FHGraham | Thesis | MArch Architecture, University of Greenwich

FORGETTING

LONDON

ATLAS OF LOSS: INTERVIEWS WITH FORGOTTEN BUILDINGS

FLORENCE GRAHAM SUPERVISOR: MIKE ALING

UNIVERSITY OF GREENWICH M.ARCH THESIS

“Time moves in one direction, memory another.”01

WILLIAM GIBSON

Memory is a non-physical phenomenon of remembering past events. Memory can be personal or extend further through collective memory, where an event is remembered by many. These memories, can exist within physical fabric, embedded in material serving as a clue to the past, or providing evidence of a time once before. Research into memory raises the key questions: ‘why do we forget’ and ‘what do we choose to remember’. These questions require scientific exploration through psychology, but also through theory and philosophy to analyse the value of the subject matter at hand. There is a value in what we choose to preserve, and ethics in what we choose to forget. Within architecture, buildings hide clues of a bygone time with demarcations and scars of use. These linger as a “ghostly trace of human presence”02 which depict a narrative and atmosphere. However, if the structure is removed, so is the ‘ghost’. These fragments of time are embedded in our physical realm, waiting for their story to be told. A story of loss. A memory that does not want to be forgotten.

ABSTRACT

RESEARCH METHOD STATEMENT

INTRODUCTION

STAGE 01

RETRIEVAL FAILURE

STAGE 02

INTERFERENCE RECOLLECTION

STAGE 03

FAILURE TO STORE

STAGE 04

MOTIVATIONAL FORGETTING

STAGE 05

DETERIORATION OF MEMORY FORM

101

CONCLUSION

119

ENDNOTES

131

SOURCING MEMORY

159

INDEX

183

BUILDING MEMORABILIA

111

35 37 59

109 57 97

115

87 63

45 79

73 39

33 71 51

43 105

89 113

41 117

JOURNEY THROUGH LOST LONDON

107

THE STUMP

BBC TELEVISION CENTRE

107

1960

RED SANDS FORT

EGYPTIAN HALL

1812

HORSE HOSPITAL

1797

NEWGATE PRISON

2008

SAINSBURYâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S 55 BUGSBY WAY

1943

ADMIRALTY CITADEL

1782

PEMBROKE HOUSE

1999

HOLLOWAY PRISON

1941

KENTISH TOWN SOUTH STATION

1759

BETHLEM HOSPITAL MOORFIELDS

1985

BRIXTON RECREATION CENTRE

1907

LOTS ROAD POWER STATION

1676

HOLLAND HOUSE

1985

TV-AM STUDIOS

1904

NECROPOLIS RAILWAY

1604

TYBURN GALLOWS

1571

1982

SAMPSON HOUSE

79 1902

39 HILLDROP CREECENT

1870

1979

MACADAM BUILDING

1975

87 93

113

BUILDING THROUGH TIME TIMELINE

115

ROBIN HOOD GARDENS

10 RILLINGTON PLACE

1869

CROSSNESS PUMPING STATION

1865

1972

GRENFELL TOWER

CRYSTAL PALACE, SYDENHAM

1854

105

1972

WELBECK STREET CAR PARK

HOLLOWAY PRISON GATEWAY

1852

111

1971

SPACE HOUSE

CRYSTAL PALACE, HYDE PARK

1851

1968

BALFRON TOWER

EUSOTON ARCH

1838

BETHLEM HOSPITAL SOUTHWARK

1815

109

1967

CASSON PAVILION

1965

LONDON CHANCERY BUILDING

1960

51 97

117

WELBECK STREET CAR PARK

CASSON PAVILION

2001

HORSE HOSPITAL

BETHLEM HOSPITAL SOUTHWARK

1930

KENTISH TOWN SOUTH STATION

1924

EGYPTIAN HALL

2019

MACADAM BUILDING

1993

TV-AM STUDIOS

1904

NEWGATE PRISON

2018

117

LONDON CHANCERY BUILDING

1992

10 RILLINGTON PLACE

1902

CRYSTAL PALACE, HYDE PARK

2018

115

ROBIN HOOD GARDENS

111

1978

HOLLOWAY PRISON GATEWAY

1852

BETHLEM HOSPITAL MOORFIELDS

2017

GRENFELL TOWER

109

1971

EUSTON ARCH

1815

TYBURN GALLOWS

1759

2017

SPACE HOUSE

77 1961

RED SANDS FORT

1956

107

2017

SAINSBURYâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S 55 BUGSBY WAY

2016

87 51

LOST TIMINGS TIMELINE

HOLLOWAY PRISON

ADMIRALTY CITADEL

1955

CROSSNESS PUMPING STATION

1953

2016

BRIXTON RECREATION CENTRE

39 HILLDROP CRESCENT

1942

2015

BALFRON TOWER

NECROPOLIS RAILWAY

1941

2015

SAMPSON HOUSE

HOLLAND HOUSE

1940

2013

113

BBC TELEVISION CENTRE

PEMBROKE HOUSE

1938

CRYSTAL PALACE, SYDENHAM

1936

2012

THE STUMP

2010

LOTS ROAD POWER STATION

2002

105 39

INTRODUCTION

Memory can be defined as “Something remembered from the past.”03. Memories exist in our minds predominantly, and this is the key way in which we picture their existence. These memories eventually fade or are passed on to others as a memory of the past.These stories extend through time through the theory of collective memory. Collective memory is “The memory of a group of people, passed from one generation to the next.”04. This can be extended into the belief and break-down of the way in which memories exist. To do this, we can consider memories to be reminders of physical existence in fabric, to survive in living memory as those who have witnessed the buildings’ presence, and so the image lives on in the mind of others. Lastly cultural memory, where memories survive through the portrayal of their story in museums, novels, imagery, and so forth. From this, it can be found that memory is embedded in the material.

Figure 01: Own Photography, David Adjaye, Making Memories Exhibition,, The Design Museum

Currently, research is being undertaken into the state, function, and future of the human brain and its mental cognition. Afflictions such as dementia and other deteriorations of memory are ever increasing in today’s society and are predicted to rise further. Due to this phenomenon: ‘why do we forget’ is ever more pressing. In architecture, this question is also being asked, however through different means. For example, as David Adjaye’s Making Memories exhibition at The Design Museum explores: “The form that monuments take and the way that they are used is constantly changing. Monuments are a record of who we are in the world and what we have done. They are deeply ingrained in our psyche as a way of memorialising our triumphs and failures. Through this exhibition … a new architectural narrative for the monument where architecture and form are used as storytelling devices.”05 Within this exhibition Adjaye, questions our relationship with memorials and monuments in today’s society. Adjaye claims “The monument is no longer a representation, it is an experience of time and place that is available to everyone” 06. From this we can look back to how we treat monumentalising buildings, and look at what we choose to remember? What is lost in reaction to this? The exhibition “Making Memory, while not a retrospective, draws out a “thread” running through Adjaye’s work and spins it into a narrative arc” 07. This thread shows Adjaye’s development and the buildings’ stories and relationships with one another through his design development. In reaction to this exhibition, the question of making memories, and how we do so should be looked at in an opposing manner. In order to include buildings which have not been given this protection and monumental-isation and have lost something in their day-to-day life or in more extreme cases in their entirety. However, the narrative should be kept as a tool for explanation, similarly to Adjaye’s Making Memory.

Figure 02: Crystal Palace

The concept of memory is also analysed through Douglas Murphy’s The Architecture of Failure. Murphy introduces the term “’spectrality’ to describe the inconsistent presence of objects and their mediated being.” 08 In discussion, over Derrida’s work, he argues: “…that the marks we make are inextricably bound up with a logic of ghosts, that representation is in itself haunted, as in the ghostly trace of human presence, but also that our own haunted finitude is made clear in the making of the mark.” 09 From this, it can be said that within our architectural achievements a lingering sense of presence can be found, a presence of the past. This may be previous events that have occurred within the building which make up its history and story, leaving a narrative waiting to be analysed and depicted. Furthermore, Murphy states “we only experience the building in its mediated form; it is preserved at a distance, as fragments” 10. Can it be said that this experience is fragments of memory, fragments of form as we begin to lose or forget these architectural entities? These fragments exist within archival documentation, through drawings and photography, where an image plays as a reminder for what once was but may one day be no more. This fragmented existence, occurs in three key ways in our society; Physical, Living, and Cultural. Physical memories exist in reality and are tangible forms which remind us of our past, and our achievements (or sometimes mistakes). While living memories exist in our mind and the minds of others. They are often twisted and manipulated in the mind of the beholder of their version of what occurred, or how the memory was passed on. Through collective memory, living memory becomes a larger narrative. Cultural memories can be treated like artefacts, evidence of a time once before. Overall, cultural memory can be passed on for centuries. However, this depends on what we regard as an important reflection and memory of a given age through examples and artefacts. For example, Crystal Palace was heavily documented and plays a significant role in architectural history.Within the The Architecture of Failure, Murphy defines the building as “preserved but at a distance, as fragments” 11 as the building lives on through an archive of information but no longer exists in its physical form. Through these methods of remembrance, memories linger in our existence and day-to-day lives.They will be used to demarcate the levels of loss in which the buildings have experienced, and where their memory still remains.

RETRIEVAL FAILURE

INTERFERENCE RECOLLECTION

FAILURE TO STORE

MOTIVATIONAL FORGETTING

DETERIORATION OF MEMORY FORM

PHYSICAL MEMORY

LIVING MEMORY

CULTURAL MEMORY

This however, does leave the question of why do we forget? And what is the way in which we forget? This question has been researched by psychologist, Elizabeth Loftus, who has researched “cognitive psychology, human memory, psychology and law”12. Loftus breaks her research down into four categories13: Retrieval Failure Interference Recollection Failure to Store Motivational Forgetting However, this classification does not include the failing mind, which to answer the question must be included to gather a full spectrum of simple forgetting to a weakening memory formation, so in addition to the list above: Deterioration of Memory Form Can this functional loss of memory within these criteria be applied to analyse the loss of architecture? Additionally, looking at the ruination of elements that made a building what it was once? To analyse this set of criteria, a series of buildings have been selected to visualise this sense of loss, and the buildings are given an opportunity for their story to be released so a sense of them and what has happened to them is documented. This is done through a set of collected data outlining the key features of an architectural project, and their status of loss. Additionally, to look at these buildings in more detail, they will be anthropomorphised into beings. The building’s story is brought to life through an interview with the afflicted building. While, for those unable to speak for themselves due to a life-cut short an obituary is used to represent their narrative. Through doing this an outline of their lives is represented, as well as their feelings towards events that have afflicted them, both positive and negative. This investigation looks at our, and a building’s “emotional connections with place or physical environment”14 through the study of topophilia. This study is situated in the urban setting of London, rich in architectural history, where numerous buildings are constructed and lost throughout time.

Figure 03: From left to right 1. Crystal Palace, Hyde Park 5. Balfron Tower 9. Holland House 13. Lots Rd Power Station 17. Sampson House 21. Welbeck Street Car Park 25. Egyptian Hall 29. Crystal Palace, Sydenham 33. The Stump

2. Kentish Town South Station 6. Brixton Recreation Centre 10. Crossness Pumping Station 14. London Chancery Building 18. Holloway Prison 22. Tyburn 26. 39 Hilldrop Crescent 30. Red Sands Fort 34. Grenfell Tower

3. TV-AM Television Studios 7. Space House 11. Horse Hospital 15. Pembroke House 19. Sainsburyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, 55 Bugsby Way 23. Bethlem Moorfields 27. 10 Rillington Place 31. Euston Arch 35. Robin Hood Gardens

4. Admiralty Citadel 8. Bethlem Hospital, Southwark 12. Casson Pavilion, London Zoo 16. Necropolis Railway 20. Macadam Building 24. Newgate Prison 28. BBC Television Centre 32. Holloway Prison Gateway

In discussions of loss, there must be discussions of preservation. What memories and buildings do we choose to keep, and which would we rather forget? Rem Koolhaas discusses this dilemma in Preservation Is Overtaking Us, where he discusses the ghost of memory living on for selected buildings. Within this, Mark Wigley claims: “Preservation is always suspended between life and death-calling on us to get smarter, faster, deeper, longer, sharper, and I would say more tender.” 15 From this it can be interpreted as “the idea that preservation itself is a forward-thinking celebration of life, that it is a way of looking at something that seems to be fading or gone and incubating new life within it”16.Through preservation, life is extended, however at what cost for the building? Further to this, often only celebrates buildings are marked for preservation and restoration, so what of the non-celebrated? The architectural underdog? Koolhaas argues that “everything we inhabit is potentially susceptible to preservation”17. However, who should get to decide? Who gets to name and shame buildings of being good enough or memorable enough or not? This question raises, issues of preservation and the emphasis of what qualifies as having value. A value of memory. Avishai Margalit discusses this issue in The Ethics of Memory: “An ethics of memory is as much an ethics of forgetting as it is an ethics of memory. The crucial question, are there things we ought to remember? has its parallels, Are there things we ought to forget?”18 Margalit, goes on to describe the notion of collective memory as “collective memory has agents and agencies entrusted with preserving and diffusing it”19. The agent in this case is the ‘moral witness’20, where “a moral witness may well give voice to an ethical community that is endangered by evil force”21. From this, is the ‘moral witness’ responsible in the decision of what we forget? Margalit states that the “conveying the sensibility of events from the past that should be landmarks in our collective moral consciousness calls for a special agent of collective memory”22. Through collective memory, is there collective motivational forgetting? What do we choose to forget, and through forgetting ultimately avoiding the inevitable consequences? It is well known that we learn from our mistakes, but if we forget will these events be reiterated, and at what cost. The value of memory is unquestionable, however what of the value of the forgotten or the to be forgotten? This question reverts back to the ethics and morality of memory and what we do with our memories to depict and predict the future.

RETRIEVAL FAILURE

In ‘memory retrieval’, failure is “one of the most common causes of forgetting”23. A memory on recall may evade the human mind, despite being aware they do hold that information, however at that moment it is not accessible. This moment of forgetting can be applied to buildings, which have lost a sense of something that originally made them what they once were, but their overall core remains. This can include but is not limited to: original features being hidden or disguised, a change in setting or being generally overlooked and ignored in society.

Figure 04: Crystal Palace, Hyde Park Map

CRYSTAL PALACE, HYDE PARK

NAME

Crystal Palace

LOCATION COORDINATES

Old Football Pitches, Hyde Park Latitude: 51.502842 Longitude: -0.16868824

AUTHORITY

Westminster25

ARCHITECT

Sir Joseph Paxton26

COMPLETION

185127

PERIOD STYLE

Victorian

MATERIALITY

Glass & Iron28

FLOOR AREA

Main Hall: 69,812 sq.m Total: approx.. 92,000 sq.m29

PROGRAMME

The Great Exhibition30

NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS

14,000 exhibitors31 & more than 6 million visitors32

RELATIONSHIPS

Cork Exhibition (1852), Dublin (1853) & Sydenham Hill (Relocation site)33

STATUS

Disassembled & moved to Sydenham

PLOT FUTURE

Old Football Pitches, Hyde Park34

DATE OF LOSS

185235

POSITION IN MEMORY

Physical Cultural Living Significant architectural history & investigated in The Architecture of Failure36

PHOTOGRAPHED BY

N/A

Figure 05: Crystal Palace, Hyde Park, The Great Exhibition, 1851

Why thank you, yes, I was referred to as a “masterpiece of architectural design”37 and a “masterful solution”38 as I was “the first…to truly make genuine use of the mass-production technologies newly available at the time”39. I really was quite the “spectacle”23. Due to my wonder, my birth was “described as the moment in which modern (or even postmodern) capitalist culture was born”40. … This life-changing experience lasted for 6 months 41, but then The Great Exhibition came to an end, and I “was quickly and cleanly removed”42 from my birthplace. I guess this is also credit to my marvellous design, but it was an upsetting experience for me. My dismemberment confirmed that “we only experience the building in its mediated form; it is preserved at a distance, as fragments”43. So I suppose that is all I am now, a fragment in the vast Hyde Park. … The move to Sydenham left me lost and confused, I no longer felt whole, like I had lost an element of myself, which I suppose in fact I had. I had lost a sense of place, as I was moved out into the suburbs. The removal of my prime position knocked my confidence and dampened my marvellous nature.

Figure 06: Kentish Town South Station Map

KENTISH TOWN SOUTH STATION

NAME

Kentish Town South Station

LOCATION COORDINATES

141-145 Kentish Town Rd, NW1 8PB Latitude: 51.544954 Longitude: -0.14177444

AUTHORITY

Camden45

ARCHITECT

Leslie Green46

COMPLETION

190747

PERIOD STYLE

Arts & Crafts

MATERIALITY

Glazed, oxblood-red terracotta tiles48

FLOOR AREA

N/A

PROGRAMME

Transport

NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS

5 occupants

RELATIONSHIPS

Lots Road Power Station49

STATUS

Lost name & purpose: most of the building is abandoned

PLOT FUTURE

Retail facilities

DATE OF LOSS

192450

POSITION IN MEMORY PHOTOGRAPHED BY

Physical Own Photography

Living

Cultural

Figure 07: Kentish Town South Station

That’s right, I was originally called Castle Road but it was quickly changed to South Kentish Town Station. Although not many people know as my true title was hidden behind horrible paint51. … It was only 17 years, yes, 17 short years! It went by like a flash, and its all because of Lots Road Power Station. Maybe if he hadn’t called to strike that summer of 192452. I would still be helping everyone on their way through the city. It happened just after the morning rush, the power went down, and it all went still. All the other stations reopened, except for me, and well Mornington Crescent. But Mornington did eventually reopen, and boy does she moan about the loneliness during that time. It’s so insensitive I tell you! She was left alone for a month! Try 95 years of it! … 53 Yes, 95 years of the grime building-up , 95 years of different occupations. None of them the job I wanted or was made for! In the 30s I was a tobacconist and now a ‘Cash Converters’54. The changing of store to store is tireless and what becomes of my name? I am no longer the grand station but referred to as whatever shop is the flavour of the month. Its distasteful and cruel to my legacy.

Figure 08: TV-AM Television Studios Map

TV-AM TELEVISION STUDIOS

NAME

TV-AM Television Studios

LOCATION COORDINATES

17-29 Hawley Crescent, Camden Town, NW1 8TT Latitude: 51.541337205165 Longitude: -0.14366571162700155

AUTHORITY

Camden56

ARCHITECT

Terry Farrell57

COMPLETION

198258

PERIOD STYLE

Postmodernism59

MATERIALITY

Brick, saw-toothed parapet, glass-fibre eggcups60

FLOOR AREA

Studio A: 278 sq. m61 Studio B: 74 sq.m62 Total: approx. 4,500 sq.m

PROGRAMME

Television studios, technical facilities, offices and conference rooms63

NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS

195 occupants

RELATIONSHIPS

N/A

STATUS

Renovated & Changed features

PLOT FUTURE

MTV Studios

DATE OF LOSS

199264

POSITION IN MEMORY

Physical Living Significant example of Postmodern architecture65

PHOTOGRAPHED BY

Own Photography

Cultural

Figure 09: TV-AM Television Studios

My main issue I suppose is why am I struggling with who I am, when I am supposedly a “high points of Postmodernism”66? My £100 a piece eggcups67 were utilised as a symbol of this success. They also play homage to the traditions of my city68 and represent my original programme, pardon the pun. … Right, so TV-AM left me in 199269 and MTV took over. This should have been exciting, but I made TVAM into what they were! They started weak and unpopular, and I made them into a roaring success, but yet they left, and so I can’t help but feel a little upset. MTV’s renovations were extreme, and there were lots of objections to keep me safe. Alas, the only opinion that mattered, to me atleast, refused to support me. Farrell believed I had already changed far from whom he had made me into, to support any form of preservation or protection70. … Of course I was outraged! How could he turn his back on me like that? Yes I had changed a little over time but who doesn’t? And maybe if he had stepped in, maybe if he said something I could have been restored to my former glory.

Figure 10: Admiralty Citadel Map

ADMIRALTY CITADEL

NAME

Admiralty Citadel

LOCATION COORDINATES

Horse Guards Parade Latitude: 51.506004

AUTHORITY

Westminster72

ARCHITECT

N/A

COMPLETION

194173

PERIOD STYLE

Fortress

MATERIALITY

Concrete

FLOOR AREA

N/A

PROGRAMME

Ministry of Defense: Admiralty Communications Centre74

NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS

N/A

RELATIONSHIPS

Whitehall MoD Building

STATUS

Hidden Features

PLOT FUTURE

Further hiding of features through ivy or possible restoration

DATE OF LOSS

1955 (Arguments to hide the building further)

POSITION IN MEMORY

Physical Living Cultural: important defence mechanism in WW275

PHOTOGRAPHED BY

Own Photography

Longitude: -0.12973771

Cultural

Figure 11: Admiralty Citadel

Yes, I was very honoured that Churchill spoke of me, although I’m not sure he meant it kindly. I was called a “vast monstrosity”76. I may be a little heavy, but that is my job, my purpose, my duty! … Now I can’t say too much, as I need to remain relatively unknown, and unreadable, as I have an important duty to protect all of those around me. I am happy to speak to you about my outward appearance though, as that is where I feel I have lost the most. Well the losses I can speak of freely at least, as we can say no more of the “‘below’ bunker”77 as my colleague would say. … I wouldn’t say that, I would more describe the shield of creepers and ivy is to hide my weight and try to soften my appearance. I guess create a form of camouflage. But I don’t think it makes me more beautiful, as I disagree with the belief that I am “hideous and an offence”78. I also disagree with further hiding of my strong form and functionality, especially during times of peace.

