FHGraham | Design Realisation | MArch Architecture, University of Greenwich | Part II

MATERIAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE FLORENCE GRAHAM DESIGN REALISATION UNIT 17 UNIVERSITY OF GREENWICH

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PART A: CONTEXT, OPPORTUNITIES, & CONSTRAINTS

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SITE LOCATION BRIEF_CLIENT BRIEF DESCRIPTION_MASTERPLAN BRIEF DESCRIPTION_DETAILED DESIGN SITE HISTORY SITE PHOTOGRAPHY STUDY PLANNING DOCUMENTS_GOVERNMENT PLANNING DOCUMENTS_FUTURE PLANNING DOCUMENTS_UNESCO PLANNING DOCUMENTS_STAKEHOLDERS PLANNING REGULATIONS_PROPERTY LAW PLANNING REGULATIONS_BOUNDARIES PLANNING REGULATIONS_CHANGE OF USE SITE ANALYSIS_CONTEXT SITE ANALYSIS_CONTEXT_ECONOMIC & SOCIAL & CULTURAL SITE ANALYSIS_VERIFIED VIEWS SITE ANALYSIS_LOCATION & CLIMATE SITE ANALYSIS_GEOLOGY SITE ANALYSIS_TOPOGRAPHY SITE ANALYSIS_ECOLOGY SITE ANALYSIS_INFRASTRUCTURE SITE ANALYSIS_INFRASTRUCTURE_SPACE ELEVATOR SITE ANALYSIS_INFRASTRUCTURE_MASTERPLAN SITE ANALYSIS_MATERIALITY_GARDENS SITE ANALYSIS_MATERIALITY_STRUCTURES

PART B: PROFESSIONAL STRATEGY

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CLIENT PROFILE & SCHEME FUNDERS STAKEHOLDERS CONTRACT PROCUREMENT CLIENT’S AMBITIONS SCHEME’S PROCUREMENT CONTRACT SCHEME’S PROCUREMENT RELATIONSHIPS DESIGN TEAM SCHEME DRAWINGS_MASTERPLAN SCHEME DRAWINGS_DETAILED DESIGN PLANNING APPLICATION PROCESS PLANNING APPLICATION_OUTLINE PLANNING APPLICATION_DETAILED POLICY DOCUMENTS_GOVERNMENT POLICY DOCUMENTS_FUTURE POLICY DOCUMENTS_UNESCO PLANNING ARGUMENT PLANNING ARGUMENT_SPECIALIST DOCUMENTS PLANNING ARGUMENT_LOCAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING ARGUMENT_UNESCO DEVELOPMENT PLANNING ARGUMENT_PROGRAMME SCHEME S106 AGREEMENT PROJECT STAGES PROJECT TIMELINE PROGRAMME_RISKS & MITIGATION PROJECT COST CONSTRUCTION TEAM PROGRAMME_CDM CONSTRUCTION DESIGN & MANAGEMENT CDM_RISKS & MITIGATION

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PART C: BUILDING MATERIALS & CONSTRUCTION

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PART D: BUILDING PERFORMANCE

CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURAL STRATEGY DESIGN INTENT SCHEDULE OF ACCOMMODATION PROGRAMME _ OVERVIEW MATERIALITY STRATEGY _ OVERVIEW MATERIAL REFERENCE _ PRECEDENTS STRUCTURAL STRATEGY _ OVERVIEW STRUCTURAL STRATEGY _ APPLIED FORCES STRUCTURAL STRATEGY _FOUNDATIONS TYPICAL DETAILS _ BUILD-UPS TYPICAL DETAILS _ JUNCTIONS DETAIL DESIGN_ LIGHTWELLS DETAIL DESIGN_ UNDERCROFT DETAIL DESIGN_ LABORATORY FENESTRATION CONSTRUCTION _ DELIVERY OF MATERIALS TO SITE CONSTRUCTION _ SEQUENCING CONSTRUCTION _ HEALTH & SAFETY

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CONCEPTUAL ENERGY STRATEGY STRATEGY _ PROGRAMME REQUIREMENTS STRATEGY _ LEGISLATION STRATEGY _ LOCATION SOLAR STUDY DAYLIGHT STUDY FENESTRATION _ORIENTATION & LOCATION FENESTRATION _OVERHEATING PROTECTION BUILDING FABRIC _ THERMAL MASS BUILDING FABRIC _ INSULATION TEMPERATURE CONTROL _ CHILLED FLOOR VENTILATION _ MECHANICAL STRATEGY VENTILATION _NATURAL STRATEGY VENTILATION _HYBRID STRATEGY VENTILATION _STRATEGY OVERVIEW SUSTAINABLE DRAINAGE SYSTEM _ DRAINAGE STRATEGY BUILDING RESOURCES _ ENERGY SOURCE INTERNAL CONDITION _ ACOUSTICS DOCUMENT B _ FIRE STRATEGY DOCUMENT M _ ACCESSIBILITY DOCUMENT K _ STAIR DESIGN

BIBLIOGRAPHY

PART A:

CONTEXT, OPPORTUNITIES, & CONSTRAINTS

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01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

PART A: CONTEXT, OPPORTUNITIES, & CONSTRAINTS

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

PART B: PROFESSIONAL STRATEGY

SITE LOCATION BRIEF_CLIENT BRIEF DESCRIPTION_MASTERPLAN BRIEF DESCRIPTION_DETAILED DESIGN SITE HISTORY SITE PHOTOGRAPHY STUDY PLANNING DOCUMENTS_GOVERNMENT PLANNING DOCUMENTS_FUTURE PLANNING DOCUMENTS_UNESCO PLANNING DOCUMENTS_STAKEHOLDERS PLANNING REGULATIONS_PROPERTY LAW PLANNING REGULATIONS_BOUNDARIES PLANNING REGULATIONS_CHANGE OF USE SITE ANALYSIS_CONTEXT SITE ANALYSIS_CONTEXT_ECONOMIC & SOCIAL & CULTURAL SITE ANALYSIS_VERIFIED VIEWS SITE ANALYSIS_LOCATION & CLIMATE SITE ANALYSIS_GEOLOGY SITE ANALYSIS_TOPOGRAPHY SITE ANALYSIS_ECOLOGY SITE ANALYSIS_INFRASTRUCTURE SITE ANALYSIS_INFRASTRUCTURE_SPACE ELEVATOR SITE ANALYSIS_INFRASTRUCTURE_MASTERPLAN SITE ANALYSIS_MATERIALITY_GARDENS SITE ANALYSIS_MATERIALITY_STRUCTURES

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CLIENT PROFILE & SCHEME FUNDERS STAKEHOLDERS CONTRACT PROCUREMENT CLIENT’S AMBITIONS SCHEME’S PROCUREMENT CONTRACT SCHEME’S PROCUREMENT RELATIONSHIPS DESIGN TEAM SCHEME DRAWINGS_MASTERPLAN SCHEME DRAWINGS_DETAILED DESIGN PLANNING APPLICATION PROCESS PLANNING APPLICATION_OUTLINE PLANNING APPLICATION_DETAILED POLICY DOCUMENTS_GOVERNMENT POLICY DOCUMENTS_FUTURE POLICY DOCUMENTS_UNESCO PLANNING ARGUMENT PLANNING ARGUMENT_SPECIALIST DOCUMENTS PLANNING ARGUMENT_LOCAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING ARGUMENT_UNESCO DEVELOPMENT PLANNING ARGUMENT_PROGRAMME SCHEME S106 AGREEMENT PROJECT STAGES PROJECT TIMELINE PROGRAMME_RISKS & MITIGATION PROJECT COST CONSTRUCTION TEAM PROGRAMME_CDM CONSTRUCTION DESIGN & MANAGEMENT CDM_RISKS & MITIGATION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

01.01 SITE LOCATION The site, in question, is located in the Central Province of Sri Lanka.

Sigiriya is an ancient citadel, where future plans for a Space Elevator have been allocated to this archaeologically important site, designated as a UNESCO world heritage centre. A masterplan is underway as a response to the intervention of this new infrastructure, urbanising this site.

01.02 BRIEF _ CLIENT PROJECT CLIENT: The project client is Elon Musk, and is funded by SpaceX, The Boring Company, and The Musk Foundation. Elon Musk is the Brand Ambassador for the scheme, while the financial resources have been supplied through these two companies, and foundation.

CLIENT:

FIGURE 01.02.02

SPACEX LOGO

SpaceX has been used as a stakeholder due to the intervention of a Space Elevator, and the future possibilities of space exploration from the site.While The Boring Company is involved to develop the infrastructure, and urbanisation that is being put in place as a response to the Space Elevator, due to their expertise in tunnelling. The Musk Foundation, was set up with the desire to invest in scientific research, including future space endeavours; therefore supplying a grant to this scheme.

The tenant in mind is to be the Material Research Society, due to their focus in this field, and would be able to supply the expertise of scientists, and other required occupants for optimum success of the building’s operation and output.

FIGURE 01.02.01

FIGURE 01.02.03

THE BORING COMPANY LOGO

FIGURE 01.02.04

MUSK FOUNDATION

FIGURE 01.02.04

MATERIAL RESEARCH SOCIETY LOGO

ELON MUSK

TENANT:

01.03 BRIEF DESCRIPTION _ MASTERPLAN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH CAMPUS: The proposed masterplan is a result of the planning permission granted for the implementation of a Space Elevator on this site due to its geographic location, as a result of Sri Lanka’s 2011-2030 document.

The masterplan requirements follow the infrastructure needed for the operation and link to the Space Elevator; resulting in an underground metro system with stations to import and export goods from the site.

The transport system around the site is placed underground to reduce the visual impact on this historic, UNESCO site.

The client’s specifications for the masterplan is to create a scientific campus with research facilities for the Space Elevator. These facilities will consist of a series of programmatic laboratory and research centres; which will research materials, and future technologies in conjunction with the Space Elevator findings.

The architectural concept for the design of the masterplan, in this unique setting is to create a ‘new’ boulder garden, to compliment the historic boulder gardens in place within the palace gardens.

NTS

01.04 BRIEF DESCRIPTION _ DETAILED DESIGN MATERIAL RESEARCH LABORATORY: The project consists of creating a Material Research Laboratory, which comes as a result of developing an element of the masterplan in place.

The client’s schedule of accommodation includes laboratory research facilities and academic zones; which will incorporate laboratories, writeup zones, offices, a library, a lecture theatre, break-out zones, storage facilities, and quarantine zones.

These facilities will have to be designed to their programmatic need, in particular the wall build ups. This is to ensure that the laboratories, storage, and quarantine zones will be hermetically sealed and designed for vibration control.

The client wishes for the scheme to be a state of the art facility, so architectural interest will have to be implemented alongside structural design input.

Due to the sensitive nature of the site, the building is visually elevated above ground level, allowing the boulders, and any trees of significance, to remain. Throughout the design a series of light-wells are placed making a feature of the existing elements on the site. While the building form is self-referential due to the programmatic need of the facility.This creates an exciting architectural contrast. However, materiality tones and textures will allow the form to complement the rocky context.

01.05 SITE HISTORY

3000 BC: FIRST INHABITANTS FOUND ON THE SITE: MONOLITHIC MEN BUILT ROCK SHELTERS

3000 BC

BC DATES:

300 BC

PROJECT TIMELINE:

300 BC: BUDDHIST MONASTIC SETTLEMENT ON THE SITE: SHELTERS & CAVE DWELLINGS 477 AD:

KASAYAPA (ILLEGITIMATE HEIR) BECOMES KING (BY EXECUTING HIS FATHER)

KASAYAPA FLEES & BUILDS HIS PALACE ON SIGIRIYA’S SUMMIT 495 AD: KASAYAPA’S BROTHER (LIGITIMATE HEIR) RETURNS FROM INDIA & EXECUTES KASAYAPA

THE PALACE IS GIVEN TO THE MONKS 600 AD: GRAFFITI AT SIGIRIYA IS DATED BACK TO 600 AD & SIGIRIYA IS VISITED FOR ITS SECULAR & AESTHETIC VALUE 1300 AD: MONKS LEAVE THE SITE SIGIRIYA IS LEFT TO BE OVERTAKEN BY NATURE 1500 AD: KANDYAN KINGS USE SIGIRIYA AS A DISTANT MILITARY OUTPOST (SITE BACK IN USE) 1600 AD: SIGIRIYA IS ABANDONED & NATURE OVERRULES THE LANDSCAPE & STRUCTURES ARE BURIED & BEGIN TO ERODE 1830 AD: SIGIRIYA IS FOUNDED AS A SITE OF ANTIQUARIAN VALUE

1982 AD

1830 AD

1600 AD

1500 AD

1300 AD

495 AD

477 AD

600 AD

1940 AD

1894 AD

1940 AD: ARCHAEOLOGISTS BEGIN TO INTERPRET & DATE THE LANDSCAPE AROUND THE PALACE 2009 AD

AD DATES:

1894 AD: ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS BEGIN TO UNCOVER THE HIDDEN ELEMENTS OF SIGIRIYA (ROCK PALACE & GARDENS ARE FOUND)

1982 AD: SIGIRIYA IS DECLARED THE 202ND UNESCO SITE

(DUE TO ITS OUTSTANDING ARCHITECTURAL, AND UNIVERSAL VALUES)

2009 AD: SIGIRIYA MUSEUM IS CONSTRUCTED & OPEN TO THE PUBLIC

01.06 SITE PHOTOGRAPHY STUDY

01.07 PLANNING DOCUMENTS_GOVERNMENT

ANTIQUITIES AN ORDINANCE TO PROVIDE FOR THE BETTER PRESERVATION OF THE ANTIQUITIES OF SRI LANKA, AND OF SITES AND BUILDINGS OF THE HISTORICAL OR ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE IN SRI LANKA. Ordinance Nos, 9 of 1940

Act Nos, 2 of 1955 22 of 1955 24 of 1998 12 of 2005

[15th July , 1940 ] Short title.

1. This Ordinance may be cited as the Antiquities Ordinance.

Property in antiquities.

2.

PART I PROPERTY IN ANTIQUITIES

[ 3,24 of 1998]

Payment by the State of market value of certain antiquities. [ 17, 24 of 1998]

(1) No antiquity shall, by reason only of its being discovered in or upon any land in the ownership of any person, be or be deemed to be the property of such person : Provided that such person shall be deemed to be interested in such antiquity in accordance with the provisions of this Ordinance.

(2) Every ancient monument which on the date on which this Ordinance comes into operation is not owned by any person or the control of which is not vested in any person as trustee, incumbent or manager, shall be deemed to be the absolute property of the State.

(3) All undiscovered antiquities (other than ancient monuments), whether lying on or hidden beneath the surface of the ground or in any river or lake or within the territorial sea of Sri Lanka, shall be deemed to be the absolute property of the State, subject to the provisions of this Ordinance.

3. On the discovery of any antiquity (other than an ancient monument), the DirectorGeneral of Archaeology, on behalf of the State, shall be enrolled to the custody and possession of such antiquity, unless in any case the Director-General of Archaeology does not consider it necessary that such antiquity shall be retained by the State ; and, where any such antiquity is retained by the Director-General of Archaeology on behalf of the State there shall be paid by the State (a) one-half of the market value of the antiquity to the finder thereof and one-half of such value to the owner of the land in which the antiquity was found, or (b) where the same person is both the finder of the antiquity and the owner of such land, the whole of the market value of the antiquity to such person, or (c) where the antiquity is found on State land by any person (other than the Director-General of Archaeology or any person acting under his authority in the discharge of any duty or function under this Ordinance), one-half of the market value of the antiquity to the finder thereof :

DOCUMENTS OVERVIEW:

PLANNING POLICY / KEY POINTS:

Provided that on the retention by the State of any antiquity no such payment as aforesaid shall be made to the finder thereof where the finder has failed to report the discovery of that antiquity in accordance with the provisions of section 10 or section 14, as the case may be.

Agreement as to apportionment of antiquities, without payment by the State .

FIGURE 01.07.01

4.

(1) Notwithstanding the provisions of section 3, it shall be lawful for the Director-General of Archaeology with the approval of the Minister, to enter into an agreement in writing with any person who would under the provisions of section 3 be entitled to the market value of any antiquity or any part of such value, whereby such person shall receive from the State in lieu of such value or part thereof, a share of such antiquity, to be apportioned in such manner as may be provided in the agreement.

(2) Every agreement under subsection (1) shall be free from stamp duty and shall have force and effect notwithstanding anything in section 3 : Provided always that where the finder of any antiquity does not report the discovery thereof in accordance with the provisions of section 10 or section 14, as the case may be, he shall not be entitled to receive any share of such antiquity under any such agreement.

FINES: - Fines are applicable if any archaeological features, are damaged in the

process of excavation

ANTIQUITIES ORDINANCE NO. 9 of 1940

OPPORTUNITIES

ANTIQUITIES (AMENDMENT) ACT, NO. 24 OF 1998

ARCHAEOLOGY POLICIES: - The department of archaeology is required to state the policy on its

field on a national level - Protect sites of a heritage nature EXCAVATION LICENSES: - A licence will need to be applied for to allow excavation to occur on the

site, and legal rights apply if any discoveries are made

CONSTRAINTS:

FIGURE 01.07.02

The documents overview the legal implications of excavating in a site of interest to the Archaeological Department, and if any discoveries are made. Additionally, what qualifies for restoration and conservation.

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Archaeology Department will be a stakeholder, potential conflict of interest in regard to the development Requirements: need an approved licence for excavation Licenses for certain aspects of the project, could lead to increases in the project cost Legal terms for the licensee on archaeological discoveries Project lead time could increase if license refused

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Archaeology Department will be a stakeholder, involvement in the scheme through consultation will ensure a development the government classes as suitable will be ensured.

Archaeology Department will be a stakeholder, guidance on how to best protect the site Investments in to the Archaeology Department to allow future protection of the site, and other sites of historic importance Allow archaeological department to be involved in the excavation of the site to ensure policy is followed Excavation specialists needed, with knowledge of the site

01.08 PLANNING DOCUMENTS_FUTURE

DOCUMENT OVERVIEW:

Sri Lanka 2011 – 2030 National Physical Plan And Project Proposals

PLANNING POLICY / KEY POINTS:

Ministry of Construction, Engineering Services, Housing & Common Amenities Sethsiripaya, Battaramulla 2012 March 3

INDUSTRY: - Intentions to make Sri Lanka the navigation, aviation, and knowledge centre - Investment and support will be put into the tourism industry INFRASTRUCTURE: - Installation of a metro system to allow those to move away from fragile

land area - Creation of ‘Metro Cities’ - Proposed new train links to Trincomalee - Proposed motorway installations to allow better road networks, and

decrease travel time across the country - Investment in airports, to allow more in & out air traffic

Archt./Plnr. Veranjan Kurukulasuriya (Director/Research) National Physical Planning Department

FIGURE 01.08.01

Sri Lanka’s 2011 - 2030 document is an overview of the infrastructure, population movements, and plans for the future of Sri Lanka. Within this document, the government wants to make Sri Lanka a future hub of industry, and infrastructure.

ECOLOGY: - Plans to allow for reforestation, and ensure no further deforestation occurs.

SRI LANKA 2011 - 2030 NATIONAL PHYSICAL PLAN AND PROJECT PROPOSALS

CONSTRAINTS:

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Installation of infrastructure: depending on investors, there could be a conflict of interest Proposed settlement plans, away from fragile land, could lead to overcrowding in other areas Tree protection & restrictions of deforestation

OPPORTUNITIES

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Future hub: Space Elevator will bring this forward, and increase the interest and investment of the infrastructure currently in place in Sri Lanka Knowledge centre: The Space Elevator, Scientific Campus, and Material Research Laboratory will allow this, and be a large influence in this field New metro / train system: will benefit the trade industry Proposed new train links to Trincomalee: Beneficial for exporting to the port in the north Design can have a sensitive approach to the existing trees on site, and additionally an Arboricultural survey will be undertaken to ensure no trees of significance or importance are removed.

01.09 PLANNING DOCUMENTS_UNESCO

Worl d Herit a ge

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reports

KEY POINTS:

The State of World Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region

Cover printed on chlorine free paper; interior printed on recycled paper

RISKS & PRESSURES: - Environmental Disasters - Tourist Pressures: overcrowding, footfall erosion, etc.

- Increase in awareness required of the importance of UNESCO sites

NEW TECHNOLOGIES: - Using new technologies to raise awareness (global media) - New monitoring and testing materials technologies to investigate the

site further

The State of World Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region

CONSERVATION: - Funders and stakeholders involved within the conservation bodies

established for the protection of the site - New conservation technologies & bodies

2003 CONSTRAINTS:

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Further erosion to the site Low awareness of the quality & history of some UNESCO sites Ethical tensions & need for sensitive approach Specialist monitoring and management of the site required Conflicting ideas of appropriate management for a site of this nature Attitude towards conservation needs to be determined, protection to ensure the site remains untouched and continues to naturally erode, or restoration

OPPORTUNITIES

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Footfall erosion mitigated by the underground transport system The development will raise awareness of the site, and make it an international feature - helping to promote the conscientiousness towards UNESCO sites The implementation of the Space Elevator on the site, allows the masterplan development. However, a sensitive approach of architectural merit will have to be created.

The masterplan can ensure constant monitoring and protection of the site is occurring at all times.

Scheme can unionise the management body of the site

papers

Cover photo: Mountain Resoal and its temples, Yanyu Tower (Resoal, China) Š UNESCO.

The intention of this document is to outline the identification of UNESCO sites, and to report the threats, required management techniques, new technologies, and methods of conservation to protect these World Heritage Sites.

MANAGEMENT: - Monitoring of the site required - Need for management authorities & partnerships

Wo r l d H e r i t a g e

Design by RectoVerso

2003

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DOCUMENT OVERVIEW:

FIGURE 01.09.01

WORLD HERITAGE REPORTS STATE OF CONSERVATION OF THE WORLD HERITAGE PROPERTIES IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REASON

01.09 PLANNING DOCUMENTS_UNESCO

II

State of Conservation of the World Heritage Properties in the Asia-Pacific Region

DOCUMENT OVERVIEW:

SRI LANKA Ancient City

KEY POINTS:  UNESCO

of Sigiriya II.1 Introduction Year of Inscription

1982

Organisation Responsible for the Report • Archaeological Survey Department (ASD) Sir Marcus Fernando Mawatha Colombo, and • Central Cultural Fund (CCF) 212/1 Bauddhaloka Mawatha Colombo Sri Lanka

II.2 Statement of Significance Inscription Criteria

C ii, iii, iv

Statement of Significance • Proposed as follows: “One of Asia’s major archaeological sites, Sigiriya th presents a unique concentration of 5 century urban planning, architecture, gardening, engineering, hydraulic technology, art and poetry.

Centred on a massive, Pre-Cambrian inselberg rising 200m above the surrounding plain, Sigiriya’s setting is one of considerable natural beauty and a distinctive cultural landscape of great archaeological, historical and ethnographical value.

Lying between the historic capitals of Anuradhapura and Polonnaruva, the Sigiriya plain still retains much of its forest cover and many of its present rural settlements and hydraulic systems date back to the first millennium BC. […] The most significant remains today are from the construction of a new royal capital at Sigiriya by Kassapa I in th the 5 century AC.” Status of Site Boundaries • Since inscription to the World Heritage List, the surrounding area has revealed a rich and complex archaeological and cultural landscape which is threatened by development pressures. The borders and buffer zone of the property are therefore not considered adequate.

• An extensive new buffer zone has officially been gazetted.

II.3 Statement of Authenticity/Integrity

II.4 Management Administrative and Management Arrangements • The site is managed by CCF under the mandate of ASD. CCF contracts academic and technical experts for consultancy services and government departments are engaged for project management and implementation. CCF manages its own funds and generates funding locally and internationally.

• A Board of Governors including ASD, CCF, local government officials and religious interests meets twice per month.

• The Sigiriya Heritage Foundation Act, 1998, should be established and implemented.

• A Master Plan is awaiting funding for implementation.

The Plan focuses on development pressures in the surrounding area and seeks to “harness economic development to achieve the objective of conserving and protecting the heritage values of the site.”

Staffing and Training Needs • CCF has a Project Manager and technical team on site, as well as artefact conservators, draughtsmen and photographers.

• Staffing levels are considered adequate. The need to train a new generation of researchers, conservators and heritage managers is recognised.

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FIGURE 01.09.02

SRI LANKA - ANCIENT CITY OF SIGIRIYA STATE OF CONSERVATION OF THE WORLD HERITAGE PROPERTIES IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REASON

PRESENT STATE OF CONSERVATION: - The palace, gardens, and inscriptions have been discovered,

however there could be possible new discoveries to be made THREATS: - Natural decay of the rock surfaces due to erosion - Increased visitor numbers - adding pressure to the site, and its

preservation requirements

Status of Authenticity/Integrity • World Heritage values are considered to have been maintained, no changes are foreseen.

Present State of Conservation • All the monuments have been consolidated since inscription.

• Works have been carried out to reveal the historic spatial organisation and landscaping of the site.

• Water supply and visitor facilities have been improved.

This UNESCO document on the site of Sigiriya, overviews the quality of this archaeological site, its management techniques, the future risks and threats that are at play, and how these may be monitored.

MONITORING: - Equipment is needed for monitoring the site

Especially in the buffer zones - Site boundary needs to be renewed and secured FUTURE: - Management of the site needs to be improved - An increase in funding for the protection of the site is needed

CONSTRAINTS:

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The UNESCO boundary & buffer zone of the site of Sigiriya is not considered adequate, due to the new archaeological discoveries recorded on the site

OPPORTUNITIES

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Within the development of the scheme, archaeological excavation will be brought in before any major works occur. Therefore allowing a mass funding into the archaeological body, and an investigation to uncover any hidden treasures Site development will ensure new boundaries, or a secure nature to be put up to protect the site, and scientific community.

01.10 PLANNING DOCUMENTS_STAKEHOLDERS

DOCUMENT OVERVIEW:

KEY POINTS:

The Laboratory Design Handbook covers the design considerations that will need to be taken into account when designing a Laboratory, and give indications to the specialists required when doing so.

LABORATORY REQUIREMENTS: - Safety - Layout - Efficiency TECHNOLOGIES: - AV requirements - M & E requirements: - Ventilation

- Fume control DESIGN GUIDANCE: - Providing an outline, and an initial research investigation before designing

a laboratory research facility

CONSTRAINTS:

OPPORTUNITIES

FIGURE 01.10.01

LABORATORY DESIGN HANDBOOK TSI

- Excessive information and research, with conflicting advice can occur - Out of date, or no longer relevant guidance as technologies change everyday - Different laboratory programmes will have different, specialist

requirements that will need to be applied

- Informed design and programme layout with specialist involvement, and guidance - Specialist involvement to improve design - Involvement in future technologies - Creation of a state of the art facility with correct specialist input

01.11 PLANNING REGULATIONS_PROPERTY LAW

LAND OWNERSHIP:

SKY

EXISTING LAND OWNERSHIP: In a planning application, land ownership certificates may need to be provided. Additionally, on site location plans and block plans, in the planning drawing package it is essential to provide correct boundary locations. In the UK, these boundaries can be found on the land registry, and within property title deeds. Additionally, within UK land ownership law the land above and below your property can be under different ownerships.

SKY

LAND

LAND

Sigiriya is currently owned by the Archaeology Department, and is responsible for the site’s maintenance and protection.

COVENANTS:

PROPERTY BOUNDARY

PROPERTY BOUNDARY

UNDERGROUND

PROPERTY BOUNDARY

PROPERTY BOUNDARY

UNDERGROUND

TUBE LINE

EASEMENTS: RIGHTS OF WAY

PLOT A Covenantee (Benefitor)

PLOT B Covenantor (Burden)

PLOT A

COVENANTS & EASEMENTS: A covenant is a promise in a title deed, which dictates possibilities on the land, including developments, splitting the land, etc. Within this deed, there is the covenantee (holds the benefit) and the covenantor (carries the burden). The burden of the covenant only transfers when the property is sold if the covenant is related to the land, this is referred to as a Restrictive Covenenant.

