operation, Sam has limited risk. He gets paid even during times when the industry isn’t making money and with hogs that has happened quite often. However, limited risk also means limited upside. With the puppy-breeding business, the husband-and-wife team are taking all the risk, but also capturing all the reward. There’s always the possibility that this particular type of cross-breed dog could fall out of favour or that the market could become saturated, so you still need to be good at what you do. High risk doesn’t guarantee a high level of reward, but “safe” investments usually have a limited return.

Publishers

Pat Ottmann & Tim Ottmann

Editor Trevor Bacque

Design

Andrea Espinoza - Espi Designs

Regular Contributors

Where buyers choose to spend their money isn’t always logical, but it’s worth noting. Follow the money

Tom Wolf Jeanette Gaultier Kevin Hursh

Paul Kuntz Scott Shiels

Copy Editor Lisa Johnston

Sales

Pat Ottmann pat@farmingfortomorrow.ca Phone: 587-774-7619

Many people are crazy about their companion animals and will invest scads of money on them. Increasingly, cats and dogs are considered part of the family and sometimes they’re loved more than the kids.

Mike Covey mike@farmingfortomorrow.ca Phone: 306-221-7120

By comparison, raising food-production animals is usually a business with narrow margins and sometimes no margin at all.

Dennis Dowd dennis@farmingfortomorrow.ca Phone: 306-230-0654

Back in 2016, my chickpea crop was very poor. With abundant rain all summer, the chickpeas didn’t mature and what little I was able to harvest had incredibly poor quality. I was hoping these ugly chickpeas might be worth $4 a bushel as feed at some hog barn. Instead, a pet-food manufacturer paid me about $20 a bushel. I assume the pet-food company had chickpeas as a regular ingredient and didn’t want to change their label, formulation and taste. Good-quality chickpeas were in short supply and very expensive so the company was willing to pay a premium price despite shrunken, green kernels. A hog barn will always gravitate to the lowest-cost ration that supplies the necessary nutrition. Pets receive different considerations.

Applying the principles As grain farmers, most of us are unlikely to invest in a pig-feeder barn or a puppy-breeding operation, but even if we stick to producing grains, oilseeds and specialty crops, some of the same theories apply: • It’s better to sell into markets that are less price-sensitive. • Controlling more of the supply chain can be an advantage. • Smart work will typically pay better than hard work. • Where buyers choose to spend their money isn’t always logical, but it’s worth noting. 8

administration & accounting Nancy Bielecki Phone: 587-774-7618 1025 -101 6ave SW Calgary, Alberta T2P 3P4

/FFTMagazine /farming4tomorrow /farming-for-tomorrow /farmingfortomorrow WWW.FARMINGFORTOMORROW.CA Farming For Tomorrow is delivered to 100,000 farm and agribusiness addresses every second month. The areas of distribution include Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and the Peace region of B.C. The publisher does not assume any responsibility for the content of any advertisement, and all representations of warranties made in such advertisements are those of the advertiser and not of the publisher. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, in all or in part, without the written permission of the publisher. Canadian Publications mail sales product agreement no. 41126516.

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GRAIN MARKET ANALYSIS | TIS THE SEEDING SEASON

â&#x20AC;&#x2122;Tis the Seeding Season May is finally here, and for most of us, not a moment too soon! Late spring snowfalls across the Prairies definitely helped with some very dry conditions, but we will still need rains as we get closer to seeding time to get a good start on the crop this year.

Scott Shiels Scott grew up in Killarney, Manitoba and has been in the grain industry for over 25 years. He has been with Grain Millers Canada for five years, doing both conventional and organic grain procurement as well as marketing for their mills. Scott lives in Abernethy, Saskatchewan with his wife Jenn.

Grain futures markets that had remained fairly steady throughout the winter have definitely decided that enough is enough and have taken a fairly significant turn down from the winter levels. Much of the decline in futures pricing has been based on improving crop conditions around the world, coupled with planting conditions looking good in the U.S. With so much of our market pricing here in Canada based on what happens elsewhere, this is unfortunately what we are all too often faced with. Export numbers in the year to date have been down, and that is definitely bearish. However, our import numbers have also been lower, somewhat supporting prices up to this point. Going forward, USDA and StatCan stocks figures will be less important than weather conditions and planting/seeded acreage intentions, followed by crop condition reports once it is in the ground. In late winter, independent reporting on seeded acreage intentions in the U.S. reported at over 91 million acres of soybeans, a new record, going in the ground. With even average yields on that acreage, we will see a very bearish harvest of over 120 million metric tonnes. That kind of number would definitely have a negative impact on soybean, as well as canola, prices going into the new crop year. That same company was reporting that we would see around 88.5 million acres of corn being planted, the lowest level in three years. If we continue to see lower levels of import corn, that could be quite supportive to the feed complex this year. Wheat acreage is being forecast to be up nearly a million acres, which could potentially see a harvest of nearly two billion bushels in the U.S., which would put some pressure on the North American wheat markets for sure. Another thing that has been impacting grain prices late this winter and into the spring has been the Canadian dollar. For the past while, our dollar has been on a very nasty slide, prompting talk of increased interest rates, which could increase operating costs to farmers and processors alike. While sometimes we can see increased interest in Canadian grains when our dollar softens, the large and very good-quality crop that was harvested in both Canada and the U.S. seems to be keeping a lid on prices, despite the declining dollar. We could see some support for new crop pricing in the coming months if the dollar stays low and there happens to be any adversity as far as crop conditions go. On the organic side of the ledger, markets continue to be strong right across the board. We have been experiencing an increase in demand for the major grains such as oats and wheat, as well as a slight increase in organic feed grain demand in the U.S. Part of the increase in organic feed demand has been caused by the discovery, and subsequent regulatory tightening, of some fraudulent import organic grains. While this is a very disturbing discovery, the fact that it was caught before it could enter the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s organic feed supply means the system we have in place to catch fraudulent activities is in fact working very well. With the expanding acreage base that we have been experiencing in the organic sector, it is a very good sign that we indeed have the ability to keep the fraudulent activities at bay. As we look forward to seeding time, and all of the positivity that time of year brings, please remember to always work safe so that you can all return home to your families each and every night! Until next timeâ&#x20AC;Ś

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COVER STORY | HOPE ON THE HORIZON

Hope on the Horizon Manitoban farming couple with big entrepreneurial spirit embrace diverse opportunities

Cover Photo and Above: Grant and Colleen Dyck. Photo Credit Trish Palud Photography

By Natalie Noble With all the challenges facing Canadian agriculture today, more and more farmers are expanding business to improve stability and security. Grant and Colleen Dyck of Artel Farms near Niverville, Man., showcase this trend for thinking outside the box with their knack for diversification, genuine commitment to the people in their community, and their constant appreciation for their blessings, apparent through their philanthropy. The ability to pull their many priorities together comes largely from the couple’s faith. They are reminded of this daily through 12

their farm’s spectacular Prairie views. “Part of the beauty of living somewhere so flat is the incredible horizon and the view it affords you. The sunsets here are incredible,” says Colleen. “We are humbled by the occupation we are in, the faith and trust that it takes to grow a crop and the fact that most of our issues are First-World problems,” says Grant. Farming 15,000 acres of mixed cropland and raising four children, Grant and Colleen have ventured into a grain storage, drying and handling facility; the development and sales of their

HOPE ON THE HORIZON | COVER STORY

Photo: Harvest time at Artel Farms is a busy time since Grant and his crew have 15,000 acres to take care of annually.

unique T-REX Ditcher; a small heavy-equipment arm; an energy bar brand that has gone international; and various charitable pursuits close to their hearts.

Where it all Began The story of Grant and Colleen began in Niverville. While she was born and raised in the Ottawa Valley, both sets of Colleen’s grandparents farmed in Manitoba. Spending summers on the farm up until her parents moved home, Colleen finished high school in Niverville and then moved to Edmonton, vowing to never marry a farmer.

Artel Farms direct markets wherever possible, utilizing the rail at their old elevator. When markets and currency allow, they ship stateside as well due to proximity to the 49th parallel. “The main focus is to aggressively move product in October, November, December and play options for the remainder of the year,” says Grant. “Granted this is in theory and not always practiced.” Asked about their biggest challenge in taking over the farm operation, Grant says lack of experience proved to be a roadblock at times. In identifying this, he and Colleen have been able to come through it in large part because of the people around them.

Backing up just a little to the 1960’s, Grant’s father, Jake Dyck, purchased and farmed the land on which Artel Farms sits today. With his sudden passing in the year 2000, Grant and his sister, Rachel, stepped up and bought the farm, including all remaining shares from his mother. They partnered together and ran the farm for about five years until Rachel and her husband, Jared, made the decision to move on.

“We’re really big on surrounding ourselves with good people who are quite considerably more accomplished than us in many respects, filling the gaps where we need it,” says Grant. “My theory in agriculture is people first, land second, steel third. It’s important to us never to be in the position where we have to lay people off. So, we’ve diversified into other arms of the business where we’re able to provide employment.”

By 2001, Colleen had returned home and married a farmer. Together they continued to operate Artel Farms, growing oats, ryegrass, wheat, soybeans, corn, sunflowers and canola with their core group of nine employees and around 12 seasonal employees toward their common goals. “Artel, by definition, is a group of people working together for a common goal. It’s our ethos and our culture,” says Grant.

Variety is the Spice of Life

Fifteen thousand acres of farmland produces a massive amount of crop to be put in the bin every year. Artel Farms runs two 1890 air seeders and two DB 60 planters with an arrangement to bring in more power if necessary. “Traditionally we’ve run four S780 combines. Our windows are short, and we recognize this isn’t a great logistics match for carts and trucks, but it keeps the wheel turning,” says Grant. “We’re moving more into running two teams and having the ability to bring in more horsepower when necessary.”