Figure 12: Balfron Tower Map

BALFRON TOWER

NAME

Balfron Tower

LOCATION COORDINATES

Poplar, E14 0QR Latitude: 51.5135789278915

AUTHORITY

Tower Hamlets80

ARCHITECT

Ernő Goldfinger81

COMPLETION

196782

PERIOD STYLE

Brutalism

MATERIALITY

Concrete Slab & Block

FLOOR AREA

23,340 sq.m

PROGRAMME

Residential - Council Estate

NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS

136 flats, 10 maisonettes- 146 flats total83 6 homes per storey, 27 storeys high

RELATIONSHIPS

Trellick Tower84

STATUS

Lost Social Housing, despite ‘50% Balfron Tower’ Campaign85

PLOT FUTURE

Private Sale Development

DATE OF LOSS

2015 - Final decant of occupants86

POSITION IN MEMORY

Physical Cultural Living Cultural Memory in Concretetopia87 & indirectly through Ballard’s High Rise88

PHOTOGRAPHED BY

N/A

Longitude: -0.00888677401705579

Figure 13: Balfron Tower

Yes, I did have visions of fame, but Trellick, my younger sister, stole most of my limelight. Before she was born, I received all of Goldfinger’s attention, particularly in 1968 when he moved in. They threw lavish parties and celebrated the joy of living with my supposed ‘brutality’89. … I don’t know if I want to talk about JG Ballard, he scrutinised me in High Rise90. Yes, it wasn’t directly about me and not by name, but it couldn’t be more obvious.The architect ‘Royal’ lived luxuriously just like my architect father, till the demise of social hierarchy91. … I was in need of a face-lift and a bit of care, yes, so Studio Egret West, stepped in to care for my physical state. I thought this was great, but I didn’t know at what cost, sadly I do now. I couldn’t imagine they, I mean Londonnewcastle, would do this to me.They took away my social housing92! I only house those with money now. They took away all of those in need, the ones who really appreciated my support and didn’t just see me as some trendy, Instagram poser! Sorry, I just still can’t believe it! There were campaigns to stop it, but they fell on deaf ears and I was left with those who only marvel at my legacy.

Figure 14: Brixton Recreation Centre Map

BRIXTON RECREATION CENTRE

NAME

Brixton Recreation Centre

LOCATION COORDINATES

27 Brixton Station Rd, Brixton, SW9 8QQ Latitude: 51.463276 Longitude: -0.11148793

AUTHORITY

Lambeth94

ARCHITECT

George Finch95

COMPLETION

198596

PERIOD STYLE

Brutalism

MATERIALITY

Monolithic Brick & Concrete97

FLOOR AREA

13,825 sq.m98

PROGRAMME

Leisure

NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS

315 occupants

RELATIONSHIPS

The Greenwich Centre - linked recreation centres

STATUS

Lost Features & Truncated Walk Ways

PLOT FUTURE

Grade II Listed99 (Features still hidden & Lost Walkways)

DATE OF LOSS

2015100 (Latest Refurbishment)

POSITION IN MEMORY

Physical Cultural Living Cultural & historical representation in Lambeth Architecture 1965-99

PHOTOGRAPHED BY

N/A

Figure 15: Brixton Recreation Centre

I had a painful start in life you could say. It took me 12 years101 to go from a mere conceptual infant to full maturity. There was crisis after crisis. I ended up costing them a lot more than they expected (12 times to be exact102). … Yes, I was a socialist building103 through and through. But, eurgh, the politics of it all from the “Loony Left”104 to the “Red”105 in the 80s, it was awful. My developmental coaches left me and gave me to GLC in 1984106, it really was a hard time. I was still unfinished and immature and needed the support. But things did turn around in the following year. … Well yes, except for that I suppose. In 2016, Lambeth Council spoke out about murdering me107! For houses of all things, more homes, and no one for them to play, relax, and blow off steam with. Luckily, I was rescued, but much of me was changed and altered. There was no thought about how I would feel. My brick floors covered with vinyl, brick walls plastered over, concrete soffits hidden, and my walkways truncated108. The “streets in the sky”109 dreams had come to an end. I lost my brutal beauty.

Figure 16: Space House Map

SPACE HOUSE

NAME

Space House

LOCATION COORDINATES

Civil Aviation Authority, 1 Kemble St, WC2B 4AN Latitude: 51.514637 Longitude: -0.119759110

AUTHORITY

Camden111

ARCHITECT

George Marsh of Richard Seifert & Partners112

COMPLETION

1968113

PERIOD STYLE

Brutalist

MATERIALITY

In-situ concrete structure & Precast grid outer-shell114

FLOOR AREA

2,1292 sq. m115 50m diameter per floor plate116

PROGRAMME

Offices

NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS

1,520 occupants

RELATIONSHIPS

Centre Point (Grade II), Natwest Tower, Drapers Gardens (Demolished)117

STATUS

Overlooked due to more famous & recently renovated Centre Point

PLOT FUTURE

Plot sold in 2018: Future unknown118

DATE OF LOSS

2017119

POSITION IN MEMORY PHOTOGRAPHED BY

Physical Own Photography

Living

Cultural

Figure 17: Space House

Well, yes, I guess some people have said I am “iconic”120, but I don’t get the glory or attention like my younger sister Centre Point121. Do you know how much they spent on her? A whopping £350 million122 They wanted to “turn Centre Point into a destination Londoners can be proud of”123, what about me? Why can’t London be proud of me? … Well I guess, I feel overlooked, and underappreciated. I guess you could say we are cut from the same cloth, and we both came into the world heavily criticised. We were forced to remain empty for years due to tax laws at the time124 that made it more viable to sit quietly than springing to life. Although this did change, when the government moved in with us, and I became part of the CAA125. … Did you know I was meant to be taller than I am, twice as high126 in fact but the council stepped in and rejected what might I could have had. Maybe then I would have been more notorious.

INTERFERENCE RECOLLECTION

The theory of ‘interference memory’ can be split between proactive, and retroactive memory. Retroactive memory formation is when “new information interferes with your ability to remember previously learned information”127. Within interference, an alliance with a building’s lost association can be found, where the purpose for which it was originally designed is no longer in use or implemented. Through this, a building may struggle to house its new programme, and a confusion between new and old elements may begin to occur.

Figure 18: Bethlem Royal Hospital, Southwark Map

BETHLEM ROYAL HOSPITAL, SOUTHWARK

NAME

Bethlem Royal Hospital: Administration Block

LOCATION COORDINATES

Imperial War Museum, Lambeth Rd, SE1 6HZ Latitude: 51.496689 Longitude: -0.110581128

AUTHORITY

Southwark129

ARCHITECT

James Lewis130

COMPLETION

1815131

PERIOD STYLE

Regency

MATERIALITY

Brick & Stucco Cornicing132

FLOOR AREA

4,900 sq.m Remaining Block

PROGRAMME

Hospital: Mental Health

NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS

108 cells133 (122 patients moved across from Moorfields134)

RELATIONSHIPS STATUS PLOT FUTURE

7,060 sq.m Inc. Previous Wings

Related to previous Bethlem Hospital Sites, inc. Moorfields Lost association: Only one building remains, and now houses a museum Imperial War Museum 1930135 DATE OF LOSS POSITION IN MEMORY

Physical Cultural Living Part physical memory intact & Iconic feature in cultural memory as IWM

PHOTOGRAPHED BY

Own Photography

Figure 19: Bethlem Royal Hospital, Southwark

I opened my arms in 1815 to the ‘mentally insane’. I felt I could give them better support and create a more home-like institute, which my patients were accustomed to136. My older, more ‘hostile’ sisters couldn’t provide this, you see. It was all meant to be great, but in 1930 they left me to fend for myself, as they decided to move on to a newer, shinier future in Beckenham of all places137. … Yes, those years alone were scary, but in 1936 the Imperial War Museum swooped in to rescue me, the damsel in distress, or at least that’s what I thought. They removed my extending wings, and just left my central block and to add further insult to injury, my copula was removed and replaced with this elongated copper dome138. … I know, but it’s worse than you think. This take-over led to name-calling and resurrected my horrible nickname, ‘Bedlam’139, due to my families’ horrific past of cruelty, and the bedlam of war. It’s not fair as I was kinder, and gentler140, yet I’m stuck with the name! I am now a reminder of a different past, one which should be respected and remembered, but what about my past?

Figure 20: Holland House Map

HOLLAND HOUSE

NAME

Holland House

LOCATION COORDINATES

Holland Walk Kensington, W8 7QU Latitude: 51.502665 Longitude: -0.202362141

AUTHORITY

Kensington & Chelsea142

ARCHITECT

Sir Walter Cope143

COMPLETION

1604144

PERIOD STYLE

Jacobean145

MATERIALITY

Brick & Stone

FLOOR AREA

1,585 sq.m remaining

PROGRAMME

Residential

NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS

N/A

RELATIONSHIPS

Campden House146

STATUS

Only in partial form due to WW2 bomb damage147

PLOT FUTURE

Previously a youth hostel148 & estate is used for open air opera149

DATE OF LOSS

1940

POSITION IN MEMORY

Physical Living East wing & arcade restored150

PHOTOGRAPHED BY

Opera Holland Park

Cultural

Figure 21: Holland House

I was born in 1604151 to Sir Walter Cope152, and became part of his dream home! He called me Cope Castle and we lived here together for many happy years, until his sad passing. His daughter then extended her care for me, but renamed me Holland House, for her husband the Earl of Holland153. … I was a fabulous “meeting place for artists, writers and politicians”154, and did you know I “became the social centre of the Whig party in the 19th century”155? I was quite the centre of attention at that time. Yet, things took a turn for the worse during World War Two as I was severely damaged by “incendiary bombs in 1940”156 and I was left to disrepair. … In 1952, the London City Council157 took an interest in me and came to my rescue.The gardens which my family and I had tended to with such care were opened to the public as a park158. It was nice to be back in the public eye! Although, what they did to me next was despicable, I went from one of “the great houses of Kensington”159 to a youth hostel with brightly covered walls and cheap ‘tat’. Luckily, that didn’t last, and now I look over an open-air opera . Far more glamorous160.

Figure 22: Crossness Pumping Station Map

CROSSNESS PUMPING STATION

NAME

Crossness Pumping Station

LOCATION COORDINATES

The Old Works, Bazalgette Way, Abbey Wood, SE2 9AQ Latitude: 51.5060841982308 Longitude: 0.13349035887277161

AUTHORITY

Bexley162

ARCHITECT

Charles Henry Driver163

COMPLETION

1865164

PERIOD STYLE

Victorian/Romanesque

MATERIALITY

Brick & Colourful Interior

FLOOR AREA

2,235 sq.m

PROGRAMME

Sewage Pumping Station165

NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS

N/A

RELATIONSHIPS

London Thames Water & Sewage Works

STATUS

Decommissioned as Redundant166

PLOT FUTURE

Exhibition/Museum167

DATE OF LOSS

1953168

POSITION IN MEMORY

Physical Historical Infrastructure

PHOTOGRAPHED BY

N/A

Living

Cultural

Figure 23: Crossness Pumping Station

Well yes, that seems like a good place to start in the summer of 1858 there “was a nose-wrinkling combination of unusually warm weather and a heavily polluted Thames. The smell of London got so bad”169, many have told me how unbearable it was before my arrival. … I was conceived in 1865170 in attempt to tackle this issue, and oh it was a foul one!“The plan was to carry sewage as far away from the centre as possible”171 where I would then “pushed it seawards”172. A very important role I might add, and so it is no surprise that those who created me took great pleasure and “pride in…the detail given to”173 me. I was a marvellous beauty within these “normanesque walls”174 . … In 1953, I was sadly made “redundant due to the new treatment works”175 and was left to fend for myself. Until the 1980s, where I was brought back into attention, as “Thames Water were looking to demolish”176 me. Luckily, I was protected and restored, which brings me to where I am today. No longer serving any real purpose, other than to be marvelled at as an educational outing and am sure forgotten on the car journey home. I suppose pretty pointless, other than as a historical artefact.

Figure 24: Horse Hospital Map

HORSE HOSPITAL

NAME

Horse Hospital

LOCATION COORDINATES

Colonnade, Bloomsbury, WC1N 1JD Latitude: 51.5230310510462 Longitude: -0.124041672594687177

AUTHORITY

Camden178

ARCHITECT

James Burton179

COMPLETION

1797180

PERIOD STYLE

Georgian

MATERIALITY

Brick

FLOOR AREA

565 sq.ms

PROGRAMME

Veterinary Hospital

NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS

6 horses

RELATIONSHIPS

N/A

STATUS

Lost purpose

PLOT FUTURE

Exhibition

DATE OF LOSS

1993181

POSITION IN MEMORY

Physical Living Physical memory intact, Cultural venue

PHOTOGRAPHED BY

Own Photography

Cultural

Figure 25: Horse Hospital

Have you ever heard the sound of horse’s hooves softly clattering along the cobbles? It is a very relaxing sound, or at least for me it is anyway. Although I guess I should say it was. That time meant everything to me, looking after and caring for these magical creatures. Luckily, I had a long run at it too. … Yes, I did everything I could to create the best setting for these labourous beauties. Back then they had a hard time, whipped up and down London’s cobbled highways, lugging the wealthy to the drunks to their destinations, with little rest and sometimes limited care. That is why I was happy to provide a home away from home and a place of hospitality and hospitality for the injured and in need. … Most of my designs and accommodations still remain. All that has changed is my role in the city. I am now “providing space for underground and avantgarde media”182 and have been doing so for 26 years. They have been kind to me, but I do miss my old job. I miss the sound of clattering hooves in the distance, and silent huffs and snorts as they day goes by. Its much more soothing sound than taxi horns and whirring traffic.

Figure 26: Casson Pavillion, London Zoo Map

CASSON PAVILION, LONDON ZOO

NAME

Casson Pavilion

LOCATION COORDINATES

Regentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Park, NW1 4RY Latitude: 51.5357183951369

AUTHORITY

Camden184

ARCHITECT

Sir Hugh Casson & Neville Conder185

COMPLETION

1965186

PERIOD STYLE

New Brutalism187

MATERIALITY

Concrete: Rough Cast188 & Copper Roof189

FLOOR AREA

907 sq.m

PROGRAMME

Zoo: Elephant Housing

NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS

3 elephants190

RELATIONSHIPS

London & Whipsnade Zoo

STATUS

Lost purpose

PLOT FUTURE

Houses smaller animals; camels, pigs & tapirs191

DATE OF LOSS

2001192

POSITION IN MEMORY

Physical Cultural Landmark

PHOTOGRAPHED BY

N/A

Longitude: -0.155732422996374183

Living

Cultural

Figure 27: Casson Pavillion, London Zoo

Oh, that was a glorious day! I couldn’t believe it, that I would win the “1965 RIBA award for the Best Building in London”193. I was “described as ‘zoomorphic New Brutalism, marvellously expressive of its inhabitants’”194.This was my dream, I wished to give “the impression from above of elephants gathering around a water-hole”195 and through receiving the award it became evident that I had achieved that. … Those elephants were my everything! I would have done anything for them, but sadly after 35 years196 we had to say our goodbyes. I was apparently no longer suitable or humane, news which I found devastating as I had tried to do everything right for them. … I suppose, this drop-in status to being perfect to not suitable came as a bit of a shock and it took me awhile to come to terms with it. However, the same thing happened to the Lubetkin Penguin Pool197. Both of us works of ingenuity to failures. It all comes down to advancements in animal welfare research198, and I do want the best for them I really do. Although, I must say meeting my new ‘pets’ is a little confusing to say the least.

Figure 28: Lots Road Power Station Map

LOTS ROAD POWER STATION

NAME

Lots Road Power Station

LOCATION COORDINATES

Lots Rd, Chelsea, SW10 0SF Latitude: 51.477828 Longitude: -0.181371199

AUTHORITY

Kensington & Chelsea200 , & Hammersmith & Fulham201

ARCHITECT

Charles Yerkesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Metropolitan District Electric Traction Company202

COMPLETION

1904203

PERIOD STYLE

Victorian204

MATERIALITY

Brick

FLOOR AREA

15,000 sq.m footprint

PROGRAMME

Power Station

NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS

N/A

RELATIONSHIPS

Battersea Power Station & Greenwich Power Station205

STATUS

Interiors stripped for redevelopment

PLOT FUTURE

Mixed-use development: 260 units206

DATE OF LOSS

2002207

POSITION IN MEMORY

Physical Cultural Living Lost 2 chimneys & significant role in powering the underground208

PHOTOGRAPHED BY

N/A

Figure 29: Lots Road Power Station

Ofcourse, please feel free. Ill start my story from the beginning for you. I was born in 1904, and I was the “largest power station ever built”209. Quite the achievement, don’t you think? I was also the “longest-running…in the world”210 too, credit to my power wouldn’t you say? … I controlled the Underground211 for years and yes, I made a couple mistakes, but it was for the greater good. I have apologised for the closure of Kentish Town South Station in 1924212, but he didn’t want to listen, maybe with time he will forgive me. … Now, I am at a little at a loss, a little confused of my job. I was powerful and industrious, but now I have been hollowed out to a cavernous shell, knocked down to my mere external beauty. I am to become soft and homely, to 260 families213, would you believe! At least I will try my best to be.

Figure 30: London Chancery Building Map

LONDON CHANCERY BUILDING

NAME

London Chancery Building

LOCATION COORDINATES

24-31 Grosvenor Square, Mayfair, W1A 1AE Latitude: 51.510889 Longitude: -0.153017214

AUTHORITY

Westminster215

ARCHITECT

Eero Saarinen216

COMPLETION

1960217

PERIOD STYLE

Brutalism218

MATERIALITY

Pre-cast Concrete, Portland Stone, Gold-anodised Aluminium219

FLOOR AREA

20,903 sq.m220

PROGRAMME

Civic: USA Embassy221

NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS

750222

RELATIONSHIPS

USA Embassy, Nine Elms (new location)223

STATUS

Awaiting Redevelopment224

PLOT FUTURE

137 room hotel225

DATE OF LOSS

2018

POSITION IN MEMORY

Physical Living Cultural significance of US & UK relations

PHOTOGRAPHED BY

Own Photography

Cultural

Figure 31: London Chancery Building

Have you heard that the setting of my previous employment is “‘yugely symbolic’ as some might say. It turns out that the old developer adage ‘location, location, location’ is even more important when it comes to building diplomatic ties and trying to impress foreign governments”226? I must say I do agree, and my home in Grosvenor Square227 was quite that. I extended across the entire park width, a domineering presence of power. I was the “finest…in London”228 according to the US President. … Despite my magnificence, they decided to move-on from me and leave me for that “bunker in the ‘burbs”229. He’s nothing, I suppose he will become infamous but only because of my history and everything I worked for in ensuring our might and power. I’m sure I sound arrogant, but it is the truth. … I am currently waiting for my next step in life. I am told I am to become a luxurious hotel230, however the extent of my alterations are still being discussed. I did hear the others, discussing that a large portion of me is being ripped out and then reinstated. I really don’t think that is necessary do you? Sorry it is a confusing time, and I must save face in times of hardship.

FAILURE TO STORE

‘Failure to store’ memory in scientific research, has often been linked to when short-term memory is not committed into long-term memory. This is when certain information is not considered to be required for longterm future use, therefore the brain dismisses and disregards the memory. In relation to architecture, this can be applied to the belief that certain buildings are seemingly obsolete. Through this a building is demolished or ignored as it is no longer seen as viable. Then is often replaced by something new before its true-life span is manifested. In regard to the term ‘failure to store’, this means the building was not permitted to remain and is disregarded to make room for what one believes to be a more beneficial memory for the future. However, once removed and on recall, one can find that the disregarded memory, may in fact have been needed or important.

Figure 32: Pembroke House Map

PEMBROKE HOUSE

NAME

Pembroke House

LOCATION COORDINATES

Horse Guards Avenue, SW1A 2HB Latitude: 51.5056440036197 Longitude: -0.125447537437514231

AUTHORITY

N/A

ARCHITECT

Henry Herbert, 10th Earl of Pembroke232

COMPLETION

1759233

PERIOD STYLE

Georgian

MATERIALITY

Stone & Brick234

FLOOR AREA

N/A

PROGRAMME

Residential

NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS

3 family members235

RELATIONSHIPS

Previous iterations of Pembroke House236

STATUS

Demolished, but elements retained237

PLOT FUTURE

Ministry of Defence Building238

DATE OF LOSS

1938239

POSITION IN MEMORY

Physical Cultural Living 4 rooms retained & displayed in the MoD Building240

PHOTOGRAPHED BY

Illustrated London News

Figure 33: Pembroke House

Indeed, I am not the first Pembroke House, that poor fellow had so many iterations of himself. I am Pembroke House II241, built by the 10th Earl of Pembroke, Henry Herbert242. I was criticised due to my scale and cost of form243. Herbert and I paid no attention to this scrutiny and rather marvelled at my glory. … I concur, it didn’t last forever. See, in 1938 they decided to replace me with the monstrous Ministry of Defence building244. He’s absolutely huge, however that is not my complaint. Well perhaps it is, but only as he stole my home. … I am not completely lost though, just simply under valued in my position. Parts of me reside in the courtyards of Ministry of Defence245 as a reminder of the past (and in my opinion of what he stole from us). I did have to wait 13 years before meeting my final resting place. In 1951, I was carefully restored246 and returned close to home, where I sit as a symbol of my past magnificence.