PLOT A

PLOT B

While an easement is a law incorporating two plots, where one plot owner has the rights related to another plot of land. Therefore Rights of Way are classified as an easement, where you have a right to access one plot of land through another plot of land.The right of way is agreed and then written into the deed, and attached to the land holding. While Rights to Support, ensures while doing works (for example building a basement) the neighbouring property or land is supported and secured.

Due to the scale of this project, any covenants or easements on this site could be bought out, however this would mean an increase in cost (both to pay the fee, and additionally for legal fees).

01.11 PLANNING REGULATIONS_PROPERTY LAW

LIGHT TEST STUDY:

RIGHTS OF LIGHT: Rights of light come within the easement categorisation. Easement of light restrictions specify that light should be allowed to reach other buildings apertures. However these restrictions vary depending on the property use; residential or commercial. Rights of light to residential properties’ easements have more strict regulations.

25o

NEW DEVELOPMENT

25o 2m ABOVE GROUND LEVEL

NO LIGHT DISRUPTION ISSUES & NO NEED FOR CONCERN OVER PROPERTY OF CONCERN NEIGHBOURING THE NEW DEVELOPMENT

NEW DEVELOPMENT

2m ABOVE GROUND LEVEL

POSSIBLE LIGHT DISRUPTION ISSUES & NEED FOR LIGHT STUDIES TO SEE EXTENT OF BLOCKED LIGHT THROUGHOUT THE DAY & YEAR

PARTY WALLS: WALL TYPES

To ensure rights of light are met, a digital model of the site is created and a software system is used to test the light levels at different times of day, and year. Daylight and Sunlight studies can also be tested in this way.

However due to the lack of urban context, and the distance of neighbouring properties/plots, rights of light are not an issue with the development of the site. Rights of light, however, will be taken into consideration in the design of the masterplan.

PARTY WALLS: Party Walls must be taken in to consideration when developing a project, as they have serious legal implications. A party wall is a wall/ partition which sits on the boundary of two properties, however to qualify as a party wall both parties will have ownership of their share of the wall.These legal implications and terms are covered within the Party Wall Act. If work is needed to be done with, or within the vicinity of an existing party wall, consent from the neighbouring property will have to be given. If this consent is not received, the process can become costly with legal fees, and lengthy.

The implications of incorrect legal notice within the Party Wall Act can lead to law suits for trespassing, or disturbance.

In relation to the scheme in place, there are no Part Wall issues to comply with.

NOT A PARTY WALL

TYPE A

TYPE B

TYPE C

01.12 PLANNING REGULATIONS_BOUNDARIES ADJOINING LAND IN APPLICANT’S OWNERSHIP SITE BOUNDARY (MASTERPLAN APPLICATION BOUNDARY) APPLICATION SITE BOUNDARY

NTS

* SHOWN FOR INDICATIVE PURPOSES ONLY

SITE APPLICATION BOUNDARIES: When submitting a planning application, it is essential that the planning application boundaries are stated clearly, and accurately on a site location plan, and any corresponding drawings. The colours of these application boundaries are also of importance, due to legal planning requirements.

01.13 PLANNING REGULATIONS_CHANGE OF USE EXISTING SITE PLAN:

PROPOSED SITE PLAN:

CHANGE OF USE APPLICATION: A Change of Use application, is where permission is requested to change the classification of a site’s use/programme. This change can be done through permitted development, if only a small classification amendment is made. However, to change from opposing or vastly different classes a planning application will have to be made and granted.

The existing site does not currently fall into a use categorisation so within the planning application for the development of the scheme, The Material Research Laboratory will have to request classifications for: B4: Research & Investigation of Materials Taken from the Space Elevator B8: Material Storage D1: Educational Facilities & Academic Centres

NTS

01.14 SITE ANALYSIS_CONTEXT LOCAL BUILDINGS & LAND USE: The local buildings mainly consist of hospitality, and services industries as a result of this popular tourist archaeological site and museum, with small residential settlements throughout.

NTS HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY, SERVICES INDUSTRY, & RESIDENTIAL HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY, SERVICES INDUSTRY,

SIGIRIYA MUSEUM

HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY

HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY, SERVICES INDUSTRY, & RESIDENTIAL

HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY, SERVICES INDUSTRY, & RESIDENTIAL

01.15 SITE ANALYSIS_CONTEXT

ARTISTIC RENDERING OF SIGIRIYA ON SRI LANKAN RUPEES

ECONOMIC CONTEXT CONSTRAINTS: - Project budget’s are often an economic constraint in a project - Poor cashflow throughout the project (Client must have available funds) OPPORTUNITIES: - Proper allocation and cost planning of the project’s budget - Improvements to infrastructure

THE LION ROCK FROM THE CENTRAL AXIS OF THE GARDENS

SOCIAL CONTEXT DEMOGRAPHIC: - Scheme’s demographic:

Scientist’s, Academic Lecturers & Professionals - Local demographic:

Locals, Museum Members, Archaeologists, Tourists

CONSTRAINTS: - Public refusal & dissatisfaction with the scheme - Public rebuttal to the development OPPORTUNITIES: - Input from public consultation - Guidance & consultations with project’s stakeholders - Community involvement & local knowledge input

CULTURAL CONTEXT

SIGIRIYA MUSEUM REPLICATIONS OF THE FRESCOES FOUND IN SIGIRIYA

CONSTRAINTS: - Archaeological setting comes with restrictions - Historic site so sensitive approach needed - Religious monument OPPORTUNITIES: - Archaeological setting - Potential for more architecturally sensitive design - Archaeological specialist input (design guidance) - Heritage setting - interesting design opportunities - Architectural role in conservation - Sensitive design approach - Attracting more visitors to the site to inform tourists of the site, the

history, and cultural findings of the archaeological investigations

01.16 SITE ANALYSIS_VERIFIED VIEWS VERIFIED VIEWS: Verified views are often required within planning applications, when the site is in a sensitive context.They consist of setting-out key views, where a camera will be positioned and an overlay of the scheme is put over the existing image to show the visual impact of the scheme.

CONSTRAINTS: - To not block views to key historic, and geological wonders.

- To not disrupt the eye-line so a sensitive design approach will

be needed - Materiality selection is limited OPPORTUNITIES: - Creates a series of design parameters to work within

3

1

2

KEY:

KEY ASPECT VIEWS

4

1

VIEW FROM THE PARADISE GARDENS TO THE LION ROCK UP THE CENTRAL AXIS

2

VIEW FROM LION ROCK TO THE PARADISE GARDENS DOWN THE CENTRAL AXIS

3

VIEW FROM LION ROCK TO PEDURANGALA ROCK VIEW FROM LION ROCK TO SIGIRIYA WEWA / SIGIRIYA TANK

4

NTS

01.17 SITE ANALYSIS_LOCATION & CLIMATE LOCATION & CLIMATE: Sri Lanka is positioned just north of the equator. The climate in Sigiriya is classified as tropical, due to the hot, humid weather. The days are often hot, and evenings are cooler. To manage this the walls will have to be constructed to a thermal mass design to retain cooler temperatures during high temperature periods.

1

Due to Sri Lanka’s position in the world, the sun path is equatorial, and therefore is often directly above, and high in the sky.Therefore, windows should have solar shading to ensure overheating does not occur. Due to this interesting fenestration details can be developed.

The prevailing wind direction occurring at this location depends on the monsoon season. Therefore a strong structural strategy will have to be developed at early stages of design to ensure stability in the design’s form. During monsoon seasons, there is heavy rainfall and strong winds, so a drainage strategy will have to be created to ensure the site does not become waterlogged, and damage to the building’s structure does not occur.

CONSTRAINTS: - Hot, humid weather, risks of overheating - Direct solar gain, risks of overheating - Heavy rainfall during monsoon season, need drainage strategies - Strong structural strategy to withstand monsoon winds OPPORTUNITIES: - Design interesting solar shading systems - Angular fenestration detailing to mitigate direst solar gain,

allowing interesting architectural facade design - Interesting roof design, and rainwater drainage strategies - Detailed structural strategy to withstand monsoon winds,

to be made a feature of within the buildings exterior,

and interior - Practical design detailing to fit the climatic conditions, creating

a feature of structural and climatic strategies

SUN PATH

2

1

WIND DIRECTION: South West Monsoon Season

2

WIND DIRECTION: North West Prevailing Equatorial Winds

NTS

01.18 SITE ANALYSIS_GEOLOGY ROCK GEOLOGY OF SRI LANKA: The site lies on a boundary between the Highland Complex, and Wanni Complex.

The Highland Complex is composed of metamorphic rock. While, the Wanni Complex is made up of low-grade metamorphic rock, meaning much of the site is made up of granite.

The implications of this are that building into this land will be difficult, and special equipment prepared for the job will have to be used. However through specialist involvement, and core sample investigations, there will be an awareness of the exact soil conditions, and the equipment required to build in this area.

CONSTRAINTS: - Specialist involvement, and equipment will be required OPPORTUNITIES: - With specialist expertise a more informed design will be made,

and specialist’s can help mitigate risks involved in working with

a site of this geographic nature

SIGIRIYA / SITE LOCATION

LIMESTONE

WANNI COMPLEX Composed of ‘low-grade’ metamorphic rock - inc. granite

KADUGANNAWA COMPLEX Composed of ‘high-grade’ metamorphic rock

HIGHLAND COMPLEX Composed of metamorphic rock - inc. marble & quartzite

NTS

01.19 SITE ANALYSIS_TOPOGRAPHY EXISTING SITE TOPOGRAPHIC SECTION: NTS

EXISTING TOPOGRAPHY: The existing site topography is the site of a historical volcano, where the volcano’s form has been eroded away, and the magma plug is all that is left in its place. The soil is a reddish brown colour, and at times can be quite sandy in texture.

Across the site there are a series of ancient sites, including the water gardens, moats, and boulder gardens, where rock outcrops can be found across the site. These boulders can be found with markings, where existing structures were cut and supported on the rocks and perched on top.

CONSTRAINTS: - Difficult site topographic conditions - Difficult terrain to bring site equipment on to OPPORTUNITIES: - Difficult design parameters often mean a more

interesting design approach - Slope allows project to be banked into the site

01.20 SITE ANALYSIS_ECOLOGY ECOLOGY: Sri Lanka is of great ecological importance due to its biodiversity. The animals which can be found on site include, Land Monitors, Monkeys, Snakes, Water Snakes, and many more. The vegetation is also vastly diverse, with beautiful mangrove trees in places.

TREE PROTECTION ORDER (TPO): TPOs are set by the planning authority in the area, and is used to protect trees of importance. These trees are normally trees of a certain age, or size. TPOs ensure the tree can not be removed or harmed, to ensure this an Arboriculturist will set out a parameter around the tree in plan of where it’s roots extend too.

CONSTRAINTS: - During construction, it is important to ensure no habitats are disturbed - Any habitats on-site will have to be moved to a safer location,

or worked around where possible - Tree Protection Orders will have to be put in place on trees of

importance

FIGURE 01.20.01

AERIAL VIEW OF SIGIRIYA ROCK

BY PETER FENZ, AUSTRIA, 1960 - FOUND IN SIGIRIYA MUSEUM

OPPORTUNITIES: - From the image on the left taken in 1960, there were far fewer

trees than there are now.This means that many of the trees are

younger than 58 years old. Due to this many of the trees may

not have a TPO in place, however an Arboriculturist will be

brought on board at early design stages to ensure trees of

importance will be protected.

- Design is elevated with only cores & structural elements in

contact with the ground so TPOs can be avoided, and the design

can wrap around them on upper floors, allowing nature to be

incorporated into the design.

TREE PROTECTION ORDER BOUNDARIES Trees of significant size, age, etc.

TREE ROOT BOUNDARIES Trees to be retained where possible

SCALE 1:200

01.21 SITE ANALYSIS_INFRASTRUCTURE EXISTING TRANSPORT LINKS: Sri Lanka’s infrastructure links mainly consist of a few major roads, and many winding minor roads of varying quality.The railway system was set up during the colonial period, and was (and still is to this day) used to transport goods around the country, The railway links the country to the capital, and other hub destinations. It is now also a popular tourist feature. Another important infrastructure feature are the ports, where goods are imported and exported to the rest of the world.

NTS

INFRASTRUCTURE LINKS: TRAIN LINES & TRAIN STATION DEPARTURES

INFRASTRUCTURE LINKS: MAJOR & MINOR ROADS & AIRPORT TRANSFERS

NATURAL COURSE-WAYS: WATERWAYS (MAJOR & MINOR) & PORTS

01.22 SITE ANALYSIS_INFRASTRUCTURE_SPACE ELEVATOR FUTURE TRANSPORT LINKS: The site is currently under development, with granted planning permission for a space elevator to be placed on the site due to its geographic location.

The space elevator is of great international importance, so international conventions will apply in its development. Due to the importance of this project and its implications across the world, planning permission was granted despite the sensitive historic nature of the site.

However, to try mitigate any damage to the site the elevator hovers over the lion rock, using a series of programmatic legs which will link with an underground transport system, with only a few impact zones made on the site itself.

SPACE ELEVATOR SECTION: NTS

01.23 SITE ANALYSIS_INFRASTRUCTURE_MASTERPLAN STATION & INFRASTRUCTURE LINK TO TRINCOMALEE FOR IMPORT & EXPORT

MASTERPLAN TRANSPORT LINKS: The construction and placement of the space elevator will call for new infrastructure links, which will be developed in the masterplan, and through a Section 106 agreement, where investments will be made in local transport systems.

The infrastructure within the development is set-out as an underground tube system, where goods from the Space Elevator will be transported around the campus masterplan. These materials will be taken to their relevant research faculties, or alternatively exported out of the site to the North Station to the port in Trincomalee or to the South Station to Colombo, the capital. These stations will also be used to import resources in to this scientific campus.

The underground network is set-up with underground stations, stopping at each faculty; the residential quarters, the main gateway stations, and each programmatic leg of the space elevator.

CONSTRAINTS: - Infrastructure needs improvement and investment OPPORTUNITIES: - Investment in infrastructure will benefit economy - Infrastructure development with the scheme will mean the

required infrastructure installations will be included, rather than

retro-fitted

STATION & INFRASTRUCTURE LINK TO COLOMBO FOR IMPORT & EXPORT

NTS

01.24 SITE ANALYSIS_MATERIALITY_GARDENS EXISTING MATERIALS: The existing materials found on the site, and used locally are concrete, granite, and plaster-cast brick.

TERRACED GARDENS:

BOULDER GARDENS:

Stone walls, interweaving the boulders and trees, supporting the stepped landscape.

Large boulders covered in algae, and discoloured through erosion and weathering are dotted throughout the site.

CONSTRAINTS: - Terraced banks, and change of topography = construction difficulties - Tree positions will have to be considered

CONSTRAINTS: - Need to be aware of the erosion, and algae that form the design, and keep in

consideration when choosing materials

OPPORTUNITIES: - Precedent to build into or around boulders

OPPORTUNITIES: - Precedent for potential design colour palette

01.25 SITE ANALYSIS_MATERIALITY_STRUCTURES EXISTING TONES & TEXTURES: All the materials are weathered, and follow earthy and rock-like tones.

LION’S PAWS:

SIGIRIYA MUSEUM:

Ancient brick and stone construction, marking a gateway to the last part of the ascent, picking up the warm earthy tones of the red soil found on the site.

The modern construction placed at the entrance to the site, is designed to blend and intertwine with the landscape, while hovering above the existing waterways.

CONSTRAINTS: - Historic sensitivities will be required - Ensure no damage is made to historic elements during construction

CONSTRAINTS: - Need to consider visual impact of the construction - Keep in mind the weathering that is occurring to the structure

OPPORTUNITIES: - Precedent for different materiality compositions to follow material

elements on the site

OPPORTUNITIES: - Precedent for modern development on the site - Precedent to follow design approach, and sensitive to the nature approach

PART B:

PROFESSIONAL STRATEGY

02

01

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

PART A: CONTEXT, OPPORTUNITIES, & CONSTRAINTS

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

PART B: PROFESSIONAL STRATEGY

SITE LOCATION BRIEF_CLIENT BRIEF DESCRIPTION_MASTERPLAN BRIEF DESCRIPTION_DETAILED DESIGN SITE HISTORY SITE PHOTOGRAPHY STUDY PLANNING DOCUMENTS_GOVERNMENT PLANNING DOCUMENTS_FUTURE PLANNING DOCUMENTS_UNESCO PLANNING DOCUMENTS_STAKEHOLDERS PLANNING REGULATIONS_PROPERTY LAW PLANNING REGULATIONS_BOUNDARIES PLANNING REGULATIONS_CHANGE OF USE SITE ANALYSIS_CONTEXT SITE ANALYSIS_CONTEXT_ECONOMIC & SOCIAL & CULTURAL SITE ANALYSIS_VERIFIED VIEWS SITE ANALYSIS_LOCATION & CLIMATE SITE ANALYSIS_GEOLOGY SITE ANALYSIS_TOPOGRAPHY SITE ANALYSIS_ECOLOGY SITE ANALYSIS_INFRASTRUCTURE SITE ANALYSIS_INFRASTRUCTURE_SPACE ELEVATOR SITE ANALYSIS_INFRASTRUCTURE_MASTERPLAN SITE ANALYSIS_MATERIALITY_GARDENS SITE ANALYSIS_MATERIALITY_STRUCTURES

03

CLIENT PROFILE & SCHEME FUNDERS STAKEHOLDERS CONTRACT PROCUREMENT CLIENT’S AMBITIONS SCHEME’S PROCUREMENT CONTRACT SCHEME’S PROCUREMENT RELATIONSHIPS DESIGN TEAM SCHEME DRAWINGS_MASTERPLAN SCHEME DRAWINGS_DETAILED DESIGN PLANNING APPLICATION PROCESS PLANNING APPLICATION_OUTLINE PLANNING APPLICATION_DETAILED POLICY DOCUMENTS_GOVERNMENT POLICY DOCUMENTS_FUTURE POLICY DOCUMENTS_UNESCO PLANNING ARGUMENT PLANNING ARGUMENT_SPECIALIST DOCUMENTS PLANNING ARGUMENT_LOCAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING ARGUMENT_UNESCO DEVELOPMENT PLANNING ARGUMENT_PROGRAMME SCHEME S106 AGREEMENT PROJECT STAGES PROJECT TIMELINE PROGRAMME_RISKS & MITIGATION PROJECT COST CONSTRUCTION TEAM PROGRAMME_CDM CONSTRUCTION DESIGN & MANAGEMENT CDM_RISKS & MITIGATION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

02.01 CLIENT PROFILE & SCHEME FUNDERS The client, and the companies behind the client allow this project to be privately funded in part, with an additional grant fund from the foundation. The rest of the money needed to complete the project will be achieved through obtaining a loan from the World Bank. However the private fund provided by SpaceX and The Boring Company, can topup any unforeseen costs if they so appear, as it is more flexible in its nature. This is to ensure a state of the art facility is created.

BRAND AMBASSADOR:

Building Projects can be funded through a number of different means: - -

-

-

FIGURE 02.01.01

FIGURE 02.01.02

Loans; construction, development, etc.

Financing (which is similar to a loan, however the financier is carrying more risk) PPP: Public Private Partnership This involves the public & private sectors joining to create a development, often local infrastructures or services.

PFI: Private Finance Initiative is a form of PPP. PFI is often used by the government for large infrastructure schemes.

PDS: Private Developer Scheme

ELON MUSK

SPACEX LOGO

SpaceX’s main focus is “...to revolutionize space technology, with the ultimate goal of enabling people to live on other planets.” Their involvement in the project is due to the development of the Space Elevator, and urbanisation that has come from its future construction. The resulting masterplan is a scientific campus, focusing on material investigation, and the influence of the outcomes of this research for the future.

SpaceX will be supplying funds for this scheme due to the future technologies needed, and the possible future investigations that will come from this development as a result of the Space Elevator, and research campus.

SpaceX. (2017). SPACE EXPLORATION TECHNOLOGIES CORP. [online] Available at: http://www.spacex.com/about [Accessed 8 Feb. 2018].

FIGURE 02.01.03 THE BORING COMPANY LOGO

FIGURE 02.01.04

The Boring Company, is involved in this scheme due to the infrastructure involved in the construction of the masterplan, with an underground transport system linking the campus buildings, and allowing for materials to be imported, and exported from the urban scheme.

The Musk Foundation, was set-up to supply grants to fund research into future technologies.

They will also be involved in funding and supplying knowledge for the excavation of the Material Research Laboratories’ basement and connecting the scheme to the masterplan’s underground infrastructure.

The Boring Company‘s mission is in “...increasing tunneling speed and dropping costs by a factor of 10 or more...”, which through the development of the masterplan and building this aim can be further investigated and tested. The company also “...is investigating technologies that will recycle the earth into useful bricks to be used to build structures”, which is why they have a vested interest in the Material Research Laboratory.

The Boring Company. (Unknown). FAQ. [online] Available at: https://www.boringcompany.com/faq/ [Accessed 8 Feb. 2018].

MUSK FOUNDATION LOGO

The website states: “Grants are made in support of: - Renewable energy research and advocacy - Human space exploration research and advocacy - Pediatric research - Science and engineering education” Due to the nature of the project’s programme, The Musk Foundation would be supplying a grant to the scheme to allow for material investigation under space exploration research and future technologies.This grant would allow the scheme to be brought forward within the masterplan that is in place.

Musk Foundation. (Unknown). Musk Foundation. [online] Available at: http://www.muskfoundation.org/ [Accessed 8 Feb. 2018].

02.02 STAKEHOLDERS FUNDERS

TENANT/OCCUPIER

Stakeholders in an architectural project have a vested interest in the project, and the possible outcomes of the development that is being implemented.

In the case of this project, the stakeholders include the client, the funding bodies, and the stakeholders that fall under this category. Additional, stake holders include the land owners, conservation bodies, and the government of Sri Lanka, as they have a vested interest and duty to protect the site and its future.

Stakeholders can have a positive or negative influence on the project, or both; depending on where their interests lie and if they agree or contrast to the client and programme’s ambitions.

CLIENT

FIGURE 02.02.01

FIGURE 02.02.03

ARCHITECT & CONTRACTOR

UNESCO ASIA - PACIFIC REGION As Sigiriya is a dedicated world heritage site, UNESCO and ICOMOS, the deciding bodies will have a concern in the development of the site, in order to protect the heritage and conservation for future generations.

GOVERNMENT OF SRI LANKA SPECIALISTS

WORKS CONTRACTORS

DESIGNERS

FIGURE 02.02.06

THOSE EMPLOYED BY THE PROJECT INCLUDING:

The Department of Archaeology in Sri Lanka, has a responsibility for Sigiriya, and the protection of this historic site. As a result of this, they have an important role as a stakeholder in this development, and would be involved in design discussions for sign-off, and in the gentle excavation of the site.

FIGURE 02.02.05

FIGURE 02.02.02

FIGURE 02.02.04

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY, SRI LANKA

Due to the sensitive nature of the project’s site location, and development’s scale the local, and central government will have an interest in overseeing the project, and being involved in the design discussion to agree on an appropriate response.

Stakeholders also include: - Tenants / Occupants - Loan Givers/Bank

- -

Local Authorities & Community Environmental Agencies

02.03 CONTRACT PROCUREMENT Within an architectural project, there are different procurement routes which can be undertaken. The route chosen depends on the Client’s ambitions and underlying factors that influence the design project.

When taking these factors into account, a contract can be selected.

The three most common contracts are:

ME NT

NT ME

NT ME

NA GE

NA GE

MA

MA

NA GE COST

QUALITY

LD

TRADITIONAL

UI &B

LD

LD QUALITY

N

UI &B

UI &B COST

SIG DE

N

N

TRADITIONAL

SIG DE

SIG DE

QUALITY

TIME

TIME

MA

TIME

TRADITIONAL

COST

Design & Build:

Management:

Traditional:

In a Design & Build contract, the contractor has responsibility; as they have to ensure the building will be completed on time. However, due to this the contractor will often increase their tender price, as they have to account for the risk factor.

Management, involves the client, architect, and contractor at the beginning of the design process.

Due to the contractor’s early involvement in the scheme, build-ability is ensured. However, this also means that the contractor does not go through the tender stage, resulting in an increase in cost.

In a Traditional contract, the focus is on quality and cost of the design. Within this method, the client hires the architect, a concept scheme is created, and then a tender package is made from the scheme. A tender package is a document that breaks down the project into a series of potential costings. During this process, contractors will bid for the project, and often the cheapest or most expert contractor is selected; this process is called competitive tender. In a Traditional procurement method the architect stays in direct contact with / hired by the client.

Additionally, the contractor has control over the design, as they have to adhere to the time and cost factors; therefore they are able to change the design to suit the construction programme. Due to this, the architect is then hired by the contractor to make these changes, so in this scenario the architect’s client has changed. The process in which this change happens is called novation.

Within Design & Build, the compromise is the quality, as time and cost detract from this factor. Design & Build as a procurement method is often used for small-scale projects.

In this procurement method, the sub-contractors are employed by the contractor. Therefore, payment goes through the contractor, who often squeezes the price for the sub-contractors to try reduce the contractors costs, so they can therefore make more profit. This is why the factor that is lost in this method is cost, as it is hard to keep control over this process.

In relation to the time factor, the contractor is often rewarded a bonus if the building is delivered on time.The contractor’s reputation relies on the quality delivered, therefore ensuring this factor in the procurement method. Overall, management contracts are often used for high quality, important projects.

Within these procurement methods, two factors from the diagram are often seen as more important elements, and one less so. Once these factors are known an appropriate contract can be chosen.

The downfall in this contract method is that time is not a known, or controllable factor.

Traditional contracts are a popular, and commonly used procurement method.

02.03 CONTRACT PROCUREMENT A comparative study into 3 most common procurement methods in architectural building contracts:

TIME

MANAGEMENT

DESIGN & BUILD

Relationships: Architect & Contractor hired by Client Tender: Initial & For Works Contractors Design: Client in control of design Cost: Cost can change (high risk) Consultant responsible for paying Liability: Consultant Risk: Low Risk for Client (Quality) High Risk for Client (Cost)

QUALITY

Relationships: Architect & Client have initial relationship, and then post-tender Architect is hired by the Contractor Tender: Staged Tender Design: Contractor in control of design Cost: Cost no change (low risk) Contractor responsible for paying Liability: Contractor Risk: Low Risk for Client (Time & Cost) High Risk for Client (Quality)

TRADITIONAL Relationships: Tender: Design: Cost: Liability: Risk:

Architect & Contractor hired by Client Competitive Tender Client in control of design Cost can change (low - mid risk) Consultant responsible for paying Architect (& Consultants) Low Risk for Client

COST

02.04 CLIENT’S AMBITIONS In relation to this project, a Management Contract will be used as, the clients ambitions are:

TIME

LD

MA

UI &B

NA GE

N

ME

SIG

NT

DE

QUALITY

TRADITIONAL

COST

-

To create a state of the art, laboratory facility (quality)

-

To connect with a super infrastructure that is under development in the area (the Space Elevator)

-

To stay within the masterplan development phasing plan (time)

-

Possibility to split the programme into phased packages, for specialist input and design Inc. Groundworks/Excavation and Laboratory Fit-outs

-

Ensure Buildability & Specialist construction methods needed for a Laboratory Facility

-

Quality Design; specialist advise needed at the beginning of the design process

-

Promote and support the scientific industry

-

Research future materials and technologies

02.05 SCHEME’S PROCUREMENT CONTRACT

TYPES OF MANAGEMENT CONTRACT

MANAGEMENT CONTRACT - Lower Risk to Client (with warranties and contracts for protection) - Relies on appointing an experienced Management Contractor MANAGEMENT CONSTRUCTION - High Risk to Client - Needs experienced Client, as the Client essentially Project Manages

as the Client appoints all Works Contractors in a direct Contract

FIGURE 02.05.01

CONTRACT MANAGEMENT = SELECTED

- Used during: pre-construction & construction period - Management Contractor & Works Contractor with a Works Contract - Client has a Collateral Warranty with the Works Contractors to

mitigate the Client’s risk if any problems are encountered - Fee 1: Contractor is appointed for pre-construction to advise team - Fee 2: During construction the Management Contractor where they

will receive a management fee - During Construction the Management Contractor appoints Works

Contractors to provide Works Packages - Management Contractor is appointed through an initial tender and

interview process where a fee is offered, however the Management

Contractor’s experience, expertise, and managing skills are the main focus - Competitive Tender is used to select Works Contractors - The Management Contractor is liable to the Client

MANAGEMENT CONTRACTOR’S RESPONSIBILITIES

- Contract Cost Plan

- Despite the Client appointing a Quantity Surveyor, it is

important that the Management Contractor to monitor &

update the Cost Plan to try manage the uncontrolled element

of cost in this method of procurement - Programme Phasing - Programme Dates - Appointing Works Contractors - Works Contractors: - coordination - supervision - Providing:

- site services

- site facilities - Considerate Contractors Scheme-

WHICH CONTRACT? CHOOSING THE APPROPRIATE BUILDING CONTRACT

ARCHITECT’S RESPONSIBILITIES

- - -

Project Drawings Project Specifications Any supporting documents

02.05 SCHEME’S PROCUREMENT CONTRACT

CONTROL:TIME CONTROL: QUALITY CONTROL: COST CONTROL: DESIGN

Client

TENDER

Initial interview and selection of Contractor - however no tender in the programme stages for the contractor.