Grant and Colleen have diversified their business in numerous ways, including off-farm ventures. One major branch is Artel Inland, the Dyck family’s grain drying, handling and storage operation. “Artel Inland was, by design, over capacity so we could have a high enough capacity dryer and space to serve our needs and those of the local area. Second to that is not having infrastructure limiting how many acres of corn we plant” says Grant. Fifteen years ago, Grant and his partner, Uli Gehrer, also began manufacturing the first T-REX Ditcher, with T-REX standing for terra excavator. “My partner invented the first T-REX, and we’ve been running them going on 16 years,” he says. “We released the self-contained unit three years ago when we finally found a driveline that could handle the torque and clutching of a 300-to-500-hp tractor. Now we’ve essentially got the biggest 13

COVER STORY | HOPE ON THE HORIZON

Photo: The T-REX Ditcher created by Grant and his business partner Uli Gehrer.

Photo: Colleen with her Gorp energy bars.

rotary drainage unit on the market. Some of the things that sets it apart are that it can be used in wet conditions, its high speed, durability and the lack of cleanup required as it throws 200 feet.”

A throwback to a time before our society and culture made food so complicated, Colleen chose the name GORP, an acronym from the 1960s for ‘good old raisins and peanuts.’ “It’s simple energy food. Throw some peanuts, raisins and seeds in a ziplock bag and it always tastes better on the mountain top, lake or trail,” she says. “It’s also to remind people to get outside and remember that the best things in life truly are free – your community and the outdoors.”

Clearly Grant had been tirelessly diversifying the farm since the new millennium, but, not to be outdone by her husband, Colleen had been cooking up something of her own. While breaking her promise and marrying that farmer, she had returned to the farm with an interest in entrepreneurship after studying business in college. “It’s pretty funny how things came full circle, and I’m so grateful it turned out that way,” she says. What she was cooking up though, didn’t go from concept to customer overnight. After working in the aerospace field, she found herself craving the outdoors. “I had thought I wanted a corporate life with a corner office, but turned out to be totally wrong,” she says. “I decided I was going to take a year off and work somewhere where I didn’t care how much they paid me, but it had to be connected to my passions.” Landing a position at the first Mountain Equipment Co-op store in Winnipeg in 2002, Colleen spent that year surrounded by canoes, kayaks and all the things that reminded her of what she loved: the great outdoors. This led her to train for triathlon, and on her frequent commute from the city’s swim practices at the Pan Am Pool to her home in the country, she began using energy bars to combat her post-swim hunger and energy needs. “What I found on the market didn’t really strike me as quality,” she says. “Because of my connection to farming and knowing that we grow some of the best superfoods on the planet here, I thought, ‘surely I can do better.’ “After doing a ton of research in my kitchen, I came up with my own bar. It was a by-necessity evolution. I had no intention to start a food business, no background in nutrition, just a passion for research, food and fuel,” says Colleen. 14

And when her friends and family started sharing their feedback, her idea for the GORP bar business was born. “I thought, ‘I’m taking this to the next level, taking over the world with my energy bar in the next two years,’” she recalls. “It didn’t happen that way. I found out very quickly that food science is really complicated, and it took us a good six or seven years of research and development to get a shelf-life test so it would last without preservatives.” Colleen worked with staff at the provincial government’s Food Development Centre in Portage la Prairie on real-time shelf-life testing over six-month periods per test on her formulations until she found the breakthrough formula. Despite working persistently to perfect the GORP recipe and logistics to boot, Colleen has also managed to devote her time to raise their four children, Georgia, 14, Oskar, 12, Leo, 10 and Moses, 7. Amazingly, she still has time left at the end of a week to get out to the lake with her family now and again. “Through her tenacity, Colleen has been a terrific example for a lot of young women who work with her and those who see what she’s doing,” says Grant. “Between juggling the kids and only working a few days a week when we first started up, to the full-time extent she’s at now, she still maintains her work-life balance all the way through.

Fuelling Up on GORP This June, GORP will enter its sixth year on the market, sold in approximately 2,000 stores and counting. They recently added Bulk Barn and Loblaws to their list of retailers.

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COVER STORY | HOPE ON THE HORIZON

Photo: Grant and Colleen with their children, from left to right: Leo, Georgia, Moses and Oskar.

“Being in the food business after the first five years means you’re in the 10 per cent margin because 90 per cent of food companies fail during that time. This was a big year for us to get through,” says Colleen. Throughout the evolution of GORP, she has remained adamant in her commitment to staying customer-centric. “I didn’t ever compromise on the recipe or the cost of production. We put good doses of high-quality ingredients into these bars. We’re not just sprinkling them in for the sake of the labels, despite pressure along the line,” she says. “I never compromised on the quality of the bar and I think that’s why we have such a passionate following of loyal people.” Colleen makes it a priority to honour her customers in small ways that often become bigger deals. For example, GORP’s re-sealable packaging brings advantages such as not breaking open and making a mess in bags and helping consumers to make healthy portion decisions. Then there is the larger issue of reducing food waste. “It’s good for our planet, and our 16

budgets, to reduce the amount of food that is thrown away half-eaten,” she says.

Committed to the Causes They Care About As a farmer and a food manufacturer, Colleen worries about the use of fear in food marketing. While she is sympathetic to legitimate food sensitivities and allergies, she worries about groups who treat such issues as health claims. “We’re very careful to never use fear in any of our marketing, and also not to purport something as a health claim when it’s not.” The Dycks strongly believe that farmers need to stand up for the way they operate in Canada, and GORP products serve as a platform to educate and drive conversation in the general public. “I’m passionate about talking about the things that are good in our food, keeping our eyes open and having honest meaningful conversations. When we know better, we do better,” says Colleen. “As marketers, producers and growers, we have a burden of responsibility on us to realize we have a huge impact on the way people feel about food. That’s a powerful relationship.”

HOPE ON THE HORIZON | COVER STORY

centre. “It takes a village and I strongly believe that we have to be there in our community for families who need others once in a while when they’re going through tough times,” she says. The Dycks share a passion for ending the need around the world when it comes to food. In fact, it is so important to them that for three years in a row, Grant has set aside hundreds of acres of Artel’s land for sponsorship at $300 per acre with proceeds donated to the Mennonite Central Committee’s (MCC) CFGB account. Titled Grow Hope, last year the proceeds of this initiative totalled $1,000,000. Grow Hope is hoping to hit 500 acres of donated land on Artel Farms combined with other grow partners this year, and Grant is also hoping to see the project scale up across the country. “We have partners now outside Manitoba and it’s really starting to get some good momentum,” he says. “We’ve tripled the project over three years, and it’s opening up to the point where we’re looking for more farmers to participate in the contribution area and make this into a Prairie-wide effort.”

“To be able to employ people in our community feels really good for both of us.” -Colleen Dyck Looking Forward Another priority for the couple is their rural community. By designing her production shifts around school-bus schedules, Colleen found she could add some local value. Stay-at-home moms could then work flexibly and get out of the house during school hours and still be there for their children. Creating jobs in the community is a point of pride for the Dycks. “We recognize how blessed we are and we’re fortunate in that we’ve never had to place a hiring ad for the farm,” says Grant. “And our branding represents our culture here. We have a lot of diversity on our teams from all backgrounds. We have a 16 to 80 years age gap. Unless you count seven-year-old Moses because our kids are involved, too.” “To be able to employ people in our community feels really good for both of us,” agrees Colleen. The Dycks also have a strong involvement in their church. The Canadian Foodgrains Bank (CFGB) is also an important cause to them. The CFGB partners with farmers across the country and is matched by the Canadian government to end hunger around the world. Colleen sits on the board for the local youth drop-in

As a team, the Dycks are always looking to the future and they have ambitious goals for all their projects. For one, Grant aims to reach his self-imposed target by selling 22 more T-REX Ditchers this year. “We’d be happy to ship them out West,” he says. A recently-renovated old machine shed on the farm became the new home to GORP production in April, a welcome relief to Colleen and her team as they worked elbow to elbow in her basement while they rolled out GORP bars by hand, an army of women and their rolling pins. “We’re also concentrating on some really neat export partnerships, getting into the U.S. and developing a line of breakfast oatmeal for a company in China as well,” says Colleen. Grant will continue to stay proactive in advancing Canadian agriculture for the next generation. “I think the next 35 years are going to be the biggest agriculture’s ever seen, but we’re really going to have to exercise black-belt management and stay proactive. We can’t just ‘zombie farm,’ sit back, grow and hope for prices and production to rise. These are going to be challenging years coming up, but I’m still optimistic in the long run,” he says. 17

FARMING YOUR MONEY | DOES CHANGE EQUAL SUCCESS?

Does Change Equal Success?

Photo courtesy of CaseIH.