Figure 34: Necropolis Railway Map

NECROPOLIS RAILWAY

NAME

Necropolis Railway

LOCATION COORDINATES

121 Westminster Bridge Rd, Lambeth, SE1 7HR Latitude: 51.4989884088322 Longitude: -0.113041970515533247

AUTHORITY

Southwark248

ARCHITECT

London Necropolis Railway249

COMPLETION

1902250

PERIOD STYLE

Victorian251

MATERIALITY

Brick & Stone

FLOOR AREA

N/A

PROGRAMME

Railway (for the dead & mourning252)

NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS

circa. 2,000 bodies a year253

RELATIONSHIPS

Original Necropolis Railway Station: 1854254

STATUS

Only part remaining due to Blitz bombing

PLOT FUTURE

Serving as office space & closed to the public

DATE OF LOSS

1941255

POSITION IN MEMORY

Physical Living Fragment of physical memory retained

PHOTOGRAPHED BY

Own Photography

Cultural

Figure 35: Necropolis Railway

My story has been of a melancholy nature. However, I took pride in my job, and wished to give the bereaved a sense of support and the deceased a final journey. I was born in 1902 and took over from my sister as she was pushed out of the way due to the ever-expanding Waterloo Station256. I sat slightly further down the arches, a more ominous location, you might say. … I provided a required service at one time. Mind, this didn’t last for long, as “in 1909, the motor hearse was introduced”257 and my necessity dwindled, which resulted in running a reduced service. I closed for business in 1941. After “one of the worst nights of the Blitz”258. It was the most terrifying night, the sound of the bombs ripping through the air and the alarmed sirens screaming through the city. I lost a lot that night. Only a small part of me remained relatively intact, and the rest blasted to pieces259. Upon inspection, they decided it was far simpler to “close down the line”260 than attempt to rescue my remains. Now, my last fragment of self works in an office, a slightly more mundane commitment, but not overly offensive. While more disgracefully, I was forced to change my name to Westminster Bridge House261 hiding my story from passers-by.

Figure 36: Sampson House Map

SAMPSON HOUSE

NAME

Sampson House

LOCATION COORDINATES

Sampson House, 64 Hopton St, SE1 9JH Latitude: 51.507712 Longitude: -0.102367262

AUTHORITY

Southwark263

ARCHITECT

Fitzroy Robinson264

COMPLETION

1979265

PERIOD STYLE

Brutalism

MATERIALITY

Exposed Concrete266

FLOOR AREA

50,000m sq.m

PROGRAMME

Commercial - Office Building

NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS

circa.3,320 occupants

RELATIONSHIPS

Ludgate House & 50 Queen Anneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Gate267

STATUS

Currently undergoing demolition268

PLOT FUTURE

New development: 6 new buildings269

DATE OF LOSS

2013270

POSITION IN MEMORY

Physical Living Diminishing physical memory

PHOTOGRAPHED BY

Own Photography

Cultural

Figure 37: Sampson House

I never thought that, a 40-year-old271, solid build like-me would be in this situation. Slowly deteriorating, and missing parts of myself. I was meant to survive for at least 125 years272. However, I am being abandoned a step by step, and dismantled273, slowly clearing my heavy mass into concrete dust. Do you know how painful that is? Diminishing in size bit by bit, every day that little smaller, that little less bold. … They did it to Ludgate you know274? Poor Ludgate, nothing remains of him now. What did he ever do to deserve that? What did I do? We were both clear, strong structures, easily adaptable! I have been a feature on the Thames since I was born. An alert for all the commuters arriving into Blackfriars Stations in the morning, and waving goodbye to them at night. They will miss me I am sure. … There were objections, but sadly ignored. The C20 Society275 did try, they argued I am an asset, and how well designed my figure is to hide my bulk276, but no luck! I just don’t understand why they couldn’t have refurbished me the way they did to my sister, Queen Anne’s Gate277. Sadly, I guess it’s just not meant to be but I will tell you now. They will regret it! I bet you … or at least they should!

Figure 38: Holloway Prison Map

HOLLOWAY PRISON

NAME

Holloway Prison

LOCATION COORDINATES

Parkhurst Rd, N7 0NU Latitude: 51.555835 Longitude: -0.121736278

AUTHORITY

Islington279

ARCHITECT

N/A

COMPLETION

1985280

PERIOD STYLE

C20

MATERIALITY

Concrete & Brick

FLOOR AREA

N/A

PROGRAMME

Prison

NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS

Prison capacity: 532 women281

RELATIONSHIPS

Holloway Prison Gateway

STATUS

Prison

PLOT FUTURE

Demolition & Redevelopment into more than 1000 homes282

DATE OF LOSS

2016283

POSITION IN MEMORY

Physical Living Housed notorious murderers & criminals284

PHOTOGRAPHED BY

N/A

Cultural

Figure 39: Holloway Prison

That’s right, I replaced the old Holloway Castle285, as I am more modern and secure you see. I held more popular beliefs at the time, Castle was out of date and dirty. I set out my intentions to be better, by “removing the imposing structure” of Castle286, and replace it with a “move away from the Victorian justice system”287. I wanted to be more inviting and hospitable “to encourage pro social behaviour”288. … Yes, I was definitely an improvement to my precursor. Did you know I “became the largest female prison in Western Europe”289. What a title, don’t you think? I thought I would be safe forever! … Sadly, that wasn’t the case. George Osborne290 broke the news to me, it almost sounded like he was chuffed to bits about it. It was cruel really, there was no thought about breaking this sad news to me gently. Apparently, my home is more viable for houses. But isn’t everything in London now? Its all about houses and money, and no thought to how I feel or what I could do to improve. Just knock me down and replace me with something, you will do the exact same thing to in another 50 years, if even that. I wasn’t given that chance, I am only 34, you know? A disgrace.

Figure 40: Sainsbury’s 55 Bugsby Way Map

SAINSBURY’S, 55 BUGSBY’S WAY

NAME

Sainsbury’s

LOCATION COORDINATES

55 Bugsby’s Way, Greenwich, SE10 0QJ Latitude: 51.490233150828 Longitude: 0.01275499365774291

AUTHORITY

Greenwich292

ARCHITECT

Chetwood Associates293

COMPLETION

1999294

PERIOD STYLE

Eco-millenium295

MATERIALITY

Oak cladding, Glazing, & Grass Embankments296

FLOOR AREA

7853 sq.m

PROGRAMME

Commercial: Supermarket297

NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS

17 workers

RELATIONSHIPS

N/A

STATUS

Demolished

PLOT FUTURE

IKEA Store298

DATE OF LOSS

2016299

POSITION IN MEMORY

Physical Lost physical memory

PHOTOGRAPHED BY

Richard Glover

Living

Cultural

Figure 41: Sainsbury’s 55 Bugsby Way Map

Sainsbury’s came into this world as a “unique eco-millennium store”300. Her dreams were to “maximise energy efficiency, minimise environmental impact and make shopping more pleasant for customers”301, and this she achieved. She “scored the highest ever official environmental rating … with a perfect 31 out of 31 points, and was the first store to be awarded an “excellent” BREEAM rating”302. A badge she wore with pride. In 2016 Sainsbury’s was wiped from her stage at the young age of 17. She hadn’t yet reached full maturity and was far from her life expectancy limit. When the news was delivered to her, she was distraught, as IKEA303 had requested for her removal and to replace her with a typical, large industrial shed. Everything she had fought against and excelled at pushing forward. Removed to return to the basics. On her final day, she was inconsolable as her warm embrace closed for the last time.

Figure 42: Macadam Building Map

MACADAM BUILDING, KING’S COLLEGE LONDON

NAME

Macadam Building

LOCATION COORDINATES

Surrey Street, WC2R 2NS Latitude: 51.5111283427974

AUTHORITY

Westminster305

ARCHITECT

Troup, Steele & Scott & E.D. Jefferiss Mathews306

COMPLETION

1975307

PERIOD STYLE

Brutalism308

MATERIALITY

Concrete309 & Brick Podium

FLOOR AREA

6,425 sq. m

PROGRAMME

Academic: Student’s Union310

NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS

428 occupants

RELATIONSHIPS

Strand Campus, Kings College London

STATUS

Awaiting development

PLOT FUTURE

Development interest: hotel, housing, culture311

DATE OF LOSS

2018: Student’s Union moved to Bush Building312

POSITION IN MEMORY

Physical Cultural Living Physical memory still intact & in Living memory of all student attendees

PHOTOGRAPHED BY

Own Photography

Longitude: -0.115278550850354304

Figure 43: Macadam Building

I guess you could say my future is unknown, well I suppose everyone’s is really, but I really don’t know what will become of me at this moment in time. Two years ago, King’s College London discussed selling me313 but I am still waiting to be told their decision. … Yes, living in the unknown really is unpleasant. All I do know is that I am no longer part of the student’s union of the university. They decided to pal up with Bush House314 last year and leave me in the lurch. I guess I do know why, Bush is beautiful, and I am apparently the “shit building next to Somerset House”315. Isn’t it subjective though? I am sure I have beautifully brutal qualities. What do you think? … I better let you go and get back to waiting for what is next for me. Oh, the suspense, I bet it will be awful or worse death. That’s what’s happening to my fellow brutal colleagues, so young to meet such tragedy.

Figure 44: Welbeck Street Car Park Map

WELBECK STREET CAR PARK

NAME

Welbeck Street Car Park

LOCATION COORDINATES

74-77 Welbeck St, W1U 2AD Latitude: 51.517258 Longitude: -0.149208316

AUTHORITY

Westminster317

ARCHITECT

Michael Blambied & Partners318

COMPLETION

1971319

PERIOD STYLE

Brutalism

MATERIALITY

Pre-cast Concrete

FLOOR AREA

11,840 sq.m

PROGRAMME

Commercial - Car Park

NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS

360 parking spaces320 circa. 540 occupants, 20 on ground floor commercial space

RELATIONSHIPS

N/A

STATUS

To be demolished

PLOT FUTURE

Shiva Hotels designed by Eric Parry Architects321

DATE OF LOSS

2019322

POSITION IN MEMORY

Physical Living Immediate loss of physical memory

PHOTOGRAPHED BY

Own Photography

Cultural

Figure 45: Welbeck Street Car Park

Thank you for asking, I was born in 1971 to the Debenhams Store, Michael Blambied & Partners cared for me in my early stages. Sadly, I have met my fate at such an early point in my life, and haven been given my death-day323, despite the campaign “Diamonds are Forever”324. I don’t know of any of my close relations at this time, to let them know, so if you could kindly please pass on my tragic news. … It’s interesting that you ask that, I was once a bold feature, peaking through to the popular Oxford Street325, however as time went on less people noticed me and I began to feel underappreciated. Now, my barrier will come down for the last time, no more bumps in the car park, and the honks of an annoyed driver have all fallen silent. As I wait for my day to come. I guess all that will be left of my imposing build is dust, little fragments of me, unnoticeable, imperceivable, and irrelevant to whomever will be taking my place, where I will linger as a silent ghost for the rest of time. … I hope I will be missed, and I thank those brutalist enthusiasts, those who tried to save me, and protect me from this bitter end. So I bid you adieu.

MOTIVATIONAL FORGETTING

Motivational forgetting occurs when there is a memory, that the beholder does not want to remember; consciously or unconsciously. This can happen through “two basic forms of motivated forgetting are suppression, which is a conscious form of forgetting, and repression, an unconscious form of forgetting.”326. In this case, repressed memory can be seen as memories we wish to hide out of sight and is done in an unintentional manner, whilst suppression is far more intentional. Within architecture, these memories can be due to events that we feel guilty about as a society, or their occurrence has left a ghostly atmosphere which we no longer wish to inhabit; therefore, the building is altered or demolished to remove this narrative.This concept is investigated in Radio 4’s Guilty Architecture, where Jonathan Glancey “asks for how long a building carries the charge of an evil past.”327 and “is there such a thing as guilty architecture?”328. Glancey discusses this idea with David Chipperfield regarding the Haus der Kunst, which he claims“…has sat as an uncomfortable physical reminder of the Nazi regime and, as a piece of architecture, it was seen quite rightly as part of its sinister cultural propaganda”329. Chipperfield claims that “Buildings are not guilty, but the Third Reich, Adolf Hitler, had a certain intention. People who saw the building, should have the inspiration to feel themselves as belonging to a special people, to a special race. This building impressed through its sheer size ... it had a certain purpose” 330. Through this we can find that although the building may not be guilty, the purpose for which it was designed was. In a later conversation between Glancey and Norman Foster, he reveals his belief of “Are we in the business of cosmetically plastering over the past? Or would it make the building richer to confront these realities?”331 From this belief, we can find that there is truth in the danger of wiping away the past, therefore it should be engaged with and learnt from.

Figure 46: Tyburn Gallows Map

TYBURN GALLOWS

NAME

Tyburn Gallows

LOCATION COORDINATES

Connaught Square, W2 2HL Latitude: 51.513308 Longitude: -0.160368332

AUTHORITY

Westminster333

ARCHITECT

N/A

COMPLETION

1571334

PERIOD STYLE

N/A

MATERIALITY

Timber beams335

FLOOR AREA

6m high336

PROGRAMME

Execution Location

NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS

24 people337

RELATIONSHIPS

Newgate Prison

STATUS

Gallows moved to Newgate Prison338

PLOT FUTURE

A plaque on the floor demarcating the location339

DATE OF LOSS

1759340

POSITION IN MEMORY

Physical Living Plaque to remind us of the locationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s history341

PHOTOGRAPHED BY

N/A

Cultural

Figure 47: Tyburn Gallows

Tyburn Gallows settled in the West-end in 1571342, and “reached approximately six metres”343 high. His triangular form344 allowed him to excel at his sole purpose in life. Tyburn knew of no other way of life other than as an executioner, and ensured he excelled at his role. He took great pride that each of his three arms could “accommodate eight people at once, so that twenty-four could swing together in one go.”345 Tyburn stepped into his role on the “twelve hanging days…each year”346 for 188 years. This was depicted in John Taylors poem: “But if a man note Tyburn, ‘will appear, That that’s a tree that bears twelve times a year.”347 To Tyburn’s displeasure, the executions were moved to Newgate Prison348, resulting in his disarmament. All that remains of his memory is a plaque on the floor by Marble Arch as a cautionary tale of horror.

Figure 48: Bethlem Hospital, Moorfields Map

BETHLEM HOSPITAL, MOORFIELDS

NAME

Bethlem Hospital, Moorfields

LOCATION COORDINATES

Finsbury Circus, EC2M 7DT Latitude: 51.517619 Longitude: -0.086581349

AUTHORITY

City of London350

ARCHITECT

Robert Hooke351

COMPLETION

1676352

PERIOD STYLE

English Baroque353

MATERIALITY

Brick & Stone

FLOOR AREA

165m long354

PROGRAMME

Hospital: Mental Health

NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS

59 patients355

RELATIONSHIPS

Related to previous Bethlem Hospital Sites, inc. Southwark

STATUS

Demolished

PLOT FUTURE

Finsbury Circus

DATE OF LOSS

1815356

POSITION IN MEMORY

Physical Cultural Living ‘Palace of London’357 & One of the oldest mental health institutions358

PHOTOGRAPHED BY

Robert Hooke (engraving)

7200 sq.m

Figure 49: Bethlem Hospital, Moorfields

The second eldest sister in the Bethlem family, Moorfields was nicknamed the “Palace for Lunatics”359, and her beauty “was compared to none other than the Palace of Versailles”360. Moorfields, the vainest of all the sisters, often bragged as it was said she “was for many years the only building which looked like a Palace in London.”361 This beauty did come at a cost, as her beauty was too heavy for her structure, and cracks began to form362. Leaving Moorfields to feel guilty over her lack of strength and internal ugliness. The institute she had created was meant to care and cure, however it was a despicable environment. Both in the physical filth, and in the actions she allowed to take-place. One of the most “notorious aspect…was its availability to the public as wealthy patrons would often pay a shilling to gawp at the unfortunately souls locked in the asylum”363. Due to this zoo-like activity, Moorfield was removed from her role as she was no longer providing adequate care. Her younger sister, Southwark, stepped in and replaced the old-horror memories of the family name ‘Bedlam’.

Figure 50: Newgate Prison Map

NEWGATE PRISON

NAME

Newgate Prison

LOCATION COORDINATES

The Old Bailey, EC4M 7EH Latitude: 51.515746 Longitude: -0.101815364

AUTHORITY

City of London365

ARCHITECT

George Dance the Younger366

COMPLETION

1782367

PERIOD STYLE

Neoclassicism368

MATERIALITY

Granite369 & Masonry370

FLOOR AREA

N/A

PROGRAMME

Prison

NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS

50 prisoners371

RELATIONSHIPS

Previous iterations of Newgate Prison & Tyburn

STATUS

Demolished

PLOT FUTURE

Central Criminal Court372

DATE OF LOSS

1902373

POSITION IN MEMORY

Physical Londonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest prison

PHOTOGRAPHED BY

Newgate Gaol

Living

Cultural

Figure 51: Newgate Prison

Newgate prison was born in 1782 to George Dance the Younger374, and became the “most notorious prison in London”375. He settled in a new gate “on the old Roman wall (hence the name “Newgate”)”376. Newgate had a difficult life and was “renowned for its appalling conditions”377. Many claimed that his home was “so dirty and squalid that the floors crunched as you walked due to all of the lice and bedbugs”378. During Newgate’s growth, the “public gallows moved from Tyburn”379 and employed Newgate for “public executions”380. Newgate was displeased with this new role and frowned upon the crowd that gathered as witnesses of this supposed entertainment381. In 1868382, Newgate was allowed to step down from his role as executioner and return his focus to his inmates. However, this did not improve the conditions in which Newgate kept his home, and thus led to his demise. He was seen as squalor, and an out of date reminder of the unkempt past. Leading to Newgate’s ultimate execution.

Figure 54: Egyptian Hall Map

EGYPTIAN HALL

NAME

Egyptian Hall

LOCATION COORDINATES

170 Piccadilly, St. Jamesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, W1J 9EJ Latitude: 51.508090 Longitude: -0.139501383

AUTHORITY

Westminster384

ARCHITECT

Peter Fredrick Robinson385

COMPLETION

1812386

PERIOD STYLE

Egyptian Revival387

MATERIALITY

Stone

FLOOR AREA

N/A

PROGRAMME

Museum

NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS

N/A

RELATIONSHIPS

Egyptian House, Cornwall (imitation)388

STATUS

Demolished

PLOT FUTURE

Replaced with Georgian offices389

DATE OF LOSS

1904390

POSITION IN MEMORY

Physical Living Relatively little historical documentation

PHOTOGRAPHED BY

N/A

Cultural

Figure 55: Egyptian Hall

Egyptian Hall was born in 1812 to Peter Fredrick Robinson391 in Piccadilly. In the “eighteenth century Piccadilly was a place for all sorts of curiosities to be displayed”392. Egyptian Hall found she was no exception to this rule, she helped “Bullock…sell his collection of real and spurious objects”393. This period of her life was wonderful and bizarre. However, her future became far darker. She was introduced to Sarah Baartman, when Baartman was put on display in one of Egyptian’s rooms394. It is said that “You have to remember that, at the time, it was highly fashionable and desirable for women to have large bottoms, so lots of people envied what she had naturally, without having to accentuate her figure”395. Baartman “wore skin-tight, flesh-coloured clothing”396 and “Wealthy customers could pay for private demonstrations… with their guests allowed to touch her.”397 Egyptian Hall disagreed with this display of Baartman as if she was an object / museum piece but was unable to speak out in retaliation. For this, she felt guilty and agonised over the event for the rest of her life.

Figure 58: 39 Hilldrop Crescent Map

39 HILLDROP CRESCENT

NAME

39 Hilldrop Crescent

LOCATION COORDINATES

Hilldrop Crescent, Islington, , N7 0JL Latitude: 51.550630 Longitude: -0.129468398

AUTHORITY

Islington399

ARCHITECT

N/A

COMPLETION

1870s400

PERIOD STYLE

Victorian401

MATERIALITY

Brick

FLOOR AREA

235 sq.m

PROGRAMME

Residential

NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS

2 occupants

RELATIONSHIPS

Hilldrop Crescent Buildings

STATUS

Demolished due to bomb damage402 & replaced with 1970s development403

PLOT FUTURE

Housing

DATE OF LOSS

1942404

POSITION IN MEMORY

Physical Cultural Living Removal of physical memory; survives in notorious story

PHOTOGRAPHED BY

N/A

Figure 59: 39 Hilldrop Crescent

Born in 1870s405, 39 Hilldrop Crescent settled mid-centre of the arc in which her family called home. Hilldrop set-up home in the typical manner of a London home at the time, if a little tatty. However, what happened in Hilldrop’s 40’s was far from typical. In “1905, the Crippen’s moved”406 in with Hilldrop. Upon their coupling, Hilldrop witnessed unfathomable tension between the couple, but she never would have thought Dr.Crippen capable of his next actions. In 1910, many thought Mrs.Crippen had disappeared. Hilldrop silently protested, knowing her true location. Dr. Crippen left shortly after, to escape the questioning of his wife’s whereabouts. Hilldrop now all alone, allowed investigators to search for evidence, leading them down to the cellar407, where “beneath the flagstones there was…the mutilated remains of the unfortunate victim”408 . Alas, Hilldrop was able to breathe a sigh of relief as Mrs.Crippen had been found. Dr.Crippen was found and sentenced for his crimes.While Hilldrop was left to deteriorate, leaving no trace or reminder of her troublesome past.