Once Management Contractor is selected, competitive tender is used to select sub-contractors and specialist consultants.

LIABILITY

Liability is on the Consultant’s (have to ensure quality & also is less risk for the client) & Management Contractor (need collateral warranty)

CONSULTANTS

Management Contractor engages with and involved Specialist Consultants early on in the process.

CONSTRUCTION PROGRAMME

Contractor specifies phasing and packages of work, to be dictated to the specialists and sub contractors. Detailed design and construction stages can overlap, as phasing can be broken down to allow one element to be designed and completed while another element’s design is underway. Allowing flexibility in the construction phasing programme.

TYPICAL USES

Management contracts are often used for large-scale, important/prominent projects; therefore they are often used for infrastructure developments, as management contracts are ideal for projects that are either too large, or complex to workout the initial cost.

MANAGEMENT SELECTION

One of the reasons this form of procurement is used for this is because they can be done in more flexible phases, so for example one element can be designed and completed while another element is still in its design phase. This is in contrast to other contracts where all elements must be designed, and then go through tender, and then construction can commence, which is a much stricter method. Additionally, management contracts are often used to rely on specialist sub-contractors to ensure a quality design and build.

A management form of procurement has also been chosen for this project due to the ability to involve a contractor at the beginning of the process. This ensures the design is build-able, and specialists can confirm that the laboratories are as they should be. For this reason, quality is guaranteed, and the building’s design will be as it should be when constructed.

MANAGEMENT CLIENT MITIGATION METHOD

As a first method of mitigation within a management contract, one must ensure the quality and reputation of a management contractor. However, in the case of this project the client, through The Boring Company, will have preferred contractors and expertise in large infrastructure projects. Additionally, through SpaceX, laboratory fit-out and contractors who have specialised in this niche field will be selected for the building’s construction. Due to the client’s speciality in this field, the risk of the contractor having a lack of experience is mitigated in relation to this project, and development.

Further mitigation will have to be implemented to ensure the element of cost is managed, as it is an uncontrolled factor in a management contract. However, due to the nature of the project’s budget, this in some-ways is not an issue, as the aim of having a state of the art facility is of higher importance than the cost. Additionally, there is flexibility in the private funded elements of the budget that can support any in-discrepancies, along with the grant supplied by The Musk Foundation.

ADDITIONAL

QUALITY

TIME

COST

02.05 SCHEME’S PROCUREMENT CONTRACT

MANAGEMENT RISK

MANAGEMENT MITIGATION STRATEGY

UNCONTROLLED COST: Due to the process commencing before an idea of cost is implemented; therefore should not be used in projects with a fixed sum budget.

UNCONTROLLED COST: Should not be used in projects with a fixed sum budget.

CONTRACTORS FEES: Contractor is involved at the beginning of the project with the architect so more professional fees will have to be paid.

CONTRACTORS FEES: Contractor’s early appointment and involvement in the pre-construction period ensures buildability so less design iterations may be made, and less errors or oversights will be made.Therefore the cost in the long run is managed through time saving.

COMPLETION DATE: Project delivery failing to be completed on time.

COMPLETION DATE: If the project fails to be completed on time, the Management Contractor is fined, and notifications have to be sent out.

In this procurement method, the project can be completed in accordance to the project deadline, or before this period.

SELECTING A MANAGEMENT CONTRACTOR: There is a risk that an inappropriate contractor could be appointed, and therefore their quality of delivery, management, or coordination could be poor.

SELECTING A MANAGEMENT CONTRACTOR: To manage this risk, an interrogating interview and negotiation period to select a contractor must be undertaken. This will also give a comparison of quoted costs for the works and involvement in the scheme.

An experience client with previous contractor relationships will also mitigate this issue.

DESIGN TEAM: Poor project manager / members of the design team do not deliver.

DESIGN TEAM: The Architect has the power to order the manager to be removed, and it is the Management Contractor’s role is to find a replacement.The Architect then approves this selection.

02.06 SCHEME’S PROCUREMENT RELATIONSHIPS PROCUREMENT RELATIONSHIPS:

CLIENT

PROFESSIONAL SERVICES CONTRACT

CLIENT

BUILDING CONTRACT

ARCHITECT

CONTRACTOR

PROFESSIONAL SERVICES CONTRACT COLLATERAL WARRANTY

TRADITIONAL

BUILDING CONTRACT

ARCHITECT COMMUNICATION

CONTRACTOR

CLIENT

U

M IC

N I AT

BUILDING CONTRACT

M

O

C

WORKS CONTRACT N

O

PROFESSIONAL SERVICES CONTRACT ARCHITECT

CONTRACTOR

DESIGN & BUILD

WORKS CONTRACTORS & SPECIALISTS

MANAGEMENT

02.07 DESIGN TEAM CLIENT BOARD

STAKEHOLDERS

FUNDERS

TENANT/OCCUPIER

CLIENT

QUANTITY SURVEYOR

PROJECT MANAGER

PROJECT ARCHITECT

DESIGN TEAM

The architect’s role in this team, is often to coordinate drawings, and issue instructions. While the consultants under the Project Manager, Management Contractor, are under pressure to issue information, and specialist instructions to the programme set-out.

MANAGEMENT CONTRACTOR

DESIGNERS

CONSULTANTS & SPECIALISTS

WORKS CONTRACTORS

MASTERPLAN ARCHITECT INFRASTRUCTURE

ARCHAEOLOGY SPECIALIST HERITAGE CONSULTANT

LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANT ECOLOGY CONSULTANT ARBORICULTURIST (TREE SPECIALIST)

GROUNDWORKS ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION BASEMENT SPECIALIST CONCRETE SPECIALIST GLASS SPECIALIST CIVIL ENGINEER STRUCTURAL ENGINEER

INTERIOR DESIGNER (LOOSE FIT-OUT) INTERIOR ARCHITECT (FIXED FIT-OUT) JOINER LABORATORY DESIGNER LIGHTING DESIGNER ACOUSTIC DESIGNER GLASS SPECIALIST

The Design Team consists of those needed to help bring the building project forward, and ensure the correct development and input into the design for optimum functionality, and safety on completion. The Design Team deliver the information needed for construction, and the development of the design. While the Construction Team, deliver and build these designs.

PLANNING CONSULTANT CULTURAL CONSULTANT ACOUSTIC SPECIALIST LABORATORY FIT-OUT DOOR FIT-OUT VIBRATION CONTROL SPECIALIST HERMETICALLY SEALED SPECIALIST QUARANTINE SPECIALIST

VIBRATION CONTROL SPECIALIST HERMETICALLY SEALED SPECIALIST QUARANTINE SPECIALIST MECHANICAL ENGINEER LABORATORY SERVICES

LABORATORY SERVICES BUILDING CONTROL CONSULTANT SECURE BY DESIGN CONSULTANT FIRE CONSULTANT

* ALL MEMBERS OF DESIGN TEAM IN COMMUNICATION

02.08 SCHEME DRAWINGS_MASTERPLAN SITE PLAN: SPACE ELEVATOR & URBAN PLAN

NTS

02.08 SCHEME DRAWINGS_MASTERPLAN SITE PLAN: INFRASTRUCTURE UNDERGROUND PLAN

NTS

02.09 SCHEME DRAWINGS_DETAILED DESIGN SITE LOCATION PLAN & ROOF PLAN

NTS

02.09 SCHEME DRAWINGS_DETAILED DESIGN BASEMENT GENERAL ARRANGEMENT PLAN

CIRCULATION

ANCILLARY ZONES

ACADEMIC FACILITIES

LABORATORY RESEARCH FACILITIES

SCALE 1:500

02.09 SCHEME DRAWINGS_DETAILED DESIGN GROUND FLOOR GENERAL ARRANGEMENT PLAN

CIRCULATION

ANCILLARY ZONES

ACADEMIC FACILITIES

LABORATORY RESEARCH FACILITIES

SCALE 1:500

02.09 SCHEME DRAWINGS_DETAILED DESIGN FIRST FLOOR GENERAL ARRANGEMENT PLAN

CIRCULATION

ANCILLARY ZONES

ACADEMIC FACILITIES

LABORATORY RESEARCH FACILITIES

SCALE 1:500

02.09 SCHEME DRAWINGS_DETAILED DESIGN SECOND FLOOR GENERAL ARRANGEMENT PLAN

CIRCULATION

ANCILLARY ZONES

ACADEMIC FACILITIES

LABORATORY RESEARCH FACILITIES

SCALE 1:500

02.09 SCHEME DRAWINGS_DETAILED DESIGN GENERAL ARRANGEMENT SECTION

SCALE 1:500

02.09 SCHEME DRAWINGS_DETAILED DESIGN 3D VIEW OF SCHEME

STEP 01

02.10 PLANNING APPLICATION PROCESS

PRE-APPLICATION MEETINGS PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS

*

STEP 02

FOR THE PURPOSES OF THIS DOCUMENT UK PLANNING PROCESSES & LAW WILL BE FOLLOWED WITH AN OVERVIEW OF SRI LANKA & LOCAL FRAMEWORK DOCUMENTS DUE TO THE SCALE & INTERNATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE SCHEME (INCLUDING THE SPACE ELEVATOR, MASTERPLAN, AND BUILDING DESIGN)

SUBMIT PLANNING APPLICATION OUTLINE APPLICATION

USED FOR MASTERPLANS

RESERVED MATTERS APPLICATION (RMA)

USED FOR MASTERPLAN, DETAILED DEVELOPMENT

FULL APPLICATION (DETAILED DESIGN)

USED FOR BUILDING APPLICATIONS & SMALLER SCHEMES

STEP 03 APPLICATION REGISTERED STEP 04 PLANNING COMMITTEE REVIEW STEP 05 EXAMINATION & VALIDATION STEP 06 EXAMINATION & VALIDATION STEP 07 PLANNING DECISION REFUSED

MAKE AMENDMENTS TO THE SCHEME & SUBMIT NEW PLANNING APPLICATION (COST AS NEW APPLICATION)

NOT DECIDED (EXTENDED PERIOD)

APPEAL DECISION

GRANTED WITH CONDITIONS GRANTED

STEP 08 START WORKS WITH CONDITIONS & SUBMIT DETAILS & OTHER REQUESTED DOCUMENTS & REPORTS

PERMISSION REFUSED PERMISSION GRANTED

02.11 PLANNING APPLICATION_OUTLINE

DOCUMENTS REQUIRED FOR APPLICATION: DESIGN & ACCESS STATEMENT

DRAWINGS REQUIRED FOR APPLICATION: PARAMETER PLANS PACKAGE:

DESIGN CODE

SITE LOCATION PLAN

COVER LETTER

EXISTING SITE PLAN

APPLICATION FORMS

SITE DEMOLITION PLANS

APPLICATION FORM PERSONAL DATA

BUILDING PLOT PLANS (INC. BSMT, GRND, UPPER FLRS)

APPLICATION FORM SCHEDULE

PUBLIC REALM

DELIVERY & SERVICING PLAN

SITE ACCESS

DEVELOPMENT SPECIFICATION & FRAMEWORK

BUILDING USES PLANS (INC. BSMT, GRND, UPPER FLRS)

PROPOSED ILLUSTRATIVE SCHEME DRAWINGS DRAWING SCHEDULE SUPPORTING INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR APPLICATION: PLANNING STATEMENT

LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

VIABILITY APPRAISAL

TREE SURVEY OR ARBORICULTURAL REPORT

VALIDATION CONSULTATION LETTER

ECOLOGY REPORT & ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT

REFERRAL LETTER

BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT

HERITAGE STATEMENT

SUSTAINABILITY APPRAISAL

ARCHAEOLOGY STATEMENT

MICRO-CLIMATE STATEMENT

ENERGY STATEMENT

DAY LIGHT & SUNLIGHT ASSESSMENT

UTILITIES STATEMENT

FLOOD RISK ASSESSMENT & DRAINAGE DOCUMENTATION

WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN

SOCIO & ECONOMIC STATEMENT

REGENERATION STATEMENT

STATEMENT OF COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT

TRANSPORT ASSESSMENT

MITIGATION & RESIDUAL STATEMENT

BASEMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT

VERIFIED VIEWS REPORT

An Outline Planning Application involves less details than a reserved matters scheme, and detailed design. Within this form of application a series of design principles are set-out in a document called Design Codes; including concepts, heights, and a sense of materiality. A rough outline of building locations, heights and use are drawn to design parameters.

This document goes along side the Design & Access statement for the scheme.

Due to the nature of this application, they are often used for masterplan proposals, and then depending on the scale of the project one architect will go forward with a Reserved Matters Application (RMA), or the masterplan is then split between a few architects to develop.

Outline Planning Applications are beneficial as they can be used to test the water in a planning borough, or council to see if development of the land is possible. Before completely designing the project into detailed design levels, and additionally setting out design principles. Therefore Outline Permission, can save money at the initial design stages.

02.12 PLANNING APPLICATION_DETAILED In a Detailed Planning Application, all the details are submitted for the scheme in one application, therefore they are better for one-off building applications, or smaller proposed projects.

DOCUMENTS REQUIRED FOR APPLICATION:

DRAWINGS REQUIRED FOR APPLICATION:

DESIGN & ACCESS STATEMENT

SITE LOCATION PLAN

PRELIMINARY SCHEDULE OF ACCOMMODATION

BLOCK PLAN

SCHEDULE OF ACCOMMODATION

EXISTING DRAWING PACKAGE:

PLANNING STATEMENT SUPPORTING INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR APPLICATION: CONCEPT DESIGN REPORT STRUCTURAL SURVEY

EXISTING SITE PLAN EXISTING GENERAL ARRANGEMENT PLANS EXISTING GENERAL ARRANGEMENT SECTIONS EXISTING GENERAL ARRANGEMENT ELEVATIONS

DEMOLITION DRAWING PACKAGE:

ENERGY STATEMENT

DEMOLITION SITE PLAN

HERITAGE STATEMENT

DEMOLITION PLANS

ARCHAEOLOGY STATEMENT

DEMOLITION SECTIONS

STATEMENT OF COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT

DEMOLITION ELEVATIONS

VERIFIED VIEWS REPORT

PROPOSED DRAWING PACKAGE:

LANDSCAPE & VISUAL ASSESSMENT

PROPOSED GENERAL ARRANGEMENT PLANS

ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT

PROPOSED GENERAL ARRANGEMENT PLANS

ECOLOGY REPORT

PROPOSED GENERAL ARRANGEMENT SECTIONS

BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT

PROPOSED GENERAL ARRANGEMENT ELEVATIONS

TREE SURVEY OR ARBORICULTURAL REPORT

PROPOSED ILLUSTRATIVE VISUALISATIONS

SUSTAINABILITY APPRAISAL

DRAWING SCHEDULE

FLOOD RISK ASSESSMENT DRAINAGE DOCUMENTATION TRANSPORT STATEMENT NOISE IMPACT ASSESSMENT

PART II DISCOVERY OF ANTIQUITIES EXCAVATIONS No excavation except upon licence from Director-General of Archaeology.

6. Subject as hereinafter provided, no person shall excavate for the purpose of discovering antiquities, whether on land belonging to himself or otherwise, except under the authority of a licence issued by the Director-General of Archaeology: Provided that nothing in this section shall apply to any excavation carried out by or on behalf of the Director-General of Archaeology.

ANTIQUITIES AN ORDINANCE TO PROVIDE FOR THE BETTER PRESERVATION OF THE ANTIQUITIES OF SRI LANKA, AND OF SITES AND BUILDINGS OF THE HISTORICAL OR ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE IN SRI LANKA. Ordinance Nos, 9 of 1940

Act Nos, 2 of 1955

Application for licence to excavate.

7. Every application for a licence to excavate shall:-

(a) be made to the Director-General of Archaeology in the prescribed form, and (b) contain a full and accurate description of the land on which it is proposed to carry out the excavation, the nature and extent of the proposed excavation, and such other particulars as may be prescribed.

22 of 1955 24 of 1998 12 of 2005

[15th July , 1940 ] Short title.

1. This Ordinance may be cited as the Antiquities Ordinance.

Property in antiquities.

2.

PART I PROPERTY IN ANTIQUITIES

[ 3,24 of 1998]

Payment by the State of market value of certain antiquities. [ 17, 24 of 1998]

(1) No antiquity shall, by reason only of its being discovered in or upon any land in the ownership of any person, be or be deemed to be the property of such person : Provided that such person shall be deemed to be interested in such antiquity in accordance with the provisions of this Ordinance.

(2) Every ancient monument which on the date on which this Ordinance comes into operation is not owned by any person or the control of which is not vested in any person as trustee, incumbent or manager, shall be deemed to be the absolute property of the State.

(3) All undiscovered antiquities (other than ancient monuments), whether lying on or hidden beneath the surface of the ground or in any river or lake or within the territorial sea of Sri Lanka, shall be deemed to be the absolute property of the State, subject to the provisions of this Ordinance.

3. On the discovery of any antiquity (other than an ancient monument), the DirectorGeneral of Archaeology, on behalf of the State, shall be enrolled to the custody and possession of such antiquity, unless in any case the Director-General of Archaeology does not consider it necessary that such antiquity shall be retained by the State ; and, where any such antiquity is retained by the Director-General of Archaeology on behalf of the State there shall be paid by the State (a) one-half of the market value of the antiquity to the finder thereof and one-half of such value to the owner of the land in which the antiquity was found, or (b) where the same person is both the finder of the antiquity and the owner of such land, the whole of the market value of the antiquity to such person, or (c) where the antiquity is found on State land by any person (other than the Director-General of Archaeology or any person acting under his authority in the discharge of any duty or function under this Ordinance), one-half of the market value of the antiquity to the finder thereof : Provided that on the retention by the State of any antiquity no such payment as aforesaid shall be made to the finder thereof where the finder has failed to report the discovery of that antiquity in accordance with the provisions of section 10 or section 14, as the case may be.

Agreement as to apportionment of antiquities, without payment by the State .

FIGURE 02.13.01

FIGURE 02.13.02

4.

02.13 POLICY DOCUMENTS_GOVERNMENT

(1) Notwithstanding the provisions of section 3, it shall be lawful for the Director-General of Archaeology with the approval of the Minister, to enter into an agreement in writing with any person who would under the provisions of section 3 be entitled to the market value of any antiquity or any part of such value, whereby such person shall receive from the State in lieu of such value or part thereof, a share of such antiquity, to be apportioned in such manner as may be provided in the agreement.

(2) Every agreement under subsection (1) shall be free from stamp duty and shall have force and effect notwithstanding anything in section 3 : Provided always that where the finder of any antiquity does not report the discovery thereof in accordance with the provisions of section 10 or section 14, as the case may be, he shall not be entitled to receive any share of such antiquity under any such agreement.

ANTIQUITIES ORDINANCE NO. 9 of 1940

ANTIQUITIES (AMENDMENT) ACT, NO. 24 OF 1998

ARCHAEOLOGY POLICIES:

Grant or refusal of 8. The Director-General of Archaeology may in his discretion grant or refuse any application licence to for a licence to excavate: excavate.

Dispute as to market value or apportionment of antiquities.

Provided that no such, licence shall be granted unless the Director-General of Archaeology 5. Where there is any dispute between the Director-General of Archaeology and any is satisfied, after such inquiry as he may deem it necessary to makeperson as to the market value of any antiquity or as to the apportionment of any antiquity in (a) that the owner of the land where the proposed excavation is to be made terms of an agreement under section 4, such dispute shall be determined in the manner has consented to the excavation, and provided in section 45, and such determination shall be final and conclusive. (b) that the proposed excavation will not cause any damage or inconvenience to persons residing in the vicinity of such land, or to any place used for religious PART IIpurposes, or to any cemetery, school, water source, irrigation work or public road, or that if any such damage is likely to be DISCOVERY OF ANTIQUITIES EXCAVATIONS in respect of antiquity, in the possession other person shall be guilty offence caused adequate provision of hasany been made by the applicant for of theanpayment under this Ordinance and shalltherefor, on conviction after summary trial before a Magistrate be of compensation and 6liable . Subject as hereinafter provided, no person shall excavate for the purpose of discovering to a fine(c) not lessthe than twenty is fiveable thousand rupees and for not the exceeding two hundred applicant to furnish security due observance by antiquities, whetherthat on landor belonging to himself or otherwise, except thenot authority of and fifty thousand rupees to imprisonment of either description forunder a term him of the provisions ofofthis Ordinance or any regulation, andless of than any atwo licence issued by the Director-General Archaeology: years and conditions not more than five years or to both such fine and imprisonment. subject to which the licence may be issued.

to theft of antiquities.

No excavation [ 4, 24 of 1998] except upon licence [ 5, 12 offrom 2005] Director-General of Archaeology.

Penalty for 15B . Any person who wilfully destroys, injures, defaces or tampers with any antiquity or Terms of licence. 9 . Every that licence to excavate shall be issued in to the prescribed form, subject payment destruction & c. of Provided nothing thisofsection apply any excavation carried out to by the or on wilfullyANTIQUITIES; damages any inpart it, shallshall be NO. guilty offence under this Ordnance andbehalf shall FIGURE ORDINANCE 9ofofan 1940 antiquity. 02.13.03 of the theDirector-General prescribed fee and shall remain in force, subject to the provisions of section 11, of of Archaeology. on conviction after summary trial before a Magistrate be liable to a fine not less than twenty during the period specified in the licence. Any such licence may contain, in addition to the [ 4,24 of 1998] five thousand rupees and not exceeding two hundred and fifty thousand rupees or to Application for conditions, stipulations as the Director-General of Archaeology may deem 7prescribed . Every application forsuch a licence tofor excavate shall:[ 5, 12 of 2005] imprisonment of either description a term not less than two years and not more than five licence to necessary regarding(a) be made to the Director-General of Archaeology in the prescribed form, years or to both such fine and imprisonment. excavate. (a) the supervision of the proposed excavation by any person approved by and Offences under the Director-General Archaeology for the purpose ; 15C. Notwithstanding anything to of the contrary in the Code of land Criminal Procedure Act, No. (b) contain a full and accurate description of the on which it is proposed [ 4, 24 of 1998 ] (b) the payment remuneration any such not a offence public 15 of 1979. orto any other written no person charged with, or accused of an carry out theoflaw, excavation, theto nature andperson extent of being the proposed officer,shall or the payment the prescribed respect of any service under this ordinance be onofbail. be in prescribed. excavation, andreleased such other particulars as mayfee rendered by such person being a public officer; and Evidence.

Grant or refusal of 8 15D In a prosecution forArchaeology antooffence underinby this Ordinance, a the certificate toany beapplication signed by (c) the security be furnished the licensee grant for observance of the . The. Director-General of may his discretion ordue refuse [ 4, 24 ofto1998] licence theaDirector-General and to that theand object described is an antiquity, provisions of the thiseffect Ordinance of the terms therein and conditions subjectshall to for licence to excavate: excavate. be admissible which in evidence without further proof, and shall be prima facie evidence of the the licence is issued. facts stated Provided thattherein. no such, licence shall be granted unless the Director-General of Archaeology Duty of licensee in 10. Every person to whom a licence to excavate is granted shall keep a record in the is satisfied, after such inquiry as he may deem it necessary to makerespect of prescribed form(a) of that all antiquities the course of the excavation shall, within the ownerdiscovered of the landinwhere the proposed excavationand is to be made discoveries.

PART IIIon which any antiquity is discovered, report the the prescribedhas period from the date consented to the excavation, and discovery thereof theANCIENT Director-General of Archaeology to him prescribed MONUMENTS (b) tothat the proposed excavation willand notfurnish cause any the damage or particulars in respect of the antiquity. inconvenience to persons residing in the vicinity of such land, or to any Declaration of a 16 . place used for religious purposes, or to any cemetery, school, water source, monument in Withdrawal of 11. Any licence excavate may, at any time before the expiry ofdamage thethat period specified in (1)to The Minister may by Order in ifwriting declare specified irrigation work or public road, that any such isany likely to be FIGURE 02.13.04 ANTIQUITIES; ORDINANCE NO. 9orof 1940 existence not less licence without the licence, be caused withdrawn by the provision Director-General ofbelieved Archaeology andexisted the licensee shall not monument which has existed or is to have for a period of adequate has been made by the applicant for the payment than hundred compensation. be entitled to claim compensation for any loss shall, or damage suffered or that alleged to monument have been not less than hundred years, notwithstanding such of compensation therefor, and years as an suffered by him does by reasonorofissuch withdrawal. not believed to to date to a period prior 2ndobservance day of March, ancient (c) thatnot the applicant is able furnish security for to thethedue by 1815, to be monument the purposes of any this monument. him of be thedeemed provisions of an this ancient Ordinance or any for regulation, and of Appeal against 12 .

Ordinance. [ 5, 24 ofor1998] conditions subject to which the licence may be issued. refusal (1) Any person aggrieved

by Gazette the refusal the under Director-General of (2) Upon the publication in the of an of Order subsection (1), withdrawal of Terms of licence.

Archaeology athelicence toprescribed excavate or deemed the withdrawal by the the toissue which Order shall form, be totobe anpayment ancient licence to 9. Every licenceDirector-General to monument excavate to shall be issued in therelates subject the of Archaeology of any such licence may appeal monument and all the provisions of this relating to against ancient excavate. of the prescribed fee and shall remain in force, subject toOrdinance the provisions of section 11, such refusal orshall withdrawal to the Minister. monuments apply to that monument as if it were an during the period specified in the licence. Any such licence may contain, in additionancient to the monument. prescribed conditions, such stipulations as the Director-General of Archaeology may deem necessary regardingDeclaration of 17. (a) the supervision of the proposed excavation by any person approved by specified trees as (1) Director-General Where it appearsoftoArchaeology the Minister for thatthe any tree, whether growing in State the purpose ; ancient landthe or payment any otherofland, is of suchtohistorical or person archaeological importance, monuments. (b) remuneration any such not being a public that it isornecessary in order the preservation or protection of such officer, the payment of to thesecure prescribed fee in respect of any service tree that the provisions of this Ordinance relating to ancient monuments rendered by such person being a public officer; and should apply to such tree, the Minister may, by Order in writing, declare that (c) thetree security furnished by the licenseemonument for the duefor observance of the such shall to bebedeemed to be an ancient the purposes of provisions of this Ordinance and of the terms and conditions subject to this Ordinance. which the licence is issued.

(2) Upon the publication in the Gazette of an Order under subsection (1), the tree to which the Order relates shall be deemed to be an ancient monument Duty of licensee in 10. Every person a licence to excavate is relating grantedtoshall keepmonuments a record in the and to all whom the provisions of this Ordinance ancient shall, respect of prescribed formmutatis of all antiquities in the course the excavation and shall, within mutandis,discovered apply to such tree as if itofwere an ancient monument. discoveries. the prescribed period from the date on which any antiquity is discovered, report the discovery thereof to the Director-General of Archaeology and furnish to him the prescribed Notification of 18. Where it appears toORDINANCE the Minister thatNO. any 9 ancient monument situated on any land other FIGURE ANTIQUITIES; of 1940 particulars in respect of the antiquity. protected 02.13.05 than State land is in danger of destruction or removal, or damage from neglect or injudicious monuments. treatment, and that it is in the public interest that such monument should be protected, he Withdrawal of 11 . Any licence to excavate may, at any time before the expiry of the period specified in may, subject to the provisions of section 19, by Order published in the Gazette, declare licence without the licence, be withdrawn by the Director-General Archaeology thepublication licensee shall not such monument to be a protected monument; andoffrom the date and of the of such compensation. be entitled claim compensation forOrder any loss or damage suffered or alleged to havefor been Order, the to monument to which the relates shall be a protected monument the suffered reason of such withdrawal. purposesbyofhim thisby Ordinance.