We have just finished the winter season of farm shows. The latest and brightest creations were on display. It brings back memories to my first days in the industry in the late ’80s. I remember a common theme of “adapting to change.” Speakers at conferences often preached, “If you do not adapt to change, you will not survive.” As I look back at my clients who have done very well, I cannot contribute their success to adapting to change. So I am challenging this theory. Paul Kuntz Paul Kuntz is the owner of Wheatland Financial and offers financial consulting and debt broker services. He can be reached through wheatlandfinancial.ca

The first change that was introduced in my career was zero-till practices. During a time of lower moisture levels, this was a welcome change. The seed-placement technology was advanced. The fertilizer placement was revolutionary. Those first companies of Seed Hawk and Conserva Pak showed us seeding methods we had never dreamed of. Soil conservation became the newest trend and a switch to no till guaranteed success. Yet many farmers who purchased that equipment in the ’90s ended up failing. Many farmers who stayed with conventional seeders succeeded. Why was it that some farmers who adapted to the changes still failed? The reason is that they did not have the fundamentals right. If you go back to a horse-drawn drill, there are fundamentals of crop production that must be perfected before moving on to alternate practices. The seed needs to make contact with the soil and have an appropriate amount of pressure applied to it. The soil has to have a balance of nutrients available to the seed. These nutrients include the macro elements of nitrogen, phosphate, potassium and sulphur as well as a host of micronutrients. The soil must have the appropriate acidic qualities as well. The field must be free of weeds both at the time of emergence and through the growing season. The seeds grown must have germination and vigour. If you have not mastered all of these elements of crop production, new technology will not help you. As much as we would like to say that grain production has advanced, it remains the same as when our forefathers seeded with horses. The changes in technology can be credited with a few successes on their own. We can state that the advent of zero till has conserved moisture which will grow more grain. Today’s seeders have more accurate seed metering. Seed placement and packing is more accurate as well. But the technology only goes as far as the basic fundamentals. Spraying is another area of great advancement. We have gone from a 45-gallon drum attached to the hitch of a tractor running 2-4D out some booms to self-propelled sprayers that can cover 160 acres in an hour with pinpoint accuracy. My experience tells me that the technology is not responsible for the clean fields. Those very first sprayers and today’s machines have the very same fundamentals. Producers need to get an active ingredient from the chemical distributed upon the plants across the fields in an even manner. That distribution includes the correct

DOES CHANGE EQUAL SUCCESS? | FARMING YOUR MONEY coverage on the plant. If this knowledge is not mastered, the technology will not help. The advancement in chemicals can be attributed to the success of producers. We now have a range of products we can use to control weeds. Unlike 30 years ago, we also have fungicides to control disease. But if you did not understand the concept of how 2-4D and Hoe-Grass worked, you will not be helped by the new technology. The livestock industry has not been immune to the world of change. We have gone from calving in a barn in January to unsupervised calving in June. We have transitioned from feeding small square bales in the hayloft to not feeding bales at all and having the cows eat standing corn all winter long. Starting the tractor has now become a swear word in cattle farming. The trend is to figure out how to feed cows all winter long without a tractor being employed each day. All of the new feeding techniques will not be useful if there is not a basic understanding of nutrition. What a cow needs for food during the different stages of life has not changed. Understanding the fundamentals of nutrition during maintenance, breeding first-second-third trimester, lactation and post weaning is the key component to a successful cow/calf operation. As I talk with different farmers, it is interesting to get their take on adapting to change. It is most interesting to examine

successful producers to find common elements that attributed to their success. One common attribute is a solid understanding of the fundamentals. Successful producers are only interested in change if they feel it will improve the fundamentals. For example, a new air drill that applies seed and fertilizer more accurate is appealing. A new air drill that is bigger and requires less filling time is not as important. Another example is a new sprayer nozzle that has better plant coverage; this is appealing, whereas a drone that sprays the field by itself is not that appealing. Successful producers are always looking to improve. That does not always mean new technology. Sometimes improving the farm is going back to the basics and ensuring you have mastered them. I see grain farms that produce more grain and profit than their neighbour with the same technology. I see ranches that have better catch rates and weaning weights than their neighbours with similar genetics. How does that happen? If two farms use the same technology but one achieves more productivity, it cannot be the technology that is responsible. The only answer is an attention to detail on the fundamentals. A wise friend of mine once told me, â&#x20AC;&#x153;If you hear footsteps, donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t look for dinosaurs.â&#x20AC;? When something is not working quite right, make sure all the little things are being done right first before making huge changes. Before you mortgage the farm to buy the latest and greatest technology, make sure the basics are perfected.

SWATHING | SWATH FOR PROFIT

swath for profit Many Prairie farmers continue to prefer their crops in windrows

By Trevor Bacque

Trevor and Clayton Petersen don’t mess with a good thing. It’s why they swath canola every single year. Except that one time in 2012. They decided to give straight cutting a try, but the panic of watching perfectly good canola inch closer and closer to optimum dryness while the calendar marched on into October was too much to take. The brothers said never again and have maintained swathing malting barley if there’s good weather on the horizon. Otherwise, they will straight cut cereals and always swath canola on their Penhold, Alta., farm. For Trevor, he enjoys wrapping up harvest by mid-October and in Arizona enjoying the fruits of his labour by the pool. Meanwhile, many Prairie farmers haven’t turned a wheel because their straight-cutting systems mean they start much later. “My neighbours make it sound like they’ll never own a swather [again],” says Trevor. “I don’t mind spending time in the swather.” Trevor isn’t alone in utilizing a swather to ensure a smooth harvest. Ben Foster is MacDon’s product manager and says eventually you get to a northern tipping point where swathing is still the rule and not the exception, in addition to other regions throughout the Prairies. “We’re seeing more swathing north of the Yellowhead,” he says. “In those more northern areas, you have a little more ground contour and tighter harvest windows and dry down is a little more significant.” Despite 60 per cent of this year’s seeded canola being shatter-resistant varieties, according to Foster, he is sure the swather will still be a key part of many farmers’ risk-management kit. “In a lot of cases we’re seeing a time advantage in swathing versus straight cutting,” he says. “When a farmer desiccates a field, we’ve seen it take two to three days longer to get the combine in to straight cut as opposed to swath. For mixed farms, a swather allows operators

SWATH FOR PROFIT | SWATHING

Similarly, AGCO’s self-propelled 9900 series swather has greatly improved the operator experience with greater horsepower, increased machine lighting, greater visibility and more options designed to make swathing as straightforward as possible. “With our 5400 draper header, an operator can control canvas and reel speed on the monitor plus control the lift roller from the control handle,” says Dean Morrell, AGCO’s strategic marketing manager. “Our products can be set on cruise control; it goes with the load of the header. So, if the header sees the load setting higher than it’s set at, it will slow the tractor down itself. You also have large accumulators on the tractor, so you can hold the header and have better flotation. As well, there are bigger drive pumps so you can put more oil into the header.” Its 9900 series swather also ranges between 160 and 265 horsepower, depending on model, and can accommodate 13and 16-foot disc headers on three of the four 9900 models, as well as draper and auger headers on all four.

Photo courtesy of Windy Poplars Farm

to cut and condition hay crops, and swath forage crops as well as use it for cereals and oilseeds. We also see swathers used quite a bit for malting barley, where chemical application can be restricted. “In areas where you are on the edge of that harvest window or have more extreme weather, those two days can make all the difference. Depending when the weather hits, that’s a significant advantage [to be able to swath].” Beyond geography, there have been many advances in swather technology, as well. Whether it’s an improved ride in the cab for the operator or performance through headers or the machine itself, swather technology has made gains over the last decade. “The first thing is that it’s more forgiving to operate,” says Foster of today’s swathers. At MacDon, they’ve increased capacity, defined as the speed at which you can swath and form a quality windrow, by 30 per cent in heavy fields with yields of 40 bushels or more per acre. Now, operators can move through fields with efficacy at speeds of 12.8 km/h as opposed to 8 km/h with their new M1 series swather. The M1 pairs up with MacDon’s D1XL draper header, rotary disc headers (13- and 16-foot widths) and auger headers (sickle conditioning type in 16- and 18-foot widths) for hay crops.

“The technology that’s happening with swathers is the tractor part of it,” says Morrell. “Everything is trying to get more automated to where we get information to the operator and where he can make decisions.” Giving the operator the most information possible is a good thing and research conducted between 2014-16 by Nathan Gregg helped do just that. The program manager at the Prairie Agricultural Machinery Institute, based in Humboldt, Sask., looked at differences in headers within a straight-cut system for canola, and benchmarked those results against a more traditional swather and pickup methodology. The trials featured different header selections, including a draper and rigid auger platform, as well as an extendable cutter bar. His results across his multi-site, multi-year trial showed that there were differences, but not to the point where it might tip the scales definitively in favour of either system. “I don’t know that any of our treatments or equipment had the greatest impact on success, but the crop condition itself did,” he says. “If you have a crop that in some cases is fairly green and immature as far as stalk and material other than grain (MOG), it can make the machinery behave differently. Depending on the condition, it may affect feeding or threshing, or susceptibility to shatter. It drove home how dependent the machinery was to the crop conditions. While the extendable cutter bar showed some advantages over the others, more so compared to the standard rigid header, in some situations, all three straight-cut treatments failed by a few bushels compared to the swath-and-belt pickup system.” 21

SWATHING | SWATH FOR PROFIT

Gregg says that no matter what, the top reason people use swathers is still related to the harvest environment and how much time and penchant for risk one has when fall rolls around. “Generally, it’s attributed to our harvest window,” he says, adding he believes that a majority of all Prairie farmers still swath some crops, and specifically canola, but the proportion of crops and acres adapts to the condition demands of a given year. Gregg is quick to add that new shatter-resistant varieties are changing farmers’ plans for harvest, but, in many cases, it also gives them additional flexibility to still swath them, knowing that improved shatter tolerance will be good standing up or lying down. “A lot of farmers are still growing acres that are shatter tolerant from a harvest-management perspective even without a committed intention to straight cut. They can decide how to farm and extend their swathing window,” he says. His findings showed that, from a header-loss perspective, the extendable cutter bar fared the best of all the headers tested, especially compared to the rigid, while the draper was middle of the road. However, while a straight-cut system with the different headers has the potential for increased yields over a swathing system in canola, he found that this is not a guaranteed result. Both 22

systems have inherent risk for seed loss, and it comes down to which system and risks a producer wants to manage. Another reason certain farmers prefer the swather system is for agronomic purposes, such as reducing green plant material or weeds and to mitigate overheating in bins. “When you’re swathing, if you have a lot of weeds, you’re cutting those down as you swath,” says Foster at MacDon. “This allows the cut weeds to dry down and can help prevent weed seeds from maturing. There’s cases, variety to variety, in some conditions where if you are straight cutting, some of the plant can remain green; between that and the weed plants, there’s possibility of introducing that into your sample and a potential risk for heating in the bin.” Foster says he saw and heard numerous examples of bin heating in 2016, but not as much in 2017. Back at the Petersen farm, Trevor and Clayton are still content to cruise in the swather at harvest time and try and control all the variables within their power. “There’s already a lot of risk in being a farmer and, to me, waiting for your canola to mature and dry down and combine it straight; I just can’t do it,” says Trevor. “Waiting can cost you considerably in quality and dollars in your pocket if it gets rained on or snowed on. We think we can expedite harvest by swathing.”