Figure 60: 10 Rillington Place Map

10 RILLINGTON PLACE

NAME

10 Rillington Place

LOCATION COORDINATES

10 Bartle Rd, W11 1RF Latitude: 51.515922 Longitude: -0.213835409

AUTHORITY

Kensington & Chelsea410

ARCHITECT

N/A

COMPLETION

1869411

PERIOD STYLE

Victorian

MATERIALITY

Brick & Timber Floorboards

FLOOR AREA

84 sq.m

PROGRAMME

Residential - Terraced House

NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS

2 - 5 occupants, John & Ethel Christie with 3 living in the flat above The mother and child were murdered by Christie who lived below412

RELATIONSHIPS

Notting Hill ‘Slums’ & BBC Drama filmed in the streets of Glasgow413

STATUS

Demolished & a ‘memorial’ garden sits above414

PLOT FUTURE

Renamed Ruston Close in 1954415 but then named for re-development

DATE OF LOSS

1978416

POSITION IN MEMORY

Physical Cultural Living In cultural memory, as lives on in BBC drama, & Richard Fleischer film

PHOTOGRAPHED BY

Getty Images

Figure 61: 10 Rillington Place

Life started out small but happy for 10 Rillington Place, despite often falling into disrepair numerous times in her life, and often called a ‘rat-infested slum’417. However, she found satisfaction in the small things in life. Housing many happy couples418. This could be said to be true for the duration of her 109-year-old life. The most infamous couple were the Christie’s419. Through this partnership, she was forced to witness the unthinkable over ten years, till John Christie’s arrest in 1953420. During this horrific period, 8 known-murders took place in this ‘family’ home. Rillington was unable to speak out despite trying to reveal clues of six bodies, hidden all around her, including her upstairs neighbours421. After this ordeal, Christie was punished, and to hide Rillington’s past, her name was changed to Ruston422. Despite these efforts, she met her fate to make-way for a new development, with hopefully a brighter future. Rillington’s memory lives on in all those who loved her.

Figure 62: BBC Television Centre Map

JIMMY SAVILLE’S DRESSING ROOM

NAME

BBC Television Centre: Jimmy Saville’s Dressing Room

LOCATION COORDINATES

6 Wood Ln, White City, W12 7FW Latitude: 51.5099 Longitude: -0.2269423

AUTHORITY

Hammersmith & Fulham424

ARCHITECT

Graham Dawbarn425

COMPLETION

1960426

PERIOD STYLE

Minimalism

MATERIALITY

Brick & Concrete

FLOOR AREA

155,148 sq.m427

PROGRAMME

Television Studio428

NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS

N/A

RELATIONSHIPS

White City BBCs Offices

STATUS

Redevelopment

PLOT FUTURE

432 units429

DATE OF LOSS

2012430

POSITION IN MEMORY

Physical Living Previously, the largest TV centre in Europe431

PHOTOGRAPHED BY

BBC

Cultural

Figure 63: BBC Television Centre

My life began in 1960, and I was proud to be “the largest such facility in Europe”432 at the time. I was exceptionally functional433 and provided the perfect setting for the BBC to create masterpieces. … The BBC was seen as staple, well-to do, moral back bone to this country. However, in recent years, more and more news has been released of the horrors that occurred under my supervision. I won’t say any more than the disgrace of Jimmy Saville and the events that occurred in his dressing room434. I guess it just goes to show you can’t trust anyone anymore. … I am not saying that is why I was abandoned435, I am just saying I am happy for those memories to be wiped. I hope my future as homes is happier for my new family and that I can provide a more familyfriendly environment. The way the BBC should have been and should have enforced.

DETERIORATION OF MEMORY FORM

102

The deterioration of memory describes the condition where the brain’s cognition begins to slow-down and the lack of new brain cells causes memories to slip away. This can be due to aging, stress or illness. The most common form of memory loss in this way is Alzheimer’s disease, which can be described as “a physical condition caused by changes in the structure of the brain, due to a build-up of ‘plaques’ and ‘tangles’, and this can result in a shortage of important chemicals that help with the transmission of messages”436.To apply this loss of memory to architecture, the physical loss can be applied to look at the deterioration of physical memory, and loss of fabric within these increasingly absent architectures.

103

Figure 64: Crystal Palace, Sydenham Map

CRYSTAL PALACE, SYDENHAM

NAME

Crystal Palace

LOCATION COORDINATES

Crystal Palace Park, Sydenham, SE9 1UE Latitude: 51.502842 Longitude: -0.168688437

AUTHORITY

Bromley438

ARCHITECT

Sir Joseph Paxton439

COMPLETION

1854440

PERIOD STYLE

Victorian

MATERIALITY

Glass & Iron441

FLOOR AREA

Main Hall: 69,812 sq.m Total: approx.. 92,000 sq.m442

PROGRAMME

Entertainment443

NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS

Approx. 2 million visitors per year444

RELATIONSHIPS

Hyde Park: Original site

STATUS

Destroyed by fire in 1936445

PLOT FUTURE

Crystal Palace, Park for leisure

DATE OF LOSS

1936 to fire446 & final demolition in 1941

POSITION IN MEMORY

Physical Cultural Living Significant architectural history & investigated in The Architecture of Failure447

PHOTOGRAPHED BY

N/A

104

Figure 65: Crystal Palace, Sydenham

To start, I would just like to clarify that I am different to my former self, Hyde Park Palace448. I was shorter and slimmer449, but I made up for this in height, three times in fact of my original self. … Well, it has been said that my “fragmentary displays of historical form mimicked in their arrangement the incompleteness of memory”450, so yes, there were clues of my previous form. Hints of a “melancholy space of contradictory meaning, simultaneously remembering and forgetting”451 what I was and am. My previous self-symbolised “temporariness”452, while I was to be everlasting, or so I thought. … My decline began far before the disaster, you see, “by the 1870s visitor numbers had drastically reduced”453. There were of course pleas to rescue me, and by 1911 the government454 did indeed do so due to my prowess, and cultural significance.This, however, could not stop my fate, as in 1936 I set alight and my former glory was brought down. All that survived was shattered glass and a collapsed form. Now, only “little ruins” 455 remain of me, crumbled walls and pathways to reach my lost form.

105

Figure 66: Red Sands Fort Map

RED SANDS FORT

NAME

Red Sands Fort

LOCATION COORDINATES

Thames Estuary Latitude: 51.480034

AUTHORITY

N/A

ARCHITECT

Guy Maunsell457

COMPLETION

1943458

PERIOD STYLE

Army Fort

MATERIALITY

Concrete & Steel

FLOOR AREA

237.62 sq.m per pod459 1663.34 sq.m total fort area

PROGRAMME

Military - protect from air raids during World War 2 II460

NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS

up to 265 men461 during military action

RELATIONSHIPS

Thames Estuary Sea Forts: Nore & Shivering Sands462

STATUS

Decommissioned & Abandoned in 1956463

PLOT FUTURE

Unknown

DATE OF LOSS

Imminent

POSITION IN MEMORY

Physical Cultural Living Crumbling physical memory. Under-represented in Cultural Memory

PHOTOGRAPHED BY

Project Red Sand

106

Longitude: 1.005123456

Figure 67: Red Sands Fort

That’s correct, we were conceived during World War II464. We claimed recognition as strong and staple elements of the military community. But, despite this, we were decommissioned and left to fair on our own by the Ministry of Defence in 1956465. … I agree, when the pirate radio station466 came to join us it was like a glimmer of light at the end of the tunnel. We were brought back to life with music bouncing between us like a drum. Life really couldn’t have seemed to be better! But, yes, that was shortly lived. The UK radio broadcasting laws changed467, and our musical partners left for good. We fell silent for the last time. … I hope not, but I suppose it probably is our fate. I guess we will end up like our relatives, the ‘Nore Fort family’468. It really was terrible what happened to those protective soldiers! They were just left to crumble in to the sea and left to degrade into the sand and rest on the beach for the rest of time. We are just hoping funds can be raised469 to rescue us from this lonely demise, and hopefully we can play homage to our past as a reminder of our saviour history.

107

Figure 68: Euston Arch Map

EUSTON ARCH

NAME

Euston Arch

LOCATION COORDINATES

Euston, NW1 2DU Latitude: 51.5286641230862

AUTHORITY

Camden471

ARCHITECT

Philip Hardwick472

COMPLETION

1838473

PERIOD STYLE

Victorian in Neo-Classical Style474

MATERIALITY

Yorkshire Stone475

FLOOR AREA

20 m high arch476

PROGRAMME

Archway

NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS

N/A

RELATIONSHIPS

Original & New Euston

STATUS

Demolished

PLOT FUTURE

Euston Station: 1962477

DATE OF LOSS

1961478

POSITION IN MEMORY

Physical Living Cultural memory: campaign to reinstate

PHOTOGRAPHED BY

N/A

108

Longitude: -0.133296470515993470

Cultural

Figure 69: Euston Arch

My story begins in 1838479, where I was the original entrance to Euston station. I was the pride of the place! I stood as a domineering structure to an industrial wonder. … Yes, my downfall really was a disgrace! In 1961480, I was crushed for the redevelopment of Euston481. On the day, one of the porters, in clear ear shot, stated that I “might have looked alright in Queen Victoria’s day with green fields and all around it, but if you ask me it’s an eyesore now”482. Yes, I may have needed a good clean, but who didn’t in London? The worst part is what they did to me after, I was crushed and crumbled, splitting my body into small chunks. If you don’t think was bad enough, I was then “used to fill in a hole in the bed of the River Lea”483. Now, I wouldn’t say that is fitting final resting place for a monument, would you? … Luckily, yes, during the development of the Olympic Park, parts of me were salvaged and “dredged up”484 and displayed telling my cautionary tale .

109

Figure 70: Holloway Prison Gateway Map

HOLLOWAY PRISON GATEWAY

NAME

Holloway Prison: Castle Gateway

LOCATION COORDINATES

Parkhurst Rd, N7 0NU Latitude: 51.555835 Longitude: -0.121736485

AUTHORITY

Islington486

ARCHITECT

J B Bunning487

COMPLETION

1852488

PERIOD STYLE

Victorian489

MATERIALITY

Stone: Archway & Turrets490

FLOOR AREA

N/A

PROGRAMME

Prison

NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS

436 cells491

RELATIONSHIPS

Newgate Prison492 & Holloway Prison redevelopment

STATUS

Demolished

PLOT FUTURE

Redeveloped for a more modern facility493

DATE OF LOSS

1971494 Physical

POSITION IN MEMORY PHOTOGRAPHED BY

110

N/A

Living

Cultural

Figure 71: Holloway Prison Gateway

Holloway Prison, more fondly remembered as Holloway Castle495, extended her protective embrace in 1852 to the inmates of London. The gatehouse was proudly adorned with turrets496. Life changed for Holloway in 1902 due to the closure of Newgate Prison497. She had originally accepted both male and female prisoners, but after this event, her preferences changed to female only498. Due Newgate’s closure, Holloway was forced to become an executioner when the state decided it was required. In 1955, Holloway became “the site of the last female execution”499. Holloway breathed a sigh of relief to no longer have to commit such sin. In 1971500, Holloway Castle and Gatehouse met their fate, as opinions and standards changed.Victorian prisons were frowned upon due to “developments in psychology within the 1960s”501. Holloway was no longer seen as psychological supportive, and so she was wiped from this earth. Her replacement entailed a substantial wall that wrapped around the inmates in a wobbly line. Holloway would be disappointed in this fall from glory, and to be replaced by something, in her supposed opinion, distasteful.

111

Figure 72: The Stump Map

THE ‘STUMP’

NAME

The Stump

LOCATION COORDINATES

22 Bishopsgate, EC2N 4AJ Latitude: 51.5150329753021

AUTHORITY

City of London503

ARCHITECT

PLP Architecture504

COMPLETION

N/A: Construction started 2008

PERIOD STYLE

N/A

MATERIALITY

Concrete505

FLOOR AREA

9 storeys-high506

PROGRAMME

Commercial

NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS

N/A

RELATIONSHIPS

22 Bishopgate / The Pinnacle

STATUS

Demolished507

PLOT FUTURE

22 Bishopgate skyscraper508

DATE OF LOSS

2010509 Physical

POSITION IN MEMORY PHOTOGRAPHED BY

112

N/A

Longitude: -0.082660031325694502

Living

Cultural

Figure 73: The Stump

Did you know I was going to be quite a wonder? I was going to “utterly dwarf all that has gone before”510 in the Square Mile. However, maybe I got too cocky? Too ambitious perhaps? … Anyways, in 2010511 after the dooming financial crash, my “construction came to an abrupt halt…when funding dried up”512. There I was, a mere “nine-storey shell”513, no longer with the aspirations of being the tallest building around. It was embarrassing really. … Yes, thanks for mentioning that, to add salt to the wound I was “dubbed the Stump”514. Quite the downfall isn’t it? From the grandeur of the Pinnacle to plain old Stump. I guess with a name like that it comes to no surprise that I was demolished and not seen as fit for the new plans of grandeur, replacing my previous dreams of what 22 Bishopsgate could be.

113

Figure 74: Grenfell Tower Map

GRENFELL TOWER

NAME

Grenfell Tower

LOCATION COORDINATES

Grenfell Road, W11 1TQ Latitude: 51.5140239729107

AUTHORITY

Kensington & Chelsea516

ARCHITECT

Nigel Whitbread517

COMPLETION

1972518

PERIOD STYLE

Brutalism

MATERIALITY

In-situ concrete core & outer skin cladding519

FLOOR AREA

21,600 sq.m

PROGRAMME

Residential

NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS

127 flats520

RELATIONSHIPS

N/A

STATUS

Fire destruction521

PLOT FUTURE

Unknown

DATE OF LOSS

2017522

POSITION IN MEMORY

Physical Cultural Living Deteriorating physical memory, significant cultural value

PHOTOGRAPHED BY

N/A

114

Longitude: -0.215900566429218515

Figure 75: Grenfell Tower

I know you have probably heard an awful lot about me but let me set the story straight and tell you my side. I was a home to many from my opening weekend in 1972523. The joy of that time was wonderful. We never would have guessed what would happen 45 years later. … Correct, in 2016524 I couldn’t have been happier to receive a bit of a face-lift and touch up. I wanted to look good for my new large extended family. It all seemed to be going quite well, until a year later I went up in flames. The flames engulfed my body in a rapid “25 minutes”525, as my new ware acted as ‘fuel to the flames’. Much of my family was trapped, and 72 members of my family died526. On that day, a part of me died with them, the trauma I afflicted upon them I will never be able to get over. … I hope that with my horrific story, architectural standards and regulations will be updated so this never happens again. And I suppose the next question is what is next for me? Do I stay as a memorial to all those I lost? Or am I wiped from this earth to help those get over the event? I leave that question to my family, as it is quite rightfully their decision527, as I would do anything for them.

115

Figure 76: Robin Hood Gardens Map

ROBIN HOOD GARDENS

NAME

Robin Hood Gardens

LOCATION COORDINATES

129 Robin Hood Gardens, Woolmore St, E14 0HG Latitude: 51.5093871641095 Longitude: -0.007758137096151528

AUTHORITY

Tower Hamlets529

ARCHITECT

Alison and Peter Smithson530

COMPLETION

1972531

PERIOD STYLE

Brutalism

MATERIALITY

Concrete Slab532

FLOOR AREA

10,520 sq.m

PROGRAMME

Residential

NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS

214 flats533

RELATIONSHIPS

N/A

STATUS

Demolished

PLOT FUTURE

1575 new flats534

DATE OF LOSS

2017535

POSITION IN MEMORY

Physical Living Lost physical memory, Cultural Significance

PHOTOGRAPHED BY

Sandra Lousada

116

Cultural

Figure 77: Robin Hood Gardens

That’s right, I live at the V&A Museum now, well what is left of me that is. A small “three-storey section”536 to represent what I once was. It’s something, I guess! … Yes, lets go back to the beginning, I was born in 1972 and was a spectacular feat. I “was the Smithson’s first opportunity to put…the streets in the sky”537 to the test. This led to the claims that I had a certain “unmistakeable bravura”538. I really was quite magnificent, or at least that’s what I was led to believe. However, I couldn’t “alleviate the social problems and poverty that plagued the area”539, and so I fell into disrepair540. I guess that’s the cause of my demise? That no one truly cared for me, other than what I symbolised. … I found that confusing also, how could my symbolic and important history not save me? My brutality was “not only a style but also a philosophy”541. Apparently, it still wasn’t enough, despite numerous campaigns. Sadly, they were obviously ignored, so here I am 214ths542 of my previous self to represent the qualities that were worth preserving in a museum but not worth remaining insitu.

117

CONCLUSION

120

The application of memory as a non-physical phenomenon to the physical fabric of a building in order to answer the question ‘why do we forget’. A question, that requires a study into psychology on a scientific basis. The themes: ‘Retrieval Failure’, ‘Interference Recollection’, ‘Failure to Store’, ‘Motivational Forgetting’ and ‘Deterioration of Memory Form’ were explored. The chapters illustrate the demise of forgetting, from ‘simply forgetting’ to a more extreme ‘deterioration of memory’. These definitions of forgetting, explored through a selection of buildings to speculate on redundancies within architecture. Through the investigation of the ruination and what a building once was and the memories it held. The relationship between memory and architecture is crucial. This is discussed by Douglas Murphy in The Architecture of Failure, where the “… relationship of the architecture discussed to its mediation; architecture’s complex conceptual ties to memory will be seen to be problematic when conditions of ephemerality are involved”543. In this case Murphy is referencing Crystal Palace, Hyde Park. To expand on this Murphy claims “we only experience the building in its mediated form; it is preserved at a distance, as fragments” 544. It is these fragments which survive longer than the life-span of a building, through archives of drawings and photography. These images act as memories from the past, capturing a moment in time. However, that is all they achieve, as they do not display the architecture in its entirety. Therefore, in many cases much of the building itself is lost and only a small fragment of the building’s story remains to be forgotten at a later date.

121

Figure 78: Preservation Is Overtaking Us: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Barcodeâ&#x20AC;? preservation scheme for Beijing where different preservation scenarios can be implemented in horizontal bands.

122

The discovery into why and how we forget architectural forms, through the research of memory within selected case studies, results in a progression of deterioration of architectural elements. Through this progression of forgotten architectural elements to complete removal of physical memory, there is no correlation between building location and date of construction to the date of loss. This means that a building is not merely being demolished as its life-span has reached an end but that the physical implications of site are not the cause for loss nor is age. Moreover, it is the afflictions we impose upon them, such as changing or disguising features, loss of applicable programme, loss of viability, guilt or lack of motivation to secure a deteriorating structure. Within these architectural redundancies, the can be seen in the life of a building, and how we perceive them. The failures of architecture and preservation can be found within Rem Koolhaas’ Preservation Is Overtaking Us. Rem Koolhaas states “We are living in an incredibly exciting and slightly absurd moment, namely that preservation is overtaking us”545. He describes an increase in the number of buildings we earmark for preservation. Koolhaas extends this argument to say, “everything we inhabit is potentially susceptible to preservation.”546 This questions the value of what we choose to preserve and forget. To tackle this, Koolhaas suggest “Maybe we can be the first to actually experience the moment that preservation is no longer a retroactive activity but becomes a prospective activity”547. Through this speculation, Koolhaas reflects on the ““Barcode” preservation scheme for Beijing where differerent preservation scenarios can be implemented in horizontal bands.” 548 where the city becomes: “a kind of barcode and declare that the bands in the barcode could either be preserved forever or systematically scraped. In such a case, you would have the certainty that you preserved everything in a very democratic, dispassionate way—highways, Chinese monuments, bad things, good things, ugly things, mediocre things—and therefore really maintained an authentic condition.”549 The shift towards democracy and fairness within this solution is commendable, however in reality would this solution be effective, or would we become attached to certain architectures and fight for their preservation as we do now? This results in the buildings we choose as culturally significant being retained, while the uncelebrated buildings are wiped from sight. However, these ‘underdogs’ often have value and stand as a testament to their time, even if unfashionable or aesthetically displeasing.

123

Figure 79:

124

Own Photography: Sampson House Currently Under Demolitions

The discussion of what we choose to remember or to lose requires an investigation into the ethics of memory.There is a morality to the decisions we make as a society as a collective. Collective memory suggests that as a group we choose what memories we want to pass on and inform the future. Margalit states in The Ethics of Memory, “collective memory is an obscure notion in the sense that there are no clear cases to which this notion applies and no clear cases to which it does not apply”550.Through this broad collective, these memories are passed on through stories, history, and in physical fabric as artefacts and relics. The narrative we choose to pass on to future generations is to ensure we learn from our mistakes. However, there are also memories we choose to forget and no longer want to play witness to. This is discussed in Radio 4’s Guilty Architecture, where Jonathan Glancey asks “is there such a thing as guilty architecture?”551. From this, we can ascertain from David Chipperfield’s opinion that “Buildings are not guilty, but the Third Reich, Adolf Hitler, had a certain intention”552. The intention to show the architecture should make us feel leads to the question how do we disguise and hide this history from ourselves. Should we open them to the public so we can learn from our mistakes? Is there is guilt in acknowledging our history, which could prevent the past repeating itself. Therefore, there is a requirement of ethics and morality to what we choose to forget, as we have a duty to inform the future. Through the application of these ethics and theories of loss the selected buildings can be analysed. On the whole, time does not impact why buildings are forgotten. Sampson House “was designed to last 125 years”553, however is currently under demolition after only 40 years.The reasons we forget buildings come down to the previously stated chapter themes. At the ‘simple forgetting’ beginning of the scale, the reasons are due to hidden features, and loss of original design intent. Nor, does location as London is ever-changing, redevelopment make a difference in this case. This is extended through a loss of programme or purpose, which then leads to a loss of viability located in the centre of the scales. While motivational forgetting, is due to memories we no longer wish to view in their physical fabric due to the guilt they afflict upon us. At the end of the scale sits the ‘deterioration of memory form’, where we have let buildings crumble through lack of care or have demolished them into absent architectures.