Appeal against Previous notice of 12 19.. refusal orto intention withdrawal of declare an ancient licence to to be a monument excavate. protected monument.

(1) AnyOrder person aggrieved theberefusal of thethe Director-General of (1) No under section 18byshall made unless Minister has given Archaeology to issuein aaccordance licence towith excavate or the ofwithdrawal byof the notice in the Gazette the provisions this section, his Director-General Archaeology of any such licence may appeal against intention to make of such Order. such refusal or withdrawal to the Minister.

(2) Every notice under subsection (1) shall specify a date on or before which objections to the proposed Order will be received by the Director-General of Archaeology (3) Every objection preferred in consequence of a notice under subsection (2) shall be made in writing and shall contain a statement of the grounds

PLANNING ARGUMENT & DESIGN RESPONSE:

ARCHAEOLOGY EXCAVATION: THE ARCHAEOLOGY DEPARTMENT WILL BE CONSULTED, AND PLANNED INTO THE PROGRAMME FOR AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION INVESTIGATION TO OCCUR BY SPECIALISTS TO ENSURE NO DAMAGE OCCURS TO ANY POTENTIAL FINDINGS HOWEVER NEW FINDINGS ARE UNLIKELY, AS THE SITE HAS ALREADY BEEN INVESTIGATED. EXISTING ARCHAEOLOGICAL FEATURES, WILL BE MADE INTO A DETAILED COMPONENT OF THE DESIGN TO CELEBRATE THE HISTORY OF THE SITE & EDUCATE VISITORS ON ITS HERITAGE

APPROPRIATE LICENSING & FOLLOWING POLICY: THROUGH CONSULTATIONS, THE SCHEME PROPOSALS PROPOSES TO FOLLOW POLICY AND REGISTER WITH ANY REQUIRED LEGISLATION, AND DOCUMENTATION NEEDED

ECOLOGY: AN ARBORICULTURIST SURVEY WILL BE TAKEN ON-SITE TO MARK OUT ANY TREES OF SIGNIFICANT AGE, AND HISTORY. HERITAGE CONSULTATIONS WILL ALSO OCCUR, AND A HERITAGE STATEMENT WILL BE SUBMITTED TO ENSURE ALL HISTORIC ELEMENTS OF THE SITE ARE RESPECTED & MADE INTO A MONUMENT. ANY TREES THAT FALL WITHIN THIS CATEGORY WILL BE PROTECTED AND MADE A FEATURE OF TO CELEBRATE THE HISTORY OF THE SITE ALL TREES WHERE POSSIBLE WILL BE RETAINED

02.14 POLICY DOCUMENTS_FUTURE

FUTURE POLICIES & IMPLICATIONS:

Sri Lanka 2011 – 2030 National Physical Plan And Project Proposals

Mahinda Chintana Plan -2010

—I will take action to develop our country as a five-fold center by using its unique geographical location, and connecting west and east by Navigation, Aviation, Trade and Commerce, Energy and Knowledge” The main objective of the National Physical Plan is to locate the implementation of this goal identified by Mahinda Chintana.

Navigation Center

Energy Center

Archt./Plnr. Veranjan Kurukulasuriya (Director/Research) National Physical Planning Department

Knowledge Center

Aviation Center

FIGURE 02.14.02

Commercial Center

PLANNING ARGUMENT & DESIGN RESPONSE:

EDUCATION & INDUSTRY: AS PART OF A S106 AGREEMENT, AND THE NATURE OF THE PROGRAMME OF THE SCHEME, AN INVESTMENT WILL BE MADE INTO THE EDUCATION SYSTEM OF SRI LANKA THE FACILITY WILL BE A STATE OF THE ART CENTRE, AND HELP PUSH SRI LANKA FORWARD AS A KNOWLEDGE CENTRE & ACADEMIC RESEARCH CENTRE THE PROPOSED SCHEME INTENDS TO PROMOTE THE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH INDUSTRY & BRING NEW INDUSTRIES TO SRI LANKA

SRI LANKA 2011 - 2030

Ministry of Construction, Engineering Services, Housing & Common Amenities Sethsiripaya, Battaramulla 2012 March 3

National Physical Plan - 2030

FIGURE 02.14.01

Proposed Railways

SRI LANKA 2011 - 2030 NATIONAL PHYSICAL PLAN AND PROJECT PROPOSALS

Existing Railway Proposed Railway

Medawachchiya

INFRASTRUCTURE: AS A S106 AGREEMENT THERE WILL BE AN INVESTMENT IN THE INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE WIDER CONTEXT, WHICH CAN HELP BRING THIS INTENTION FORWARD INFRASTRUCTURE TRANSPORT LINKS WILL BE INSTALLED UNDER THE SITE AS A MODERN METRO SYSTEM, COMPLYING WITH SRI LANKA’S DESIRE TO BECOME A MODERN TRANSPORT HUB

Proposed Railway Development • Matara - Batticaloa (via Hambanthota, Monaragala, Ampara Oluvil ) • Kuruneglal - Habarana ^via Dambulla& • Palavi - Maho • Monaragala - Embilipitiya Length of the Existing Railways 1447 Km Length of Proposed Railways 732 Km ^ This 50% increase&

FIGURE 02.14.03

SRI LANKA 2011 - 2030

Reforestation ( Central Fragile Area)

ECOLOGY: THE DESIGNED SCHEME’S CONCEPT & LAYOUT IS TO BE SENSITIVE TO THE EXISTING NATURE ON THE SITE

Phase 1 Under this Phase , scrubs, lands above 1500m and less productive tea cultivated areas are used for reforestation.

Thereby the existing forest will be increased.

INTENTION IS TO RETAIN AS MANY TREES AS POSSIBLE AND MAKE A FEATURE OF THEM

scrubs lands above 1500m and less predictive tea cultivated Central Fragile Area above 300 m

Source: Survey Department

FIGURE 02.14.04

SRI LANKA 2011 - 2030

AN ARBORICULTURIST STATEMENT WILL BE SUBMITTED ALONGSIDE THE DESIGN TO PROMOTE & COMPLY WITH SRI LANKA’S INTENTION TO ALLOW FOR REFORESTATION

•

Colombo, and Central Cultural Fund (CCF) 212/1 Bauddhaloka Mawatha Colombo Sri Lanka

II.4 Management

II.2 Statement of Significance Inscription Criteria

C ii, iii, iv

Administrative and Management Arrangements • The site is managed by CCF under the mandate of ASD. CCF contracts academic and technical experts for consultancy services and government departments are engaged for project management and implementation. CCF manages its own funds and generates funding locally and internationally.

• A Board of Governors including ASD, CCF, local government officials and religious interests meets twice per month.

• The Sigiriya Heritage Foundation Act, 1998, should Properties in the Asia-Pacific Region be established and implemented.

• A Master Plan is awaiting funding for implementation.

The Plan focuses on development pressures in the surrounding area and seeks to “harness economic development to achieve the objective of conserving and protecting the heritage values of the site.”

02.15 POLICY DOCUMENTS_UNESCO

Statement of Significance • Proposed as follows: “One of Asia’s major archaeological sites, Sigiriya th presents a unique concentration of 5 century urban planning, architecture, gardening, State of Conservation of the World Heritage engineering, hydraulic technology, art and poetry.

Centred on a massive, Pre-Cambrian inselberg State of Conservation of the World Heritage Properties in the rising Asia-Pacific Region 200m above the surrounding plain, Sigiriya’s HERITAGE & CONSERVATION: setting is one Financial Situation of considerable natural beauty and a A HERITAGE STATEMENT WILL BE PRODUCED WITH THE distinctive cultural landscape of great • A small grant from the Government is archaeological, historical and ethnographical value.

APPLICATION TO OUTLINE THE HERITAGE COMPONENTS OF augmented by income from visitor Lying between the historic capitals of THE SITE, AND ANY NEED FOR CONSERVATION admission charges. However income is Anuradhapura and Polonnaruva, the Sigiriya plain shared between the sites of the Cultural Present State of Conservation still retains much of its forest cover and many of its Triangle on systems • All the monuments have been consolidated since presentand rural fluctuates settlementsdepending and hydraulic SPECIALIST INVOLVEMENT WHEN DEALING WITH ANY HERITAGE national tourism. inscription. date back to the first millennium BC. […] The most ELEMENTS, INCLUDING THE BOULDERS, AND ANY MARKINGS • Funding is remains considered significant todayinadequate. are from the No construction • Works have been carried out to reveal the historic figures supplied.

ON THE BOULDERS WILL BE RETAINED II.1 Introduction of a new royal capital at Sigiriya by Kassapa I in spatial organisation and landscaping of the site. th century AC.” • The property has benefited from the the 5 • Water supply and visitor facilities have been Year of Inscription 1982 II.3 Statement of Authenticity/Integrity UNESCO International Safeguarding improved.

THE DESIGN IS HELD OFF GROUND LEVEL, EXCEPT FOR A Organisation Responsible for the Report Status of Site Boundaries Campaign, WFP, and the governments of Status of Authenticity/Integrity • Archaeological Survey Department (ASD) FEW STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS WHICH WILL AVOID THE • World Heritage values are considered to have Germany, Sweden andWorld USA. Heritage List, the •West Since inscription to the Staffing and Training Needs Sir Marcus Fernando Mawatha been maintained, no changes are foreseen.

FIGURE 02.15.02 SRI LANKA ANCIENT CITY OF SIGIRIYA Colombo, and surrounding area has revealed a rich has and complex BOULDERS AND CREATE A LANDSCAPED ELEMENT BELOW TO • * International Assistance from WHF • CCF has a Project Manager and technical team on • Central Cultural Fund (CCF) archaeological and follows: cultural landscape been approved as (i) 1989, which is site, as well as artefact conservators, draughtsmen II.4 Management SHOW OFF THE BOULDERS AND THEIR HISTORY 212/1 Bauddhaloka Mawatha threatenedTraining by development pressures. The US$33,500 Assistance, Cultural and photographers.

Colombo Administrative and Management Arrangements borders(ii)and buffer zone of Technical the property are Sri Lanka Triangle.

1989, US$25,500 • Staffing levels are considered adequate. The need • The site is managed by CCF under the mandate of State of Conservation of the World Heritage Properties in the Asia-Pacific Region therefore not considered Cultural ASD. CCF Assistance, contracts academic and Triangle. technical adequate. to train a new generation of researchers, II.2 Statement of Significance experts for • consultancy services and government An extensive new buffer zone has officially been conservators and heritage managers is departments are engaged for project management Inscription Criteria C ii, iii, iv Access gazetted. to CCF IT manages its own funds recognised. and implementation. and generates • 1funding PC inlocally use.and internationally.

INVESTMENT & ECONOMY: Statement of Significance • A Board of Governors including ASD, CCF, local Financial Situation • Proposed as follows: • There is Internet and e-mail access. government officials and no religious interests meets THROUGH THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SCHEME, LARGE “One of Asia’s major archaeological sites, Sigiriya • A small grant from the Government is twice per month. th presents a unique concentration of 5 century augmented by income from visitor INVESTMENTS WILL BE MADE INTO THE LOCAL AREA • The Sigiriya Heritage Foundation Act, 1998, should urban planning, architecture, gardening, Visitor Management be established and implemented. admission charges. However income is engineering, hydraulic technology, art and poetry.

• Approx visitors forin 2001 of whom • A Master Plan is 550,000 awaiting funding Centred on a massive, Pre-Cambrian inselberg shared between the sites of the Cultural implementation.

Plan were focuses on tourists. rising 200m above the surrounding plain, Sigiriya’s approxThe 25,000 foreign IN PARTICULAR FUNDING & SUPPORT WILL BE GIVEN TO THE Triangle and fluctuates depending on development pressures in the surrounding area setting is one of considerable natural beauty and a 107 • toBasic facilities aretoavailable on site, and seeks “harnessvisitor economic development ARCHAEOLOGY DEPARTMENT DUE TO THEIR INVOLVEMENT IN distinctive cultural landscape of great national tourism. achieve the objective of conserving and domestic protecting archaeological, historical and ethnographical value. accommodation, airport and • Funding is considered inadequate.

No the heritage values of the site.”

THE SCHEME,WHICH WILL CONTRIBUTE TO THE MANAGEMENT Lying between the historic capitals of railway station are within reach of the site.

Anuradhapura and Polonnaruva, the Sigiriya plain figures supplied.

AND PROTECTION OF THE SITE. Present State of Conservation still retains much of its forest cover and many of its • Priority is to provide a visitor information • The property has benefited from the • All the monuments have been consolidated since present rural settlements and hydraulic systems centre and museum. inscription. date back to the first millennium BC. […] The most UNESCO International Safeguarding significant remains today are from the construction • Works • have been carried out to reveal the historic A Sustainable Tourism Master Plan is in ANY MONEY MADE FROM THE SCHEME, WILL ALSO Campaign, WFP, and the governments of of a new royal capital at Sigiriya by Kassapa I in spatial organisation and landscaping of the site. preparation in conjunction with the Tourist th West Germany, Sweden and USA.in Sigiriya the 5 century AC.” • Water supply and visitor facilities have been PROPORTIONALLY BE SPLIT BETWEEN THE STAKEHOLDERS, AND Visitor pressure Board. improved.

• * International Assistance from WHF has Status of Site Boundaries IN PLACES BE USED TO RETAIN THE HISTORY OF THE SITE. • Inscription has had a positive impact on been approved as follows: (i) 1989, • Since inscription to the World Heritage List, the Staffing and Training Needs visitor numbers and generated funding for the site.

Counteractive Plans Training Assistance, Cultural surrounding area has revealed a rich and complex • CCF has a Project Manager and technical team on US$33,500 archaeological and cultural landscape which is site, as well as artefact conservators, draughtsmen • Risk Triangle. preparedness plans US$25,500 focus on visitor safety ADDITIONALLY, NEW INTEREST IN THE SITE COULD LEAD TO (ii) 1989, Technical threatened by development pressures. The and photographers.

II.5 Factors Affecting the Property and site security.

Assistance, Cultural Triangle. borders and buffer zone of the property are • Staffing levels are considered adequate. The need DONATIONS FOR FURTHER ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES IN THE therefore not considered adequate. to train a new generation of researchers, • There is a 3-phase plan for the re-location of • An extensive new buffer zone has officially been AREA & TO UNSTUDIED ELEMENTS TO THE FAR EAST OF THE SITE conservators and heritage managers is Threats and Risks Access to 02.15.03 ITsettlers by mutual unauthorised consent.

FIGURE SRI LANKA - ANCIENT CITY OF SIGIRIYA gazetted. recognised.

• “Inscription helped to mobilise an international • 1 PC in use.

• Establishment of the Heritage Foundation will lobby to uphold conservation values. A recent enhance co-ordination between relevant agencies.

• There is no Internet and e-mail access. example was the successful campaign to prevent the expansion of a major military airport in close Visitor Management II.6 Monitoring proximity to the site.”

• Approx 550,000 visitors in 2001 of whom 107 • Urbanisation of the buffer zone, Monitoring Arrangements approx 25,000 were foreign tourists.

SECURITY: • Uncontrolled activity of vendors and guides, • ASD and CCF officials holdare monthly site on meetings • Basic visitor facilities available site, FIGURE 02.15.01 SRI LANKA - ANCIENT CITY OF SIGIRIYA WITHIN THE DESIGN OF THE SCHEME, SECURE-BY-DESIGN • WORLD Pressure to increase visitor carrying capacity, with representatives Departments of Wildlife accommodation,of the domestic airport and

STATE OF CONSERVATION OF THE HERITAGE METHODS WILL BE FOLLOWED, THIS WILL ENSURE SECURITY TO Conservation and Forestry, railway station are within Urban reach ofDevelopment the site.

• Rainfall and other environmental damage,

PROPERTIES IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REASON Authority to monitor THE OVERALL SITE • Priorityand is toPradeshia provide a Sabas visitor information • Natural decay of rock surfaces, progress. centre and museum.

• Ongoing maintenance needs of the historic water • It• is Aproposed to Tourism boost this process Sustainable Master Plan through is in system, ADDITIONALLY,WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SITE FURTHER independent annual technical audits and periodic preparation in conjunction with the Tourist • Inadequate refuse management, Visitor pressure in Sigiriya OBSERVATION AND PROTECTION WILL BE IN PLACE peer-reviews.

Board.

• Graffiti, • There is a need for equipment to monitor • Inscription has had a positive impact on • Inadequate site information for visitors. encroachments of theand buffer zone, and for renewal visitor numbers generated funding for the site.

Counteractive Plans THE SCHEME INCLUDES SITE SECURITY INVESTMENTS • Unauthorised development in the buffer zone is of the site fencing.

• Risk preparedness plans focus on visitor safety increasing.

II.5 Factors Affecting the Property FIGURE 02.15.04 SRI LANKA - ANCIENT CITY OF SIGIRIYA and site security.

• There is a 3-phase plan for the re-location of Threats and Risks unauthorised settlers by mutual consent.

• “Inscription helped to mobilise an international108 • Establishment of the Heritage Foundation will lobby to uphold conservation values. A recent enhance co-ordination between relevant agencies.

UNESCO POLICIES & CONCERNS:

SRI LANKA

 UNESCO

Ancient City

II

 ASD/CCF

of Sigiriya

PLANNING ARGUMENT & DESIGN RESPONSE:

 ASD/CCF

II

II

02.16 PLANNING ARGUMENT

ECOLOGY

ARCHAEOLOGY

CULTURAL

SOCIAL

ECONOMIC

FACTORS:

PLANNING ARGUMENT & DESIGN RESPONSE

TOURISM

THE PROJECT WILL BRING MORE VISITORS - IN PARTICULAR ACADEMIC TOURISTS VISITING THE ACADEMIC PROGRAMME OF THE SCHEME

INDUSTRY

AN INFLUX OF INDUSTRY WILL COME AS A RESULT OF THIS PROJECT - IN PARTICULAR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH CENTRES, ALLOWING SRI LANKA TO BECOME THE CUTTING EDGE SPACE EXPLORATION & RESEARCH CENTRE

INFRASTRUCTURE

THE INVESTMENT IN INFRASTRUCTURE WILL ALLOW SRI LANKA TO BECOME A TRANSPORT HUB, AND WILL MAKE THE ISLAND BECOME MORE ATTRACTIVE TO BUSINESSES AND INDUSTRIES (BENEFITING THE ECONOMY)

LOCAL COMMUNITY

PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS WILL BE UNDERTAKEN IN THE EARLY DESIGN STAGES TO ENSURE THE COMMUNITY FEELS INVOLVED & IS ABLE TO HAVE DESIGN INPUT & CAN VOICE ANY CONCERNS WHICH CAN THEN BE MITIGATED WHERE NECESSARY

COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT

JOB OPPORTUNITIES WILL ARISE FROM THE CREATION OF THIS PROJECT & EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES TO LEARN MORE ABOUT THE SITE & SPACE EXPLORATION THROUGH THE SPACE ELEVATOR

HERITAGE

HERITAGE STATEMENTS AND CONSULTATIONS WILL BE UNDERTAKEN TO ENSURE THE DESIGN RESPONSE TO THE SITE AND CONSTRUCTION METHODS WILL BE CONSIDERATE,AND PROTECT ANY ELEMENTS OF HISTORIC IMPORTANCE

RELIGION

RELIGIOUS IMPLICATIONS WILL BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT TO ENSURE ALL ELEMENTS OF THE DESIGN ARE RESPECTFUL & SENSITIVE TO THE CONTEXT OF THE SITE

BOULDER GARDENS & PALACE GARDENS

ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTATIONS WILL BE UNDERTAKEN, TO ENSURE THE DESIGN RESPONSE DOES NOT DESTROY OR DAMAGE ANY ARTEFACTS

EXCAVATION

THE ARCHAEOLOGY DEPARTMENT IS INVOLVED AS A STAKEHOLDER SO THEREFORE BEFORE CONSTRUCTION COMMENCES AN EXCAVATION STUDY CAN BE COMPLETED TO ENSURE ANY DISCOVERIES ARE RECOVERED FROM THE SITE

TREE PROTECTION ORDERS

AN ARBORICULTURIST STUDY WILL BE TAKEN AT EARLY DESIGN STAGES TO ENSURE ANY TREES WITH A TPO CAN BE PROTECTED, AND INCORPORATED INTO THE DESIGN & MINIMAL REMOVAL OF ANY OTHER TREES WILL BE FOLLOWED, EXCEPT WHERE NECESSARY

HABITATS

ANY HABITATS FOUND ON SITE WILL BE RELOCATED TO A SAFER LOCATION,AND TO A BETTER ENVIRONMENT

BIODIVERSITY

WITHIN THE LANDSCAPE DESIGN (SUBJECT TO THE LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT), ANY PLANTING WILL BE LOCAL TO THE AREA, AND WILL PROMOTE BIODIVERSITY. TO PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH THE SITE IS SITUATED

02.17 PLANNING ARGUMENT_SPECIALIST DOCUMENTS To try ensure planning permission is granted, specialist documents will be submitted within the planning application, to strengthen the argument of the development on this culturally, and archaeologically sensitive site, and allow the project’s construction to commence.

SPECIALIST DOCUMENTS: HERITAGE STATEMENT TO UNDERLINE ANY HERITAGE ASSETS, HOWEVER DUE TO THE SITE HOVERING OVER THE BOULDERS, NO IMPACT OR REMOVAL OF ANY ASSETS WILL OCCUR. THIS WILL BE OUTLINED IN THE HERITAGE STATEMENT AS A CONDITION

ARCHAEOLOGICAL STATEMENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVOLVEMENT TO ENSURE NO ARTEFACTS ARE DESTROYED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF THIS PROJECT. WITHIN THIS STATEMENT A DETAILED OUTLINE OF THE PLANNED ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION WILL OCCUR PRE-CONSTRUCTION TO REMOVE ANY DISCOVERIES. HOWEVER, IT IS UNLIKELY ANY NEW DISCOVERIES WILL BE MADE, AS THIS AREA HAS ALREADY BEEN DISCOVERED & RESEARCHED

STRUCTURAL STATEMENT THE STRUCTURAL STRATEGY WILL OUTLINE HOW THE BUILDING SITS UNDERGROUND AT BASEMENT LEVEL, AND HOW THE BUILDING HOVERS ABOVE THE GROUND LEVEL TO ENSURE MINIMAL IMPACT WITH THE VISIBLE AREAS OF THE SITE. ADDITIONALLY, HOW THE COLUMNS / SUPPORTING STRUCTURE WILL BE ALLOCATED, AND DESIGNED WITH SPANS TO ENSURE NO BOULDERS, OR HISTORIC ELEMENTS WILL BE IMPACTED IN THE DESIGN, BUT MADE A FEATURE OF.

VERIFIED VIEWS STATEMENT A VERIFIED VIEWS STUDY WILL BE UNDERTAKEN TO ENSURE THE CONCEPT OF A ‘NEW BOULDER’ GARDEN IS ACHIEVED, WHERE THE NEW ELEMENTS ARE RECOGNISABLE IN FORM, BUT NOT IN MATERIALITY, SO THEREFORE MINIMAL VISUAL IMPACT WILL BE MADE AT FIRST GLANCE, HOWEVER UPON INVESTIGATION THE NEW VS.THE OLD CAN STILL BE DEPICTED.

ARBORICULTURAL STATEMENT AN ARBORICULTURAL INVESTIGATION & STATEMENT WILL BE PROVIDED TO SHOW NO TREES OF SIGNIFICANCE WILL BE REMOVED, OR DAMAGED WITHIN THE DESIGN THESE TREES WILL BE OUTLINED AND MADE A FEATURE WITHIN THE ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN TO PROMOTE THE NATURE TO CONTINUE TO GROW AND BE PROTECTED ON THE SITE

02.18 PLANNING ARGUMENT_LOCAL DEVELOPMENT

SIGIRIYA MUSEUM, SIGIRIYA, SRI LANKA

PROJECT: ARCHITECT:

CHANDANA ELLEPOLA

COMPLETION:

2009

PROGRAMME:

MUSEUM

PLANNING ARGUMENTS: -

To provide an information centre to inform visitors the history of the site and its archaeological importance

-

The building is raised on stilts to ensure it does not disrupt the waterways that currently exist on the site

-

The architecture of the building wraps around the trees, and makes a feature of the nature present on the site

-

Materiality, and paint colouring is used to blend into the trees, reducing its visual impact

-

Low height to reduce visual impact

-

Economic benefit, as shops are housed in the design

-

Cultural benefit, as museum is informative and educational

CONSTRAINTS: -

World Heritage Site, UNESCO

-

Archaeological Importance

-

Ecological value

- Biodiversity

02.19 PLANNING ARGUMENT_UNESCO DEVELOPMENT

STONE HENGE VISITOR CENTRE: AVEBURY, UK REPORT ON THE JOINT WORLD HERITAGE CENTRE / ICOMOS ADVISORY MISSION TO STONEHENGE, AVEBURY AND ASSOCIATED SITES

Stonehenge Visitor Facilities and Access Scheme

Design Statement and Planning Application Drawings August 2004

Stonehenge October 2015 copyright UNESCO

27-30 OCTOBER 2015 ENGLISH

HERITAGE

Chris Barker, Civil Engineer, ICOMOS Nathan Schlanger, Archaeologist, ICOMOS Marie-Noël Tournoux, Project Officer Europe and North America Unit, World Heritage Centre

DESIGN STATEMENT AND PLANNING APPLICATION DRAWINGS STONEHENGE VISITOR FACILITIES AND ACCESS SCHEME

PROJECT:

FIGURE 02.19.02

REPORT ON THE JOINT WORLD HERITAGE CENTRE/ICOMOS ADVISORY MISSION TO STONEHENGE, AVEBURY, AND ASSOCIATED SITES

UNESCO & ICOMOS:

ARCHITECT:

DENTON CORKER MARSHALL

COMPLETION:

2013

PROGRAMME:

VISITOR CENTRE & MUSEUM

-

To ensure control and quality when developing the site to ensure no disturbance is made to the historic site

-

Involve UNESCO for advice and consultation throughout the process

-

Follow heritage guidelines & guidance documents

PLANNING ARGUMENTS:

CONSTRAINTS:

-

Ecology & Environmental Strategy The environmental strategy meets policy & is sustainable

-

World Heritage Site, UNESCO

-

Conservation Area, English Heritage

-

Local Communities Sensitive to the local communities, and will provide better infrastructure for the visitors who attend the site, and also provide economic benefits & Provision of exhibition, and educational facilities

-

Archaeological Importance

-

Ecological value

STONEHENGE VISITOR CENTRE IMAGES

FIGURE 02.19.03

FIGURE 02.19.01

02.20 PLANNING ARGUMENT_PROGRAMME SCHEME

SAINSBURY LABORATORY: CAMBRIDGE, UK

SAINSBURY LABORATORY - UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE PLANNING SUBMISSION, DESIGN & ACCESS STATEMENT

PLANNING ARGUMENTS:

PROJECT:

-

Open Space & Public Realm: To improve these elements by developing undesirable portions of the gardens & a cafe open to the public will be provided within the scheme

ARCHITECT:

STANTON WILLIAMS

COMPLETION:

2010

-

Facilities & Programme: To improve, and support other University Facilities & continue the site’s maintenance and development in the scientific field of horticultural care and research

PROGRAMME:

PLANT RESEARCH LABORATORY

-

Arboricultural Studies: To protect trees of a historical nature, and be sensitive to their scale and location. Tree Protection Orders (TPOs) taken into account.

-

Heritage Impact: To be respectful to the Grade 11 Listed Building on the site, in regard to scale, massing, and context.