SWATH FOR PROFIT | SWATHING

Previous Page: Up to 30% more capacity is available with todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s modern design and technology. Above: Millions of acres are cut every year with less and less straight cutting the further North you go.

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GRAIN STORAGE | NEXT GENERATION STORAGE

Next Generation storage solutions hit the Prairies

By Geoff Geddes Above: An aerial view of Antler Valley Farm in central Alberta, which features on-farm storage capacity of more than 300,000 bushels.

Wade and Scott McAllister have taken the changing face of farming in stride and made the most of it – including maximizing their storage options. On their 4,000-acre, fifth-generation farm, the brothers have a wide range of bins adding up to about 320,000 bushels of storage capacity. That’s a lot of space, but they use it all and, to date, have never had anything left in the bins by next year’s harvest. “We have a three-year contract with Rahr Malting and New Belgium Brewery out of Colorado for 1,000 tonnes of malting barley per year. Last year, we did something cool with Tool Shed Brewing Company where we sold them 10 tonnes of malt barley – malted for us by Red Shed Malting – to make Prairie Pride, a 100-per cent barley beer. Prairie Pride sold out quickly and we’re hoping to produce it again this year.” Their wheat goes mostly to the feed market. With canola, they market 20 to 30 per cent before planting and store the rest until after combining. Though the storage for all that grain isn’t cheap, Wade says it’s worth every penny. “Having good-quality storage means we don’t have to make impulse decisions on marketing; for example, we can store canola and keep it safe and dry while we wait to capture the best price. Also, all of our storage is in our main yard, so we can constantly monitor it without having to drive all over to check our bins,” says Wade.

Taking Control Their setup means they can have 80 per cent of their bins on air which is good for conditioning as well as the bottom line. “Last year, the crop came off hot and dry and guys were putting it in bins thinking it was OK because it was dry. But the heat would have caused bug problems if we didn’t get the crop cooled right away. We needed to get it from 35 C to 15 C as fast as possible before our canola went from $11/bushel to $7/bushel, and storage allowed us to do that, so it’s huge for us.” 26

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Photos: An overview of Windy Poplars, a farm in Wynyard, Sask. The eastern Saskatchewan farm has 750,000 bushels of on-farm storage capacity. Proper storage capacity allows proper marketing strategies which can make storage an investment with a strong return.

That temperature control is a big part of the storage appeal for the brothers. All the bins have temperature gauges showing them what the grain is doing, and that’s especially helpful with their malting barley.

specifications. And as one of the only farms in the area that owns a dryer, they do a lot of custom drying for neighbours at a lower rate than the elevators charge.

“Some of our malt doesn’t get moved until the following July or August, which means we have to store it for 10 or 11 months. To ensure it doesn’t drop from malt to feed during that time, we freeze it and set the bins at -10 C, keeping them germ safe until we deliver it.”

If it all sounds like a well-oiled machine, it is. At the same time, they know that even the best system needs supervision.

Safe and Sound Since it’s not payday until they get that cheque from the end user, Wade likens the bins to vaults protecting their precious belongings. In part, that explains their decision to erect large corrugated bins instead of hoppers. “The bins mean a bit more work at harvest as our trucks must travel farther to get to them, but we’re young and plan to farm for 30 more years, and the bins will easily last that long. We see it as short-term pain for long-term gain.” Depending on size, their initial cost for the bins starts at $2.50/ bushel for the large, flat-bottom bins and about $4/bushel for the steel hoppers. Maintaining their storage involves little outlay except for power costs to run the fans. Part of large-scale storage is large-scale drying. Wade and Scott run an average of 50,000 bushels through their dryer each year, most of it malting barley as it’s the crop most sensitive to weather. By drying it properly, they get a jump-start on their harvest and are able to take the barley crop off at the perfect 28

Who’s Minding the Storage? “It’s critical to really monitor your bins as you have lots of money sitting in them; that could amount to $300,000 for one bin of canola. Things can go wrong in a hurry, and you must be vigilant in using air to cool things down or ensuring you don’t mix different quality grains in one bin.” To avoid the mixing hazard, they use 20,000-bushel bins rather than 40,000 so they can fill the bin quickly enough to ensure the specifications don’t change midstream and have them dumping bad grain on good. Of course, what would an upside be without downside? In farming, it’s unheard of, and massive on-farm storage is no exception. Spoilage in a 20,000-bushel bin can be far more devastating than in a bin one-fifth that size. In other words, bigger bins can mean bigger losses; fortunately, that’s a rare occurrence these days. “The way modern bins are designed with cables and air and all the latest technology, you’ll never have a problem if you treat your grain properly. There are systems now where when the grain reaches a certain temperature, the fans turn on automatically. If you have bins spread out over a large area, you

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Photo: Elevators once numbered 5,758 in the early 1900’s, today there are approximately 390 across the prairies. Combine this statistic with current rail issues and on farm storage is more important than ever.

can even monitor them from two provinces away on a computer screen or have someone else monitor them for you if you can afford that.” In their case, the McAllisters keep most of their bins in one area, thereby maximizing one of the main benefits of high-volume, on-farm storage: efficiency. “This setup means we’re not dragging the auger all over the countryside every day and a half filling multiple bins and wasting precious time.” As good as the system is, the brothers are always looking to improve it. Their next step will be adding bigger bins and upgrading their dryer to better manage the volume at harvest.

Success is in the Wind Sharing that love of continuous improvement is Windy Poplars, a group of four family farms started by John and Linda Burns in 1975 near Wynyard, Sask. Its origins, though unconventional, may help explain its decision to “go big” with on-farm storage.

“We looked at who our customers were and what needs they had, identifying gaps where we could have unique leverage. We knew that to succeed we had to manage our time, minimize our risk and maximize the opportunities, and doing our own storage was a big part of that.”

A Controlling Interest

Knowing that the worst time to market your crop is at harvest when everyone else is heading for the elevator, John wanted the control and risk-management options that storage afforded him. He also likes the fact that marketing 500 or 1,000 tonnes takes no more time but becomes more efficient as you deal with higher volumes. At Windy Poplars, that volume amounts to 750,000 bushels of storage capacity, including storage units ranging from 2,300-73,000 bushels, as well as hoppers with capacities from 5,000 bushels up to 16,000. “We’ll be adding four more 73,000-bushel bins to bring our total capacity to one million bushels. In reality, though, we’ll be able to store about 800,000 bushels as you need to leave room at the top of each bin for air circulation.”

“I’m a chemist who also has a passion for farming,” says John. “When the land became available at the right price, we jumped at it.”

One attraction of the larger bins is the lower cost per bushel of capacity. John estimates his “all-in” cost – including augers, probes and fans – at $1.75/bushel for the 73,000-bushel bins.

Some of those chemist qualities, like an analytical mind and a knack for problem solving, led John to take the plunge from a storage perspective.

They put that capacity to good use, annually harvesting about one million bushels of grain. Given those numbers, even if he wasn’t a risk taker by nature, he’d have to become one out of necessity.

NEXT GENERATION STORAGE | GRAIN STORAGE “Storage capacity is related to how much risk you’re willing to take on at harvest time. We’re not prepared to wait for grain to dry or cool off enough to be storable, because if your crop is coming off at 30-40 C, it’s unlikely to last the weekend no matter how dry it is. Cooling it below 20 C gives you 10 times the storage window and reduces your risk, even if you have high moisture.”

Turning up the Volumes Storing such high volumes successfully in a situation where annual harvest numbers exceed storage capacity requires some of the same qualities that made John a successful chemist, such as organization and attention to detail. “You’re always looking at where to put your product and managing risk factors, as failing to harvest and letting combines sit are simply not options. The grain has to go somewhere, and just because you have one million bushels of storage doesn’t mean you can put one million bushels of product in there. It’s a dynamic situation with grain coming in and out and you never know exactly how much you will take off the field.” The ideal in John’s experience is to have 20 per cent more storage than the product you are handling. In addition to Photo: Bagging is an integral part of the overall storage requirments.

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Photo: An aerial shot of Windy Poplars.

leaving room for error, this approach gives you the option to fill some tanks at less than capacity if moisture levels dictate that.

The Master of Marketing Another key to successful storage is effective marketing. While you might not expect that from a chemist, you’d be sadly mistaken. “Our intent each year is to have one-third of the crop sold before we put it in the ground, one-third sold as we’re seeding and the final one-third spoken for after the fact. In that way, we can make the best use of our bins and augment them with hoppers and grain bags as the need arises.” Success in marketing hinges on quality control, which John identifies as the biggest challenge in large-scale storage. “Your end market wants a certain product with certain specifications, so we have to know those specs at all times. That’s not easy with a 30,000-bushel bin when you’re wondering what’s happening at the centre of it, but it’s vital to use probes or pull a load out and assess it.”

opportunities down the road. Farming is largely about using risk-management tools, and the proper storage is a key piece in your toolbox.” Farming is also about productivity, something that benefits greatly from smart storage. “This business is very capital intensive regarding equipment and land. It’s tough paying half a million dollars for a machine that may only be used six weeks a year. The greater your volume, the more that machine gets used over a long period of time and thus, the lower your cost per use.” As far as land is concerned, John focuses not on how many acres he manages but how much product he’s pulling off and the storage he needs per acre. He finds that if he spreads out his harvest time and makes the best use of equipment, manpower and storage, he boosts both efficiency and his chances of success. In the current farming environment, that success is no small feat. “The situation in farming today is the most challenging I’ve ever

Once you know what you’re dealing with, you can then use aeration, temperature changes or cleaning to achieve the quality you seek.

seen for the single-operator farm. There’s a reason that the

“Grain must be managed so the end-use customer is not just happy but ecstatic. That builds credibility and either brings you a premium price or builds trust that leads to more marketing

should always be looking for the win-win situations, whether with a

Hutterites are thriving and we should learn from their success rather than fear it. You just can’t go it alone anymore; that’s why we neighbour, a partner or a customer. We must make the most of opportunities, and maximizing our storage can help us do that.”