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The speculation of the buildings’ stories extends this categorisation of loss through anthropomorphism. In doing so the topophilia of each casestudy investigated allows the buildings to be seen as more than inanimate objects. In Democracy of Objects, Levi Bryant describes the term ‘democracy of objects’ as “to think an object for-itself that isn’t an object for the gaze of a subject, representation, or a cultural discourse”554. Therefore: “…there is an equality of objects, a democracy of objects, in the precise sense that all substances are equally substances. This does not entail that substances are equal to one another, that there are no differences among substances, and that there are not substances more or less powerful than other substances, but rather that all substances are equally substances.”555 Tp analyse an object we must look beyond the “relatively fixed circumstances characterizing reflection”556 as “we encounter qualities not in their changes or transitions, but rather as abiding qualities possessed by an object.”557 The application of this theory to buildings entails that there is a depictable hierarchy that must be calculated when analysing a building and if it deserves the applied loss. They should all be examined equally to assess value and if the building should be committed to memory. Therefore, according to the ‘democracy of objects’ there should be a hierarchy of forgetting, which would change the laws of preservation to a more equal discussion. The future of memory can be investigated through the relationships between ‘short-term’ and ‘long-term’ memory and, ‘surface’ and ‘deeplearning’. In this case, ‘short-term’ memory can be applied to ‘surfacelearning’, where those using “a surface approach gave explanations that were reformulations of the questions, a “black box” variety which did not refer to a mechanism, or macroscopic descriptions which referred only to what was visible”558. Through this, the information acquired is not committed to ‘short-term’ memory and therefore becomes unreachable, and obsolete. While ‘deep-learning’ relates to ‘long-term’ memory. ‘Deeplearning’ “is a subset of machine learning where artificial neural networks, algorithms inspired by the human brain, learn from large amounts of data”559.This learning is then stored as data, as long-term memory, to be reflected upon when required. Artificial intelligence and the use of ‘deeplearning’ is the future of memory and preservation of forms in a virtual realm.

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Figure 80: Yves Ubelmann, founder and CEO of Iconem

Figure 81: .Eternal 5D Data Storage: Future Starts Here Exhibition,V&A

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The archive of memory of the future can be found within the Future Starts Here exhibition at the V&A museum in 2018, where Eternal 5D Data Storage was showcased. Eternal 5D Data Storage560 “No larger than a coin, this deceptively robust nanostructured disc can store around 360 terabytes of data for up to 13.8 billion years”561. The future of memory storage in “the discs remind us of the past’s importance, preserving evidence of our civilisation for future generations. And, just as a diamond is highly organised compressed carbon, the discs compress data into a digital gem – they are the precious stones of the technological age”562. Through these small chips, vast amounts of data can be stored to inform the future of the past and document the potentially lost physical fabric. The recreation of a building’s form in the virtual was undertaken by Yves Ubelmann, who created “Iconem, a…company that creates 3D digital models of historic landmarks threatened by war, conflict, time and nature” 563. Iconem uses “Advanced algorithms and the computing power of Microsoft AI…to quickly stitch thousands of photos into high-resolution 3D models” 564. With this advancement in technology, Ubelmann states “it has become possible to recreate the world” 565 and in doing so preserve the entirety of our past. However, with this comes an issue as only an element of what was is stored. In this case, the reality of the building, its fabric, its atmosphere, its entirety is lost and is stored as code in the virtual. The future of memory is no longer tactile and experiential in reality but hidden behind technology. Things may not be forgotten within technology, but they are not observed and remembered in the human form, as there is no longer a need to commit information to ‘long-term’ learning. In The New Dark Age, James Bridle observes that: “There is also a deeper cognitive pressure at work: the belief in the singular, inviolable answer, produced, with or without human intervention, by the alleged neutrality of the machine. As science becomes increasingly technologised, so does every domain of human thought and action, gradually revealing the extent of our unknowing, even as it reveals new possibilities” 566 From this, the future of memory is not what we know of memory now but a different entity altogether, as memory is no longer human but ‘technologised’. The physical fabric of memory will be forgotten. Through the historic, scientific, theoretical, philosophical and futures of research into memory and its failures, the investigation raises more questions than answers. Primarily, who should assess the value of what we choose to remember as a collective? Additionally, in what form do we wish to preserve our memories and our architecture? These questions relate back to the ‘ethics of memory’ and should be kept in mind when documenting a moment or disposing of architectural entities.

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ENDNOTES

NOTES PREFACE Hicks, Jessie. 2012. "Book Review: William Gibson's 'Distrust That Particular Flavor'". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2012/1/25/2729343/book-review-william-gibsons-distrust-that-particular-flavor. 1

1 2

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https://www.theverge.com/2012/1/25/2729343/book-review-william-gibsons-distrust-that-particular-flavor. ABSTRACT

Hicks, Jessie. 2012. "Book Review: In William 'Distrust That Particular Flavor'". The Verge. "Memory | Definition Of Memory EnglishGibson's By Oxford Dictionaries". 2019. Oxford Dictionaries | English. Murphy, Douglas. 2012. The Architecture Of Failure. Winchester: Zero Books. p. 20 https://www.theverge.com/2012/1/25/2729343/book-review-william-gibsons-distrust-that-particular-flavor. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/memory. 1 Hicks, Jessie. 2012. "Book Review: In William Gibson's 'Distrust That Particular Flavor'". The Verge. 3 | Definition OfThe Memory English By Oxford Dictionaries". 2019. Oxford 2 "Memory Murphy, Douglas. 2012. Architecture Of Failure. Winchester: Zero Books. p. 20 Dictionaries | English. INTRODUCTION https://www.theverge.com/2012/1/25/2729343/book-review-william-gibsons-distrust-that-particular-flavor. 4https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/memory. "Collective Memory | Definition Of Collective Memory In English By Oxford Dictionaries". 2019. Oxford Dictionaries | English. 3 "Memory | Definition Of Memory In English By Oxford Dictionaries". 2019. Oxford Dictionaries | English. 2https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/collective_memory. Murphy, Douglas. 2012. The Architecture Of Failure. Winchester: Zero Books. p. 20 https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/memory. 4 "Collective Memory | Definition Of Collective Memory In English By Oxford Dictionaries". 2019. Oxford Dictionaries | English. 3 "Memory | Definition Of Memory In English By Oxford Dictionaries". 2019. Oxford Dictionaries | English. 5https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/collective_memory. "David Adjaye: Making Memory". 2019. Design Museum. https://designmuseum.org/exhibitions/david-adjaye-making-memory. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/memory. 4 "Collective Memory | Definition Of Collective Memory In English By Oxford Dictionaries". 2019. Oxford Dictionaries | English. 6 https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/collective_memory. "David Adjaye: Making Memory". 2019. Design Museum. https://designmuseum.org/exhibitions/david-adjaye-making-memory. 5 "David Adjaye: Making Memory". 2019. Design Museum. https://designmuseum.org/exhibitions/david-adjaye-making-memory. 4 "Collective Memory | Definition Of Collective Memory In English By Oxford Dictionaries". 2019. Oxford Dictionaries | English. 7 Block, India. 2019. "David Adjaye Curates Making Memory Exhibition At The Design Museum". Dezeen. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/collective_memory. 6 "David Adjaye: Adjaye: Making Making Memory". Memory". 2019. 2019. Design Design Museum. Museum. https://designmuseum.org/exhibitions/david-adjaye-making-memory. 5 "David https://designmuseum.org/exhibitions/david-adjaye-making-memory. https://www.dezeen.com/2019/02/04/david-adjaye-making-memory-exhibition-design-museum/. 1 3 2

Block, India. 2019. "David Adjaye 2019. Curates Making Memory Exhibition At The Design Museum". Dezeen. "David Adjaye: Making Design Museum. https://designmuseum.org/exhibitions/david-adjaye-making-memory. Murphy, Douglas. 2012.Memory". The Architecture Of Failure. Winchester: Zero Books. p. 20 "David Adjaye: Making Memory". 2019. Design Museum. https://designmuseum.org/exhibitions/david-adjaye-making-memory. https://www.dezeen.com/2019/02/04/david-adjaye-making-memory-exhibition-design-museum/. 7 9 Block, India. 2019.2012. "DavidThe Adjaye Curates Memory Exhibition At Thep.Design Murphy, Douglas. Architecture OfMaking Failure. Winchester: Zero Books. 20 Museum". Dezeen. 6 Making 2019. Design Museum. https://designmuseum.org/exhibitions/david-adjaye-making-memory. 8 "David Murphy,Adjaye: Douglas. 2012.Memory". The Architecture Of Failure. Winchester: Zero Books. p. 20 https://www.dezeen.com/2019/02/04/david-adjaye-making-memory-exhibition-design-museum/. 10 Murphy, Douglas. 2012. The Architecture Of Failure. Winchester: Zero Books. p. 21 7 Block, India. 2019. "DavidThe Adjaye Curates Making Memory Exhibition Books. At The Design Museum". Dezeen. 9 8 Murphy, Murphy, Douglas. Douglas. 2012. 2012. The Architecture Architecture Of Of Failure. Failure. Winchester: Winchester: Zero Zero Books. p. p. 20 20 https://www.dezeen.com/2019/02/04/david-adjaye-making-memory-exhibition-design-museum/. 11 Murphy, Douglas. 2012. The Architecture Of Failure. Winchester: Zero Books. p. 21 10 Murphy,Douglas. Douglas.2012. 2012.The TheArchitecture ArchitectureOf OfFailure. Failure.Winchester: Winchester:Zero ZeroBooks. Books.p.p.20 21 9 Murphy, 8 Murphy, Douglas. 2012. The Architecture Of Failure. Winchester: Zero Books. p. 20 12 "Elizabeth F. Loftus – UCI School Of Social Ecology". 2019. Faculty.Sites.Uci.Edu. 11 10 Murphy, Murphy, Douglas. Douglas. 2012. 2012. The The Architecture Architecture Of Of Failure. Failure. Winchester: Winchester: Zero Zero Books. Books. p. p. 21 21 https://faculty.sites.uci.edu/eloftus/. 9 Murphy, Douglas. 2012. The Architecture Of Failure. Winchester: Zero Books. p. 20 12 "ElizabethDouglas. F. Loftus2012. – UCI School Of Social Ecology". 2019. Faculty.Sites.Uci.Edu. 11 The Architecture Of Failure. Zero Books. p. 21 13 Murphy, Reasons We Forget 2019. Verywell Mind.Winchester: https://www.verywellmind.com/explanations-for-forgetting-2795045. 10 "4 Murphy, Douglas. 2012.Things". The Architecture Of Failure. Winchester: Zero Books. p. 21 https://faculty.sites.uci.edu/eloftus/. 7 6 8 5

"Elizabeth F.Definition Loftus – UCI School Of|Social Ecology". 2019. Faculty.Sites.Uci.Edu. "Topophilia Collins English Dictionary". 2019. Collinsdictionary.Com. Murphy, Douglas. 2012.And TheMeaning Architecture Of Failure. Zero Books. p. 21 "4 Reasons We Forget Things". 2019. Verywell Mind.Winchester: https://www.verywellmind.com/explanations-for-forgetting-2795045. https://faculty.sites.uci.edu/eloftus/. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/topophilia. 12 F.Definition Loftus – UCI School Of Social Ecology". Dictionary". 2019. Faculty.Sites.Uci.Edu. 14 "Elizabeth And Meaning Collins 2019. Collinsdictionary.Com. 13 15 "Topophilia "4 ReasonsRem, We Forget Things". 2019.| Carver, VerywellEnglish Mind.Koolhaas, https://www.verywellmind.com/explanations-for-forgetting-2795045. Koolhaas, Mark Wigley, Jordan Rem and Jorge Otero-Pailos. 2014. Preservation is overtaking us. p.2 https://faculty.sites.uci.edu/eloftus/. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/topophilia. 12 14 11 13

14 "Topophilia Definition And Meaning | Collins English Dictionary". 2019. Collinsdictionary.Com. 13 ReasonsRem, We Forget Things".Jordan 2019.Carver, VerywellRem Mind.Koolhaas, https://www.verywellmind.com/explanations-for-forgetting-2795045. 15 "4 Koolhaas, Mark Wigley, and Jorge Otero-Pailos. 2014. Preservation is overtaking us. p.2 https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/topophilia. 16 Koolhaas, Rem, Mark Wigley, Jordan Carver, Rem Koolhaas, and Jorge Otero-Pailos. 2014. Preservation is overtaking us. p.2 14 "Topophilia Definition And Meaning | Collins English Dictionary". 2019. Collinsdictionary.Com. 15 17 Koolhaas, Rem, Mark Mark Wigley, Wigley, Jordan Jordan Carver, Carver, Rem Rem Koolhaas, Koolhaas, and and Jorge Jorge Otero-Pailos. Otero-Pailos. 2014. Koolhaas, Rem, 2014. Preservation Preservation is is overtaking overtaking us. us. p.2 p.10 https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/topophilia. 16 Koolhaas, Rem, Mark Wigley, Jordan Carver, Rem Koolhaas, and Jorge Otero-Pailos. 2014. Preservation is overtaking us. p.2

Margalit, Avishai. 2004.Wigley, The Ethics Of Memory. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p.17 Koolhaas, Rem, Mark Mark Jordan Carver, Rem Rem Koolhaas, and Jorge Jorge Otero-Pailos. 2014. Koolhaas, Rem, 2014. Preservation Preservation is is overtaking overtaking us. us. p.2 p.10 Koolhaas, Rem, Mark Wigley, Wigley, Jordan Jordan Carver, Carver, Rem Koolhaas, Koolhaas, and and Jorge Otero-Pailos. Otero-Pailos. 2014. Preservation is overtaking us. p.2 19 Margalit, Avishai. 2004. The Ethics Of Memory. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p.147 18 2004.Wigley, The Ethics Of Memory. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p.17 17 Margalit, Koolhaas,Avishai. Rem, Mark Jordan Carver, Rem Koolhaas, and Jorge Otero-Pailos. 2014. Preservation is overtaking us. p.10 16 Koolhaas, Rem, Mark Wigley, Jordan Carver, Rem Koolhaas, and Jorge Otero-Pailos. 2014. Preservation is overtaking us. p.2 20 Margalit, Avishai. 2004. The Ethics Of Memory. 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Koolhaas, Rem, Mark Wigley, Jordan Carver, Rem Koolhaas, and Jorge Otero-Pailos. 2014. Preservation is overtaking us. p.10

Margalit, Avishai. 2004. The Ethics Of Memory. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p.17

Margalit, Avishai. 2004. The Ethics Of Memory. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p.147

Margalit, Avishai. 2004. The Ethics Of Memory. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p.182

22 Margalit, Avishai. 2004. The Ethics Of Memory. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p.17 RETRIEVAL FAILURE CRYSTAL PALACE, PARK 23 "4 Reasons We ForgetHYDE Things". 2019. Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/explanations-for-forgetting-2795045. 24

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36 38

Murphy, Douglas. 2012. The Architecture Of Failure. Winchester: Zero Books. Murphy, Douglas. 2012. The Architecture Of Failure. Winchester: Zero Books. p.13

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Murphy, Douglas. 2012. The Architecture Of Failure. Winchester: Zero Books. p.12 Murphy, Douglas. 2012. The Architecture Of Failure. Winchester: Zero Books. p.13

38 40

Murphy, Douglas. 2012. The Architecture Of Failure. Winchester: Zero Books. p.13 Murphy, Douglas. 2012. The Architecture Of Failure. Winchester: Zero Books. p.23

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47 "Subterranea Britannica: Sites:South Kentish Town Station". 2019. Subbrit.Org.Uk. Accessed February 25. http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sb46 "Subterranea Britannica: Sites:South Kentish Town Station". 2019. Subbrit.Org.Uk. Accessed February 25. http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sbsites/sites/s/south_kentish_town_station/index.shtml. sites/sites/s/south_kentish_town_station/index.shtml.

"Subterranea Britannica: Sites:South Kentish Town Station". 2019. Subbrit.Org.Uk. Accessed February 25. http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sbTransport Matters. 2019. "Station Architecture". Transport For London. Accessed February 26. https://tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/culturesites/sites/s/south_kentish_town_station/index.shtml. and-heritage/art-and-design/station-architecture. 47 48

“Glazed, oxblood-red terracotta tiles were a signature feature of the architect Leslie” 48 Transport Matters. 2019. "Station Architecture". Transport For London. Accessed February 26. https://tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/cultureand-heritage/art-and-design/station-architecture. 49 "Subterranea Britannica: Sites:South Kentish Town Station". 2019. Subbrit.Org.Uk. Accessed February 25. http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sbsites/sites/s/south_kentish_town_station/index.shtml. “Glazed, oxblood-red terracotta tiles were a signature feature of the architect Leslie” “The station was temporarily closed following unofficial strike action at the Lots Road power station during the afternoon of 5 June 1924…” 49 "Subterranea Britannica: Sites:South Kentish Town Station". 2019. Subbrit.Org.Uk. Accessed February 25. http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sbsites/sites/s/south_kentish_town_station/index.shtml. 50 "Subterranea Britannica: Sites:South Kentish Town Station". 2019. Subbrit.Org.Uk. Accessed February 25. http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sb133 sites/sites/s/south_kentish_town_station/index.shtml. “The station was temporarily closed following unofficial strike action at the Lots Road power station during the afternoon of 5 June 1924…” 50 "Subterranea Britannica: Sites:South Kentish Town Station". 2019. Subbrit.Org.Uk. Accessed February 25. http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sbsites/sites/s/south_kentish_town_station/index.shtml.

Murphy, Douglas. 2012. The Architecture Of Failure. Winchester: Zero Books. p.23

41 Murphy, Douglas. 2012. The Architecture Of Failure. Winchester: Zero Books. p. 16 “The Crystal Palace was erected in a matter of four months, stood proudly for six months, during which time over six million people passed through its doors…” 42

Murphy, Douglas. 2012. The Architecture Of Failure. Winchester: Zero Books. p.21

"GPS Coordinates Finder | Latitude And Longitude Finder | GPS Coordinates | Lat Long". 2019. GPS Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/.

"Planning And Building Development - Camden Council". 2019. Camden.Gov.Uk. https://www.camden.gov.uk/planning-building-development.

46 "Subterranea Britannica: Sites:South Kentish Town Station". 2019. Subbrit.Org.Uk. Accessed February 25. http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sbsites/sites/s/south_kentish_town_station/index.shtml. 47 "Subterranea Britannica: Sites:South Kentish Town Station". 2019. Subbrit.Org.Uk. Accessed February 25. http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sbsites/sites/s/south_kentish_town_station/index.shtml.

KENTISH TOWN SOUTH STATION

48 Transport Matters. 2019. "Station Architecture". Transport For London. Accessed February 26. https://tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/cultureand-heritage/art-and-design/station-architecture.

“Glazed, oxblood-red terracotta tiles were a signature feature of the architect Leslie” 49 "Subterranea Britannica: Sites:South Kentish Town Station". 2019. Subbrit.Org.Uk. Accessed February 25. http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sbsites/sites/s/south_kentish_town_station/index.shtml.

“The station was temporarily closed following unofficial strike action at the Lots Road power station during the afternoon of 5 June 1924…” 50 "Subterranea Britannica: Sites:South Kentish Town Station". 2019. Subbrit.Org.Uk. Accessed February 25. http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sbsites/sites/s/south_kentish_town_station/index.shtml.

"Subterranea Britannica: Sites:South Kentish Town Station". 2019. Subbrit.Org.Uk. Accessed February 25. http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sbsites/sites/s/south_kentish_town_station/index.shtml. 51

51 "Subterranea Britannica: Sites:South Kentish Town Station". 2019. Subbrit.Org.Uk. Accessed February 25. http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sb“The original name for the station was Castle Road … Before the station opened the name was changed to South Kentish Town and a recent sites/sites/s/south_kentish_town_station/index.shtml. investigation showed that the tiles showing Castle Road and then painted over.