- Demolition:

Buildings that had to be demolished for the development of the scheme

were of a low standard, and will be replaced to a higher standard &

subject to the budget these buildings to have architectural merit.

CONSTRAINTS: -

Conservation Area: Within the Cambridge City Centre Conservation Area

-

English Heritage: Site = Gardens that are Grade 11*, and Grade 11 building sits within the projects site application boundary

- Access:

Site access pre-development was poor (temporary site access had to be

implemented) and access will be improved with the reinstatement of an old

entrance to the site S106 AGREEMENT: -

Regeneration of the site & public realm

SAINSBURY LABORATORY IMAGES

FIGURE 02.20.02

FIGURE 02.20.01

02.21 S106 AGREEMENT

LOCAL PLANNING AUTHORITY

A Section 106 agreement is an agreement between the local planning authority and the developer during the planning stage to ensure the scheme gives back to the community in some way. This can be through, financial means, or alternatively providing educational, ecological, social or economical benefits.The investment agreed, is to ensure any negative impacts of the scheme are mitigated.

DEVELOPER

If a S106 agreement is agreed, then the land can only be developed if the elements disclosed in the legal agreement is delivered. Through implementing a S106, a scheme which may not be likely to achieve planning permission increases its chances, as benefits in the development in the scheme can be found.

SECTION 106 AGREEMENT

In the case of this project, a S106 would be implemented by providing educational facilities in the local area. This investment in the future of education would provide social and economic benefits. Additionally, within the masterplan an investment in infrastructure would occur, therefore benefiting the transport network of Sri Lanka.

Due to the nature of the S106 agreement, it is only really applicable to large-scale projects, and should not be applied for small domestic projects.

FINANCIAL SUM TO LOCAL AREA

INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEM INVESTMENT

INVESTMENT IN TRANSPORT SYSTEM

PROVISION OF ECOLOGICAL/ WILDLIFE CENTRE

INVESTMENT IN EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES

PROVISION OF HEALTHCARE FACILITIES

PROVISION OF OPEN SPACE

PROVISION OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING

PLANNING PERMISSION: To be granted planning permission on this site will be very difficult.

However, with the future development of the Space Elevator in place, and helping to bring forward and promote some of the elements of Sri Lanka’s 2011 - 2030 future plans document, it is more likely to achieve granted planning permission.

Although, numerous public consultations and pre-application meetings will have to occur, to ensure the design is appropriate for the context.

Additionally, specialist guidance, and involvement will have to occur, along with specialist statements being submitted with the planning application explaining the details of the project, and the investigations undertaken.

Permission is likely to be granted with conditions in light of the future plans for Sri Lanka, however difficult to achieve.

SECTION 106 AGREEMENT TO BE MADE DURING PLANNING PROCESS, TO ACHIEVE PLANNING PERMISSION

BY MITIGATING NEGATIVE IMPACT OF DESIGN BY PROVIDING INVESTMENT IN LOCAL INFRASTRUCTURES, INC. TRANSPORT, SERVICES, NETWORKS, AND EDUCATION

02.22 PROJECT STAGES

RIBA PLAN OF WORK STAGES STAGE 0

STAGE 1

STAGE 2

STAGE 3

STAGE 4

STAGE 5

STAGE 6

STAGE 7

STRATEGIC DEFINITION

PREPARATION & BRIEF

CONCEPT DESIGN

DEVELOPED DESIGN

TECHNICAL DESIGN

CONSTRUCTION

HANDOVER & CLOSE OUT

IN USE

Strategic Definition, is the stage in which the client investigates the feasibility of the project. To do this an architect is brought on board, or a competition is held to choose a concept design at a later stage (often used for large-scale projects).

The client’s ambitions are defined, and a programme is outlined.

During Stage 1, the client’s ambitions are developed and refined into a brief, with concept’s relating to the brief beginning to develop.

Initial design proposals, at a general arrangement level are proposed to the client.

Along with look-and-feel inspiration boards, often using precedents to give the client a sense of materiality, scale, and design aesthetic.

The building / masterplan’s design is developed and a concept and general arrangement outline is chosen and developed into a functioning scheme.

During technical design, the building design is further developed into a series of detailed drawings for construction. At this time, consultant’s (e.g Structural Engineer and Mechanical Engineer) drawings are coordinated and all designs are implemented into one model.

Through most procurement methods, the technical details are now submitted and are used for construction at this stage as a construction package is submitted.

However, in a Management contract this stage can be broken into smaller packages which can be implemented, due to a less strict programme process.

Documents for handover are created to ensure optimum running and maintenance of the building; therefore this process compiles a series of documents, manuals, and any contractual agreements on ongoing upkeep of the building. Additionally, CDM, electrical safety, etc. certificates are handed over.

At this stage, the building is now complete and finalised, ready for the occupants, or tenants to move in.

At this stage, site analysis is undertaken to outline the opportunities and constraints of the site, and what the project could offer.

A planning drawing package is developed ready for submission during this time, often with pre-application meetings.

Laboratories and academic zones of the building are ready for use and the scientists can begin using this research facility.

TRADITIONAL & DESIGN & BUILD PROCUREMENT

CLIENT REQUIREMENTS & PROGRAMME

PROGRAMME & OBJECTIVES REFINEMENT

CLIENT & CONSULTANT DISCUSSION

SUBMIT PLANNING APPLICATION

SUBMIT BUILDING CONTROL

MANAGEMENT PROCUREMENT (BEFORE CONSTRUCTION COMMENCES) SCHEME: MANAGEMENT CONTRACTOR APPOINTED IN STRATEGIC DEFINITION FOR EARLY GUIDANCE

DRAWINGS SUBMITTED TO CONTRACTOR

SUBMIT MAINTENANCE DOCUMENTS

TENANTS MOVE IN & BUILDING OPENS

02.23 PROJECT TIMELINE PROJECT PHASES:

TIME BRIEF & CLIENT DISCUSSION

TECHNICAL DESIGN STAGE

BUILDING CONTROL

EXCAVATION & ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION

GROUNDWORKS / SUBSTRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION

CONCRETE SUPER STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION

CONSTRUCTION

DEVELOPED DESIGN STAGE

ACADEMIC FIT-OUT DESIGN

CIRCULATION & SHARED SPACES FIT-OUT INSTALLATION

LABORATORY FIT-OUT INSTALLATION

ACADEMIC FIT-OUT INSTALLATION

LABORATORY OCCUPATION (IN USE)

BUILDING OCCUPATION (IN USE)

USE

CONCEPT DESIGN STAGE

LABORATORY FIT-OUT DESIGN

DESIGN

LABORATORY TECHNICAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

PROGRAMME MITIGATION STRATEGY

DESIGN COMPLICATIONS

TIME FOR COMPLICATIONS ALLOCATED IN TIME FRAME FOR CONTINGENCY

FAILURE IN DESIGN COORDINATION WITH CONSULTANTS

APPOINTMENT OF A PROJECT MANAGER & REGULAR DESIGN TEAM MEETINGS FOR BEST COMMUNICATION & COORDINATION

PLANNING PROCESS

PLANNING PERMISSION REFUSED

PRE-APPLICATION CONSULTATIONS

PLANNING PERMISSION DECISION NOTICE EXTENDED

DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS

PLANNING CONDITION WITH CONDITIONS

SPECIALIST DOCUMENTATIONS

BUILDING CONTROL REQUIREMENTS FAILED TO BE MET

ENSURE DRAWINGS ARE TO A CORRECT STANDARD FOR TENDER & CONSTRUCTION & TO BUILDING CONTROL REGULATIONS

BUILDING CONTROL CERTIFICATES DELAYED (PROLONGED PERIOD)

CORRECT DOCUMENTS ARE SUBMITTED & DRAWINGS ARE CHECKED

BY THOSE IN CHARGE TO ENSURE QUALITY & CORRECT FORMAT

TIME REQUIREMENTS NOT MET: COMPLETION DEADLINE DELAY

CONTRACTUAL LEGAL PROTECTION & ALLOW IN PROJECT TIMESCALE

SAFETY REQUIREMENTS NOT MET: CDM FAILURES

ENSURE CDM CONTROLLER APPOINTED & SITE SAFETY NOTICES

QUALITY REQUIREMENTS NOT MET

PERFORMANCE RISKS ACCOUNTED FOR & COLLATERAL WARRANTY

TIME REQUIREMENTS NOT MET: COMPLETION DEADLINE DELAY

LIABILITY FOR POOR PERFORMANCE INSURANCE

QUALITY REQUIREMENTS NOT MET

COLLATERAL WARRANTIES IN PLACE

FIT-OUT INSTALLATION

CONSTRUCTION

DESIGN

PROGRAMME RISK

BUILDING CONTROL

02.24 PROGRAMME_RISKS & MITIGATION

SUPPLIER & CORRECT INSTALLATION TO PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS

BUILDING PERFORMANCE

SECURE-BYDESIGN

CONTRACTS & LAW

ECONOMIC

SOCIAL

PHYSICAL

02.24 PROGRAMME_RISKS & MITIGATION

PROGRAMME RISK

PROGRAMME MITIGATION STRATEGY

POOR SOIL CONDITIONS

BORE HOLE INVESTIGATIONS & CONTINGENCY

DIFFICULT TOPOGRAPHY

SITE SURVEY & SITE INFORMATION & SITE VISITS

TREE PROTECTION ORDER ISSUES

CONSIDERED IN DESIGN

PR WITH THE PUBLIC: BAD RELATIONSHIP

COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT & PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS

LOCAL AUTHORITY DISAGREEMENT (FAILURE TO ACHIEVE PLANNING)

PRE-APPLICATION MEETINGS & CONSULTATIONS

CHANGE IN SOCIAL SITUATION: STRIKES

INSURANCE & WORKERS RIGHTS

FUNDING DELAYED OR REFUSED

ENSURING FUNDERS AGREED & ENOUGH TIME IS ALLOCATED

INCREASES IN PROJECT COSTS

COMPETITIVE TENDER & ENFORCING COST LIABILITY

CHANGE IN ECONOMIC SITUATION: INFLATION

ENSURE FUNDS ARE SECURE & FEE CONTRACTS AGREED

DELAY IN: PAYMENT

LIABILITY & EARLY PLANNING & BUDGET CONTROL

DELAY IN: APPOINTMENT

EARLY APPOINTMENTS & THOSE IN CHARGE INFORMED

REMOVAL OF MANAGEMENT CONTRACTOR / WORKS CONTRACTORS

LIABILITY & WARRANTIES & ENSURE CORRECT ROLES FROM OFFSET

ONSITE VANDALISM

SITE SECURITY

ONSITE BREAK-INS

SITE HOARDING

ONSITE THEFT

CCTV INSTALLATION

PERFORMANCE: WORK CONTRACTORS

ENSURE THOSE APPOINTED ARE CAPABLE & WARRANTIES IN PLACE

PERFORMANCE: EQUIPMENT

SUPPLIER WARRANTY & CORRECT INSTALLATION (REPUTATION)

PERFORMANCE: STRUCTURES & MATERIALS

CAPABLE CONTRACTORS & ALLOW FOR PERFORMANCE RISKS

02.25 PROJECT COST

STRUCTURE

LABORATORY

COST FACTORS:

GROUND WORKS ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION CONSTRUCTION COMPLEX CONCRETE STRUCTURE

FIGURE 02.25.01

WALL BUILD-UP DETAILS

PHAENO SCIENCE CENTRE

HERMETICALLY SEALED & VIBRATION CONTROL FIT-OUT HIGH QUALITY LABORATORY EQUIPMENT

FIGURE 02.25.02

PHAENO SCIENCE CENTRE

FIGURE 02.25.03

SAINSBURY LABORATORY

PROJECTIVE COST

PROJECT NAME:

PHAENO SCIENCE CENTRE

PROJECT NAME:

SAINSBURY LABORATORY

PROJECT NAME:

MATERIAL RESEARCH LABORATORY

CLIENT:

WOLFSBURG GOVERNMENT

CLIENT:

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

CLIENT:

ELON MUSK (SPACEX & THE BORING COMPANY)

ARCHITECT:

ZAHA HADID ARCHITECTS

ARCHITECT:

STANTON WILLIAMS

LOCATION:

SIGIRIYA, SRI LANKA

LOCATION:

WOLFSBURG, GERMANY

LOCATION:

CAMBRIDGE, UK

CONSTRUCTION PERIOD: APPROX. 4 YEARS

COMPLETION:

2005

COMPLETION:

2010

PROGRAMME:

MATERIAL RESEARCH CENTRE

CONSTRUCTION PERIOD: APPROX. 5 YEARS

CONSTRUCTION PERIOD: APPROX. 2 YEARS

SCALE (GIA):

7,636.55 sq. metres

PROGRAMME:

SCIENCE MUSEUM

PROGRAMME:

PLANT RESEARCH LABORATORY

COST:

SCALE (GIA):

12,000 sq. metres

SCALE (GIA):

11,000 sq. metres

APPROX. £42 million Due to specialist requirements, and sensitive nature of the site 15% contingency incorporated in cost plan

COST:

APPROX. £70 million

COST:

APPROX. £82 million

STRUCTURE:

STRUCTURE:

REINFORCED CONCRETE (SCC)

STRUCTURE:

CONCRETE & STONE

CONCRETE (REINFORCED CONCRETE) GROUND FLOOR: COLUMNS FIRST & SECOND FLOOR: SHEER WALL

02.26 CONSTRUCTION TEAM CLIENT BOARD

STAKEHOLDERS

FUNDERS

TENANT/OCCUPIER

CLIENT

QUANTITY SURVEYOR

CONSTRUCTION TEAM

PROJECT ARCHITECT

MANAGEMENT CONTRACTOR

TECHNICAL DETAILS & ADVISORY ROLE

CONSULTANTS & SPECIALISTS

WORK CONTRACTORS

LABORATORY FIT-OUT DOOR FIT-OUT

PROJECT MANAGER GROUNDWORKS ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION BASEMENT SPECIALIST CONCRETE SPECIALIST GLASS SPECIALIST CIVIL ENGINEER STRUCTURAL ENGINEER

LABORATORY SERVICES CDM CONTROLLER BUILDING CONTROL CONSULTANT

VIBRATION CONTROL SPECIALIST HERMETICALLY SEALED SPECIALIST QUARANTINE SPECIALIST ACOUSTIC ENGINEER MECHANICAL ENGINEER LABORATORY SERVICES FIRE ENGINEER

SUB CONTRACTORS SUB CONTRACTORS SUB CONTRACTORS

The construction team consists of those, who are part of the delivery of the project, and not just information suppliers. Within the construction of this project specialists will have to be involved to mitigate any risks on this sensitive site, and to allow for expertise involvement.

02.27 PROGRAMME_CDM

CLIENT

ENSURE CORRECT DOCUMENTATION IS PROVIDED

Health and Safety Executive

ENSURE PRINCIPAL DESIGNER & PRINCIPAL CONTRACTOR PERFORM

Managing health and safety in construction

PRINCIPAL DESIGNER

Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015

ENSURE DESIGNERS PERFORM

The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015 (CDM 2015) came into force on 6 April 2015, replacing CDM 2007. This publication provides guidance on the legal requirements for CDM 2015 and is available to help anyone with duties under the Regulations. It describes:

■■

COORDINATE RISK BEFORE CONSTRUCTION COMMENCES TO DESIGN OUT ELEMENTS OF RISK

Guidance on Regulations

■■

APPOINT OTHER DUTY HOLDERS

the law that applies to the whole construction process on all construction projects, from concept to completion; and what each dutyholder must or should do to comply with the law to ensure projects are carried out in a way that secures health and safety.

DESIGNER

TO DESIGN OUT ELEMENTS OF RISK DOCUMENT REQUIRED FOR MAINTENANCE & MANAGEMENT POST CONSTRUCTION

L153 Published 2015

DUTY HOLDERS

PRINCIPAL CONTRACTOR

COORDINATE RISK DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASES COORDINATE WITH OTHER DUTY HOLDERS (CLIENT & PRINCIPAL DESIGNER) ENSURE DOCUMENTS & CONSTRUCTION PHASE PLAN IS COMPLETE (& ALL MEMBERS ARE AWARE)

CONTRACTOR

ENSURE CONSTRUCTION UNDER THEIR RESPONSIBILITY IS MANAGED AND FOLLOWS CDM REGULATIONS

HSE Books

FIGURE 02.27.01

FOLLOW PRINCIPAL CONTRACTOR’S COORDINATION

MANAGING HEALTH & SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

WORKER

CDM: CONSTRUCTION DESIGN & MANAGEMENT REGULATIONS

FOLLOW HEALTH & SAFETY REGULATIONS ENFORCED COORDINATE WITH CONTRACTORS & DUTY HOLDERS

CDM plays an important part in the construction industry, as it set out a series of rules and regulations to ensure Health and Safety onsite.

**

IN A MANAGEMENT CONTRACT; THE PRINCIPLE DESIGNER & MANAGEMENT CONTRACTOR CAN BOTH HAVE DESIGN INPUT TO MITIGATE HEALTH & SAFETY RISKS WITH THEIR KNOWLEDGE OF THEIR RELEVANT FIELD

02.28 CONSTRUCTION DESIGN & MANAGEMENT

Health and Safety Executive

Managing health and safety in construction Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015

CONSTRUCTION DESIGN MANAGEMENT (CDM)

REQUIRED DOCUMENTATION

Construction Phase Plan

The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015 (CDM 2015) came into force on 6 April 2015, replacing CDM 2007. This publication provides guidance on the legal requirements for CDM 2015 and is available to help anyone with duties under the Regulations. It describes:

■■

the law that applies to the whole construction process on all construction projects, from concept to completion; and what each dutyholder must or should do to comply with the law to ensure projects are carried out in a way that secures health and safety.

Project Notification - Form 10 Pre-Construction Information

Guidance on Regulations

■■

CDM is used to set-out a code of conduct on site, to safeguard proper health and safety considerations have been made. This documentation is to ensure proper management and mitigation for these risks is implemented on-site. CDM also ensures all workers are safe, aware of possible risks, and informed/trained on how to reduce or mitigate these risks.

Health and Safety File

CDM DOCUMENTATION RESPONSIBILITY

L153 Published 2015

Previously the CDM co-ordinator was responsible for the co-ordination and provision of the required health and safety documents.

Since 2015, the Principal Designer and Contractor are required to organise and provide the required documents. The Client is responsible for the impact of their decisions on health and safety matters.

To mitigate health and safety risks it is best to appoint the Principal Contractor early; therefore this works within a Management Contract where the Management Contractor is involved pre-construction.

DOCUMENT LOCATIONS

Post-construction the client must retain the file, and if the project/building is sold this documentation must be passed on. This is so any future works can follow the regulations in place.

HSE Books

FIGURE 02.28.01

The CDM documentation is placed with tender package, and another copy of the document is kept on-site. The CDM document on-site must remain onside at all times during construction.

MANAGING HEALTH & SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

IN USE

CONSTRUCTION

02.29 CDM_RISKS & MITIGATION

HEALTH & SAFETY RISK

HEALTH & SAFETY MITIGATION STRATEGY

INCOMPETENT SITE SECURITY

CITB CHECKS & CRB CHECKS

LACK OF SITE CHECKS

REPORTING ANY POSSIBLE DANGERS

POOR SITE MANAGEMENT

CDM REGULATIONS CLEARLY POSTED & INSTRUCTION MANUALS

INCOMPETENT SITE CDM SIGNAGE & SERVICES PROVIDED

SITE SECURITY & HOARDING (PROTECT FROM ANY TAMPERING)

LACK OF HEALTH & SAFETY TRAINING

EQUIPMENT SAFETY TRAINING

OVERWORKED WORKERS / POOR HEALTHCARE

EQUIPMENT USE TRAINING

LACK OF TRAINING ON EQUIPMENT

EXPERIENCED WORKERS

LACK OF SAFEGUARDING ON EQUIPMENT

CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT IN PLACE

EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTION

CHECKING & CONTROLLING ALL ACTIONS ON SITE

IMPROPER USE / TRAINING OF USING DANGEROUS MATERIALS

ZONING WORK SPACES

ACCIDENTAL DAMAGE & ACCIDENTAL HARM

MANAGE & MITIGATE FOR ALL POSSIBLE RISKS

LACK OF MAINTENANCE

MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS STATED

POOR / IMPROPER MAINTENANCE

MATERIAL MAINTENANCE / CLEANING INSTRUCTIONS

FACILITIES NOT BEING USED AS INTENDED

CORRECT USE OF BUILDING

RISK OF FALLING

STAIR HANDRAILS & COMPLYING WITH PART K DOCUMENTS (PROTECTION FROM RISK OF FALLING REGULATIONS)

ELECTRICAL SAFETY FAILURE AV EQUIPMENT FAILURES

SKILLED WORKERS USED WHERE NEEDED & EXPERT INSTALLATION

SERVICES FAILURE

ELECTRICAL SAFETY CERTIFICATES

LIFT FAULTY

INSTALLATION & WARRANTIES ON SUPPLIED WORKS & EQUIPMENT

INCORRECT/POOR EQUIPMENT INSTALLATION

CORRECT INSTALLATION TO SUPPLIER INSTRUCTIONS

INCORRECT/POOR FIT-OUT INSTALLATION

ENSURE PRODUCT IS SUITABLE FOR APPLICATION

INTERIOR FIT-OUT BREAKING, OR FALLING

WARRANTIES & PROPER USE OF PRODUCTS

PART C:

BUILDING MATERIALS & CONSTRUCTION

04

03

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

PART C: BUILDING MATERIALS & CONSTRUCTION

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

PART D: BUILDING PERFORMANCE

CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURAL STRATEGY DESIGN INTENT SCHEDULE OF ACCOMMODATION PROGRAMME _ OVERVIEW MATERIALITY STRATEGY _ OVERVIEW MATERIAL REFERENCE _ PRECEDENTS STRUCTURAL STRATEGY _ OVERVIEW STRUCTURAL STRATEGY _ APPLIED FORCES STRUCTURAL STRATEGY _FOUNDATIONS TYPICAL DETAILS _ BUILD-UPS TYPICAL DETAILS _ JUNCTIONS DETAIL DESIGN_ LIGHTWELLS DETAIL DESIGN_ UNDERCROFT DETAIL DESIGN_ LABORATORY FENESTRATION CONSTRUCTION _ DELIVERY OF MATERIALS TO SITE CONSTRUCTION _ SEQUENCING CONSTRUCTION _ HEALTH & SAFETY

05

CONCEPTUAL ENERGY STRATEGY STRATEGY _ PROGRAMME REQUIREMENTS STRATEGY _ LEGISLATION STRATEGY _ LOCATION SOLAR STUDY DAYLIGHT STUDY FENESTRATION _ORIENTATION & LOCATION FENESTRATION _OVERHEATING PROTECTION BUILDING FABRIC _ THERMAL MASS BUILDING FABRIC _ INSULATION TEMPERATURE CONTROL _ CHILLED FLOOR VENTILATION _ MECHANICAL STRATEGY VENTILATION _NATURAL STRATEGY VENTILATION _HYBRID STRATEGY VENTILATION _STRATEGY OVERVIEW SUSTAINABLE DRAINAGE SYSTEM _ DRAINAGE STRATEGY BUILDING RESOURCES _ ENERGY SOURCE INTERNAL CONDITION _ ACOUSTICS DOCUMENT B _ FIRE STRATEGY DOCUMENT M _ ACCESSIBILITY DOCUMENT K _ STAIR DESIGN

BIBLIOGRAPHY

03.01 CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURAL STRATEGY The scheme has been developed under the brief of a Material Research Institute, located in Sigiriya, Sri Lanka, at the base of the proposed site for the intervention of a Space Elevator, and servicing masterplan.

The conceptual structural strategy for the scheme is, firstly, a different approach for the different programme requirements between the Academic vs. Laboratory functions of the design.The programme further influences the structural strategy, due to the need for protection and quarantined zones, with hermetically sealed spaces and strict vibration control.

The design is being built to service the space elevator, and the materials being mined/investigated for their qualities and possible future uses.

However due to this, there is an element of the unknown, therefore the design has incorporated an element of paranoia and overprotection.

This has resulted in the laboratory research zones been modelled and constructed as solid bunker structures.

The design approach to the scheme as a result from this a heavy structural and facade aesthetic. The materiality encompasses iron and concrete cladding, and structure, both solid, strong, and seemingly protective materials.

Additionally, through the bunker structure investigations, and protection qualities, the conceptual structural strategy for the design is a box in a box design. With a solid concrete bunker internally, and a metal iron sheeting wrapping the building as the outer skin of the box creating a sealed protective element.

The aim of the scheme is to make a feature of the structure, and the materials used, therefore are exposed where possible, creating a homage to materiality.

ACADEMIC

LABORATORIES

03.02 DESIGN INTENT The programme and brief for the scheme is to create a new state of the art material research facility in response to the implementation of a space elevator, and research campus masterplan put in place for the future development of the site.

The client for the Material Research Institute is Elon Musk, and is funded by a series of two of his businesses, and foundation. Due to the high funds for this project, and need for quality, and to fit within the masterplan’s development time frame a Management Contract procurement method is being used. Additionally, as specialist input, and buildability is required so the contractor’s early involvement in the development of the scheme is key.

Due to the nature of the budget of this scheme, and the requirement to create a state of the art facility, high quality materials will be used.This is to ensure a landmark is created by this new research institute, the first of its kind servicing a space elevator.

The concept of the scheme, in response to its context, is a ‘new boulder garden’; therefore the building in appearance is elevated above ground level.Additionally, to ensure the building is secure, and impenetrable.The design of this scheme has been used to over provide, and create a sealed protected atmosphere for the laboratories to function securely within.

Both to protect elements within, and to adhere to the public’s paranoia of the unknown materials been brought into the building from the space elevator. Therefore an over provision of materials is used in places.