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Grain Bags

may change specifications and product designs in this or other brochure at any time, without previous notice. Pictures shown are for illustration purposes only.

Available in sizes 9’x200’ and up. Durable 9.5mil HITEC bags.

PRINTED IN CANADA

Operating lights are a standard feature. • Easily rolls a 10x300 grai bag Unmatched performance. With its 16”dia. unloading ly winds up• the bag. Fastgrain and effective way to clean up your used grain bags auger the EXG 400 moves 10,300 bu/hr. (280 tons). The EXG400 can unload over and haul away to recycle 10 THOUSAND bushels perpatented hour! Featuring the center bottom gearbox 10 feetavailable to help reduce cost ags of • Government programs and It fully winds up the grain bag. Grain Pusher that allows you to clean up the very last 10 feet bit of grain without shovels or vacs! This For bags of ding performance 10300 Bu/Hour (280 Ton/Hour) Unloading performanceallows 10300 Bu/Hour (280get Ton/Hour)more done in less time, with less you to Power requirement mess!90 HP minimum - 540 PTO 90 HP minimum - 540 PTO r requirement 2600 PSI- 16 GPM (180 Bar - 60 LPM) Hydraulic requirement North American Distribution The EXG 300 model (not shown) can unload 9, 10 GBC Distributors Tube / Auger Diameter 16 15/16 in (430 mm) Humboldt, Sask, Canada and 129 27/32 foot withAmerican ease. 2600 PSI- 16 GPM (180 Bar - 60 LPM)Horizontal Auger Diameter aulic requirement 306 682 5888 in (250bags mm) North Distribution www.grainbagscanada.com High ﬂotation tires 400 x 60 x 15.5” admin@grainbagscanada.com GBC Distributors akrongrainbagging.com / Auger Diameter 16 15/16 in (430 mm) call for your local dealer: Humboldt, Sask, Canada 306 682 5888 ontal Auger Diameter 9 27/32 in (250 mm) www.grainbagscanada.com ﬂotation tires 400 x 60 x 15.5” admin@grainbagscanada.com

craig@gbcequipment.com akrongrainbagging.com

www.gbcequipment.com

Patented Bottom Gearbox location.

Patented Grain Pusher helps clean up the remaining grain!

Hydraulic control panel for easy operation for all functions.

On chain design for easy maintenance.

PRINTED IN CANADA

he EXG400 can unload over 0 THOUSAND bushels per hour! • Designed for skid steer and front end loaders

Greater ground clearance is a standard feature.

Made in Canada Solutions for Grain Management The OPIsystems Inc. Journey

For former Western Canadian grain farmer Dave Crompton and current Founder and CEO, OPIsystems Inc., the experience leading up to the company’s discovery are all too familiar for many farmers. The spark that fueled the vision for the company took place after hours of back-breaking work, shoveling grain out of his grain bin, followed by a long trip to town to deliver his “investment.” When Crompton returned with less than expected, he was dismayed at the dismal return on his investment, he looked at his wife Jenny and said; “There has to be a better way.” Fast forward 30 years – with his relentless pursuit to find a better way, backed by an entrepreneurial spirit – this Canadian-born company has built a roster of over 26,000 customers, with presence in 46 countries, including Asia and South America. “Not unlike many successful companies today, OPI was born out of humble beginnings, grass roots experience, and the desire to find a better way,” says Kent Wingert, Product Manager, OPIsystems. “Trailblazing the industry of grain storage solutions and becoming recognized on a global stage has been an interesting journey. From OPI’s humble beginnings in a farmyard in Tees, Alberta, we are proud of the fact that a Canadian company is helping farm customers across the globe meet the growing demand for food in a sustainable way.” OPIsystems pioneered the innovation behind their product OPI Blue – technology designed to optimize grain storage management by minimizing losses due to spoilage or shrink. Today, OPI Blue remains the leading technology of its kind when it comes to grain storage optimization.

It offers remote access to what is happening inside the bin through mobile or desktop devices from anywhere. The technology allows farmers to stay connected to what’s going on in their bins through data updates to their smartphone, tablet or desktop computer. These 24-7 real time monitoring and alerts provide hourly grain temperature and moisture readings, grain inventory levels and the ability to view bins and multiple sites in a simple user interface. According to Wingert, there have been many learnings, and the company has grown alongside the technology, but what continues to surprise him most is the fact that there are still farm operations not utilizing technology in their bins. “What surprises me is how many farms are still operating with old technology or none at all,” says Wingert. “The days of freezing grain or hot spots being an accepted risk is costly. Farmers put a lot of hard work into getting the grain into the bin and protecting that investment from hot spots or ensuring quality through technology, like OPI Blue, is simply a best practice when it comes to grain production in today’s world of farming.” OPI has had growing global success, yet it remains important to have the company’s production facility in Canada and headquarters in Calgary, Alberta. “We are proud of our Canadian success story,” says Kent. “And we are excited to see where our journey will lead from here and the advancements that we will continue to make, that will help continue to drive the next generation of agriculture.”

TITLE | SECTION

You’re not alone

As a farmer you can often feel the weight on your shoulders — that feeling that it’s all up to you… or is it? For more than 30 years, OPIsystems Advanced Grain Storage Management has been working alongside farmers providing the most sophisticated wireless connectivity between you and your bins. With OPI, you can feel confident that someone else is there for you.

AdvancedGrainManagement.com

HAYING | WHAT’S NEW IN HAYING TECHNOLOGY?

What’s New in Haying Technology?

Experts swap stories on the tools and techniques used to improve hay quality By Melanie Epp Producing quality hay in Canada’s fickle climate can be a tall order. When foul weather strikes, grade can drop quickly and dramatically. Nature’s unpredictability isn’t going to change, which is why some farmers utilize technology and tools to improve quality and efficiency. Alberta offers the ideal environment for making hay, but the weather doesn’t always co-operate. John Bland, a farmer based in Strathmore, Alta., knows this well. He grows 5,000 acres of hay and has a 1,000-head cow-calf operation. He also sits on the board of the Alberta Forage Industry Network. While he admits what he’s doing isn’t terribly unique, he relies on specific tools for his success. The tools at his disposal include self-propelled discbines, a round baler, a large square baler and a twin rake. “Having the most expensive equipment doesn’t necessarily mean it’s the best,” says Bland. “We think that we’ve found equipment that works. It’s reliable equipment and we have good reliable dealers.” Other growers have more advanced tools. Dan Jorsvick and his brother, Curt, grow between 725 to 1,000 acres of hay each year in Olds, Alta. In 2006, after nearly a decade of research, they invested in a hay dryer. “In the harvest of crops, favourable conditions at harvest have a lot to do with quality,” says Jorsvick. “All of those negative aspects about bad weather at harvest are just magnified in hay. It’s quite an esthetically-driven price market.” 36

He adds, “The hay dryer that we put in was an attempt to minimize the amount of hay that was downgraded due to excess rain at harvest time.” After talking to farmers all across Canada, the brothers decided on a dryer by Italian company Veda. With a supplemental heat unit that uses natural gas, the dryer can be modified to use other energy sources. Essentially, it blows air into the bales, drying it quickly and efficiently. “It was one of those tools that allowed us to change the way we looked at harvest,” he says. “Because we have that tool in place, it made us more aggressive when we cut hay in the subsequent years.” While some farmers use preservatives to retain hay quality, Jorsvick says he’s constrained by the demands of his customers. He says it’s important to keep their needs in mind when adopting any new technology. Ed Shaw, director of market development at Green Prairie International, agrees on the importance of knowing your end user. While there are products on the market that preserve quality, those products cannot be used on hay that’s for the export market, he says. In recent years, he’s seen two farm-scale dryers of note that allow farmers to improve hay quality and gain more export value as a result. The first – a dryer developed by Emil Gulbranson, owner of Agri Green in Vanderhoof, B.C. – dries about 24 bales per hour. In a 10-hour period, farmers can dry 240 3x4 bales, with the ability to dry swath between 25 and 30 per cent moisture content down to 12 per cent.

WHAT’S NEW IN HAYING TECHNOLOGY? | HAYING “They were drying these down in probably 12-15 minutes,” says Shaw. “The interesting thing about it is the leaf retention, the softness and it really saved the quality of the hay.” While Gulbranson doesn’t have a website at this point, his company has already sold three units in Alberta. They’re in full production and will demonstrate a dryer in Arizona in late April. The second dryer, Chinook, designed by Chris Martin in Alma, Ont., dries hay using spikes with air holes, which are injected directly into the bales. Shaw says the Chinook dries three 3x3 bales or two 3x4 bales at a time in less than 15 minutes, reducing moisture from 20 per cent to 12 per cent. Exhaust heat is captured from the engine and injected directly into the bales. Temperatures range from 175 C to 220 C. It’s not just farm tools that improve hay quality; genetics are also an important component. Surya Acharya, research scientist and forage breeder with Agriculture and AgriFood Canada, has been working to produce better traditionally-bred hay and forage varieties, focusing on parameters such as acid tolerance, saline tolerance and bloat reduction. Saline is a problem in Western Canada, and until recently there were no saline-tolerant varieties available. Addressing this issue, Acharya and his colleagues recently released AC Bridgeview, a saline-tolerant alfalfa variety. Two years ago, they also released an acid-tolerant alfalfa called AAC Meadowview. All varieties are produced with yield in mind, but they also consider digestibility. In the past few years, they have also worked vigorously to make alfalfa bloat free, releasing AAC Mountainview two years ago and developing AAC Glenview last year (which should be available next year). Finally, he developed an orchard grass called AAC Greenview, which offers better winter hardiness, making it suitable for Western Canada. While not much has changed in the world of hay production, farmers are always on the lookout for ways to improve quality. Not all tools will fit every farmer. Knowing where to make improvements while meeting the demands of end users is crucial to the success of any operation.