“The original name for the station was Castle Road … Before the station opened the name was changed to South Kentish Town and a recent investigation showed that the tiles showing Castle Road and then painted over. 52 "Subterranea Britannica: Sites:South Kentish Town Station". 2019. Subbrit.Org.Uk. Accessed February 25. http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sb-

sites/sites/s/south_kentish_town_station/index.shtml. “The station was temporarily closed following unofficial strike action at the Lots Road power station during the afternoon of 5 June 1924, trains 52 "Subterranea Britannica: Sites:South Kentish Town Station". 2019. Subbrit.Org.Uk. Accessed February 25. http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sbhaving called at the station that morning. Once power was restored it was decided not to re-open Mornington Crescent and South Kentish sites/sites/s/south_kentish_town_station/index.shtml. Town. Mornington Crescent was eventually reopened on 2nd July but South Kentish Town remained closed due to the very low passenger “The station was temporarily closed following unofficial strike action at the Lots Road power station during the afternoon of 5 June 1924, trains use.” having called at the station that morning. Once power was restored it was decided not to re-open Mornington Crescent and South Kentish Town. Mornington Crescent was eventually reopened on 2nd July but South Kentish Town remained closed due to the very low passenger use.” 53 Kihl, Tom. 2013. "South Kentish Town Underground: NW5's Ghost Tube Station". Kentishtowner. https://www.kentishtowner.co.uk/2013/01/23/wednesday-picture-south-kentish-town-nw5s-ghost-tube-station/.

54 Kihl, Kihl, Tom. Tom. 2013. 2013. "South "South Kentish Kentish Town Town Underground: Underground: NW5's NW5's Ghost Ghost Tube Tube Station". Station". Kentishtowner. Kentishtowner. https://www.kentishtowner.co.uk/2013/01/23/wednesday-picture-south-kentish-town-nw5s-ghost-tube-station/. https://www.kentishtowner.co.uk/2013/01/23/wednesday-picture-south-kentish-town-nw5s-ghost-tube-station/. “Kentishtowners of the 1930s may have preferred its later role as a spot to grab their smokes once it became a tobacconist’s. Or perhaps they 54 Kihl, Tom. 2013. "South Kentish Town Underground: NW5's Ghost Tube Station". Kentishtowner. picked up fuel at the coal merchant’s residing in the other half. And today, people drop by to pawn out-of-favour electricals at Cash Converters, https://www.kentishtowner.co.uk/2013/01/23/wednesday-picture-south-kentish-town-nw5s-ghost-tube-station/. or a spot of yoga upstairs.” “Kentishtowners of the 1930s may have preferred its later role as a spot to grab their smokes once it became a tobacconist’s. Or perhaps they picked up fuel at the coal merchant’s residing in the other half. And today, people drop by to pawn out-of-favour electricals at Cash Converters, or a spotCoordinates of yoga upstairs.” 55 "GPS Finder | Latitude And Longitude Finder | GPS Coordinates | Lat Long". 2019. GPS Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/. 53

TV-AM TELEVISION STUDIOS 56 55

"Planning And Building Development - Camden Council". 2019. Camden.Gov.Uk. https://www.camden.gov.uk/planning-building-development. "GPS Coordinates Finder | Latitude And Longitude Finder | GPS Coordinates | Lat Long". 2019. GPS Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/.

57 Frearson, Amy. 2015. "Postmodern Architecture: TV-Am Studios By Terry Farrell". Dezeen. 56 "Planning And Building Development - Camden Council". 2019. Camden.Gov.Uk. https://www.camden.gov.uk/planning-building-development. https://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/26/postmodern-architecture-tv-am-television-studios-camden-london-terry-farrell/. 58 Frearson, Frearson, Amy. Amy. 2015. 2015. "Postmodern "Postmodern Architecture: Architecture: TV-Am TV-Am Studios Studios By By Terry Terry Farrell". Farrell". Dezeen. Dezeen. https://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/26/postmodern-architecture-tv-am-television-studios-camden-london-terry-farrell/. https://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/26/postmodern-architecture-tv-am-television-studios-camden-london-terry-farrell/. “ In 1982 he followed these up with a television broadcasting centre for a new breakfast channel…” 58 Frearson, Amy. 2015. "Postmodern Architecture: TV-Am Studios By Terry Farrell". Dezeen. https://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/26/postmodern-architecture-tv-am-television-studios-camden-london-terry-farrell/. 59 Frearson, Amy. 2015. "Postmodern Architecture: TV-Am Studios By Terry Farrell". Dezeen. “ In 1982 he followed these up with a television broadcasting centre for a new breakfast channel…” https://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/26/postmodern-architecture-tv-am-television-studios-camden-london-terry-farrell/. 57

Frearson, Amy. 2015. "Postmodern TV-Am Studios By Terry Farrell". Dezeen. Architects Journal. Glancey, Jonathan. 2011. "From TheArchitecture: Archives: TV-Am Studios By Terry Farrell Partnership". https://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/26/postmodern-architecture-tv-am-television-studios-camden-london-terry-farrell/. https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/home/from-the-archives-tv-am-studios-by-terry-farrell-partnership/8620813.article. 59 60

2011. "FromAccessed The Archives: TV-Am Studios By Terry Farrell Partnership". Architects Journal. 61 Glancey, "Studios".Jonathan. 2019. Tv-Am.Org.Uk. February 25. https://www.tv-am.org.uk/tv-am-studios. https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/home/from-the-archives-tv-am-studios-by-terry-farrell-partnership/8620813.article. “Studio A, 3000 square feet” 60

"Studios". 2019. Tv-Am.Org.Uk. Accessed February https://www.tv-am.org.uk/tv-am-studios. "TV-Am Studios". 2019. Architectuul.Com. Accessed25. February 25. http://architectuul.com/architecture/tv-am-studios. “Studio 3000square squarefeet…” feet” “Studio A, B, 800 61 62

"TV-Am Studios". 2019. Architectuul.Com. Accessed February 25. http://architectuul.com/architecture/tv-am-studios. 63 Frearson, Amy. 2015. "Postmodern Architecture: TV-Am Studios By Terry Farrell". Dezeen. “Studio B, 800 square feet…” https://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/26/postmodern-architecture-tv-am-television-studios-camden-london-terry-farrell/. 62

Frearson, Frearson, Amy. Amy. 2015. 2015. "Postmodern "Postmodern Architecture: Architecture: TV-Am TV-Am Studios Studios By By Terry Terry Farrell". Farrell". Dezeen. Dezeen. https://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/26/postmodern-architecture-tv-am-television-studios-camden-london-terry-farrell/. https://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/26/postmodern-architecture-tv-am-television-studios-camden-london-terry-farrell/. “TV-am was in operation until the end of 1992, after which the building was sold to music channel MTV. Two decades on, a renovation was 64 Frearson, Amy. 2015. "Postmodern Architecture: TV-Am Studios By Terry Farrell". Dezeen. proposed that would completely change the building” https://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/26/postmodern-architecture-tv-am-television-studios-camden-london-terry-farrell/. 65 Frearson, Amy. 2015. "Postmodern Architecture: TV-Am Studios By Terry Farrell". Dezeen. “TV-am was in operation until the end of 1992, after which the building was sold to music channel MTV. Two decades on, a renovation was https://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/26/postmodern-architecture-tv-am-television-studios-camden-london-terry-farrell/. proposed that would completely change the building” 65 Frearson, Amy. 2015. "Postmodern Architecture: TV-Am Studios By Terry Farrell". Dezeen. 66 Frearson, Amy. 2015. "Postmodern Architecture: TV-Am Studios By Terry Farrell". Dezeen. https://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/26/postmodern-architecture-tv-am-television-studios-camden-london-terry-farrell/. https://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/26/postmodern-architecture-tv-am-television-studios-camden-london-terry-farrell/. 63 64

“Shortly after its completion, critic Jonathan Glancey called it "one of the most obviously spectacular architect-designed interiors completed in 66 Frearson, Amy. 2015. "Postmodern Architecture: TV-Am Studios By Terry Farrell". Dezeen. recent years and one of the high points of Postmodernism".” https://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/26/postmodern-architecture-tv-am-television-studios-camden-london-terry-farrell/. “Shortly afterAmy. its completion, critic Jonathan GlanceyTV-Am called itStudios "one ofBythe mostFarrell". obviously spectacular architect-designed interiors completed in 67 Frearson, 2015. "Postmodern Architecture: Terry Dezeen. recent years and one of the high points of Postmodernism".” https://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/26/postmodern-architecture-tv-am-television-studios-camden-london-terry-farrell/. 134 “These eggcups – which cost £100 each – were so popular they soon become the brand image for the station, usurping the original logo.” 67 Frearson, Amy. 2015. "Postmodern Architecture: TV-Am Studios By Terry Farrell". Dezeen. https://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/26/postmodern-architecture-tv-am-television-studios-camden-london-terry-farrell/. “These eggcups – which cost £100 each – were so popular they soon become the brand image for the station, usurping the original logo.”

58 Frearson, Amy. 2015. "Postmodern Architecture: TV-Am Studios By Terry Farrell". Dezeen. https://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/26/postmodern-architecture-tv-am-television-studios-camden-london-terry-farrell/. “ In 1982 he followed these up with a television broadcasting centre for a new breakfast channel…” 59 Frearson, Amy. 2015. "Postmodern Architecture: TV-Am Studios By Terry Farrell". Dezeen. https://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/26/postmodern-architecture-tv-am-television-studios-camden-london-terry-farrell/. 60 Glancey, Jonathan. 2011. "From The Archives: TV-Am Studios By Terry Farrell Partnership". Architects Journal. https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/home/from-the-archives-tv-am-studios-by-terry-farrell-partnership/8620813.article. 61 "Studios". 2019. Tv-Am.Org.Uk. Accessed February 25. https://www.tv-am.org.uk/tv-am-studios. “Studio A, 3000 square feet”

"TV-Am Studios". 2019. Architectuul.Com. Accessed February 25. http://architectuul.com/architecture/tv-am-studios. “Studio B, 800 square feet…”

Frearson, Amy. 2015. "Postmodern Architecture: TV-Am Studios By Terry Farrell". Dezeen.

https://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/26/postmodern-architecture-tv-am-television-studios-camden-london-terry-farrell/. TV-AM TELEVISION STUDIOS Frearson, Amy. 2015. "Postmodern Architecture: TV-Am Studios By Terry Farrell". Dezeen. https://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/26/postmodern-architecture-tv-am-television-studios-camden-london-terry-farrell/. “TV-am was in operation until the end of 1992, after which the building was sold to music channel MTV. Two decades on, a renovation was proposed that would completely change the building” 65 Frearson, Amy. 2015. "Postmodern Architecture: TV-Am Studios By Terry Farrell". Dezeen. https://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/26/postmodern-architecture-tv-am-television-studios-camden-london-terry-farrell/. 64

Frearson, Amy. 2015. "Postmodern Architecture: TV-Am Studios By Terry Farrell". Dezeen. https://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/26/postmodern-architecture-tv-am-television-studios-camden-london-terry-farrell/. “Shortly after its completion, critic Jonathan Glancey called it "one of the most obviously spectacular architect-designed interiors completed in recent years and one of the high points of Postmodernism".” 66

Frearson, Amy. 2015. "Postmodern Architecture: TV-Am Studios By Terry Farrell". Dezeen. https://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/26/postmodern-architecture-tv-am-television-studios-camden-london-terry-farrell/. “These eggcups – which cost £100 each – were so popular they soon become the brand image for the station, usurping the original logo.” 67

Frearson, Amy. 2015. "Postmodern Architecture: TV-Am Studios By Terry Farrell". Dezeen. https://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/26/postmodern-architecture-tv-am-television-studios-camden-london-terry-farrell/. “Farrell also added2015. a huge eggcup on each peak of the sawtooth – offering a symbol forDezeen. breakfast time while simultaneously referencing 68 Frearson, 68 Frearson, Amy. Amy. 2015. "Postmodern "Postmodern Architecture: Architecture: TV-Am TV-Am Studios Studios By By Terry Terry Farrell". Farrell". Dezeen. London's tradition for using urns, acorns and pineapples…” https://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/26/postmodern-architecture-tv-am-television-studios-camden-london-terry-farrell/. https://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/26/postmodern-architecture-tv-am-television-studios-camden-london-terry-farrell/. “Farrell also also added added aa huge huge eggcup eggcup on on each each peak peak of of the the sawtooth sawtooth –– offering offering aa symbol symbol for for breakfast breakfast time time while while simultaneously simultaneously referencing referencing “Farrell 69 Frearson, Amy. 2015.using "Postmodern Architecture: TV-Am Studios By Terry Farrell". Dezeen. London's tradition London's tradition for for using urns, urns, acorns acorns and and pineapples…” pineapples…” https://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/26/postmodern-architecture-tv-am-television-studios-camden-london-terry-farrell/. “TV-am was in operation until the end of 1992, afterTV-Am which the building was sold to music channel MTV.” 69 Frearson, 69 Frearson, Amy. Amy. 2015. 2015. "Postmodern "Postmodern Architecture: Architecture: TV-Am Studios Studios By By Terry Terry Farrell". Farrell". Dezeen. Dezeen. https://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/26/postmodern-architecture-tv-am-television-studios-camden-london-terry-farrell/. https://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/26/postmodern-architecture-tv-am-television-studios-camden-london-terry-farrell/. 70 Frearson, Amy. 2015. "Postmodern Architecture: TV-Am Studios By Terry Farrell". Dezeen. “TV-am was “TV-am was in in operation operation until until the the end end of of 1992, 1992, after after which which the the building building was was sold sold to to music music channel channel MTV.” MTV.” https://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/26/postmodern-architecture-tv-am-television-studios-camden-london-terry-farrell/. 68

“70 Two decades on,2015. a renovation was proposed that would change Farrell". the building, prompting an outcry from architects across the Amy. "Postmodern Architecture: TV-Amcompletely Studios By Dezeen. 70 Frearson, Frearson, 2015. "Postmodern Architecture: Studios By Terry Terry country. ButAmy. Farrell refused to back the campaign toTV-Am preserve the design, as heFarrell". felt theDezeen. original interior was already gone.” https://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/26/postmodern-architecture-tv-am-television-studios-camden-london-terry-farrell/. https://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/26/postmodern-architecture-tv-am-television-studios-camden-london-terry-farrell/. ““ Two decades on, was that completely change building, prompting an outcry architects on, aa renovation renovation was proposed proposed that would would completely change the the| Lat building, outcry from from architects across across the the 71 Two "GPSdecades Coordinates Finder | Latitude And Longitude Finder | GPSdesign, Coordinates Long".prompting 2019. GPSan Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/. country. refused country. But But Farrell Farrell refused to to back back the the campaign campaign to to preserve preserve the the design, as as he he felt felt the the original original interior interior was was already already gone.” gone.” ADMIRALTY CITADEL 72 "Planning Applications, Decision Notices And Archived Records". 2019. Westminster City Council. https://www.westminster.gov.uk/planning71 71 "GPS "GPS Coordinates Coordinates Finder Finder || Latitude Latitude And And Longitude Longitude Finder Finder || GPS GPS Coordinates Coordinates || Lat Lat Long". Long". 2019. 2019. GPS GPS Coordinates. Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/. https://gps-coordinates.org/. applications-decisions-archived-records. 72 Applications, Decision Notices And 72 "Planning Decision Notices And Archived Archived Records". Records". 2019. 2019. Westminster Westminster City City Council. Council. https://www.westminster.gov.uk/planninghttps://www.westminster.gov.uk/planning73 "Planning "AdmiraltyApplications, Citadel". 2017. Higgypop. https://www.higgypop.com/urbex/admiralty-citadel/. applications-decisions-archived-records. applications-decisions-archived-records. 74 73 73

"Admiralty Citadel". 2017. Higgypop. https://www.higgypop.com/urbex/admiralty-citadel/. "Admiralty "Admiralty Citadel". Citadel". 2017. 2017. Higgypop. Higgypop. https://www.higgypop.com/urbex/admiralty-citadel/. https://www.higgypop.com/urbex/admiralty-citadel/.

75 "Admiralty Citadel | London, England Attractions". 2019. Lonelyplanet.Com. Accessed February 25. 74 74 "Admiralty "Admiralty Citadel". Citadel". 2017. 2017. Higgypop. Higgypop. https://www.higgypop.com/urbex/admiralty-citadel/. https://www.higgypop.com/urbex/admiralty-citadel/. https://www.lonelyplanet.com/england/london/attractions/admiralty-citadel/a/poi-sig/1511656/358914. 75 Citadel England Attractions". 75 "Admiralty Citadel || London, London, Englandhttps://www.higgypop.com/urbex/admiralty-citadel/. Attractions". 2019. 2019. Lonelyplanet.Com. Lonelyplanet.Com. Accessed Accessed February February 25. 25. 76 "Admiralty "Admiralty Citadel". 2017. Higgypop. https://www.lonelyplanet.com/england/london/attractions/admiralty-citadel/a/poi-sig/1511656/358914. https://www.lonelyplanet.com/england/london/attractions/admiralty-citadel/a/poi-sig/1511656/358914. Quote: "vast monstrosity which weighs upon the Horse Guards Parade" 76 Citadel". 2017. https://www.higgypop.com/urbex/admiralty-citadel/. 76 "Admiralty Citadel". 2017. 2017. Higgypop. Higgypop. https://www.higgypop.com/urbex/admiralty-citadel/. 77 "Admiralty "Admiralty Citadel". Higgypop. https://www.higgypop.com/urbex/admiralty-citadel/. Quote: "vast monstrosity which weighs upon the Horse Parade" Quote: "I "vast which weighs thebunker... Horse Guards Guards Parade" Quote: alsomonstrosity used to work here, in theupon 'below' that's all I'll say." 77 Citadel". 2017. https://www.higgypop.com/urbex/admiralty-citadel/. 77 "Admiralty Citadel". 2017. Higgypop. Higgypop. https://www.higgypop.com/urbex/admiralty-citadel/. 78 "Admiralty Tilney,"I John. 1955. "ADMIRALTY CITADEL (Hansard, 27 October 1955)". Api.Parliament.Uk. https://api.parliament.uk/historicQuote: Quote: "I also also used used to to work work here, here, in in the the 'below' 'below' bunker... bunker... that's that's all all I'll I'll say." say." hansard/commons/1955/oct/27/admiralty-citadel. Quote: The granite of the Citadel is hideous and an offence to the architecture of London. 78 Tilney, John. 1955. "ADMIRALTY CITADEL (Hansard, 27 October 1955)". Api.Parliament.Uk. 78 Tilney, John. 1955. "ADMIRALTY CITADEL (Hansard, 27 October 1955)". Api.Parliament.Uk. https://api.parliament.uk/historichttps://api.parliament.uk/historichansard/commons/1955/oct/27/admiralty-citadel. hansard/commons/1955/oct/27/admiralty-citadel. Quote: The granite of the Citadel is hideous and an offence to the architecture of London. Quote: The granite of the Citadel is hideous and an offence to the architecture of London. 79 "GPS Coordinates Finder | Latitude And Longitude Finder | GPS Coordinates | Lat Long". 2019. GPS Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/. BALFRON TOWER 80 "Planning Applications". 2019. Towerhamlets.Gov.Uk. 79 79 "GPS "GPS Coordinates Coordinates Finder Finder || Latitude Latitude And And Longitude Longitude Finder Finder || GPS GPS Coordinates Coordinates || Lat Lat Long". Long". 2019. 2019. GPS GPS Coordinates. Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/. https://gps-coordinates.org/. https://www.towerhamlets.gov.uk/lgnl/planning_and_building_control/planning_applications/planning_applications.aspx. 80 Applications". 2019. Towerhamlets.Gov.Uk. 80 "Planning Applications". 2019. Towerhamlets.Gov.Uk. 81 "Planning Hopkins, Owen. 2017. Lost Futures. London: Royal Academy of Arts.p.108 https://www.towerhamlets.gov.uk/lgnl/planning_and_building_control/planning_applications/planning_applications.aspx. https://www.towerhamlets.gov.uk/lgnl/planning_and_building_control/planning_applications/planning_applications.aspx.

Frearson, Amy. 2014. "Brutalist Buildings: Balfron Tower, London By Ernö Goldfinger". Dezeen. Hopkins, Hopkins, Owen. Owen. 2017. 2017. Lost Lost Futures. Futures. London: London: Royal Royal Academy Academy of of Arts.p.108 Arts.p.108 https://www.dezeen.com/2014/09/24/brutalist-buildings-balfron-tower-london-erno-goldfinger/.