CLIENT:

FIGURE 03.02.01

ELON MUSK

FIGURE 03.02.02

SPACEX LOGO

PROCUREMENT CONTRACT USED:

CLIENT

PROFESSIONAL SERVICES CONTRACT

THE BORING COMPANY LOGO COLLATERAL WARRANTY

FIGURE 03.02.03

BUILDING CONTRACT

ARCHITECT COMMUNICATION

MUSK FOUNDATION

WORKS CONTRACT

O

C

FIGURE 03.02.04

CONTRACTOR

IC N

U

M M I AT O

TENANT:

N

WORKS CONTRACTORS & SPECIALISTS

MANAGEMENT

FIGURE 03.02.04

MATERIAL RESEARCH SOCIETY LOGO

FIGURE 03.02.05

MANAGEMENT CONTRACT

03.03 SCHEDULE OF ACCOMMODATION

7

6

BASEMENT _ GENERAL ARRANGEMENT PLAN KEY:

1 2 3

2 CORE & PLANT / SERVICING LINK TO UNDERGROUND SYSTEM: PASSENGERS LINK TO UNDERGROUND SYSTEM: MATERIALS

4

SORTING ZONE

5

QUARANTINE / STORE

6

PREPARATORY ZONE

7

CLEAN ROOM

8

PLANT ROOM

SCALE 1:500

5

4

3

1

8

03.03 SCHEDULE OF ACCOMMODATION

4

2

1

1

GROUND FLOOR _ GENERAL ARRANGEMENT PLAN KEY:

1

CORE & PLANT / SERVICING

2

TECTONIC LANDSCAPING

3

BUILDING OUTLINE ABOVE (UNDULATING UNDERCROFT ABOVE)

4

STRUCTURAL COLUMNS

5

RECEPTION & INFORMATION CENTRE

5 1

3

4

SCALE 1:500

03.03 SCHEDULE OF ACCOMMODATION

GROUND FLOOR _ REFLECTED CEILING PLAN

2

KEY:

1

REFLECTED CEILING PLAN: UNDULATING IRON UNDERCROFT PANELS & CONCRETE BEAM OUTLINE AESTHETIC

2

CONCRETE COLUMN HEADER LOCATION

SCALE 1:500

1

03.03 SCHEDULE OF ACCOMMODATION FIRST FLOOR _ GENERAL ARRANGEMENT PLAN KEY:

1

CORE & PLANT / SERVICING

2

INTERLINKING BRIDGES BETWEEN LABORATORIES

3 4

LABORATORY: GOWNING ZONE LABORATORY: PREPARATORY ZONE

5

CLEAN ROOM

6

RESEARCH LABORATORY

7

EM SHIELDED ROOM

8

STUDY SPACE

9

LABORATORY: STORE

10

BREAK-OUT / OPEN WORK SPACE

11

11 20

11 6 7

WC & ANCILLARY FACILITIES

12

ADMIN OFFICE

13

LOBBY

14

LECTURE ROOM

15

PROJECTION ROOM

16

COMMS

17

STORE

18

SOUND & LIGHT ROOM

19

LIBRARY

20

COMPUTER BANK

*

LIGHT WELLS

SCALE 1:500

*

19

8

1

12

* *

4

5

*

10

3

1

13

17

14

1

8

18

15

7 5

4 3

6

16

2

9 4 9

3

8 5

7

5 6

6

03.03 SCHEDULE OF ACCOMMODATION

INTERMEDIATE FLOOR _ GENERAL ARRANGEMENT PLAN

6

6

* 10

8

7

*

7

9 3

1

SECOND FLOOR _ GENERAL ARRANGEMENT PLAN

2 3

4

2

KEY:

1

*

CORE & PLANT / SERVICING LABORATORY: WRITE-UP SPACE LABORATORY: SERVICING & EQUIPMENT

4

LOBBY

5

SEMINAR ROOM & BOARD ROOM

6

WC & ANCILLARY FACILITIES

7

LIBRARY

8

READING ROOMS

9

ARCHIVE

10

STORE

*

LIGHT WELLS

SCALE 1:500

*

4 1 3 2

2

3

* 5

1

03.03 SCHEDULE OF ACCOMMODATION ACADEMIC _ GENERAL ARRANGEMENT SECTION KEY:

NTS

1

CORE / LIGHTWELL

2

STRUCTURAL COLUMNS

3

LOBBY

4

LIBRARY

5

BOARD ROOM / SEMINAR ROOM

6

LECTURE ROOM

5 6 4

3

1 3 2

2

1

2

03.03 SCHEDULE OF ACCOMMODATION LABORATORY _ GENERAL ARRANGEMENT SECTION KEY:

NTS

1

CORE

2

STRUCTURAL COLUMNS

3

CIRCULATION

4

LABORATORY: CLEAN ROOMS & RESEARCH

5

LABORATORY : WRITE UP SPACE

6

PLANT ROOM & SERVICES

5

3

3 6

2

1

1

4

2

5

2

1

3

03.04 PROGRAMME _ OVERVIEW Due to the variety of different programmes in the scheme a different approach will need to be taken to ensure each area is constructed to its own requirements: he library, and lecture room can use more typical construction details, with an allowance for acoustic control methods to be installed with the building fit out While the laboratories require a more specialist, bespoke approach.

Due to the brief and the nature of what material’s are being researched (asteroid mining, etc.) in these laboratories, a different build-up will be required. In this case a series of thick concrete sheer walls designate the research and investigation laboratory zones by creating bunker like structures. This is due to the fear of the unknown, and paranoia of what could be being brought from space into this environment. Therefore quarantine zones, bunkers, and clean rooms have been implemented.

These quarantine zones will be hermetically sealed.

Due to the possible volatile nature of these materials, and the precise work and research been undertaken within the scheme, vibration control is crucial.Therefore structural dampeners will be placed around the ‘bunker’ zones.

KEY:

CIRCULATION

RECEPTION & ADMIN FACILITIES

ANCILLARY ZONES

ACADEMIC FACILITIES

LABORATORY RESEARCH FACILITIES

03.05 MATERIALITY STRATEGY _ OVERVIEW BLUE ROOF STRUCTURE: CONCRETE

INTERNAL FINISH: CONCRETE CLADDING EXTERNAL FINISH: CONCRETE CLADDING CAST WITH ROUGH FINISH (ON CUT OUTS/’TEETH’) EXTERNAL FINISH: IRON CONCRETE CLADDING

INTERNAL FINISH: EXPOSED CONCRETE

INTERNAL FINISH: EXPOSED CONCRETE

INTERNAL FINISH: EXPOSED CONCRETE

INTERNAL FINISH: EXPOSED CONCRETE EXTERNAL FINISH: CONCRETE CLADDING

INTERNAL FINISH: CONCRETE CLADDING STRUCTURE: CONCRETE

03.06 MATERIAL REFERENCE _ PRECEDENTS

IRON CLADDING:

FIGURE 03.06.01

PAUL SMITH LONDON

Iron Cladding panels are used to create a distinctive facade, with rustic coloration, and can be used to create a sense of solidity, and mass through a cladding solution.

CONCRETE STRUCTURE:

FIGURE 03.06.02

PHAENO SCIENCE CENTRE

FIGURE 03.06.03

PHAENO SCIENCE CENTRE

Concrete structure set internally in the design, creating a monolithic slab mass appearance, with heavy legs building out of the ground. These structural legs penetrate through the slab creating a continuous support system to all levels.

INTERIOR EXPOSED CONCRETE:

FIGURE 03.06.04

SAINSBURY LABORATORY

Concrete internal panels, with touches of timber to create a contrasting aesthetic.

Concrete and glass highlight and mark out zones, and create views through the building. Suspended panels are also used to provide servicing solutions.

03.07 STRUCTURAL STRATEGY _ OVERVIEW

PRIMARY STRUCTURE Primary structure is all elements of the design which are crucial to the structural integrity of the design / ensure it doesn’t collapse.

The primary structure for this scheme consists of a series of different concrete elements.

Firstly, the basement concrete structure, sets up a series of underground spaces and foundations for the rest of the building. Above there are concrete columns, and shear walls elevating the majority of the building above on a flat slab concrete structure. Within the main frame of the building a shear wall and flat slab strategy is used to create rooms, structure, and different floor levels. These shear walls then support the roof structure above.

The shear walls are spaced out across the scheme, and are placed at different angles to stiffen the structure, and ensure structural stability.

SECONDARY STRUCTURE Secondary structural elements consist of a supporting structure that often holds something in place, however is not integral to the structural stability of the design.

The secondary structure in this scheme is used to support the iron and concrete cladding system creating the facade of the building.

03.08 STRUCTURAL STRATEGY _ APPLIED FORCES CONCRETE SLAB FLAT ROOF

COMPRESSION & TENSILE FORCES Concrete is a strong material under compression.

ZINC & CONCRETE CLADDING

Concrete has low tensile strength, which means it often can’t be cantilevered. However with reinforcement, its tensile strength improves.

Overall, concrete has a low strength to weight ratio, however this can be mitigated by using reinforced concrete. Steel has a high strength to weight ratio, therefore the steel reduces the amount of weight overall total, and increases overall strength in comparison.

CONCRETE FLAT SLAB

Therefore reinforced concrete is being used for the construction of this scheme, to ensure a strong structural model is made.

It is important for the compression forces to stack to ensure structural stability. Additionally, that tensile forces do not go on for any one direction longer than the materials spanning capabilities.

CONCRETE SHEER WALLS

CONCRETE FLAT SLAB KEY: TENSION * TENSION SPANS BETWEEN COMPRESSED ELEMENTS & TO EDGE OF SLAB CONCRETE SHEER WALLS & CONCRETE COLUMNS COMPRESSION

CONCRETE BASEMENT

03.09 STRUCTURAL STRATEGY _ FOUNDATIONS

SOIL CONDITIONS

FOUNDATIONS

The site is located within the geological areas of the Highland Complex and Wanni Complex, meaning the bedrock is composed of metamorphic rock.

The foundations for the scheme will be a monolithic slab.

The soil conditions on site are stable, and mainly bedrock; mostly made up of granite. This means that shallow foundations can be used, however excavation will be a lengthy process.

A monolithic slab is cast in one ‘pour’ as a flat slab across the floor of the intended floor level. Where load bearing walls will be located, a thicker element of concrete manifests. This is to ensure structural stability.

This type of foundation can be used on this site as thick foundations will not be needed as the ground conditions are strong. However excavation will be more complicated as excavating into bedrock is more difficult. Blasting will need to be used, which is where small controlled expolosions are used break up the rock to alow excavation.

NTS

FIGURE 03.09.01

ROCK GEOLOGY OF SRI LANKA

IRON CLADDING WALL: Tanking Membrane Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, Concrete Screed Concrete Wall Waterproof Membrane

EXTERNAL

INTERNAL

EXT

Insulation Concrete Wall Tanking Membrane Concrete Wall Insulation VCL Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, Insulation Insulation Screed Cavity VCL Waterproof Membrane VCL VCL Membrane void Cladding Cavity Cavity Iron Cladding Insulation concrete panel suspended ceiling Cladding Cladding

- Precast Concrete Cladding Panels - Steel Rails to support Cladding Panels - Box Steel Column, Secondary Structure (only EXT EXT EXTsupports cladding system) - Steel Rails to support Cladding Panels - Vapour Control Layer - Insulation - Waterproof Membrane - Cladding Fixtures with Thermal Break - Ventilation Cavity - Iron Cladding Panels Iron Cladding Iron Cladding

Concrete VCL Membrane

Concrete void

VOID

INT EXT EXTERNAL WALL EXT EXTERNAL EXTERNALWALL WALL INT

void Cavity Drain Waterproof Membrane concrete panel suspended ceiling

VOID

Concrete

Screed 150mm thermal insulation (PIR), Cavity Drain Waterproof Membrane 20mm cavity drain, 75mm K Screed to form perimeter channel, waterproofing membrane by specialist.

INT

Concrete Conc Structure

EXT

INT INT INT

EXT

EXT

Screed

CONCRETE CLADDING WALL: Cavity Drain thermal insulation (PIR), Waterproof Membrane

150mm Concrete Wall

Insulation 20mm cavity drain, Concrete Wall Screed Concrete Wall 75mm K Screed to form perimeter channel, VCL Insulation waterproofing Insulation Cavity Drain membrane by specialist.

Cavity Concrete VCL Waterproof Membrane VCL Conc Structure Concrete Cladding Cavity Cavity

- Cast Insitu Reinforced Concrete Structure - Vapour Control Layer EXT - Insulation EXT EXT - Waterproof Membrane - Cladding Fixtures with Thermal Break - Ventilation Cavity - Precast Concrete Cladding Panels

EXTERNAL

INTERNAL

BSMT BSMT ROOF ROOF BSMT ROOFBSMT ROOF

concrete panel suspended ceiling Screed

Concrete Cladding Concrete Cladding

Concrete

150mm thermal insulation (PIR),

20mm cavity drain, 75mm K Screed to form perimeter channel, waterproofing membrane by specialist.

150mm thermal insulation (PIR), Conc Structure 20mm cavity drain, 75mm K Screed to form perimeter channel, waterproofing membrane by specialist.

Conc Structure

EXT STAIRWELL & CORE WALL STAIRWELL STAIRWELL&&CORE COREWALL WALL

BASEMENT WALL:

INTERNAL

EXTERNAL

- Precast Concrete Cladding (Internal) - Metal Stud (Cladding support) EXT - Insulation EXT EXT - Vapour Control Layer - Cavity drain membrane (Waterproof Membrane) - Reinforced Concrete Structure - Tanking Membrane - Drainage Cavity

INT INT INT

BSMT WALL BSMT BSMTWALL WALL Wall type 01: Basement wall

Wall type 01: Basement wall Wall type 01: Basement wall

INT INT INT

SCALE 1:20

Resin flooring (FeRFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, Screed, Resin flooring (FeRFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved Resin flooring (FeRFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved separation Bedsealed of cement mortarlayer, to suit FFL, Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, Screed, thermal insulation (PIR), Screed, sealed separation layer, sealed separation layer, thermal insulation (PIR), thermal insulation (PIR), conc conc conc

WATER G

Cladding

INT

conc Resin flooring (FeRFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, Screed, sealed separation layer, thermal insulation (PIR),

INT

EXTERNAL FLOOR DETAILS: INT

Wall type 01: Basement wall

Insulation

INT

void

INT

FLOOR & UNDERCROFT:

- Polished Concrete Floor on Cement Mortar - Chilled Floor INT - Protective Polythene Layer INT - Insulation - Reinforced Concrete Structure - Insulation - Vapour Control Layer - Cladding Fixtures with Thermal Break - Void * -Iron Cladding Panels (Undercroft) INT

20mm cavity drain, concpanel suspended undercroft cladding iron 75mm K Screed to form perimeter channel, waterproofing membrane by specialist.

INT EXT

conc

EXT INT

INTERNAL INT

GRND

GRND INT EXTERNAL GRND

GRND INT INTERNAL

Conc Structure

insulation void

GRND

iron panel suspended undercroft cladding Resin flooring (FeRFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved insulation Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, void Screed, sealed separation layer, iron panel suspended undercroft 160mm thermal insulation (PIR), cladding 20mm cavity drain, 75mm K Screed to form perimeter channel, waterproofing membrane by specialist.

Concrete

Resin flooring (FeRFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, Screed, sealed separation layer, 160mm thermal insulation (PIR), 20mm cavity drain,

INT GRND

EXTERNAL GRND

Tanking Membrane Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, Screed, sealed separation layer, 160mm thermal insulation (PIR), 20mm cavity drain,

GROUND FLOOR (POOL):

75mm K Screed to form perimeter channel, waterproofing membrane by specialist.

Tanking Membrane Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, Screed, sealed separation layer, 160mm thermal insulation (PIR), 20mm cavity drain,

GRND GRND

Cladding Insulation

EXT

Iron VCLCladding

conc

Cavity Cladding

EXT

- Polished Concrete Floor on Cement Mortar - Chilled Floor - Protective Polythene Layer - Insulation - Reinforced Concrete Structure - Cladding Fixtures with Thermal Break - Void * - Precast Concrete Cladding Panels (Suspended Ceiling)

Iron Cladding

void

concrete panel suspended ceiling

EXTERNAL WALL

INTERNAL INT Concrete Wall Insulation VCL Cavity

EXTERNAL WALL EXTERNAL WALL

Concrete Cladding

EXT Concrete Wall Insulation VCL

INT EXT EXTERNAL

Cavity Concrete Cladding

ROOF:

Concrete Wall Insulation

Tanking Membrane Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, Screed Waterproof Membrane

VCL Cavity Concrete Wall Concrete Cladding Insulation VCL Cavity Concrete Cladding

- Tanking Membrane - Cement Mortar - Screed (levelled to suit falls) - Waterproof Membrane - Insulation - Vapour Control Layer - Reinforced Concrete Structure - Cladding Fixtures with Thermal Break - Void * - Precast Concrete Cladding Panels (Suspended Ceiling) Insulation

VCL Membrane

Tanking Membrane Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, Concrete Screed Waterproof Membrane Insulation

VOID

VCL Membrane void

concrete panel suspended ceiling Concrete

INTERNAL

STAIRWELL & CORE WALLEXT EXT

VOID

void

concrete panel suspended ceiling

75mm K Screed to form perimeter channel, waterproofing membrane by specialist.

Concrete Tanking Membrane Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, Screed, sealed separation layer, 160mm thermal insulation (PIR), Tanking Membrane 20mm cavity drain, Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, Screed, 75mm K Screed to form perimeter channel, sealed separation layer, by specialist. waterproofing membrane 160mm thermal insulation (PIR), 20mm cavity drain, Concrete

BASEMENT FLOOR: Resin flooring (FeRFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, 75mm HDK Screed, sealed separation layer,

INT

- Polished Concrete Floor on Cement Mortar - Chilled Floor - Protective Polythene Layer - Insulation - Cavity Drain - Waterproofing Membrane - Screed - Reinforced Concrete Footings Structure

150mm thermal insulation (PIR),

150mm thermal insulation (PIR),

20mm cavity drain, 75mm K Screed to form perimeter channel, waterproofing membrane by specialist.

Resin flooring (FeRFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved Conc Structure Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, 75mm HDK Screed, sealed separation layer, Resin flooring (FeRFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved 150mm thermal insulation (PIR), Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, 75mm 20mm HDK cavityScreed, drain, sealed separation layer, 75mm K Screed to form perimeter channel, waterproofing membrane by specialist.

150mm thermal insulation (PIR),

Screed

BASEMENT ROOF: Cavity Drain Waterproof Membrane

INT

EXT

Screed

Cavity Drain 150mm thermal insulation (PIR), Waterproof Membrane

20mm cavity drain, 75mm K Screed to form perimeter channel, waterproofing membrane by specialist.

Concrete

BSMT WALL Wall type 01: Basement wall

INT

BSMT WALL Wall type 01: Basement wall

BSMT WALL INT Wall type 01: Basement wall

INT INT

EXT

Conc Structure Resin flooring (FeRFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, Screed, sealed separation layer, thermal insulation (PIR), 150mm thermal insulation (PIR), conc

INTERNAL

EXT

20mm cavity drain, 75mm K Screed to form perimeter channel, waterproofing membrane by specialist.

Conc Structure Resin flooring (FeRFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved void Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, Screed, concrete panel suspended ceiling sealed separation layer, thermal insulation (PIR), conc

* REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE INT

-Screed - Cavity Drain - Waterproof Membrane - Reinforced Concrete Structure - Insulation - Vapour Control Layer - Cladding Fixtures with Thermal Break - Void * - Precast Concrete Cladding Panels (Suspended Ceiling) Concrete

Wall type 01: Basement wall

75mm K Screed to form perimeter channel, waterproofing membrane by specialist.

Conc Structure Resin flooring (FeRFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, 75mm HDK Screed, sealed separation layer,

GRND

EXTERNAL WALL

- Tanking Membrane STAIRWELL & CORE WALL on Cement Mortar INT - Chilled Floor - Protective Polythene Layer EXT INT EXT - Insulation - Vapour Control Layer INT EXTERNAL - Cavity Drain - Waterproofing Membrane BSMT WALL INT EXT - Reinforced Concrete Footings Structure

20mm cavity drain, 75mm K Screed to form perimeter channel, waterproofing membrane by specialist.

EXTERNAL

INT

Resin flooring (FeRFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, Screed, sealed separation layer, thermal insulation (PIR),

Cavity Concrete Wall

- Polished Concrete Floor on Cement Mortar - Chilled Floor INT STAIRWELL & CORE WALL - Protective Polythene Layer INT EXT - Insulation - Vapour Control Layer INT EXT - Cavity Drain - Waterproofing Membrane STAIRWELL & CORE WALL - Reinforced Concrete Footings Structure

Concrete

INTERNAL FLOOR:

VCL

INT

75mm K Screed to form perimeter channel, waterproofing membrane by specialist.

Cladding Iron Cladding

Insulation

GROUND FLOOR:

Concrete Resin flooring (FeRFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, Screed, sealed separation layer, 160mm thermal insulation (PIR), Resin (FeRFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved 20mmflooring cavity drain, Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, Screed, 75mm K Screed to form perimeter channel, sealed separation layer, by specialist. waterproofing membrane 160mm thermal insulation (PIR), 20mm cavity drain, Concrete

VCL

Cavity

Concrete Wall

75mm K Screed to form perimeter channel, waterproofing membrane by specialist.

Concrete

INTERNAL

INTERNAL EXT

ROOF DETAILS:

Concrete

INT

Concrete Wall

INTERMEDIATE FLOOR DETAIL:

iron panel suspended undercroft cladding Resin conc flooring (FeRFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, Screed, sealed separation layer, Resin flooring (FeRFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved thermal insulation (PIR), Resin flooring (FeRFA Type 4) - Altro TB + of Cast or equal approved Bed cement mortar to suit FFL, Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, 75mm HDK Screed, Screed, sealed separation layer, insulation sealed separation layer, thermal insulation (PIR), 150mm thermal insulation (PIR), void

EXT

EXTERNAL

Iron Cladding

insulation

INTERNAL

INT EXT

BSMTEXT WALL

INTERMEDIATE FLR

ROOF

concrete panel suspended ceiling

VOID

INT

void VCL Membrane

VOID

INT

INT INT INT

Insulation

VCL

Cavity

ROOF

INT DETAILS: EXTERNAL WALL

EXT ROOF ROOF

Tanking Membrane Concrete Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, Screed Waterproof Membrane

Insulation

ROOF

ROOF

VCL Membrane

Concrete Wall

TYPICAL WALL, FLOOR, ROOF BUILD-UP DETAILS: * Void depth varies, depending on services, and programme requirements

BSMT ROOF BSMT ROOF

Insulation

GRND

EXT

03.10 TYPICAL DETAILS _ BUILD-UPS

Resin flooring (FeRFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, Screed, sealed separation layer, thermal insulation (PIR),

EDIATE TEINTERMEDIATE FLR FLR INTERMEDIATE FLR FLR

INT

INT

BSMT FLR

Tanking Membrane Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, Screed Waterproof Membrane

MT LR FLR BSMT FLR BSMT FLR WATER WATER GROUND GROUND WATER FLR FLR GROUND WATER FLR GROUND FLRGROUND GROUND FLR FLR GROUND FLR GROUNDUNDERCROFT FLRUNDERCROFT EXT. UNDERCROFT EXT. FLR FLR UNDERCROFT EXT. FLR EXT. FLR

INT

INT

Concrete

INT

Resin flooring (FeRFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved Bed void of cement mortar to suit FFL, Screed, sealed separation layer, ceiling concrete panel suspended thermal insulation (PIR), Resin flooring (FeRFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, Screed, conc sealed separation layer, thermal insulation (PIR),

03.11 TYPICAL DETAILS _ JUNCTIONS ROOF JUNCTION: - Tanking Membrane - Cement Mortar - Screed (levelled to suit falls) - Waterproof Membrane - Insulation - Vapour Control Layer - Reinforced Concrete Structure - Cladding Fixtures with Thermal Break - Void - Precast Concrete Cladding Panels (Suspended Ceiling) Tanking Membrane used across roof, to collect water and allow for a shallow pool to manifest on the roof, to achieve the concept design, and to create a ‘new water garden’.

Parapet extruded to a high position, to create a solid block appearance (hiding any overruns, e.g. lifts behind). Additionally to retain any water collected on the roof. Roof falls designed to fall towards the centre, and then removed within the lightwells, if over excess. Additionally, moving the weight of the water towards the centre of the building, where the majority of the load bearing structure is located.

BASEMENT JUNCTION: WALL:

Precast Concrete Cladding (Internal) Metal Stud (Cladding support) Insulation Vapour Control Layer Cavity drain membrane (Waterproof Membrane) Reinforced Concrete Structure Tanking Membrane Drainage Cavity -

FLOOR:

Polished Concrete Floor on Cement Mortar Chilled Floor Protective Polythene Layer Insulation Cavity Drain Waterproofing Membrane Screed Reinforced Concrete Footings Structure -

The basement is tanked, and the concrete is cast to ensure a water tight design, and secure foundation footings. The foundations used are pad foundations, as shallow foundations can be used due to the geology of the site, where the basement it being built into rock.

The conceptual structural strategy is opposite the rest of the design, for the basement, where the structure is to the exterior, and the build-up is internal, creating a solid concrete box, due the structural nature of basements, and the programmatic need .

SCALE 1:20

03.12 DETAIL DESIGN _ LIGHT WELLS The lightwell in this area of the scheme is used as a structural element with concrete sheer walls. Within the spacing of the sheer walls, glazing is used to allow light into the spaces above, and down to the ground floor. Additionally, it functions as a circulation zone, and entrance stair.

LIGHTWELL AXONOMETRIC OF ELEMENTS:

EXTERNAL

INTERNAL

KEY PLAN:

SCALE 1:20

03.12 DETAIL DESIGN _ LIGHT WELLS PRECAST CONCRETE CLADDING PANEL VENTILATION CAVITY

DETAILED SECTION OF WALL TO GROUND JUNCTION: * Insulation wrapped down to the footings of the concrete structure, to prevent a cold bridge. In this location, the mass of the concrete footings provide enough thermal protection in the insulation break. ** Reinforced concrete structure

WATERPROOF MEMBRANE

CLADDING SUPPORT FIXTURE WITH THERMAL BREAK INSULATION

VAPOUR CONTROL LAYER

CAST INSITU EXPOSED CONCRETE STRUCTURE **

POLISHED CONCRETE TILE (CEMENT MORTAR BELOW) SCREED CHILLED FLOOR CAVITY DRAIN DRAIN HARD LANDSCAPING SCREED

DETAIL MEMBRANE

(PROTECTIVE POLYTHENE LAYER)

INSULATION VAPOUR CONTROL LAYER CAVITY DRAIN CHANNEL WATERPROOF MEMBRANE

WATERPROOF MEMBRANE INSULATION * CONCRETE FOOTINGS

CONCRETE SLAB STRUCTURE CAVITY DRAIN

03.13 DETAIL DESIGN _ UNDERCROFT The undercroft of the ground floor to first floor is made up of an an undulating iron cladding panel system, suspended from the concrete frame above (concrete flat slab structural system).

UNDERCROFT SECTIONAL VIEW:

KEY PLAN:

INTERNAL

EXTERNAL

SCALE 1:20

03.13 DETAIL DESIGN _ UNDERCROFT DETAILED SECTION OF FIRST FLOOR TO WALL JUNCTION,WITH UNDERCROFT BELOW:

POLISHED CONCRETE TILE (CEMENT MORTAR BELOW)

IRON CLADDING PANELS CLADDING SUPPORT SYSTEM

SCREED

CLADDING SUPPORT FIXTURE WITH THERMAL BREAK

CHILLED FLOOR

VENTILATED CAVITY

DETAIL MEMBRANE

(PROTECTIVE POLYTHENE LAYER)

WATERPROOF MEMBRANE

INSULATION

INSULATION

CAST INSITU REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE

VAPOUR CONTROL LAYER

VAPOUR CONTROL LAYER

BOX STEEL COLUMN SECONDARY STRUCTURE

INSULATION

STEEL CLADDING RAILS TO HOLD CLADDING PANELS

WATERPROOF MEMBRANE

PRECAST CONCRETE CLADDING PANEL

CONCRETE DOWN STAND BEAM CLADDING SUPPORT FIXTURE WITH THERMAL BREAK VENTILATED CAVITY PRECAST GLASS CONCRETE (REINFORCED) CLADDING PANELS

CLADDING SUPPORT FIXTURE WITH THERMAL BREAK VENTILATED CAVITY IRON CLADDING PANELS SCALE 1:10

03.14 DETAIL DESIGN _ LABORATORY FENESTRATION DETAILED PLAN OF LABORATORY FENESTRATION

SCALE 1:20

LABORATORY FENESTRATION SECTIONAL VIEW:

INTERNAL

EXTERNAL

KEY PLAN:

03.14 DETAIL DESIGN _ LABORATORY FENESTRATION DETAILED PLAN OF LABORATORY FENESTRATION & WALL JUNCTION:

DOUBLE GLAZED UNIT (FLUSH WITH EXTERNAL FACE SO INDIRECT LIGHT FILTERS IN TO THE LABORATORIES)

INSULATION

VOID

PRECAST GLASS REINFORSED CONCRETE CLADDING PANEL (LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE) BLIND TO ALLOW BUILDING TO ‘BUNKER’ DOWN STEEL BLIND RAILING, SECURED TO BUILDING STRUCTURE

PRECAST CONCRETE CLADDING PANEL (TEXTURED CAST) CLADDING SUPPORT SYSTEM VENTILATED CAVITY WATERPROOF MEMBRANE INSULATION VAPOUR CONTROL LAYER

BOX STEEL COLUMN SECONDARY STRUCTURE STEEL CLADDING RAILS TO HOLD CLADDING PANELS PRECAST CONCRETE CLADDING PANEL

SCALE 1:10

03.15 CONSTRUCTION _ DELIVERY OF MATERIALS TO SITE Materials will be imported to the port of Trincomalee, North East of the island, and then brought to site by truck along the A Road from the port to the site.

All elements of the scheme being imported will have to be designed to ensure they can be imported and do not outsize the transportation system in place. However due to this, a staging area will be put in place on site, and a small concrete mixing plant for the cast insitu structure will be implemented.

Within the staging area, the site office, and health and safety bulletins will be provided, along with other necessary provisions.

MATERIAL SOURCING:

TRINCOMALEE PORT

CONCRETE CEMENT: A manufacturing plant is located in Trincomalee, not far from the port (to be used where lower-grade conrete is needed) CONCRETE STRUCTURE: Where high grade concrete is needed, the elements needed to cast on site will be imported.