Revolutionary Rake Rivals Traditional Rotary Technology By Melanie Epp Austrian manufacturer Reiter Innovative Technology hopes to revolutionize the way forage harvest is picked up with their new rake, Respiro R9. The pickup rake was showcased at Agritechnica 2017 in Hanover, Germany. While Respiro R9 didn’t win any awards, it certainly raised a lot of eyebrows. The rake features the world’s first elastic pickup technology, which leaves stones and other debris behind while picking up the maximum amount of forage. The pulled rake picks up forage with two 3.5-metre-wide pickups and turns it into a swath with conveyor belts. Located inside the pickup rather than outside, the double-bearing unit prevents the entry of dirt and blades of grass to the bearings. It also helps to more evenly distribute the load. The gap between the two units is so small that forage loss is minimal. “This was a priority to us,” says company CEO and inventor Thomas Reiter. Because the tines are trailed – rather than turning in a way that they scoop the forage – stones are left behind. “We had terrible problems with grass wrapping up inside of the pickup,” says Reiter. “So we designed it like this, and then we discovered that we cannot pickup any more stones. We are now very happy because we never thought it would work like that. “Customer feedback tells us there are no stones in the bales and very clean forage,” he says. Currently, there are five patents pending on Reiter’s new rake. In the future, the company will offer 12-metre machines. Respiro R9 could be ready for sale in Canada by 2019.

“If we could go to a website and look at every tool that had been invented from the Industrial Revolution on for hay production, we’d be alarmed because even in my little experience it’s frightening how many ideas have come and gone,” agrees Jorsvick. “Different packaging techniques, processing, crimping – and they’re probably all great ideas – but the trick is making it work once you take it home and selling the product to your end users,” he concludes.

Left Respiro R9’s trailing tines means the rake no longer kicks or picks up stones. Right: Respiro R9’s robust double bearing prevents the entry of dirt and keeps blades of grass from the bearings. The rake is virtually

Rethink YouR opeRation

THREE KEYS TOEfficiency HIGH-EFFICIENCY HAY Tracks Deliver Year-Round More efficient hay production is goodbest formeets youryour feedneeds, and bottom line No matter which track option tracks can bring a higher level of efficiency to your operation.

Feed is a substantial expense. Maximizing quality with a high-efficiency hay system helpthat reduce thatearned expense. t used can to be tracks

their keep during the fast-pace,

“Forage quality determines high-pressure planting and har-the amount of supplemental feed vest seasons. But today, with more required to maintain livestock equipment options and greater performance,” said Brian Spencer, flexibility, tracks deliver year-round Case IH Hay and Forage Marketing benefits. And that starts withhay greatManager. “Make sure your tools er work efficiency. as a system to achieve the right “Weofknow theefficiency cyclical farm econmix power, and versatility omy is as asand a late-spring to get thereliable job done help you harvest at peak nutritional snowstorm, ” says Mitch value.” Kaiser, Case IH Steiger® marketing managlose 20those percent er.Forages “We alsocan know how dipsofintotal digestible nutrients and 40inper- Case IH track technology more efficiently delivers more usable power. And that translates directly to lower the cycle help farmers push for cent of protein content just 10 days creased efficiency.” Now, more and operating costs. after the optimal harvest stage.1 Designed to make the most of short baling windows, Case IH round balers are a trusted choice for high-capacity baling. more of that focus falls squarely on “The Quadtrac system reduces higher level of efficiency to your opglobally-proven track technology. A high-efficiency harvest, whichground eration. and “Ourthe tracked pressure, ” Kaiser says. “The® applied, Reliable tractors: Maxxum bale istractors ejected, can all timely, efficient harvest. Spencer’s higher forage quality, beginsMagnum Rowtrac keeps Itdrives starts under the hood ® handle everything from primary and tips include: four points (116-145 hp), Puma (150-240 hp) without operator input. with three steps: ® Selective Catalytic Reduction ofand ground contact, whichhp)reduces (271-300 series secondary tillage to planting and Optum (SCR) helps make Case IH tractors surface spraying row crops Systems to side dressing pressure and means less Advanced Farming (AFS) • Rake or ted at 40 percent to 50 tractors shine in hay and live1. SELECT THE RIGHT TOOLS AccuGuide™ autoguidance: among the most fluid-efficient weight fertilizer, ” Kaiser says. “You truly can percent moisture.2 transfer from front to rear stock applications. Best of all, Give your operation an edge this Better while and cutting available, which translates directly than capitalizeguidance on the efficiency ben- • Bale at 18 percent to 20 percent typical two-track systems. ” they feature Selective Catalytic hay season with an equipment overlaps savesevery on moisture (small square), 16 perReduction (SCR)also after -treatment to lower operating costs. efits tracks deliverand during Case IH tracks oscillate and reduces The exclusive Case IH five-axle upgrade. The Case IH lineup of fuel, labor and machine expenses. technology fora flat more fuel-effi“SCR technology allows us to phase of the growing season — im- design pivot to maintain footprint that cent moisture (medium provides more evensquare, hay tools includes windrowers, + autoguidance to tilth AFS RTK cientthe horsepower. With Case IH Upgrading tune our engines for maximum proving the of your soil profile power power on the ground. the soil forpercent less ground round to bale) or 14 moismowers and conditioners, wheelkeeps accuracy engines, there’s contact no particulate horsepower, without compromisyear-over-year. ” and efficiency. “With constant to the improves pressure in square all applications. rakes and balers. ture (large or round bale).2 filter to clean, no optimal regeneration ing efficiency for emissions,” Kaiser ground, tracks provide pres• Store hay off ground and 3. HARVEST AT PEAK period 600 operating explains. idealand flotation and betterhours tracDC 3 “Fine-tuning s er ies d the is c combusm owe rsure, under cover. NUTRITIONAL VALUE between changes. by hitch or conditioners: cutex-andtion tion process and Superior eliminating that isoil unaffected With the right equipment and • Adjust fertility immediately after crimpgas helprecirculation to provide superior haust provideshaydrawbar load,” Kaiser says. first cutting.3 you can its focus on a the Case IH incorporates award-winning track technology across multiple 2. TAP INTO NEW TECHNOLOGY technology, quality. The modular cutter substantial improvement in fuelbar ef- is The exclusive track design feaproduct lines, including Steiger Quadtrac tractors, Steiger Rowtrac The latest haying technology designed for high-capacity opera-tures ficiency. ” five sets of wheels and five axtractors, Magnum Rowtrac tractors, Axial-Flow® combines and, most helps you get more done in less time. tion with heavy-duty components, RESOURCES: Combining SCR engines with les to better distribute weight and recently, Early Riser® planters. Many of the same benefits introduced in 1 including shear-hub-protected Henning JC, Wheaton Making to and Storing Quality Hay. University 1996 continue to drawHN. producers today’s track offerings: Quadtrac® and Rowtrac™ systems avoid pressure spikes in the soil. The of Missouri Extension website. http://extension.missouri.edu/p/G4575. gearboxes and quick-change knives. ISOBUS Class 3: Automated individually driven, oscillating tracks maintain a flat footprint, •Reviewed helps Case IH Steiger and Magnum™ units independently pivot two-way up and October 1993. Accessed March 29, 2017. functionality provides keeping power to the ground. series tractors transfer more of that down, allowing them to better folRB5 series round balers: Wide communication between the axle design D. better weight. Technologies for Quality and •2Undersander Hay distributes in a Day. Harvesting efficient power to the groundfeeding and low ground turnpairing tightly baler andcontours, tractor. yet When pickups, high-capacity each unit individually pivots so it better follows ground contours. Yield. University of Wisconsin-Madison. • to the implement you’re pulling. without causing berming or disturb-

Time-tested, field-proven

systems and durable belts and a Model Year 2017 or newer RB5 rolls buildfootprInt dense, uniform bales —ings ethe r i esoil. s ro u n d b a l e r w i t h a a gentle driving down the cost of handling.tracks Maxxumfor CVXDrive™ any taskor Puma With greater flotation and less Whatever you’re baling, heavy-duty tractor, the tractor will automatNo matter which track option best soil compaction, Case IH tracked pickups provide a clean sweep of ically stop when the target bale meets needs, tracks can bring a tractors go easy on the soil. crops and uninterrupted feeding. size your is reached. The net wrap is

• Wide track options and a longer wheelbase increase flotation and

Morrison Time to Fertilize produce J. a smoother ride. Alfalfa Ground. Illinois Livestock Trail. University of Illinois Extension website. http://livestocktrail.illinois.edu/ exclusive, self-tensioning, maintenance-free track system with •pasturenet/paperDisplay.cfm?ContentID=7436. clear-bearing-cap sight gauges keeps you in the field longer. Published June 6, 2005. Accessed March 29, 2017. 3

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©2018 CNH Industrial America LLC. All rights reserved. Case IH is a trademark registered in the United States and many other countries, owned by or licensed to CNH Industrial N.V., its subsidiaries or affiliates. www.caseih.com

SPRAYING 101 | EXACTAPPLY

John Deere Introduces New Application System, ExactApply Pulse-width modulation (PWM) for rate control in spraying has been available in North America for about 20 years, primarily through Capstan Ag Systems (PinPoint) and more recently, Raven (Hawkeye). Case pioneered its widespread use through AIM Command, first with in partnership with Capstan, and more recently, with Raven. We’ve provided an overview of these systems in earlier editions of Farming For Tomorrow and on Sprayers101.com.