82 81 81

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London (ZSL). https://www.zsl.org/about-us/architecture-at-zsl196 "BBC News | ENGLAND | Elephants Leave London". 2001. News.Bbc.Co.Uk. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1631128.stm. london-zoo-regents-park. 197 "Architecture At ZSL London Zoo, Regent's Park". 2019. Zoological Society Of London (ZSL). https://www.zsl.org/about-us/architecture-at-zsl196 197 "BBC News | ENGLAND | Elephants Leave London". 2001. News.Bbc.Co.Uk. "Architecture At ZSL London Zoo, Regent's Park". 2019. Zoological Society Ofhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1631128.stm. London (ZSL). https://www.zsl.org/about-us/architecture-at-zsllondon-zoo-regents-park. 197 "Architecture At ZSL London Zoo, Regent's Park". 2019. Zoological Society Of London (ZSL). https://www.zsl.org/about-us/architecture-at-zsllondon-zoo-regents-park. 197 london-zoo-regents-park. 198 "Architecture At ZSL London Zoo,Lubetkin’S Regent's Park". 2019. Society Of London (ZSL). https://www.zsl.org/about-us/architecture-at-zslBlock, India. 2019. 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Block, "Blow Berthold Lubetkin’S Penguin Says Dezeen. “The pool,India. created Lubetkin and the Tecton Group in Pool 1934,"To hasSmithereens" been empty for 15Daughter". years, because penguins contracted bumblefoot infection from walking on2019. thebyconcrete.” “The pool, created Lubetkin and theAnd Tecton Group Finder in 1934, has been empty for 15Long". years, 2019. because contracted bumblefoot infection 199 https://www.dezeen.com/2019/01/08/penguin-pool-london-zoo-berthold-lubetkin-debate-uk-architecture-news/. from walking on thebyconcrete.” "GPS Coordinates Finder | Latitude Longitude | GPS Coordinates | Lat GPSpenguins Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/. LOTS ROAD from walking on thebyconcrete.” “The pool, created Lubetkin and theAnd Tecton Group Finder in 1934, has been empty for 15Long". years, 2019. because contracted bumblefoot infection 199 "GPS Coordinates Finder | Latitude Longitude | GPS Coordinates | Lat GPSpenguins Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/. 199 200 POWER STATION from walking on the concrete.” "GPS Coordinates Finder | Latitude AndBorough Longitude | GPSAnd Coordinates Lat Long". 2019. GPS Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/. "Planning And Building Control | Royal Of Finder Kensington Chelsea".|2019. Rbkc.Gov.Uk. https://www.rbkc.gov.uk/planning-and199 "GPS Coordinates Finder | Latitude And Longitude Finder | GPS Coordinates | Lat Long". 2019. GPS Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/. building-control/planning-and-building-control. 200 "Planning And Building Control | Royal Borough Of Kensington And Chelsea". 2019. 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Knowsley, Jo. 2018. "Hard Hat Area: A Historic Power Station With Lots To Offer". Metro Newspaper UK. https://www.metro.news/hardhat-area-a-historic-power-station-with-lots-to-offer/1211707/. 209

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"Subterranea Britannica: Sites:South Kentish Town Station". 2019. Subbrit.Org.Uk. Accessed February 25. http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sbsites/sites/s/south_kentish_town_station/index.shtml. “The station was temporarily following unofficial strike action at the during the afternoon of 5 June 1924, trains 211 Knowsley, Jo. 2018. "Hard closed Hat Area: A Historic Power Station With LotsLots To Road Offer".power Metrostation Newspaper UK. https://www.metro.news/hardhaving called at the station that morning. Once power was restored it was decided not to re-open Mornington Crescent and South Kentish hat-area-a-historic-power-station-with-lots-to-offer/1211707/. Town. Mornington Crescent was eventually reopened on 2nd July but South Kentish Town remained closed due to the very low passenger use.” 212 "Subterranea Britannica: Sites:South Kentish Town Station". 2019. Subbrit.Org.Uk. Accessed February 25. http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sbsites/sites/s/south_kentish_town_station/index.shtml. “The station was temporarily closed following unofficial strike action at the Lots Road power station during the afternoon of 5 June 1924, trains 213 Knowsley, Jo. 2018. "Hard Hat Area: A Historic Power Station With Lots To Offer". Metro Newspaper UK. https://www.metro.news/hardhaving called at the station that morning. Once power was restored it was decided not to re-open Mornington Crescent and South Kentish hat-area-a-historic-power-station-with-lots-to-offer/1211707/. Town. Mornington Crescent was eventually reopened on 2nd July but South Kentish Town remained closed due to the very low passenger 214 "GPS Coordinates Finder | Latitude And Longitude Finder | GPS Coordinates | Lat Long". 2019. GPS Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/. use.” 212

215 "Planning Applications, Decision Notices And Archived Records". 2019. Westminster City Council. https://www.westminster.gov.uk/planningLONDON CHANCERY applications-decisions-archived-records. 213 Knowsley, Jo. 2018. "Hard Hat Area: A Historic Power Station With Lots To Offer". Metro Newspaper UK. https://www.metro.news/hardBUILDING hat-area-a-historic-power-station-with-lots-to-offer/1211707/.

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Iconeye.Com. 227 "US "The Old American Embassy London Chancery Building | U.S. Embassy & Consulates In The United Kingdom". 2019. U.S. Embassy & https://www.iconeye.com/architecture/features/item/12906-us-embassy-in-london-a-bunker-in-the-burbs. Consulates In The United Kingdom. https://uk.usembassy.gov/the-american-embassy-london-chancery-building/. Dezeen. https://www.dezeen.com/2016/04/07/davidDezeen. https://www.dezeen.com/2016/04/07/davidchipperfield-convert-eero-saarinen-us-embassy-mayfair-hotel-london/. https://www.iconeye.com/architecture/features/item/12906-us-embassy-in-london-a-bunker-in-the-burbs. chipperfield-convert-eero-saarinen-us-embassy-mayfair-hotel-london/. 229 "US Embassy In London: A Bunker In The 'Burbs - Icon Magazine". 2018. Iconeye.Com. https://www.iconeye.com/architecture/features/item/12906-us-embassy-in-london-a-bunker-in-the-burbs. 231 231 "GPS Coordinates Finder | Latitude And Longitude Finder | GPS Coordinates | Lat Long". 2019. GPS Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/. 231 "GPS Coordinates Finder | Latitude And Longitude Finder | GPS Coordinates | Lat Long". 2019. GPS Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/. FAILURE TO STORE 230 230 Frearson, Amy. 2016. "David Chipperfield Plans To Convert US Embassy Into Hotel". 228 "US Embassy In London: A Bunker In The 'Burbs - Icon Magazine". 2018. Iconeye.Com. 230 Frearson, Amy. 2016. "David Chipperfield Plans To Convert US Embassy Into Hotel". chipperfield-convert-eero-saarinen-us-embassy-mayfair-hotel-london/.

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PEMBROKE HOUSE 231

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"Henry Herbert, 10Th Earl Of Pembroke". 2019. Humphrysfamilytree.Com. Accessed February 27. http://humphrysfamilytree.com/Herbert/10th.earl.html. 235

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"Pembroke House, London". 2019. Humphrysfamilytree.Com. Accessed February 27. http://humphrysfamilytree.com/Herbert/pembroke.house.html. 237

"Pembroke House, London". 2019. Humphrysfamilytree.Com. Accessed February 27. http://humphrysfamilytree.com/Herbert/pembroke.house.html. 238

"Pembroke House, London". 2019. Humphrysfamilytree.Com. Accessed February 27. http://humphrysfamilytree.com/Herbert/pembroke.house.html. 239

"Pembroke House, London". 2019. Humphrysfamilytree.Com. Accessed February 27. http://humphrysfamilytree.com/Herbert/pembroke.house.html. “They are "within the courtyard spaces on the third and fourth floors" and were "reassembled from parts stored in 1936". These rooms are called: Room 27 - The former gallery. Room 25. Room 24 - A former bedroom, from the N wing of Pembroke House. Room 13 - A former bedroom, from the N wing of Pembroke House.” 240

"Pembroke House, London". 2019. Humphrysfamilytree.Com. Accessed February 27. http://humphrysfamilytree.com/Herbert/pembroke.house.html. 242

"Pembroke House," in Survey of London: Volume 13, St Margaret, Westminster, Part II: Whitehall I, ed. Montagu H Cox and Philip Norman (London: London County Council, 1930), 167-179. British History Online, accessed February 27, 2019, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/surveylondon/vol13/pt2/pp167-179. “With regard to this figure the surveyor-general in 1802 expressed the opinion that the money had been "injudiciously expended," and pointed to the great disadvantage to the Crown "of having the property revert at the end of the lease, covered with a mass of building so very disproportionate in value, both to the sum it has cost and to the extent and situation of the ground it occupies." “ 142 243

"Pembroke House, London". 2019. Humphrysfamilytree.Com. Accessed February 27. http://humphrysfamilytree.com/Herbert/pembroke.house.html. 244

"Pembroke House, London". 2019. Humphrysfamilytree.Com. Accessed February 27. http://humphrysfamilytree.com/Herbert/pembroke.house.html. 245

"Ministry Of Defence Main Building MOD - Horse Guards Avenue SW1A 2HB | Buildington". 2019. Buildington.Co.Uk. Accessed February 27. https://www.buildington.co.uk/london-sw1/horse-guards-avenue/ministry-of-defence-main-building-mod/id/8462. 246

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(London: County 1930), House.” 167-179. British History Online, accessed February 27, 2019, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/surveybedroom,London from HOUSE the N wingCouncil, of Pembroke PEMBROKE 242 "Pembroke House, London". 2019. Humphrysfamilytree.Com. Accessed February 27. london/vol13/pt2/pp167-179. 242 http://humphrysfamilytree.com/Herbert/pembroke.house.html. House, London". Humphrysfamilytree.Com. Accessed February 241 "Pembroke "Pembroke House," in Survey 2019. of London: Volume 13, St Margaret, Westminster, Part27. II: Whitehall I, ed. Montagu H Cox and Philip Norman 242 http://humphrysfamilytree.com/Herbert/pembroke.house.html. "Pembroke House, London". 2019. Humphrysfamilytree.Com. FebruaryFebruary 27. (London: London County Council, 1930), 167-179. British HistoryAccessed Online, accessed 27, 2019, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey243 "Pembroke House," in Survey of London: Volume 13, St Margaret, Westminster, Part II: Whitehall I, ed. Montagu H Cox and Philip Norman http://humphrysfamilytree.com/Herbert/pembroke.house.html. london/vol13/pt2/pp167-179. 243 (London: London Countyin Council, British History Online, accessedPart February 27, 2019, "Pembroke House," Survey of1930), London:167-179. Volume 13, St Margaret, Westminster, II: Whitehall I, ed.http://www.british-history.ac.uk/surveyMontagu H Cox and Philip Norman 243 london/vol13/pt2/pp167-179. (London: London County 167-179. British HistoryAccessed Online, accessed February 27, 2019, "Pembroke House," in Council, Survey2019. of1930), London: Volume 13, St Margaret, Westminster, Part I, ed.http://www.british-history.ac.uk/surveyMontagu H Cox and Philip Norman 242 "Pembroke House, London". Humphrysfamilytree.Com. February 27.II: Whitehall “With regard to this figureCouncil, the surveyor-general in 1802 the opinion the money had been "injudiciously expended," and pointed london/vol13/pt2/pp167-179. (London: London County 1930), 167-179. Britishexpressed History Online, accessedthat February 27, 2019, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/surveyhttp://humphrysfamilytree.com/Herbert/pembroke.house.html. “With regarddisadvantage to this figuretothe 1802 expressed theat opinion that had been "injudiciously expended," and pointed to the great thesurveyor-general Crown "of havingin the property revert the end of the money lease, covered with a mass of building so very london/vol13/pt2/pp167-179. “With regarddisadvantage toHouse," this figure the 1802 theat opinion that money had been "injudiciously expended," and pointed to the great thesurveyor-general Crown "of itVolume having the property thesituation end of the lease, covered with a mass of building so Norman very 243 disproportionate in value, both to sum has in cost to therevert extent and the ground it occupies." "Pembroke into Survey ofthe London: 13,and Stexpressed Margaret, Westminster, Part II:ofWhitehall I, ed. Montagu H“ Cox and Philip to the great disadvantage theto Crown "of167-179. the property thesituation end February of the lease, covered with a mass disproportionate in value, to both the sum ithaving has cost and to therevert extent of the ground occupies." “ of building so very (London: London County Council, 1930), British History Online,atand accessed 27, 2019,ithttp://www.british-history.ac.uk/surveydisproportionate in value, both to the sum it has cost and to the extent and situation of the ground it occupies." “ london/vol13/pt2/pp167-179. 244 "Pembroke House, London". 2019. Humphrysfamilytree.Com. Accessed February 27. “With regard to this figure the surveyor-general in 1802 expressed the opinion that the money had been "injudiciously expended," and pointed 244 http://humphrysfamilytree.com/Herbert/pembroke.house.html. "Pembroke House, London". to the great disadvantage to the 2019. CrownHumphrysfamilytree.Com. "of having the propertyAccessed revert at February the end of27. the lease, covered with a mass of building so very 244 http://humphrysfamilytree.com/Herbert/pembroke.house.html. "Pembroke House, London". 2019. Humphrysfamilytree.Com. February 27.of the ground it occupies." “ disproportionate in value, both to the sum it has cost and to theAccessed extent and situation 245 "Pembroke House, London". 2019. Humphrysfamilytree.Com. Accessed February 27. http://humphrysfamilytree.com/Herbert/pembroke.house.html. 245 http://humphrysfamilytree.com/Herbert/pembroke.house.html. "Pembroke House, London". 2019. Humphrysfamilytree.Com. Accessed February 27. 245 http://humphrysfamilytree.com/Herbert/pembroke.house.html. House, London". 244 "Pembroke "Pembroke House, London". 2019. 2019. Humphrysfamilytree.Com. Humphrysfamilytree.Com. Accessed Accessed February February 27. 27. http://humphrysfamilytree.com/Herbert/pembroke.house.html. http://humphrysfamilytree.com/Herbert/pembroke.house.html. 246 "Ministry Of Defence Main Building MOD - Horse Guards Avenue SW1A 2HB | Buildington". 2019. Buildington.Co.Uk. Accessed February 27. 246 "Ministry OfHouse, Defence Main Building MOD - Horse Guards Avenue SW1A 2HB |27. Buildington". 2019. Buildington.Co.Uk. Accessed February 27. https://www.buildington.co.uk/london-sw1/horse-guards-avenue/ministry-of-defence-main-building-mod/id/8462. 245 "Pembroke London". 2019. Humphrysfamilytree.Com. Accessed February 246 "Ministry Of Defence Main Building MOD - Horse Guards Avenue SW1A 2HB | Buildington". 2019. Buildington.Co.Uk. Accessed February 27. https://www.buildington.co.uk/london-sw1/horse-guards-avenue/ministry-of-defence-main-building-mod/id/8462. http://humphrysfamilytree.com/Herbert/pembroke.house.html. https://www.buildington.co.uk/london-sw1/horse-guards-avenue/ministry-of-defence-main-building-mod/id/8462. 247 "GPS Coordinates Finder | Latitude And Longitude Finder | GPS Coordinates | Lat Long". 2019. GPS Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/. 247 "GPS Coordinates Finder And Longitude Finder |Avenue GPS Coordinates Long". 2019. GPS Buildington.Co.Uk. Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/. 246 "Ministry Of Defence Main| Latitude Building MOD - Horse Guards SW1A 2HB| Lat | Buildington". 2019. Accessed February 27. NECROPOLIS 248 247 "Planning Register: Finder Search |For, View,And AndLongitude CommentFinder On Planning Applications". 2019. Southwark Council. "GPS Coordinates Latitude | GPS Coordinates | Lat Long". 2019. GPS Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/. https://www.buildington.co.uk/london-sw1/horse-guards-avenue/ministry-of-defence-main-building-mod/id/8462. 248 https://www.southwark.gov.uk/planning-and-building-control/planning-applications/planning-register-search-for-view-and-comment-on-planning"Planning Register: Search For, View, And Comment On Planning Applications". 2019. Southwark Council. RAILWAY 248 applications. https://www.southwark.gov.uk/planning-and-building-control/planning-applications/planning-register-search-for-view-and-comment-on-planning"Planning Register: Search For, View, And Comment On Planning Applications". 2019. Southwark Council. applications. https://www.southwark.gov.uk/planning-and-building-control/planning-applications/planning-register-search-for-view-and-comment-on-planning247 "GPS Coordinates Finder | Latitude And Longitude Finder | GPS Coordinates | Lat Long". 2019. GPS Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/. 249 Ruggeri, Amanda. 2016. "The Passenger Train Created To Carry The Dead". Bbc.Com. http://www.bbc.com/autos/story/20161018-theapplications. 249 passenger-train-that-carried-the-dead. Ruggeri, Amanda. "The Train Created Carry The Dead". Bbc.Com. http://www.bbc.com/autos/story/20161018-the248 "Planning Register:2016. Search For,Passenger View, And Comment OnToPlanning Applications". 2019. Southwark Council. 249 passenger-train-that-carried-the-dead. Ruggeri, Amanda. 2016. "The Passenger Train Created To Carry The Dead". Bbc.Com. http://www.bbc.com/autos/story/20161018-thehttps://www.southwark.gov.uk/planning-and-building-control/planning-applications/planning-register-search-for-view-and-comment-on-planning250 Ruggeri, Amanda. 2016. "The Passenger Train Created To Carry The Dead". Bbc.Com. http://www.bbc.com/autos/story/20161018-thepassenger-train-that-carried-the-dead. applications. 250 passenger-train-that-carried-the-dead. Ruggeri, Amanda. 2016. "The Passenger Train Created To Carry The Dead". Bbc.Com. http://www.bbc.com/autos/story/20161018-the250 passenger-train-that-carried-the-dead. Ruggeri, Amanda. Amanda. 2016. 2016. "The "The Passenger Passenger Train Train Created Created To To Carry Carry The The Dead". Dead". Bbc.Com. Bbc.Com. http://www.bbc.com/autos/story/20161018-thehttp://www.bbc.com/autos/story/20161018-the249 Ruggeri, passenger-train-that-carried-the-dead. passenger-train-that-carried-the-dead. Ruggeri, Amanda. 2016. "The Passenger Train Created To Carry The Dead". Bbc.Com. http://www.bbc.com/autos/story/20161018-thepassenger-train-that-carried-the-dead. 250

Ruggeri, Amanda. 2016. "The Passenger Train Created To Carry The Dead". Bbc.Com. http://www.bbc.com/autos/story/20161018-theRuggeri, Amanda. 2016. "The Passenger Train Created To Carry The Dead". Bbc.Com. http://www.bbc.com/autos/story/20161018-thepassenger-train-that-carried-the-dead. passenger-train-that-carried-the-dead. 252 Ruggeri, Amanda. 2016. "The Passenger Train Created To Carry The Dead". Bbc.Com. http://www.bbc.com/autos/story/20161018-the252 Ruggeri, Amanda. 2016. "The Passenger Train Created To Carry The Dead". Bbc.Com. http://www.bbc.com/autos/story/20161018-thepassenger-train-that-carried-the-dead. passenger-train-that-carried-the-dead. 253 Ruggeri, Amanda. 2016. "The Passenger Train Created To Carry The Dead". Bbc.Com. http://www.bbc.com/autos/story/20161018-the253 Ruggeri, Amanda. 2016. "The Passenger Train Created To Carry The Dead". Bbc.Com. http://www.bbc.com/autos/story/20161018-thepassenger-train-that-carried-the-dead. passenger-train-that-carried-the-dead. 254 Ruggeri, Amanda. 2016. "The Passenger Train Created To Carry The Dead". Bbc.Com. http://www.bbc.com/autos/story/20161018-the254 Ruggeri, Amanda. 2016. "The Passenger Train Created To Carry The Dead". Bbc.Com. http://www.bbc.com/autos/story/20161018-thepassenger-train-that-carried-the-dead. passenger-train-that-carried-the-dead. 255 Ruggeri, Amanda. 2016. "The Passenger Train Created To Carry The Dead". Bbc.Com. http://www.bbc.com/autos/story/20161018-the255 Ruggeri, Amanda. 2016. "The Passenger Train Created To Carry The Dead". Bbc.Com. http://www.bbc.com/autos/story/20161018-thepassenger-train-that-carried-the-dead. passenger-train-that-carried-the-dead. 256 Wignall, Katie. 2017. "London Necropolis Railway: The Train For The Dead". Look Up London Tours. https://lookup.london/london256 Wignall, Katie. 2017. "London Necropolis Railway: The Train For The Dead". Look Up London Tours. https://lookup.london/londonnecropolis-railway/. necropolis-railway/. 257 Ruggeri, Amanda. 2016. "The Passenger Train Created To Carry The Dead". Bbc.Com. http://www.bbc.com/autos/story/20161018-the257 Ruggeri, Amanda. 2016. "The Passenger Train Created To Carry The Dead". Bbc.Com. http://www.bbc.com/autos/story/20161018-thepassenger-train-that-carried-the-dead. passenger-train-that-carried-the-dead. 258 Ruggeri, Amanda. 2016. "The Passenger Train Created To Carry The Dead". Bbc.Com. http://www.bbc.com/autos/story/20161018-the258 Ruggeri, Amanda. 2016. "The Passenger Train Created To Carry The Dead". Bbc.Com. http://www.bbc.com/autos/story/20161018-thepassenger-train-that-carried-the-dead. passenger-train-that-carried-the-dead. 259 Ruggeri, Amanda. 2016. "The Passenger Train Created To Carry The Dead". Bbc.Com. http://www.bbc.com/autos/story/20161018-the259 Ruggeri, Amanda. 2016. "The Passenger Train Created To Carry The Dead". Bbc.Com. http://www.bbc.com/autos/story/20161018-thepassenger-train-that-carried-the-dead. passenger-train-that-carried-the-dead. 260 Ruggeri, Amanda. 2016. "The Passenger Train Created To Carry The Dead". Bbc.Com. http://www.bbc.com/autos/story/20161018-the260 Ruggeri, Amanda. 2016. "The Passenger Train Created To Carry The Dead". Bbc.Com. http://www.bbc.com/autos/story/20161018-thepassenger-train-that-carried-the-dead. passenger-train-that-carried-the-dead. 261 Ruggeri, Amanda. 2016. "The Passenger Train Created To Carry The Dead". Bbc.Com. http://www.bbc.com/autos/story/20161018-the261 Ruggeri, Amanda. 2016. "The Passenger Train Created To Carry The Dead". Bbc.Com. http://www.bbc.com/autos/story/20161018-thepassenger-train-that-carried-the-dead. passenger-train-that-carried-the-dead. 262 "GPS Coordinates Finder | Latitude And Longitude Finder | GPS Coordinates | Lat Long". 2019. GPS Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/. 262 "GPS Coordinates Finder | Latitude And Longitude Finder | GPS Coordinates | Lat Long". 2019. GPS Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/. 263 "Planning Register: Search For, View, And Comment On Planning Applications". 2019. Southwark Council. 263 "Planning Register: Search For, View, And Comment On Planning Applications". 2019. Southwark Council. https://www.southwark.gov.uk/planning-and-building-control/planning-applications/planning-register-search-for-view-and-comment-on-planninghttps://www.southwark.gov.uk/planning-and-building-control/planning-applications/planning-register-search-for-view-and-comment-on-planningapplications. applications. 264 Fulcher, Melin. 2013. "C20 Society Speaks Out Over Sampson House Demolition". Architects Journal. 264 Fulcher, Melin. 2013. "C20 Society Speaks Out Over Sampson House Demolition". Architects Journal. https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/home/c20-society-speaks-out-over-sampson-house-demolition/8643331.article. https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/home/c20-society-speaks-out-over-sampson-house-demolition/8643331.article. 143 265 Fulcher, Melin. 2013. "C20 Society Speaks Out Over Sampson House Demolition". Architects Journal. 265 Fulcher, Melin. 2013. "C20 Society Speaks Out Over Sampson House Demolition". Architects Journal. https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/home/c20-society-speaks-out-over-sampson-house-demolition/8643331.article. https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/home/c20-society-speaks-out-over-sampson-house-demolition/8643331.article. 266 Daley, Roco. 2019. "BRUTALISM:ONLINE - Sampson House, Southwark, London, England". Brutalism.Online. http://brutalism.online/brutalist266 Daley, Roco. 2019. "BRUTALISM:ONLINE - Sampson House, Southwark, London, England". Brutalism.Online. http://brutalism.online/brutalistbuildings/13-uk/334-sampson-house-southwark-london-england. buildings/13-uk/334-sampson-house-southwark-london-england. 267 Daley, Roco. 2019. "BRUTALISM:ONLINE - Sampson House, Southwark, London, England". Brutalism.Online. http://brutalism.online/brutalist267 Daley, Roco. 2019. "BRUTALISM:ONLINE - Sampson House, Southwark, London, England". Brutalism.Online. http://brutalism.online/brutalistbuildings/13-uk/334-sampson-house-southwark-london-england. buildings/13-uk/334-sampson-house-southwark-london-england. “It was built in 1976-9 as a processing centre for Lloyds Bank and was designed by Fitzroy Robinson & Partners (now Aukett Fitzroy Robinson) “It waswas builtalso in 1976-9 as for a processing centre for Bank and in was designed by Queen Fitzroy Anne's Robinson & Partners (now Aukett Fitzroy Robinson) which architect the construction (andLloyds refurbishment 2004-6) of 50 Gate in Westminster.” which was also architect for the construction (and refurbishment in 2004-6) of 50 Queen Anne's Gate in Westminster.” 268 Champ, Hamish. 2019. "Mcgee Starts Work To Dismantle Brutalist Sampson House". Building. https://www.building.co.uk/news/mcgee-starts251 251