SITE LOCATION

GLASS CONCRETE (REINFORCED) CLADDING PANELS: These cladding panels will be precast and imported from the USA, where research is being undertaken to lighten but retain strength of concrete.

IRON CLADDING: The Iron cladding panels will be imported from the UK, where they will be cast and pressed to the form work of the design intent cladding panels by specialist forgeman manufacturing.

NTS

03.15 CONSTRUCTION _ DELIVERY OF MATERIALS TO SITE KEY:

SITE LOCATION

NTS

The staging area for the development of the project is located in the existing overflow car park, serving the site. The site entrance during constriction also follows an existing road leading into the site .

STAGING AREA

SITE ENTRANCE: IMPORTED BUILDING MATERIALS BROUGHT TO SITE VIA TRUCK TO THE STAGING AREA

03.16 CONSTRUCTION _ SEQUENCING

PRIMARY STRUCTURE:

EXCAVATION & FOUNDATION FOOTINGS:

FOUNDATION SLAB:

BASEMENT CONSTRUCTION:

INITIAL WORKS: - To prepare the site, by testing site conditions including ground water

tests, bore hole testing - To install hoarding for site security and health and safety - Any required demolition work, and removal of trees

(general site clean-up) - Staging area prepared - tarmacked, and levelled for equipment EXCAVATION; - Blasting (small controlled explosions) may be needed to excavate harder

elements of the site’s bedrock and carve out rock by drilling - Basement created as a tunnelling system to link into masterplan’s

underground infrastructure (transport & energy centres) - Retaining beams used where necessary to support basement wall sides

from collapsing in (unlikely as rocky geology) FOOTINGS: - Foundation beam’s concrete poured (under load bearing walls)

FOUNDATIONS: - Concrete foundation slab cast and poured.

- Self compacting concrete used, as it is easier to level, strong at an early

stage, and reduced time/labour

WALL CONSTRUCTION: - Sheer wall’s shuttering implemented for cast insitu concrete, and

concrete mixture poured, and left to set - Plywood shuttering used (smoother finish to wall-appearance).

- Any retaining structure, e.g. retaining beams can be removed once set.

STAIR CONSTRUCTION: - Concrete escape stair cast

(ease of access now to basement level for construction)

03.16 CONSTRUCTION _ SEQUENCING

PRIMARY STRUCTURE:

GROUND FLOOR STRUCTURE & COLUMNS:

FLAT SLAB CONSTRUCTION:

SHEER WALL CONSTRUCTION & LAB BUNKERS:

GROUND SLAB: - Concrete ground slab (if above basement), and foundations (if not

above basement level) cast

FLAT SLAB: - Concrete flat slab form work installed, using scaffolding and plywood - Reinforced elements laid out - Concrete poured - Height datums must be met, and levelling of the concrete is key

SHEER WALLS: - Form-work installed, and load bearing sheer walls cast across the structure

SHEER WALLS: - Shuttering implemented for cast insitu concrete at ground

level for circulation cores - Pre-cast concrete stairs installed into ‘lightwell’ circulation zones CONCRETE COLUMNS: - Footings for concrete columns excavated and cast - Form-work of columns set-up ,and concrete poured

(correct column height datum level must be ensured, as the site slopes

away) * Scaffolding required for this element of construction

LAB BUNKER: - Laboratory protective bunker walls form work laid-out and cast insitu

concrete poured

(these will also act as sheer walls to support the roof’s structure)

03.16 CONSTRUCTION _ SEQUENCING

PRIMARY STRUCTURE:

SECONDARY STRUCTURE:

FLAT SLAB CONSTRUCTION:

FLAT SLAB / ROOF CONSTRUCTION:

CLADDING & GLAZING INSTALLATION:

FLAT SLAB: - Scaffolding used to support form-work above for flat slab concrete

construction (reinforcement used)

FLAT SLAB: - Concrete flat slab form work installed, using scaffolding and plywood - Reinforced elements laid out - Concrete poured - Form-work for parapet erected, and cast - Tanking membrane, and roofing detail build-up implemented

STEEL FRAMEWORK SYSTEM: - Steel frame-work set out across the perimeter line of the building and

bolted to the concrete flat slab below and above - Wall build-up elements installed

SHEER WALLS: - The next level of sheer walls cast where needed to support roofing structure STAIRS: - Pre-cast concrete stairs lifted by crane into the Library, and x 3 into the Laboratories

EXTERIOR CLADDING: - External Iron and concrete cladding panels lifted by crane and clipped

into the structure making up the facade of the design GLAZING: - Glazing and curtain walling systems lifted by crane and installed - The overrall structure is now watertight and fully insulated.

03.16 CONSTRUCTION _ SEQUENCING

SECONDARY STRUCTURE:

UNDERCROFT CLADDING:

INTERNAL PARTITIONS:

LANDSCAPING:

UNDERCROFT CLADDING: - Undulating iron sheet cladding panels installed onto the concrete flat

slab soffit above

INTERNAL PARTITIONS: - Internal partitions erected - Timber highlights installed

LANDSCAPING: - Landscaping stairs, and terraces are cast in situ with drainage channels

allowing water to move away from the building

INTERNAL FINISHES: - Internal concrete cladding panels installed onto steel framework

supporting the external cladding - Exposed concrete elements polished and touched up by

Concrete Designer (ensures all elements look as they should, and are

aesthetically pleasing)

03.17 CONSTRUCTION _ HEALTH & SAFETY

Health and Safety Executive

Managing health and safety in construction

RISKS & MITIGATION STRATEGIES TO HEALTH & SAFETY DURING CONSTRUCTION:

HEALTH & SAFETY RISK

HEALTH & SAFETY MITIGATION STRATEGY

Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015 Guidance on Regulations The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015 (CDM 2015) came into force on 6 April 2015, replacing CDM 2007. This publication provides guidance on the legal requirements for CDM 2015 and is available to help anyone with duties under the Regulations. It describes: ■■ ■■

the law that applies to the whole construction process on all construction projects, from concept to completion; and what each dutyholder must or should do to comply with the law to ensure projects are carried out in a way that secures health and safety.

L153 Published 2015

HSE Books

FIGURE 03.17.01

MANAGING HEALTH & SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

CONSTRUCTION DESIGN MANAGEMENT: - Sets out the rules and regulations for site conduct - Ensures safe guarding towards risks against health and safety - Sets out guidance towards managing and mitigating on-site risks The document’s intentions are to ensure those managing the site take all risks and matters into consideration, and also that workers are aware of any potential risks and how to behave/be trained on how to mitigate these risks and stay safe.

INCOMPETENT SITE SECURITY

CITB CHECKS & CRB CHECKS

LACK OF SITE CHECKS

REPORTING ANY POSSIBLE DANGERS

POOR SITE MANAGEMENT

CDM REGULATIONS CLEARLY POSTED & INSTRUCTION MANUALS

INCOMPETENT SITE CDM SIGNAGE & SERVICES PROVIDED

SITE SECURITY & HOARDING (PROTECT FROM ANY TAMPERING)

LACK OF HEALTH & SAFETY TRAINING

EQUIPMENT SAFETY TRAINING

OVERWORKED WORKERS / POOR HEALTHCARE

EQUIPMENT USE TRAINING

LACK OF TRAINING ON EQUIPMENT

EXPERIENCED WORKERS

LACK OF SAFEGUARDING ON EQUIPMENT

CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT IN PLACE

EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTION

CHECKING & CONTROLLING ALL ACTIONS ON SITE

IMPROPER USE / TRAINING OF USING DANGEROUS MATERIALS

ZONING WORK SPACES

ACCIDENTAL DAMAGE & ACCIDENTAL HARM

MANAGE & MITIGATE FOR ALL POSSIBLE RISKS

SCAFFOLDING NEEDED TO ERECT PRIMARY STRUCTURE AT GROUND LEVEL & TO SUPPORT FRAMEWORK OF CASTING CONCRETE

ENGINEER INVOLVEMENT TO ENSURE SCAFFOLDING STRENGTH IS CAPABLE, AND ENSURE SCAFFOLDING IS ERECTED CORRECTLY

RISK OF FALLING - BUILDING IS ELEVATED & STEEP SITE IN PLACES

WORKERS ARE CORRECTLY BRIEFED AND TRAINED TO WORK AT HEIGHTS, AND CORRECT SUPERVISION THAT ALL SAFETY FEATURES ARE IN PLACE

FIGURE 03.17.02

CDM_RISKS & MITIGATION

PART D:

BUILDING PERFORMANCE

04

03

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

PART C: BUILDING MATERIALS & CONSTRUCTION

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

PART D: BUILDING PERFORMANCE

CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURAL STRATEGY DESIGN INTENT SCHEDULE OF ACCOMMODATION PROGRAMME _ OVERVIEW MATERIALITY STRATEGY _ OVERVIEW MATERIAL REFERENCE _ PRECEDENTS STRUCTURAL STRATEGY _ OVERVIEW STRUCTURAL STRATEGY _ APPLIED FORCES STRUCTURAL STRATEGY _FOUNDATIONS TYPICAL DETAILS _ BUILD-UPS TYPICAL DETAILS _ JUNCTIONS DETAIL DESIGN_ LIGHTWELLS DETAIL DESIGN_ UNDERCROFT DETAIL DESIGN_ LABORATORY FENESTRATION CONSTRUCTION _ DELIVERY OF MATERIALS TO SITE CONSTRUCTION _ SEQUENCING CONSTRUCTION _ HEALTH & SAFETY

05

CONCEPTUAL ENERGY STRATEGY STRATEGY _ PROGRAMME REQUIREMENTS STRATEGY _ LEGISLATION STRATEGY _ LOCATION SOLAR STUDY DAYLIGHT STUDY FENESTRATION _ORIENTATION & LOCATION FENESTRATION _OVERHEATING PROTECTION BUILDING FABRIC _ THERMAL MASS BUILDING FABRIC _ INSULATION TEMPERATURE CONTROL _ CHILLED FLOOR VENTILATION _ MECHANICAL STRATEGY VENTILATION _NATURAL STRATEGY VENTILATION _HYBRID STRATEGY VENTILATION _STRATEGY OVERVIEW SUSTAINABLE DRAINAGE SYSTEM _ DRAINAGE STRATEGY BUILDING RESOURCES _ ENERGY SOURCE INTERNAL CONDITION _ ACOUSTICS DOCUMENT B _ FIRE STRATEGY DOCUMENT M _ ACCESSIBILITY DOCUMENT K _ STAIR DESIGN

BIBLIOGRAPHY

04.01 CONCEPTUAL ENERGY STRATEGY Due to the scheme’s location in an equatorial country, the performance approach to this scheme will differ to that, that you would do in the UK, as a cooling strategy is required more so than a heating strategy.

The conceptual energy strategy for the scheme is a contrast in strategy depending on programme.

The laboratories require strict, controlled environmental controls so therefore a mechanical system will be used solely in this half of the building.

While the Academic zones will use a natural strategy, with a back-up mechanical system if necessary.

The circulation spaces will rely only on a natural strategy.

This allows a series of different environments to be created within the building, programme dependant.

ACADEMIC

LABORATORIES

04.02 STRATEGY _ PROGRAMME REQUIREMENTS Due to the variety of different programmes in the scheme a different approach will need to be taken to ensure each area performs to its own requirements: The library, and lecture room require comfortable temperatures, however a fluctuation of temperature throughout the day is ok. There also will need to be a degree of humidity control for the library.

Therefore the chosen strategy for these ‘Academic’ spaces will be a hybrid strategy of a combination of natural and mechanical strategies.

In contrast, the laboratories, need to be precisely controlled and managed as the environment needs to be perfect constant conditions for the research to be undertaken. Additionally, these spaces need to be sealed from the external environment. Due to this a mechanical intervention strategy will be used in the Laboratory zones.

The circulation spaces, and admin zones, will use a solely natural ventilation strategy, with chilled floors for cooling.

KEY:

CIRCULATION

RECEPTION & ADMIN FACILITIES

ANCILLARY ZONES

ACADEMIC FACILITIES

LABORATORY RESEARCH FACILITIES

04.03 STRATEGY _ LEGISLATION BREEAM is a legislative body promoting and providing guidelines for sustainable design.

BREEAM is not compulsory but a good way to test the design, and reach sustainability benchmarks and future goals. Once the application I completed you receive an accreditation of how sustainable your design is.

To complete the BREEAM application you provide information from planning to post construction on the design and how the building will be used. From these elements a series of points are accumulated, which then make-up the final points rating to receive your accreditation.

FIGURE 04.03.01

BREEAM RATING SYSTEM

04.04 STRATEGY _ LOCATION The Material Research Laboratory is located in Sigiriya, in the North of the Central Province in Sri Lanka.

Due to its equitorial location, a cooling strategy will be key to the building design’s performance strategy and building fabric.

NTS SRI LANKA SUN PATH DIAGRAM

SRI LANKA WIND ROSE DIAGRAM

From the Sun Path data, the sun’s height in the sky is relatively consistent, and is relatively high at all times of year. Therefore window orientation is important to mitigate solar shading, and additionally, a shading strategy will be implemented to ensure the building is comfortable to occupy at all times of year.

From the Wind Rose, data can be seen of where the wind blows from, and how often that wind direction reoccurs. Therefore the prevailing wind is blowing from the South West to North East.

FIGURE 04.04.01

FIGURE 04.04.02

SRI LANKA SUN PATH DIAGRAM

SRI LANKA WIND ROSE

SRI LANKA CLIMATE DATA From the climate data, the average yearly temperatures are fairly regular and moderate.

Therefore within the building design an overall annual strategy can be acheived, rather than having to design for extreme changes in yearly temperature (which is the case in European countries). *(climate data taken from Anuradhapura, a nearby city)

FIGURE 04.04.03

SRI LANKA CLIMATE DATA

Due to the warm temperatures, a cooling strategy will have to be implemented.

Humidity levels are relatively high so therefore will have to be considered in the building fabric.

The precipitation is fairly regular , so a drainage strategy will have to be implemented to manage this throughout the year.

04.05 SOLAR STUDY Lighting, and shading are important factors to take into consideration when designing a building.

LIGHTING: Lighting factors: - direct light (sun light) - indirect light (sky light) - reflected light Direct light is the biggest concern as it can overheat the building fabric, and increase temperatures internally. Additionally, the internal programmes should be laid out to avoid direct day lighting if a managed lighting level needs to be maintained as day lighting is often very bright.

SOLAR STUDY: SHADOW CASTING

SUMMER 9hrs00 am

SUMMER 12hrs00 pm

SUMMER 17hrs00 pm

04.05 SOLAR STUDY SHADING When investigating shading, it is important to consider the context of the design, as your design should not completely shade neighbouring buildings or landscapes for prolonged periods of time.

However, in this case there are no nearby neighbouring buildings, and additionally, large shadows are cast only in the winter months for short periods of the day.

SOLAR STUDY: SHADOW CASTING

WINTER 9hrs00 am

WINTER 12hrs00 pm

WINTER 17hrs00 pm

04.06 DAYLIGHT STUDY In the library a comfortable lightning level wants to be maintained. Direct lighting is ok, as long as it can be shaded if causing any disturbance.

DAYLIGHT STUDY PER PROGRAMME: LIBRARY SUMMER 9hrs00 am

However this should be minimal as the central lightwell is shaded by a roof over hang to protect the stairway, therefore blocking overhead light. Additionally, there are blinds on the external face of the building if overheating or lighting is an issue. However as the windows are on the North facade, these mitigation methods should not have to be used often.

SUMMER 12hrs00 pm

KEY PLAN:

SUMMER 17hrs00 pm

04.06 DAYLIGHT STUDY

DAYLIGHT STUDY PER PROGRAMME: LIBRARY WINTER 9hrs00 am

WINTER 12hrs00 pm

KEY PLAN:

WINTER 17hrs00 pm

04.06 DAYLIGHT STUDY In the laboratories, minimal direct lighting is wanted, as a consistent environment is desired.

DAYLIGHT STUDY PER PROGRAMME: LABORATORY SUMMER 9hrs00 am

The write-up spaces are placed near the windows to allow natural lighting.The windows are angled, and are set deep within the window to allow filtered light into these spaces.

SUMMER 12hrs00 pm

KEY PLAN:

SUMMER 17hrs00 pm

04.06 DAYLIGHT STUDY

DAYLIGHT STUDY PER PROGRAMME: LABORATORY WINTER 9hrs00 am

WINTER 12hrs00 pm

KEY PLAN:

WINTER 17hrs00 pm

04.07 FENESTRATION _ ORIENTATION & LOCATION TYPICAL PLAN: FENESTRATION LAYOUT KEY:

WINDOW LOCATIONS LIGHTWELL LOCATIONS 1

SAWTOOTH LAB WINDOWS

2

STAIR CORE LIGHTWELL

3

LIBRARY LIGHTWELL

4

LOBBY / CIRCULATION LIGHTWELL 3

WINDOW LOCATIONS: The windows are only placed on the outside perimeter of the building to the North.With all other windows being placed in the ‘cut-out’ form of the overall geometry.

The windows located in the ‘cut-out’ will have a degree of shading from the respective nearby building form. Additionally the saw tooth angled form within this location are used as deep set windows to filter out any direct lighting into the space.

2

The central light well is shaded from a above by the roof overhang, which additionally protects the stair core from rain.

The library lightwell faces north, so any direct lighting from above will brighten the lightwell but will go out of the window in its travel direction. This will lighten the library, but will not create disruptive direct lighting.

The lobby lightwell, will allow a certain amount of direct lighting at times, casting interesting shadows, as parts of the glazing will be shaded by the building form at different times. Therefore creating a feature. However due to its proximity to the building form due south of itself this shading feature will only occur at certain times of day, so only a manageable amount of solar gain will occur (which is also not to much of a problem as it is a circulation so keeping temperatures comfortable and consistent is not as key as in some other areas of the scheme).

SCALE 1:500

4 1

1

04.08 FENESTRATION _ OVERHEATING PROTECTION SCHEME: These ‘moving panel’ blinds are placed at every window around the scheme, therefore the whole building can be ‘shut down’ and block light at any time of day. They will be operated mechanically.

LABORATORY: In the laboratories, minimal direct lighting is wanted, as a consistent environment is desired.

The write-up spaces are placed near the windows to allow natural lighting.The windows are angled, and are set deep within the window to allow filtered light into these spaces.

OVERHEATING PROTECTION: The panels are located on the external face of the design, to protect from overheating. As when they are closed, the daylight can not travel into the space and heat the room through thermal transfer.

Additionally, if they were placed to the interior of the glazing unit, a heat transfer would still occur, and over time this heat gain can heat up a space, small spaces will find this a particular problem. This heat gain occurs, as the space between the blind and window heat up, creating a hot pocket of air; therefore making the window behave like a radiator in the space.

LABORATORY SAW TOOTH PANEL BLIND DESIGN:

SCALE 1:20

KEY PLAN:

04.08 FENESTRATION _ OVERHEATING PROTECTION SOLAR SHADING: It is is important to create shading strategies that protect the internal spaces from high level sun; midday sun, when temperatures are at their highest.

This is done through the roof jutting out into the lightwell and creating an overhang, therefore disrupting the direct light’s travel path. This still indirect light, in to the spaces around the lightwell which is softer and a more comfortable lighting level. Therefore, overall reducing solar gain, and glare levels.

For regulations on solar shading, Building Regulations Part L will be referred to.

INDIRECT LIGHT

DIRECT LIGHT

KEY PLAN:

04.09 BUILDING FABRIC _ THERMAL MASS THERMAL MASS: The structure of the design is made up of concrete, which can be used to create a thermal mass.

Thermal mass is when a material retains heat, and then later releases that hear energy as it cools; concrete is able to do this. Thermal mass is often used in cooler climates, as a heating strategy, which is particularly successful if the mass makes up the exterior form of the building and is able to collect heat from solar gain throughout the day, and then releases is at night when the temperature drops externally. Through using this strategy, less pressure is put on services, and mechanical systems.

Due to this location’s moderate to warm climate, a huge amount of warming is not needed. However, during the evenings the temperature can drop to moderately cool.

HEAT RELEASED AS EXTERNAL TEMPERATURE DROPS

EXTERNAL

INTERNAL

HEAT RETAINED FROM SOLAR GAIN

Therefore the main central lightwell will be used as a thermal massing element, to provide comfort during the evenings. The lightwell is angled to capture as much sunlight as possible throughout the day. The interior face of the lightwell is made up of the exposed concrete structure, which can be used to store heat throughout the day, retained from solar gain. In the evening as it cools externally the concrete will release this heat into the building to keep the temperature more moderate, resulting in a more stable internal environment.

As the rest of external mass is a cladding system, thermal mass is not possible. Additionally any heat retained in the cladding will be released back into the environment, as it will not be able to pass through the insulation.

Through using thermal mass to ensure the building is a comfortable temperature at night, no other heating strategy will be necessary, as only a small amount of heating will be needed.

KEY PLAN:

SCALE 1:20

04.10 BUILDING FABRIC _ INSULATION SCALE 1:20

TYPICAL WALL BUILD-UP DETAILS:

RFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved rtar to suit FFL, A Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved RFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved layer, to suit FFL, rtar to suit FFL, (PIR),

Concrete Wall

er, layer, R), (PIR),

EXT EXT EXT

INTERNAL

EXTERNAL

INT INT INT

Insulation Concrete Wall Concrete Wall VCL Insulation Insulation Cavity VCL VCL Cladding Cavity Cavity Iron Cladding Cladding Cladding Iron Cladding Iron Cladding

ded undercroft cladding

undercroft cladding ded undercroft cladding

INSULATION: A sustainable, passive method of performance is the level of insulation in the building’s envelope, as the desired temperature that the ventilation systems are achieving will be retained if the required depth and quality of insulation is used.This amount can be calculated in the UK government’s building regulations Part L2a.

Thermal breaks, and connectors are needed to ensure there is not a break in the insulation in the design’s construction build-ups. If this does occur, a cold bridge can be found, which allows condensation to occur.

This occurs when the internal environment and external environment are at different temperatures, and where they meet on an uninsulated surface, moisture occurs. This can weaken structures, and create damp patches, and lead to poor environmental conditions, as water has penetrated the structure. When this occurs, the process is called interstitial condensation.

However this is easily mitigated, if a closed insulation blanket wraps around the entirety of the building, with thermal breaks in structure or fixing that must pass through the insulation line.

EXTERNAL WALL EXTERNAL EXTERNALWALL WALL

Thermal breaks, work as between the two connectors, a non-conductive material is placed, which stops a heat transfer from occurring.

RFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved rtar to suit FFL, A Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved RFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved layer, to suit FFL, rtar to suit FFL, sulation (PIR), , er, layer, ation (PIR), sulation (PIR), o form perimeter channel, , mbrane by specialist. rm perimeter channel, o form perimeter channel, ane by specialist. mbrane by specialist.

INTERNAL

EXTERNAL

Concrete Wall

INT INT INT

EXT EXT EXT

Insulation Concrete Wall Concrete Wall VCL Insulation Insulation Cavity VCL VCL Concrete Cladding Cavity Cavity Concrete Cladding Concrete Cladding

STAIRWELL & CORE WALL STAIRWELL STAIRWELL&&CORE COREWALL WALL

KEY:

e rtar to suit FFL,

, ation (PIR), sulation (PIR), o form perimeter channel,

INTERNAL

INT INT INT

EXT EXT EXT

Continuous Insulation Line

BSMT WALL BSMT BSMTWALL WALL Wall type 01: Basement wall

Wall type 01: Basement wall Wall type 01: Basement wall

INT INT INT IATE FLR IATE DIATE FLR FLR

RFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved rtar to suit FFL, Ad,Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved RFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved layer, to suit FFL, SCALE 1:20 rtar to suit FFL, d, sulation (PIR), er, layer,

EXTERNAL

Insulation

e layer, to suit FFL, rtar to suit FFL, sulation (PIR), er, , layer, ation (PIR), sulation (PIR), o form perimeter channel, , mbrane by specialist. rm perimeter channel, o form perimeter channel, ane by specialist. mbrane by specialist.

Resin flooring (FeRFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, Screed, Resin flooring (FeRFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved Resin flooring (FeRFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved separation Bedsealed of cement mortarlayer, to suit FFL, Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, Screed, thermal insulation (PIR), Screed, sealed separation layer, sealed separation layer, thermal insulation (PIR), thermal insulation (PIR), conc conc

INT

04.11 TEMPERATURE CONTROL _ CHILLED FLOOR

Resin flooring (FeRFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, Screed, sealed separation layer, thermal insulation (PIR),

Concrete Wall Insulation VCL Cavity Cladding

INT

TYPICAL FLOOR BUILD-UP DETAILS: INT

INTERNAL

EXT

INT

conc Resin flooring (FeRFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, Screed, sealed separation layer, thermal insulation (PIR),

EXT

Iron Cladding

Concrete Wall Insulation VCL

insulation

CHILLED FLOOR: Chilled floors work by pumping round cold water through the floor of the building. This cool water is retrieved from a ground source heat pump, where temperatures are stable, and cooler than the environment surrounding the building.

Cavity

void

Cladding

INT

iron panel suspended undercroft cladding Resin conc flooring (FeRFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, Screed, sealed separation layer, thermal insulation (PIR), Resin flooring (FeRFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, Screed, insulation sealed separation layer, thermal insulation (PIR), void

EXT

Iron Cladding

Concrete Wall Insulation VCL

A ground source heat pump is achieved by creating bore holes on site.

This can be completed during the basement excavation.A heat exchange occurs when using a chilled floor.

Cavity Concrete Wall

concpanel suspended undercroft cladding iron

INT

conc

INT

EXTERNAL WALL

Cladding Insulation

EXT

Iron VCLCladding

EXT

Iron Cladding

Cavity Cladding

INT EXT

insulation void

INT EXT EXTERNAL

EXT INT

INTERNAL INT

GRND

GRND INT EXTERNAL GRND

GRND INT INTERNAL

EXTERNAL WALL

iron panel suspended undercroft cladding Resin flooring (FeRFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved insulation Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, void Screed, sealed separation layer, iron panel suspended undercroft 160mm thermal insulation (PIR), cladding 20mm cavity drain,

Concrete Wall Insulation VCL Cavity

75mm K Screed to form perimeter channel, waterproofing membrane by specialist.

Concrete

INT GRND

EXTERNAL GRND

EXTERNAL WALL

Concrete Cladding

Concrete Resin flooring (FeRFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, Screed, sealed separation layer, 160mm thermal insulation (PIR), Resin (FeRFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved 20mmflooring cavity drain, Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, Screed, 75mm K Screed to form perimeter channel, sealed separation layer, by specialist. waterproofing membrane 160mm thermal insulation (PIR), 20mm cavity drain, Concrete

INT

EXT Concrete Wall Insulation VCL Cavity Concrete Wall

INT

75mm K Screed to form perimeter channel, waterproofing membrane by specialist.

STAIRWELL & CORE WALL EXT

INT

VCL Cavity

EXT STAIRWELL & CORE WALL

Tanking Membrane Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, Screed, sealed separation layer, 160mm thermal insulation (PIR), 20mm cavity drain, 75mm K Screed to form perimeter channel, waterproofing membrane by specialist.

INT

Tanking Membrane Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, Screed, sealed separation layer, 160mm thermal insulation (PIR), 20mm cavity drain,

STAIRWELL & CORE WALL EXT STAIRWELL & CORE WALL

75mm K Screed to form perimeter channel, waterproofing membrane by specialist.

Concrete Tanking Membrane Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, Screed, sealed separation layer, 160mm thermal insulation (PIR), Tanking Membrane 20mm cavity drain, Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, Screed, 75mm K Screed to form perimeter channel, sealed separation layer, by specialist. waterproofing membrane 160mm thermal insulation (PIR), 20mm cavity drain, Concrete

INT

Resin flooring (FeRFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, 75mm HDK Screed, sealed separation layer, 150mm thermal insulation (PIR),

150mm thermal insulation (PIR), 20mm cavity drain, 75mm K Screed to form perimeter channel, waterproofing membrane by specialist.