Tom Wolf, Ph.D, P.Ag. Tom Wolf grew up on a grain farm in southern Manitoba. He obtained his BSA and M.Sc. (Plant Science) at the University of Manitoba and his Ph.D. (Agronomy) at Ohio State University. Tom was a research scientist with Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada for 17 years before forming AgriMetrix, an agricultural research company that he now operates in Saskatoon. He specializes in spray drift, pesticide efficacy, and sprayer tank cleanout, and conducts research and training on these topics throughout Canada. Tom sits on the Board of the Saskatchewan Soil Conservation Association, is an active member of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers and is a member and past president of the Canadian Weed Science Society. Twitter: @nozzle_guy

ExactApply is an application system capable of PWM, introduced by John Deere in August 2017, with its first customer field season in 2018. ExactApply offers several unique features that differentiate it from the existing systems. Following is a brief description of its major components and capabilities.

Nozzle Body Design: • The body contains a turret with six numbered nozzle locations, all pointed down, and two solenoids, one on either side of the body. Three nozzle locations are on short feeds (locations 1, 2 and 3), whereas the remainder are on long feeds (4, 5 and 6). The front locations and left solenoid is called “A,” whereas the right solenoid and rear location is “B.”

Fig. 1: ExactApply body. Note the long (#4) and short (#3) nozzle feeds on turret.

• Nozzles are paired so that A or B or both are capable of spraying at a time, depending on the selected mode. Pairs are 1 and 4, 2 and 5, and 3 and 6. The operator manually rotates the desired nozzle pair into position. • When a short feed is placed at the front of the body, the system is in separated mode. In this mode, the left solenoid controls the front nozzle and the right solenoid controls the rear nozzle. Either or both can be used in pulsing (PWM) or conventional mode, selected through the monitor.

EXACTAPPLY | SPRAYING 101 • When a long feed is placed at the front, the body is in combined mode. Now, all flow from the right and left solenoid can only exit the front nozzle. Very high flows are achievable in combined mode, making it suitable for liquid fertilizer application. It may not have other practical applications in Western Canada.

Pulsing Mode: • In pulsing mode, each Fig. 2: Plunger inside solenoid interrupts liquid flow 15 times per solenoid pulses at 15 Hz, second. meaning it completes 15 open-and-close cycles per second. The A and B solenoid timing is offset by 180 degrees, so that the B nozzle is in the middle of its on cycle when the A nozzle is in the middle of its off cycle. In combined mode, this means the system operates at 30 Hz. • The proportion of each cycle that the solenoids are open is known as the duty cycle (DC). At 100 per cent DC, the valves

are always open. At 50 per cent DC, the valves are open 50 per cent of the time. The minimum DC allowed by the system in default is 25 per cent. This can be lowered to a smaller value within the monitor. • DC is closely related to the flow rate of the nozzle. There are two ways of looking at this. A 08-sized tip operating at 40 psi will have a flow rate of 0.8 U.S. gpm at 100 per cent DC, about 0.4 U.S. gpm at 50 per cent DC, and close to 0.2 U.S. gpm at 25 per cent DC. This feature is primarily useful when sprayer speed is changed, requiring new flow rates without a change in spray pressure. • Pulsing mode is not available for nozzles sized smaller than 02, or for air-induced tips. • Pulsing can be disabled to allow the use of air-induced or other tip technologies that may not function well when pulsed. This is called auto mode.

Auto Mode: • Auto mode can be used to achieve three unique flow rates. “A” alone, “B” alone, or “A” and “B.” When properly staggered, a travel speed range similar to pulsing mode can be achieved,

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TEEJET AI3070: THE BEST TIP FOR FUNGICIDE APPLICATION

• Air induction technology produces larger droplets to reduce drift “The AI3070 increased overall deposit amounts and uniformity compared to the industry standard single and twin fan nozzles.” – TOM WOLF, RESEARCH SCIENTIST AT AGRICULTURE AND AGRI-FOOD CANADA

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41 AI3070 Ad_7x4_75_020617.indd 1

2/6/17 11:18 AM

SPRAYING 101 | EXACTAPPLY

Pulsing Mode Nozzle Selection

although pressure rise will occur within each nozzle as travel speeds increase.

At this time, John Deere’s nozzles suited to the ExactApply’s pulsing mode are the LD, the LDX and the 3D. All three are similar in spray quality, obtaining medium to coarse sprays at 20 to 40 psi. These tips would need to be operated at those lower pressure for satisfactory drift management similar to that obtained with air-induced tips.

• In auto mode, the user selects a tip for position A, and an incrementally larger tip for position B. The monitor requires that the user inputs minimum and maximum pressures for A, B, and A and B. Travels speeds corresponding to these tip and pressure choices are calculated, and the monitor warns the user when speeds don’t overlap. The user either changes minimum and maximum spray pressures, or selects a different sized tip to eliminate the gap.

Proper sizing for PWM requires that tips be sized for about 20 to 40 per cent extra capacity. In other words, at expected average travel speeds, the pulsing duty cycle should be approximately 60 to 80 per cent. The following chart has a highlighted column at 70 per cent duty cycle for that reason. Assuming an ExactApply operator expects to apply five gpa and travel at 15 mph on average, possible nozzle options are:

• Auto mode is useful when a certain level of drift protection is required that can’t be achieved in pulsing mode due to the inability to use air-induced tips. Speed (mph) at 20 Inch Spacing Application rate (GPA) 5 Spray

Boom

Tip

Pressure

Min*

25%

50%

70%

(psi)

03 at 60 psi | 04 at 30 psi | 05 at 10 psi

10 % Flow 100%

Min*

Speed (mph)

25%

50%

70%

100%

1.3

2.2

4.5

6.2

8.9

0.7

1.1

2.2

3.1

4.5

1.6

2.7

5.5

7.6

10.9

0.8

1.4

2.7

3.8

5.5

1.9

3.2

6.3

8.8

12.6

0.9

1.6

3.2

4.4

6.3

2.3

3.9

7.7

10.8

15.4

1.2

1.9

3.9

5.4

7.7

2.7

4.5

8.9

12.5

17.8

1.3

2.2

4.5

6.2

8.9

3.0

5.0

10.0

13.9

19.9

1.5

2.5

5.0

7.0

10.0

3.3

5.5

10.9

15.3

21.8

1.6

2.7

5.5

7.6

10.9

3.5

5.9

11.8

16.5

23.6

1.8

2.9

5.9

8.3

11.8

3.8

6.3

12.6

17.6

25.2

1.9

3.2

6.3

8.8

12.6

4.0

6.7

13.4

18.7

26.7

2.0

3.3

6.7

9.4

13.4

1.8

3.0

5.9

8.3

11.9

0.9

1.5

3.0

4.2

5.9

2.2

3.6

7.3

10.2

14.5

1.1

1.8

3.6

5.1

7.3

2.5

4.2

8.4

11.8

16.8

1.3

2.1

4.2

5.9

8.4

3.1

5.1

10.3

14.4

20.6

1.5

2.6

5.1

7.2

10.3

3.6

5.9

11.9

16.6

23.8

1.8

3.0

5.9

8.3

11.9

4.0

6.6

13.3

18.6

26.6

2.0

3.3

6.6

9.3

13.3

4.4

7.3

14.5

20.4

29.1

2.2

3.6

7.3

10.2

14.5

4.7

7.9

15.7

22.0

31.4

2.4

3.9

7.9

11.0

15.7

5.0

8.4

16.8

23.5

33.6

2.5

4.2

8.4

11.8

16.8

5.3

8.9

17.8

24.9

35.6

2.7

4.5

8.9

12.5

17.8

2.2

3.7

7.4

10.4

14.9

1.1

1.9

3.7

5.2

7.4

2.7

4.5

9.1

12.7

18.2

1.4

2.3

4.5

6.4

9.1

3.2

5.3

10.5

14.7

21.0

1.6

2.6

5.3

7.4

10.5

3.9

6.4

12.9

18.0

25.7

1.9

3.2

6.4

9.0

12.9

4.5

7.4

14.9

20.8

29.7

2.2

3.7

7.4

10.4

14.9

5.0

8.3

16.6

23.2

33.2

2.5

4.2

8.3

11.6

16.6

5.5

9.1

18.2

25.5

36.4

2.7

4.5

9.1

12.7

18.2

5.9

9.8

19.6

27.5

39.3

2.9

4.9

9.8

13.8

19.6

6.3

10.5

21.0

29.4

42.0

3.2

5.3

10.5

14.7

21.0

6.7

11.1

22.3

31.2

44.6

3.3

5.6

11.1

15.6

22.3

2.7

4.5

8.9

12.5

17.8

1.3

2.2

4.5

6.2

8.9

3.3

5.5

10.9

15.3

21.8

1.6

2.7

5.5

7.6

10.9

3.8

6.3

12.6

17.6

25.2

1.9

3.2

6.3

8.8

12.6

4.6

7.7

15.4

21.6

30.9

2.3

3.9

7.7

10.8

15.4

5.3

8.9

17.8

24.9

35.6

2.7

4.5

8.9

12.5

17.8

6.0

10.0

19.9

27.9

39.8

3.0

5.0

10.0

13.9

19.9

6.5

10.9

21.8

30.6

43.6

3.3

5.5

10.9

15.3

21.8

7.1

11.8

23.6

33.0

47.1

3.5

5.9

11.8

16.5

23.6

7.6

12.6

25.2

35.3

50.4

3.8

6.3

12.6

17.6

25.2

8.0

13.4

26.7

37.4

53.5

4.0

6.7

13.4

18.7

26.7

Fig. 3: Calibration chart for PWM systems. Nozzles are sized at about 70 per cent duty cycle.