Resin flooring (FeRFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved Conc Structure Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, 75mm HDK Screed, sealed separation layer, Resin flooring (FeRFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved 150mm thermal insulation (PIR), Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, 75mm 20mm HDK cavityScreed, drain, sealed Kseparation 75mm Screed tolayer, form perimeter channel, waterproofing membrane by specialist.

KEY:

EXT

Chilled Floor INTERNAL INT

75mm K Screed to form perimeter channel, waterproofing membrane by specialist.

Conc Structure Resin flooring (FeRFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, 75mm HDK Screed, sealed separation layer,

GRND

Concrete Cladding Insulation

Concrete Cladding

Concrete

20mm cavity drain, 75mm K Screed to form perimeter channel, waterproofing membrane by specialist.

EXTERNAL

Concrete Wall Insulation VCL

INT

INTERNAL

GRND

EXT

Cavity

Concrete

GRND

Concrete Cladding

75mm K Screed to form perimeter channel, waterproofing membrane by specialist.

Concrete

INT

EXTERNAL WALL

INT

Resin flooring (FeRFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, Screed, sealed separation layer, 160mm thermal insulation (PIR), 20mm cavity drain,

EDIATE TEINTERMEDIATE FLR FLR INTERMEDIATE FLR FLR

MT LR FLR BSMT FLR BSMT FLR WATER WATER GROUND GROUND WATER FLR FLR GROUND WATER FLR GROUND FLRGROUND GROUND FLR FLR GROUND FLR GROUNDUNDERCROFT FLRUNDERCROFT EXT. UNDERCROFT EXT. FLR FLR UNDERCROFT EXT. FLR EXT. FLR

INT

EXTERNAL

BSMT WALL Wall type 01: Basement wall

INT

EXT EXT

BSMT WALL Wall type 01: Basement wall

INT BSMT WALL Wall type 01: Basement wall

BSMT WALL INT Wall type 01: Basement wall

INT INT

SCALE 1:20

INT

Resin flooring (FeRFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, Screed, sealed separation layer, thermal insulation (PIR), conc

Resin flooring (FeRFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved void Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, Screed, concrete panel suspended ceiling sealed separation layer, thermal insulation (PIR), conc

Resin flooring (FeRFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved Bed void of cement mortar to suit FFL, Screed, sealed separation layer, ceiling concrete panel suspended thermal insulation (PIR), Resin flooring (FeRFA Type 4) - Altro TB + Cast or equal approved Bed of cement mortar to suit FFL, Screed, conc sealed separation layer, thermal insulation (PIR),

04.12 VENTILATION _ MECHANICAL STRATEGY The laboratories require a controlled environment, therefore a mechanical strategy will be used. The basement will also utilise a mechanical ventilation strategy.

Mechanical ventilation works through the use of an air handling unit, which can be placed on the roof, ground floor, or basement. In this case it will be placed under the undercroft of the building where it is shaded.

This will protect is from being overheated by the sun, and additionally give the unit a source of cooler air to intake. To recover some of the air already collected a heat exchanger will be used.

FCU

This air is taken into the building to a Fan Coil Unit, which expels the cool air that circulates around the room, and recollects the warm air at high level, which is then taken to the exhaust.

FCU

HEAT EXCHANGER: FRESH AIR OUTPUT INTERNAL

AHU

INTAKE WARM AIR

FRESH AIR INTAKE

HE

WARM AIR OUTLET

EXTERNAL EXHAUST WARM AIR

COOL AIR INLET

KEY:

KEY PLAN:

HOT AIR

AHU

AIR HANDLING UNIT

COOL AIR

FCU

FAN COIL UNIT

04.13 VENTILATION _ NATURAL STRATEGY The library, and circulation zones, will work solely on a natural ventilation system.

Natural ventilation is a sustainable and passive method of ventilation cooling. Natural ventilation works though allowing air into the building at low level, and expelling the air at high level. This enables internal temperatures to be moderated, a supply of fresh air, and air flow.

Within the core lightwells, stack ventilation will be used, while in the library cross ventilation will be used.

Stack ventilation intakes cool air at ground level, and as it cools the internal space, the hot air rises and escapes through the top of the lightwell.

CROSS VENTILATION

Cross ventilation works by in taking cool air at low level on one side of the room, cooling the room as it moves through, as this occurs the air warms up rises and is expressed at high level on the other side of the room.

STACK VENTILATION

The sizes of the inlets and outlets for maximum air flow is important for comfort and the success of the ventilation strategy.s

KEY: HOT AIR

COOL AIR

KEY PLAN:

04.14 VENTILATION _ HYBRID STRATEGY The lecture room will require a hybrid strategy, as it will contain a higher quantity people at one time.

People expell heat, and require fresh air to breathe to feel comfortable in a concentrated space a cooling strategy will have to be implemented. to mitigate these issues.

FCU

The mechanical ventilation system monitors the air condition, and will turn on to support the single sided natural ventilation strategy when needed.

SINGLE SIDED VENTILATION & MECHANICAL VENTILATION

FCU

AHU

WARM AIR OUTLET COOL AIR INLET

KEY: HOT AIR

COOL AIR

AHU

AIR HANDLING UNIT

FCU

FAN COIL UNIT

KEY PLAN:

04.15 VENTILATION _ STRATEGY OVERVIEW TYPICAL PLAN:VENTILATION STRATEGY KEY: HOT AIR OUTLET

COOL AIR INLET

AIR HANDLING UNIT

FCU

FAN COIL UNIT

FC

U

AHU

AH

U

AH U

U FC

AH

U

AH

U

FC

U

FC

U

AIR HANDLING UNIT LOCATION:

04.16 SUSTAINABLE DRAINAGE SYSTEM _ STRATEGY TYPICAL PLAN: DRAINAGE LAYOUT KEY: ROOF FALL FOR WATER DRAINAGE

DRAINAGE STRATEGY: The roof construction is built up as a blue roof, so is designed to collect water.

However, if there is an excess amount, or access to the roof is required for maintenance, the flat roof has been designed with falls towards the lightwell cores. Within the wall build-up of the lightwell cores there are hidden drain pipes, which a hatch above can be mechanically opened or closed to regulate the amount of water on the roof.

SUSTAINABLE DRAINAGE SYSTEM _ BLUE ROOF BLUE ROOF: The blue roof is used to collect and store water in the monsoon season.

Additionally, the water on the roof will protect the roof from overheating and cracking by direct sunlight, to do this and ensure the water doesn’t all evaporate away a reasonable amount of water will be needed.

SCALE 1:20

04.17 BUILDING RESOURCES _ ENERGY SOURCE KEY:

SITE LOCATION

NTS

ENERGY CENTRES

ENERGY SOURCE: The energy during construction will have to be retrieved from generators.

Post construction, the building will plug-in to the masterplan’s energy centre which is based within the underground infrastructure system.

04.18 INTERNAL CONDITION _ ACOUSTICS Acoustic panels will need to be used in the Lecture Room, due to the hard structure, and exposed concrete aesthetic.They can be implemented on the walls and ceiling, to dampen sound, and prevent reverberations.

An acoustic consultant would need to be involved in the design team to ensure optimum acoustic output.

04.19 DOCUMENT B _ FIRE SAFETY To comply with Document B Regulations the design incorporates: - Ensure minimum escape distances to protected fire zones (lobbies), and to the outside environment - Protected Fire lobbies and protected cores with adequate fire rating - Ensure minimum stair widths for full capacity of the building to escape - Well lit escape routes: low level lighting (below smoke line) - Escape routes are clearly signed, and defined for easy escape - Fire alarms (smoke & heat) appropriately placed to make occupants aware, in case of a outbreak of fire - Materials have been chosen to ensure protection against fire, and due to the thick concrete wall structure, and fire linings, a fire rating of F120 is ensured, additionally all doors follow a FD60 fire rating (allowing 60min fire resistance) - A fire engineer consultant will be brought on boars to ensure the design complies, and safety/protection is guaranteed Through following these regulations, safety against fire, and escape for all is ensured.

KEY: VERTICAL ESCAPE: STAIRS

FIGURE 04.19.01

FIRE SAFETY

04.19 DOCUMENT B _ FIRE SAFETY Fire Risks based on scheme programme and equipment: - Lifts pose as a fire risk, therefore are lobbied away from escape zones - Laboratories with equipment pose as a high risk of fire - Plant rooms are at high risk of fire - Store rooms are at low risk of fire (depending on what is being stored) - The library, lecture room, admin office, and circulation pose as a low fire risk - Escape route doors open out in the direction of travel for ease of exit ** High Risk zones will have sprinklers incorporated into the RCP design

KEY: FIRE RISK: LOW FIRE RISK: HIGH

FIGURE 04.19.02

FIRE SAFETY

04.19 DOCUMENT B _ FIRE SAFETY NTS

To comply with Document B Regulations the design incorporates: - A sprinkler system will be put in place, to lengthen escape time, and to additionally help output fire - Fire lobbies and fire doors are used to break up travel distances - Building occupancy:

- Peak times (Lecture Room Full): 120 people

Minimum Escape Route Width: 1050mm However these widths will be wider for Part M requirements.

KEY: FIRE ESCAPE EXITS

Through following these regulations, safety against fire, and escape for all is ensured.

FIRE ESCAPE ROUTES REFUGE POINT

DR

DRY RISER OUTLETS

DR

DR

DR

DR

DR

DR

DR

DR

DR

DR

BASEMENT FLOOR

GROUND FLOOR

FIRST FLOOR

SECOND FLOOR

04.20 DOCUMENT M _ ACCESSIBILITY To comply with Document M Regulations the design incorporates: - Level access to enter the building - Access to all floors and areas via lifts for wheel chair users - Circulation corridors comply with minimum widths for horizontal and vertical circulation.

- Ramp follows a 1:15 ramp gradient, suitable for wheelchair users - Stairs follow requirement for Part K & for ambulant disabled use - Means of Escape: rescue points are placed at the top of each escape stair - Sanitary Accommodation: provided on every floor, and designed to required dimensions - Door Clear Width: all doors follow minimum widths, and most are automatic opening on fob access Through following these regulations, access for all is ensured.

KEY: VERTICAL CIRCULATION: LIFTS HORIZONTAL CIRCULATION: RAMPS

ACCESSIBLE WC FACILITIES

FIGURE 04.20.01

ACCESS TO AND USE OF BUILDINGS

04.21 DOCUMENT K _ STAIR DESIGN To comply with Document K Regulations the design incorporates: - Stairs are designed to comply with 900mm high ballustrade, with a 300mm oversail before the steps begin - All stairs have above minimum head height (2m) - As the stair are located in voids, and lightwells the head height is over 6m.

-The steps are designed to comply with general access stair requirements, where the rise is 150mm, and going is 250mm Allowing a gentle incline, and comfortable stair climb - Stair widths are 1100mm - All landings, are the same length as the width of the stairs - No flight is longer than 12 steps in one going - A change of direction also occurs after less than 36 consecutive steps - Ramps are set to 1:15 gradient, complying with ramp safety, and accessibility (Part M) - External steps also comply to required regulations Through following these regulations, protection against falling, and safety on stairs and ramps is ensured.

KEY: VERTICAL CIRCULATION: STAIRS HORIZONTAL CIRCULATION: RAMPS

FIGURE 04.21.01

PROTECTION FROM FALLING, COLLISION & IMPACT

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

05.00 BIBLIOGRAPHY PART A: CONTEXT, OPPORTUNITIES, & CONSTRAINTS

DOCUMENTS: FIGURE 01.07.01

IMAGES: ANTIQUITIES ORDINANCE NO. 9 of 1940

FIGURE 01.02.01

Think Marketing (2017), Unknown [Online Image] Available at: https://thinkmarketingmagazine.com/learning-elon-musk-5-lessonssuccessful-entrepreneur/ [Accessed 04 February 2018]

Parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (1940). Antiquities. Colombo, Government Publications Bureau p.Cover

FIGURE 01.07.02

FIGURE 01.02.02 ANTIQUITIES (AMENDMENT) ACT, NO. 24 OF 1998 Parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (1998). Antiquities (Amendment) Act, No. 24 of 1998. Colombo, Government Publications Bureau p.Cover

FIGURE 01.08.01

FIGURE 01.09.01

WORLD HERITAGE REPORTS STATE OF CONSERVATION OF THE WORLD HERITAGE PROPERTIES IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REASON

FIGURE 01.02.03

SRI LANKA - ANCIENT CITY OF SIGIRIYA STATE OF CONSERVATION OF THE WORLD HERITAGE PROPERTIES IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REASON Periodic Reporting Cycle 1, Section II (Summary) (2003). State of Conservation of the World Heritage Properties in the Asia-Pacific Reason, Sri Lanka, Ancient City of Sigiriya. UNESCO p.107 Available at: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/202/documents/ Periodic Reporting Cycle 1, Section II (Summary) 2003 [Accessed 11 Feb. 2018]. p.Cover,

FIGURE 01.10.01

THE BORING COMPANY LOGO Domenick Yoney (2017), Unknown [Online Image] Available at: https://insideevs.com/musk-tweet-nets-80000-in-hat-sales-forboring-company/ [Accessed 04 February 2018]

FIGURE 01.02.04

MUSK FOUNDATION QuakeFinder (2018), Unknown [Online Image] Available at: https://www.quakefinder.com/community/sponsors/ [Accessed 04 February 2018]

FIGURE 01.02.04

MATERIAL RESEARCH SOCIETY LOGO US DAVIS Materials Research Society (Unknown), Unknown [Online Image] Available at: https://chms.ucdavis.edu/mrs/contact.html [Accessed 04 February 2018]

World Heritage Reports 12 (2004). The State of World Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region 2003. Paris; UNESCO. p.Cover

FIGURE 01.09.02

SPACEX LOGO Prototype Today (2018), Unknown [Online Image] Available at: http://www.prototypetoday.com/spacex/spacex-uses-dmls-to-3dprint-inconel-superdraco-engine-chamber [Accessed 04 February 2018]

SRI LANKA 2011 - 2030 NATIONAL PHYSICAL PLAN AND PROJECT PROPOSALS Ministry of Construction, Engineering Services, Housing & Common Amenities (2012). Sri Lanka 2011 - 2030 National Physical Plan and Project Proposals. Battaramulla, National Physical Planning Department p.Cover

ELON MUSK

FIGURE 01.20.01

AERIAL VIEW OF SIGIRIYA ROCK

BY PETER FENZ, AUSTRIA, 1960 - FOUND IN SIGIRIYA MUSEUM Fenz, P (1960). Aerial View of Sigiriya Rock. (Photograph) Sigiriya Museum Photography of Image taken from Sigiriya Museum 13.01.18

LABORATORY DESIGN HANDBOOK TSI TSI (2014). Laboratory Design Handbook. USA,TSI Incoprorated. p.Cover Available at: http://www.tsi.com/uploadedFiles/_Site_ Root/Products/Literature/Handbooks/2980330CLabControlsHandbook.pdf [Accessed 11 Feb. 2018].

* UNREFERENCED IMAGES: OWN PHOTOGRAPHY & DIAGRAMS

05.00 BIBLIOGRAPHY PART B: PROFESSIONAL STRATEGY

DOCUMENTS: FIGURE 02.05.01

WHICH CONTRACT? CHOOSING THE APPROPRIATE BUILDING CONTRACT

FIGURE 02.19.01

Clamp, H, Cox, S, Lupton, S & Udom K (2015). Which Contract?

Choosing the appropriate building contract. Fifth Ed. London, RIBA Publishing. p.Cover

FIGURE 02.13.01

FIGURE 02.13.03 FIGURE 02.13.04 FIGURE 02.13.05

Design Statement and Planning Application Drawings (2004). Stonehenge Visitor Facilities and Access Scheme. Amesbury, English Heritage p.Cover

ANTIQUITIES ORDINANCE NO. 9 of 1940

FIGURE 02.19.02

ANTIQUITIES (AMENDMENT) ACT, NO. 24 OF 1998

FIGURE 02.20.01

FIGURE 02.14.02 FIGURE 02.14.03 FIGURE 02.14.04

SRI LANKA 2011 - 2030 NATIONAL PHYSICAL PLAN AND PROJECT PROPOSALS

FIGURE 02.27.01 FIGURE 02.28.01 Ministry of Construction, Engineering Services, Housing & Common Amenities (2012). Sri Lanka 2011 - 2030 National Physical Plan and Project Proposals. Battaramulla, National Physical Planning Department p.Cover, 4, 19, & 34

FIGURE 02.15.01

SRI LANKA - ANCIENT CITY OF SIGIRIYA STATE OF CONSERVATION OF THE WORLD HERITAGE PROPERTIES IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REASON

FIGURE 02.15.02 FIGURE 02.15.03 FIGURE 02.15.04 Periodic Reporting Cycle 1, Section II (Summary) (2003). State of Conservation of the World Heritage Properties in the Asia-Pacific Reason, Sri Lanka, Ancient City of Sigiriya. UNESCO p.107 Available at: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/202/documents/ Periodic Reporting Cycle 1, Section II (Summary) 2003 [Accessed 11 Feb. 2018]. p.Cover, 1 & 2

SAINSBURY LABORATORY - UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE PLANNING SUBMISSION, DESIGN & ACCESS STATEMENT Planning Submission, Design & Access Statement (2007). Sainsbury Laboratory - University of Cambridge. Cambridge, The Gatsby Charitable Foundation, University of Cambridge, Stanton Williams, Christoper Bradley-Hoe p.Cover Available at: https://idox.cambridge.gov.uk/online-applications/files/ FE4D7527CAC582CE58C93BBD0E8E4CE0/pdf/07_0893_FUL-DESIGN_ AND_ACCESS_STATEMENT-754978.pdf[Accessed 11 Feb. 2018].

Parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (1998). Antiquities (Amendment) Act, No. 24 of 1998. Colombo, Government Publications Bureau p.Cover

FIGURE 02.14.01

REPORT ON THE JOINT WORLD HERITAGE CENTRE/ICOMOS ADVISORY MISSION TO STONEHENGE, AVEBURY, AND ASSOCIATED SITES Barker, C, Sohlanger, N, & Tournoux, M (2016). Report on the Joint World Heritage Centre/ICOMOS Advisory Mission to Stonehenge, Avebury, and Associated Sites. Paris, UNESCO, ICOMOS p.Cover

Parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (1940). Antiquities. Colombo, Government Publications Bureau p.Cover, 2, 4-5

FIGURE 02.13.02

DESIGN STATEMENT AND PLANNING APPLICATION DRAWINGS STONEHENGE VISITOR FACILITIES AND ACCESS SCHEME

MANAGING HEALTH & SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION MANAGING HEALTH & SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION Managing health and safety in construction. (2015). [PDF] London: Crown, p.1.

Available at: http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/priced/l153.pdf [Accessed 11 Feb. 2018].

05.00 BIBLIOGRAPHY PART B: PROFESSIONAL STRATEGY

IMAGES: FIGURE 02.01.01

ELON MUSK

FIGURE 02.25.01

Think Marketing (2017), Unknown [Online Image] Available at: https://thinkmarketingmagazine.com/learning-elon-musk-5-lessonssuccessful-entrepreneur/ [Accessed 04 February 2018]

FIGURE 02.01.02 FIGURE 02.02.01

SPACEX LOGO

E-Architect. (2017), Phaeno, Germany : Wolfsburg Science Center [Online Image] Available at: https://www.e-architect.co.uk/hamburg/phaeno-centrewolfsburg [Accessed 11 Feb. 2018].

FIGURE 02.25.02

Domenick Yoney (2017), Unknown [Online Image] Available at: https://insideevs.com/musk-tweet-nets-80000-in-hat-sales-forboring-company/ [Accessed 04 February 2018]

FIGURE 02.01.04 FIGURE 02.02.03

PHAENO SCIENCE CENTRE Zaha Hadid Architects. (2017), Unknown [Online Image] Available at: http://www.zaha-hadid.com/architecture/phaenoscience-centre/ [Accessed 11 Feb. 2018].

Prototype Today (2018), Unknown [Online Image] Available at: http://www.prototypetoday.com/spacex/spacex-uses-dmls-to-3dprint-inconel-superdraco-engine-chamber [Accessed 04 February 2018]

FIGURE 02.01.03 THE BORING COMPANY LOGO FIGURE 02.02.02

PHAENO SCIENCE CENTRE

FIGURE 02.25.03

SAINSBURY LABORATORY Stanton Williams. (Unknown), Sainsbury Laboratory [Online Image] Available at: https://www.stantonwilliams.com/projects/sainsburylaboratory/ [Accessed 11 Feb. 2018].

MUSK FOUNDATION LOGO QuakeFinder (2018), Unknown [Online Image] Available at: https://www.quakefinder.com/community/sponsors/ [Accessed 04 February 2018]

FIGURE 02.02.04

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY, SRI LANKA LOGO Ceylon Discovery Tours (Unknown), Unknown [Online Image] Available at: http://www.ceylondiscoverytours.com/useful-links [Accessed 04 February 2018]

FIGURE 02.02.05

UNESCO LOGO UNESCO (Unknown), Name and Logo [Online Image] Available at: https://en.unesco.org/about-us/name_logo [Accessed 04 February 2018]

FIGURE 02.02.06

GOVERNMENT OF SRI LANKA LOGO Study In Sri Lanka (Unknown), Emblem of Sri Lanka [Online Image] Available at: http://www.studyinsrilanka.org/emblem-of-sri-lanka/ [Accessed 04 February 2018]

FIGURE 02.19.03

STONEHENGE VISITOR CENTRE IMAGES Dezeen (Unknown), Stonehenge Visitor Centre by Denton Corker Marshall [Online Image] Available at: https://www.dezeen.com/2012/07/11/stonehenge-visitor-centre-bydenton-corker-marshall/ [Accessed 11 February 2018]

FIGURE 02.20.02

SAINSBURY LABORATORY IMAGES Stanton Williams. (Unknown), Sainsbury Laboratory [Online Image] Available at: https://www.stantonwilliams.com/projects/sainsbury-laboratory/ [Accessed 11 Feb. 2018]. * UNREFERENCED IMAGES: OWN PHOTOGRAPHY & DIAGRAMS

05.00 BIBLIOGRAPHY PART C: BUILDING MATERIALS & CONSTRUCTION

DOCUMENTS: FIGURE 03.17.01

IMAGES: MANAGING HEALTH & SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

FIGURE 03.02.01

ELON MUSK Think Marketing (2017), Unknown [Online Image] Available at: https://thinkmarketingmagazine.com/learning-elon-musk-5-lessonssuccessful-entrepreneur/ [Accessed 04 February 2018]

FIGURE 03.02.02

SPACEX LOGO

Managing health and safety in construction. (2015). [PDF] London: Crown, p.1.

Available at: http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/priced/l153.pdf [Accessed 11 Feb. 2018].

Prototype Today (2018), Unknown [Online Image] Available at: http://www.prototypetoday.com/spacex/spacex-uses-dmls-to-3dprint-inconel-superdraco-engine-chamber [Accessed 04 February 2018]

FIGURE 03.02.03

THE BORING COMPANY LOGO Domenick Yoney (2017), Unknown [Online Image] Available at: https://insideevs.com/musk-tweet-nets-80000-in-hat-sales-forboring-company/ [Accessed 04 February 2018]

FIGURE 03.02.04

MUSK FOUNDATION QuakeFinder (2018), Unknown [Online Image] Available at: https://www.quakefinder.com/community/sponsors/ [Accessed 04 February 2018]

FIGURE 03.02.04

MATERIAL RESEARCH SOCIETY LOGO US DAVIS Materials Research Society (Unknown), Unknown [Online Image] Available at: https://chms.ucdavis.edu/mrs/contact.html [Accessed 04 February 2018]

FIGURE 03.06.01

FIGURE 03.06.02

PAUL SMITH LONDON 6a architects. (Unknown), Paul Smith, London 2013 [Online Image] Available at: http://www.6a.co.uk/projects/more/paul-smith [Accessed 01 Mar. 2018].

SUBMISSION A:

PHAENO SCIENCE CENTRE

FIGURE 03.02.05

MANAGEMENT CONTRACT Graham, F (2018). Material Research Institute. Part A & B: Design Realisation. University of Greenwich. (Unpublished Report) Section: 02.06 Scheme’s Procurement Relationships

FIGURE 03.09.01

ROCK GEOLOGY OF SRI LANKA

E-Architect. (2017), Phaeno, Germany : Wolfsburg Science Center [Online Image] Available at: https://www.e-architect.co.uk/hamburg/phaeno-centrewolfsburg [Accessed 11 Feb. 2018].

FIGURE 03.06.03

Zaha Hadid Architects. (2017), Unknown [Online Image] Available at: http://www.zaha-hadid.com/architecture/phaenoscience-centre/ [Accessed 11 Feb. 2018].

FIGURE 03.06.04

Graham, F (2018). Material Research Institute. Part A & B: Design Realisation. University of Greenwich. (Unpublished Report) Section: 01.18 Site Analysis _ Geology

PHAENO SCIENCE CENTRE

SAINSBURY LABORATORY Stanton Williams. (Unknown), Sainsbury Laboratory [Online Image] Available at: https://www.stantonwilliams.com/projects/sainsbury-laboratory/ [Accessed 11 Feb. 2018].

FIGURE 03.17.02

CDM_RISKS & MITIGATION Graham, F (2018). Material Research Institute. Part A & B: Design Realisation. University of Greenwich. (Unpublished Report) Section: 02.29 CDM_Risks & Mitigation

* UNREFERENCED IMAGES: OWN PHOTOGRAPHY & DIAGRAMS

05.00 BIBLIOGRAPHY PART D: BUILDING PERFORMANCE

DOCUMENTS: FIGURE 04.19.01

IMAGES: FIRE SAFETY

FIGURE 04.03.01

Approved Document B,Fire Safety;Volume 2 Buildings Other Than Dwellinghouses. (2006). [pdf] HM Government, p.Title Page.

Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/ uploads/attachment_data/file/441669/BR_PDF_AD_B2_2013.pdf [Accessed 1 Apr. 2018].

FIGURE 04.19.02

FIRE SAFETY

Breeam.com. (Unknown). New Construction 2011. [online] Available at: http://www.breeam.com/ BREEAM2011SchemeDocument/#03_scoringrating/ ing.0Rating%2520BREEAM%2520assessed%2520buildings%7C_____0 [Accessed 1 Apr. 2018].

FIGURE 04.04.01

ACCESS TO AND USE OF BUILDINGS

FIGURE 04.04.02

PROTECTION FROM FALLING, COLLISION & IMPACT Approved Document K, Protection from Falling, Collision and Impact (2013). [pdf] HM Government, p.Title Page.

Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/ uploads/attachment_data/file/443181/BR_PDF_AD_K_2013.pdf [Accessed 1 Apr. 2018].

SRI LANKA WIND ROSE meteoblue. (Unknown). Climate Sri Lanka. [online] meteoblue.

Available at: https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/forecast/ modelclimate/sri-lanka_sri-lanka_1227604 [Accessed 1 Apr. 2018].

Approved Document M, Access to and Use of Buildings;Volume 2 Buildings Other Than Dwellings. (2015). [pdf] HM Government, p.Title Page.

Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/ uploads/attachment_data/file/441786/BR_PDF_AD_M2_2015.pdf [Accessed 1 Apr. 2018].

FIGURE 04.21.01

SRI LANKA SUN PATH DIAGRAM Christen, A. (Unknown). GEOB 300 - Resources - Sun path diagrams. [online] Ibis.geog.ubc.ca.

Available at: http://ibis.geog.ubc.ca/courses/geob300/applets/sunpath/ [Accessed 1 Apr. 2018].

Approved Document B,Fire Safety;Volume 2 Buildings Other Than Dwellinghouses. (2006). [pdf] HM Government, p.33.

Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/ uploads/attachment_data/file/441669/BR_PDF_AD_B2_2013.pdf [Accessed 1 Apr. 2018].

FIGURE 04.20.01

BREEAM RATING SYSTEM

FIGURE 04.04.03

SRI LANKA CLIMATE DATA Iamat.org. (Unknown). IAMAT | Sri Lanka | Climate Data. [online] Available at: https://www.iamat.org/country/sri-lanka/climatedata#null [Accessed 1 Apr. 2018].

* UNREFERENCED IMAGES: OWN PHOTOGRAPHY & DIAGRAMS