The decision will likely be either of the first two options, as the third has a spray pressure that is clearly too low. The decision would depend on the spray quality obtained for each of the remaining two options.

ExactApply joins Capstan PinPoint, Raven Hawkeye and TeeJet DynaJet with PWM capable systems. Auto mode is a version of nozzle switching first introduced into the market as Arag Seletron and Hypro Duo React Why 70 Per Cent Duty Cycle? There are four main reasons a nozzle should be sized to run at approximately 70 per cent DC. The first is to provide speed flexibility. An operator may need to speed up somewhat, but usually not more than 30 per cent. On the other hand, slowing down

EXACTAPPLY | SPRAYING 101 100 90

Pressure (psi)

80 70 60

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40 30 20 10 0

Speed (mph)

Fig.43: The system moves through three separate pressure curves as the sprayer accelerates.

is much more common to accommodate challenging terrain, and a factor of two to three is possible (from 70 per cent DC to 25 per cent DC).

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Secondly, drift reduction through lower spray pressure usually requires less speed due to the associated lower flow rate. With some DC room to spare, the loss of flow can be corrected without requiring a speed change. Thirdly, spot spraying at a slightly higher rate is possible, again through DC alone. Finally, turn compensation, during which the outside boom travels faster than the tractor unit and the inside boom slower, requires this additional capacity.

Auto Mode Nozzle Selection Auto mode allows for three flow rates to be used in succession: A, then B, then AB. The key to success is to use small size increments between A and B, and to use tips that have a wide pressure range. In the example above, the A location was a 02 tip and the B was a 03, for a total of 05. Pressure was not allowed to drop below 30 psi to retain good patterns. Pressure at switch over to the next largest flow rate therefore needed to be 90 psi to make the moves possible without pressure gaps resulting in over-application. As a result, the spray quality can be expected to fluctuate three times as the sprayer accelerates through A, B and AB in succession. Nozzle selection should seek to emphasize the middle of the pressure range of either B or AB to avoid unnecessary fluctuations. ExactApply joins Capstan PinPoint, Raven Hawkeye and TeeJet DynaJet with PWM capable systems. Auto mode is a version of nozzle switching first introduced into the market as Arag Seletron and Hypro Duo React. It appears to be a full-featured system that is fully integrated into the new John Deere 4600 display but is also available on the older 2630. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s expected that systems originating in Europe, notably by Rometron (WEED-it) and Agrifac (StrictSprayPlus), will enter the North American market in the near future. 43

THOSE WILY WEEDS | MAXIMIZING HERBICIDE PERFORMANCE

Maximizing Herbicide Performance

We have amazing herbicides. So amazing that they generally overcome small things that can contribute to less than ideal application. But not always.

Something in the Water

Jeanette Gaultier, Ph.D., P.Ag., CCA. Jeanette completed her B.Sc. in Agronomy at the University of Manitoba and continued her studies at the Universities of Manitoba and Saskatchewan to earn her Ph.D. in Soils & Pesticide Science. She has over 10 years’ experience working in the crops industry, with a focus on weed management. Jeanette lives with her husband and three children near NotreDame-de-Lourdes, Manitoba, where they operate a U-pick strawberry farm.

Water makes up the bulk of any spray solution. For that reason, it’s often the first thing that’s cut when looking for application efficiencies. But lowered water volumes can also decrease herbicide performance. This is especially true for contact herbicides that depend on good coverage for efficacy. In general, water volumes between 10 and 20 gallons per acre are the minimum recommendation for contact herbicides like Liberty, Basagran, Group 14 products and diquat. Systemic herbicides are typically less affected by water volume due to their ability to move within a weed. Five to 10 gallons per acre water volume is typically adequate. Keep in mind though, increasing water volumes improve herbicide efficacy when weed pressure is high or the crop canopy is dense. Now we’ve got the right volume of water, what about the quality? In my opinion, any and all water being used for pesticide applications should be tested for quality, regardless of the source. Hardness and turbidity are two important water-quality characteristics to consider for herbicide application. Hardness refers to the concentration of dissolved minerals in water. Calcium and magnesium are the main causes of hard water, although minerals like iron and manganese are also culprits. The hardness of a water sample is often measured in milligrams of calcium carbonate equivalent per litre (mg/L = ppm). Although hardness scales vary, groundwater across the Prairies is largely classified as hard due to an abundance of calcium and magnesium supplied by our calcareous parent material. Prairies dwellers dependent on well water recognize the symptoms of hard water in corroded taps and lime scale. In addition to costly hot-water tank element replacements, hard water can negatively impact herbicide performance. The positively-charged minerals are known to interact with weakly acidic herbicides, notably glyphosate and Group 4 amine formulations, and decrease their activity on weeds. It’s recommended that only water with a hardness of 700 mg/L or lower be used with such herbicides. Hard water can still affect herbicide efficacy below this level but there are “fixes” that can reduce the impacts. Opting for a higher-labelled rate increases the amount of herbicide active ingredient in the tank, which can offset a potential decrease in performance. Conversely – and opposite to earlier advice – this is a case where decreasing water volume (to five GPA) improves herbicide activity, by increasing the proportion of active ingredient relative to the concentration

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of minerals. Adding ammonium sulphate (AMS) is yet another solution as negatively-charged sulphate ions preferentially react with calcium and magnesium, freeing the herbicide for weed activity. Turbidity refers to particulate soil and organic matter in water and is measured as total dissolved solids (TDS) or suspended solids. In plain language, turbidity characterizes the “dirtiness” of water. Greater turbidity is generally associated with surface water sources used to fill the spray tank. Unfortunately, unlike hardness, there are no guidelines for the minimum level of turbidity that can impact herbicide application. It’s suggested that water that is visibly hazy or dirty can tie up herbicides that bind strongly to soil and organic matter, such as glyphosate or diquat. And, also unlike hard water, there are no fixes for dirty water. Surface water used for spray applications should be clean and kept clean by filtration and algae control and by limiting mixing of the water column during filling. What about pH? While it’s true that pH can affect herbicide activity, crop protection companies usually recommend or provide adjuvants or other additives to address this. However, data from Saskatchewan shows that high-sodium bicarbonate levels in water, which cause high pH, can adversely affect herbicides like 2,4-D amine and the Group 1 “dims.” Bicarbonate levels of less than 300 mg/L water are recommended for application.

The Time of Day Farmers have long been admonished to “spray in the heat of the day” to optimize weed burndown with Liberty. In fact, Liberty applied at intervals over a 24-hour period clearly demonstrates decreased efficacy outside of daytime hours. As a rule, contact herbicides work best when it’s hot and sunny. Diquat is the exception, with better penetration of green plant material when applied on cloudy days or evenings. Surprisingly, the 24-hour application experiment yields similar results for systemic herbicides. Although visual differences are less evident compared with contact products, the efficacy of systemic herbicides is also maximized during daytime hours, especially on broadleaf weeds. Herbicides that degrade readily in sunlight, like certain Group 1s, may be the exception in this case. However, since these herbicides are almost always applied as part of a tank mix, the recommendation is to apply during the day without leaving product sitting in the sun. Getting the big things of herbicide application spot on – right product, right rate, right time – is essential for weed control. But it’s been said that it’s the little things that make the difference. Paying attention to the little things in a herbicide application, like water quality and time of day, might just be the difference to help maximize herbicide performance. 45

NEWS & INNOVATIONS

AGSTAR Duo React nozzle control from Hypro provides a real-world solution to the real-world application problem of balancing efficiency, efficacy and environmental stewardship. The Duo React, distributed by AgStar, is an economical solution that balances the above goals by automatically switching between nozzle (A or B) or nozzles (A+B) at the same time to provide consistent spray quality across a wide range of speeds. Duo React allows for the use of proven air-induction nozzle technology for optimum coverage and drift control while allowing the operator to drive the machine to field and environmental conditions. This reduces operator stress and improves efficiency. It also features a robust nozzle body that provides instant spray on/off times and stands

up well to liquid fertilizer and undissolved solids. The system has minimal electronics and moving parts. Duo React works with current rate controllers and can be installed on most sprayers.

POLARIS RANGER Polaris RANGER® Announces All-New RANGER 150 EFI with Industry-First Technology for Rider Safety Polaris has introduced the RANGER® 150 EFI, a first-of-its-kind youth vehicle for riders 10 years and older that features rider-safety technology designed for parents’ peace of mind while letting youth riders experience the fun of driving their own vehicle. Using Polaris’ RIDE COMMAND™ technology, new safety features include geofencing, digital speed limiting and passcode-protected safe-start, all controlled from parents’ smartphones. “As an avid rider, I love being able to share the joy of riding with my family, but as a parent, I also want to ensure I’m creating a safe environment where my kids can have fun, learn and gain experience driving off-road vehicles,” says Chris Musso, president of off-road vehicles, Polaris. Using the RIDE COMMAND app and the vehicle’s digital display, adults can set riding boundaries. The digital speed limiting 46

feature allows parents to determine speed limits for preestablished areas, helping ensure kids are riding at the appropriate speed for their age, experience and terrain. The passcode-protected safe-start system controls who is operating the vehicle, and when. Equipped with a seatbelt interlocking system, the vehicle limits max speed to six mph until the seatbelt is engaged. Additional features include a high-visibility flag, two helmets, a protective cage, safety nets and LED daytime-running lights and tail lights.