Ruggeri, Amanda. 2016. "The Passenger Train Created To Carry The Dead". Bbc.Com. http://www.bbc.com/autos/story/20161018-thepassenger-train-that-carried-the-dead.

255

Wignall, Katie. 2017. "London Necropolis Railway: The Train For The Dead". Look Up London Tours. https://lookup.london/londonnecropolis-railway/.

256

Ruggeri, Amanda. 2016. "The Passenger Train Created To Carry The Dead". Bbc.Com. http://www.bbc.com/autos/story/20161018-thepassenger-train-that-carried-the-dead. 257

Ruggeri, Amanda. 2016. "The Passenger Train Created To Carry The Dead". Bbc.Com. http://www.bbc.com/autos/story/20161018-thepassenger-train-that-carried-the-dead. 258

Ruggeri, Amanda. 2016. "The Passenger Train Created To Carry The Dead". Bbc.Com. http://www.bbc.com/autos/story/20161018-thepassenger-train-that-carried-the-dead. 259

Ruggeri, Amanda. 2016. "The Passenger Train Created To Carry The Dead". Bbc.Com. http://www.bbc.com/autos/story/20161018-thepassenger-train-that-carried-the-dead. 261 Ruggeri, Amanda. 2016. "The Passenger Train Created To Carry The Dead". Bbc.Com. http://www.bbc.com/autos/story/20161018-theSAMPSON HOUSE passenger-train-that-carried-the-dead. 260

262

"GPS Coordinates Finder | Latitude And Longitude Finder | GPS Coordinates | Lat Long". 2019. GPS Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/.

"Planning Register: Search For, View, And Comment On Planning Applications". 2019. Southwark Council. https://www.southwark.gov.uk/planning-and-building-control/planning-applications/planning-register-search-for-view-and-comment-on-planningapplications. 263

Daley, Roco. 2019. "BRUTALISM:ONLINE - Sampson House, Southwark, London, England". Brutalism.Online. http://brutalism.online/brutalistbuildings/13-uk/334-sampson-house-southwark-london-england. 266

Daley, Roco. 2019. "BRUTALISM:ONLINE - Sampson House, Southwark, London, England". Brutalism.Online. http://brutalism.online/brutalistbuildings/13-uk/334-sampson-house-southwark-london-england. “It was built in 1976-9 as a processing centre for Lloyds Bank and was designed by Fitzroy Robinson & Partners (now Aukett Fitzroy Robinson) which was also architect for the construction (and refurbishment in 2004-6) of 50 Queen Anne's Gate in Westminster.” 267

Champ, Hamish. 2019. "Mcgee Starts Work To Dismantle Brutalist Sampson House". Building. https://www.building.co.uk/news/mcgee-startswork-to-dismantle-brutalist-sampson-house/5097417.article. 268

Fulcher, Melin. 2013. "C20 Society Speaks Out Over Sampson House Demolition". Architects Journal. https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/home/c20-society-speaks-out-over-sampson-house-demolition/8643331.article. “PLP submitted 130,000m² plans to replace the 1979 Lloyds Bank processing house with six new buildings “ 269

Daley, Roco. 2019. "BRUTALISM:ONLINE - Sampson House, Southwark, London, England". Brutalism.Online. http://brutalism.online/brutalistbuildings/13-uk/334-sampson-house-southwark-london-england. “Tragically, despite objections, in October 2013 Southwark London Borough Council approved plans to build an apartment building complex on the Sampson House site.” 270

Daley, Roco. 2019. "BRUTALISM:ONLINE - Sampson House, Southwark, London, England". Brutalism.Online. http://brutalism.online/brutalistFulcher, Melin. 2013. "C20 Society Speaks Out Over Sampson House Demolition". Architects Journal. buildings/13-uk/334-sampson-house-southwark-london-england. https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/home/c20-society-speaks-out-over-sampson-house-demolition/8643331.article. 273 272

“The project will2019. be delivered in phases as existing occupants' leases expire, meaning could last from 2015 until early 2023.” 273 Daley, Roco. "BRUTALISM:ONLINE - Sampson House, Southwark, London, construction England". Brutalism.Online. http://brutalism.online/brutalistbuildings/13-uk/334-sampson-house-southwark-london-england. 274 Welch, Adrian. 2017. "Ludgate House & Sampson House - Southwark - E-Architect". E-Architect. https://www.earchitect.co.uk/london/ludgate-sampson-houses. “The project will be delivered in phases as existing occupants' leases expire, meaning construction could last from 2015 until early 2023.” “The project will be delivered in multiple phases following the lease expiries of the current tenants at Ludgate House in Q1 2015, and Sampson House in Q2 2018, and it is anticipated that works will be completed between mid-2020 and early 2023.” 274 Welch, Adrian. 2017. "Ludgate House & Sampson House - Southwark - E-Architect". E-Architect. https://www.earchitect.co.uk/london/ludgate-sampson-houses. 275 "Twentieth Century Society Objects To Sampson House Demolition". 2013. London SE1. https://www.london-se1.co.uk/news/view/6637. “The project will be delivered in multiple phases following the lease expiries of the current tenants at Ludgate House in Q1 2015, and Sampson “The Twentieth Century Society, which campaigns to safeguard the heritage of architecture and design since 1914, has lodged a formal House in Q2 2018, and it is anticipated that works will be completed between mid-2020 and early 2023.” objection to the demolition of Sampson House on Bankside.” "Twentieth Century Society Objects To Sampson House Demolition". 2013. London SE1. https://www.london-se1.co.uk/news/view/6637. "Twentieth Objects Sampson Demolition". 2013. London SE1. and https://www.london-se1.co.uk/news/view/6637. “The TwentiethCentury CenturySociety Society, which To campaigns toHouse safeguard the heritage of architecture design since 1914, has lodged a formal objection to the demolition of Sampson House on Bankside.” 277 Daley, Roco. 2019. "BRUTALISM:ONLINE - Sampson House, Southwark, London, England". Brutalism.Online. http://brutalism.online/brutalistbuildings/13-uk/334-sampson-house-southwark-london-england. 276 "Twentieth Century Society Objects To Sampson House Demolition". 2013. London SE1. https://www.london-se1.co.uk/news/view/6637. “Fitzroy Robinson & Partners … also architect for the construction (and refurbishment in 2004-6) of 50 Queen Anne's Gate in Westminster.” 275 276

277 Daley, Roco. 2019. "BRUTALISM:ONLINE - Sampson House, Southwark, London, England". Brutalism.Online. http://brutalism.online/brutalist278 "GPS Coordinates Finder | Latitude And Longitude Finder | GPS Coordinates | Lat Long". 2019. GPS Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/. buildings/13-uk/334-sampson-house-southwark-london-england. HOLLOWAY “Fitzroy RobinsonPRISON & Partners … also architect for the construction (and refurbishment in 2004-6) of 50 Queen Anne's Gate in Westminster.” 279 Holloway Prison Site Supplementary Planning Document (SPD) A Plan For The Future Of Holloway Prison Site. 2018. PDF. London: Islington Council. https://democracy.islington.gov.uk/documents/s13902/App%201%20278 "GPS Coordinates Finder | Latitude And Longitude Finder | GPS Coordinates | Lat Long". 2019. GPS Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/. %20Holloway%20Prison%20Site%20SPD%20FINAL%20EXECUTIVE%20VERSION.pdf.

Holloway Prison Site Supplementary Planning Document (SPD) A Plan For The Future Of Holloway Prison Site. 2018. PDF. London: Islington Council. "1852 – Holloway Prison, London". 2019. Archiseek - Irish Architecture. http://archiseek.com/2012/1852-holloway-prison-london/. https://democracy.islington.gov.uk/documents/s13902/App%201%20%20Holloway%20Prison%20Site%20SPD%20FINAL%20EXECUTIVE%20VERSION.pdf. 281 Clarke-Billings, Lucy. 2015. "Historic Holloway Prison To Close: George Osborne Announces Famous All-Female Jail Will Be Sold Off". Telegraph.Co.Uk. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/12017246/Holloway-Prison-The-famous-all-female-jail-and-its280 "1852 – Holloway Prison, London". 2019. Archiseek - Irish Architecture. http://archiseek.com/2012/1852-holloway-prison-london/. notorious-inmates.html. 279 280

281 Clarke-Billings, Lucy. 2015. "Historic Holloway Prison To Close: George Osborne Announces Famous All-Female Jail Will Be Sold 282 "London Square Unlocks £500M Holloway Prison". 2018. Egi. https://www.egi.co.uk/news/london-square-unlocks-500m-holloway-prison/. Off". Telegraph.Co.Uk. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/12017246/Holloway-Prison-The-famous-all-female-jail-and-its“The 10-acre site, on Parkhurst Road, could provide more than 1,000 new homes…” notorious-inmates.html.

Holloway Prison Site Supplementary Planning Document (SPD) A Plan For The Future Of Holloway Prison Site. 2018. Ebook. London: Islington "London Square Unlocks £500M Holloway Prison". 2018. Egi. https://www.egi.co.uk/news/london-square-unlocks-500m-holloway-prison/. Council. https://democracy.islington.gov.uk/documents/s13902/App%201%20“The 10-acre site, on Parkhurst Road, could provide more than 1,000 new homes…” %20Holloway%20Prison%20Site%20SPD%20FINAL%20EXECUTIVE%20VERSION.pdf. p.3 283 282

283

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Dransfield, Louise. 2016. "Holloway Prison Sale Moves A Step Closer". Building. https://www.building.co.uk/news/holloway-prison-sale-moves%20Holloway%20Prison%20Site%20SPD%20FINAL%20EXECUTIVE%20VERSION.pdf. p.3 a-step-closer/5083342.article.

“Holloway…has been 2016. home "Holloway to notorious killers including 284 Dransfield, Louise. Prison Sale Moves

Moors Myra Hindley.” A Step murderer Closer". Building. https://www.building.co.uk/news/holloway-prison-sale-moves-

a-step-closer/5083342.article. 285 Clarke-Billings, Lucy. 2015. "Historic Holloway Prison To Close: George Osborne Announces Famous All-Female Jail Will Be Sold “Holloway…has been home to notorious killers including Moors murderer Myra Hindley.” Off". Telegraph.Co.Uk. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/12017246/Holloway-Prison-The-famous-all-female-jail-and-itsnotorious-inmates.html.

Clarke-Billings, Lucy. 2015. "Historic Holloway Prison To Close: George Osborne Announces Famous All-Female Jail Will Be Sold Clarke-Billings, Lucy. 2015. "Historic Holloway Prison To Close: George Osborne Announces Famous All-Female Jail Will Be Sold Off". Telegraph.Co.Uk. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/12017246/Holloway-Prison-The-famous-all-female-jail-and-its285 286

“The project beand delivered inObjects multiple phases following the lease expiries of mid-2020 the current at Ludgate House in Q1 2015, and Sampson 275 "Twentieth House in Q2 will 2018, it is anticipated that works will be completed between andtenants early 2023.” Century Society To Sampson House Demolition". 2013. London SE1. https://www.london-se1.co.uk/news/view/6637. House in Q2 2018, and Society it Society, is anticipated works will be completed between andand early 2023.” 275 “The Twentieth Century whichthat campaigns toHouse safeguard the heritage of mid-2020 architecture design since 1914, has lodged a formal "Twentieth Century Objects To Sampson Demolition". 2013. London SE1. https://www.london-se1.co.uk/news/view/6637. 275 "Twentieth Century Society Objects To Sampson House Demolition". 2013. London SE1. https://www.london-se1.co.uk/news/view/6637. “The Twentieth Society, which House campaigns to safeguard the heritage of architecture and design since 1914, has lodged a formal objection to the Century demolition of Sampson on Bankside.” 275 "Twentieth Century Society Objects To Sampson House Demolition". 2013. London SE1. https://www.london-se1.co.uk/news/view/6637. “The Twentieth Society, which House campaigns to safeguard the heritage of architecture and design since 1914, has lodged a formal objection to the Century demolition of Sampson on Bankside.” “The Twentieth Century Society, which To campaigns toHouse safeguard the heritage of architecture design since 1914, has lodged a formal 276 objection to theCentury demolition of Sampson House on Bankside.” "Twentieth Society Objects Sampson Demolition". 2013. London SE1. and https://www.london-se1.co.uk/news/view/6637. objection to theCentury demolition of Sampson House on Bankside.” 276 "Twentieth Society Objects To Sampson House Demolition". 2013. London SE1. https://www.london-se1.co.uk/news/view/6637. 276 "Twentieth Century Society Objects To Sampson House Demolition". 2013. London SE1. https://www.london-se1.co.uk/news/view/6637. 277 Daley, Roco. 2019. "BRUTALISM:ONLINE - Sampson House, Southwark, London, England". Brutalism.Online. http://brutalism.online/brutalist276 "Twentieth Century Society Objects To Sampson House Demolition". 2013. London SE1. https://www.london-se1.co.uk/news/view/6637. 277 Daley, Roco. 2019. "BRUTALISM:ONLINE - Sampson House, Southwark, London, England". Brutalism.Online. http://brutalism.online/brutalistbuildings/13-uk/334-sampson-house-southwark-london-england. 277 Daley, Roco. 2019. "BRUTALISM:ONLINE - Sampson House, Southwark, London, England". Brutalism.Online. http://brutalism.online/brutalist“Fitzroy Robinson & Partners … also architect for the construction (and refurbishment in 2004-6) of 50 Queen Anne's Gate in Westminster.” buildings/13-uk/334-sampson-house-southwark-london-england. 277 Daley, Roco. 2019. "BRUTALISM:ONLINE - Sampson House, Southwark, London, England". Brutalism.Online. http://brutalism.online/brutalistbuildings/13-uk/334-sampson-house-southwark-london-england. “Fitzroy Robinson & Partners … also architect for the construction (and refurbishment in 2004-6) of 50 Queen Anne's Gate in Westminster.” buildings/13-uk/334-sampson-house-southwark-london-england. 278 "GPS Robinson “Fitzroy & Partners also architect for the Finder construction (and refurbishment in 2004-6) 50Coordinates. Queen Anne's Gate in Westminster.” Coordinates Finder | … Latitude And Longitude | GPS Coordinates | Lat Long". 2019. of GPS https://gps-coordinates.org/. “Fitzroy & Partners also architect for the Finder construction (and refurbishment in 2004-6) 50Coordinates. Queen Anne's Gate in Westminster.” 278 "GPS Robinson Coordinates Finder | … Latitude And Longitude | GPS Coordinates | Lat Long". 2019. of GPS https://gps-coordinates.org/. 278 "GPS Coordinates Finder | Latitude And Longitude Finder | GPS Coordinates | Lat Long". 2019. GPS Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/. 279 Holloway Prison Site Supplementary Planning Document (SPD) A Plan For The Future Of Holloway Prison Site. 2018. PDF. London: Islington Council. 278 "GPS Coordinates Finder | Latitude And Longitude Finder | GPS Coordinates | Lat Long". 2019. GPS Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/. 279 https://democracy.islington.gov.uk/documents/s13902/App%201%20Holloway Prison Site Supplementary Planning Document (SPD) A Plan For The Future Of Holloway Prison Site. 2018. PDF. London: Islington Council. 279 Holloway Prison Site Supplementary Planning Document (SPD) A Plan For The Future Of Holloway Prison Site. 2018. PDF. London: Islington Council. %20Holloway%20Prison%20Site%20SPD%20FINAL%20EXECUTIVE%20VERSION.pdf. https://democracy.islington.gov.uk/documents/s13902/App%201%20279 Holloway Prison Site Supplementary Planning Document (SPD) A Plan For The Future Of Holloway Prison Site. 2018. PDF. London: Islington Council. https://democracy.islington.gov.uk/documents/s13902/App%201%20%20Holloway%20Prison%20Site%20SPD%20FINAL%20EXECUTIVE%20VERSION.pdf. https://democracy.islington.gov.uk/documents/s13902/App%201%20280 %20Holloway%20Prison%20Site%20SPD%20FINAL%20EXECUTIVE%20VERSION.pdf. "1852 – Holloway Prison, London". 2019. Archiseek - Irish Architecture. http://archiseek.com/2012/1852-holloway-prison-london/. %20Holloway%20Prison%20Site%20SPD%20FINAL%20EXECUTIVE%20VERSION.pdf. 280 "1852 – Holloway Prison, London". 2019. Archiseek - Irish Architecture. http://archiseek.com/2012/1852-holloway-prison-london/. 280 "1852 – Holloway HOLLOWAY 281 Prison, Archiseek - Irish http://archiseek.com/2012/1852-holloway-prison-london/. Clarke-Billings,PRISON Lucy. 2015.London". "Historic2019. Holloway Prison To Architecture. Close: George Osborne Announces Famous All-Female Jail Will Be Sold 280 "1852 – Holloway Prison, London". 2019. Archiseek - Irish Architecture. http://archiseek.com/2012/1852-holloway-prison-london/. 281 Clarke-Billings, Off". Telegraph.Co.Uk. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/12017246/Holloway-Prison-The-famous-all-female-jail-and-itsLucy. 2015. "Historic Holloway Prison To Close: George Osborne Announces Famous All-Female Jail Will Be Sold 281 Clarke-Billings, Lucy. 2015. "Historic Holloway Prison To Close: George Osborne Announces Famous All-Female Jail Will Be Sold notorious-inmates.html. Off". Telegraph.Co.Uk. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/12017246/Holloway-Prison-The-famous-all-female-jail-and-its281 Clarke-Billings, Lucy. 2015. "Historic Holloway Prison To Close: George Osborne Announces Famous All-Female Jail Will Be Sold Off". Telegraph.Co.Uk. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/12017246/Holloway-Prison-The-famous-all-female-jail-and-itsnotorious-inmates.html. Off". Telegraph.Co.Uk. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/12017246/Holloway-Prison-The-famous-all-female-jail-and-its282 notorious-inmates.html. "London Square Unlocks £500M Holloway Prison". 2018. Egi. https://www.egi.co.uk/news/london-square-unlocks-500m-holloway-prison/. notorious-inmates.html. 282 “The 10-acreSquare site, on Parkhurst Road, could provide new homes…” "London Unlocks £500M Holloway Prison".more 2018.than Egi.1,000 https://www.egi.co.uk/news/london-square-unlocks-500m-holloway-prison/. 282 "London Square Unlocks £500M Holloway Prison". 2018. Egi. https://www.egi.co.uk/news/london-square-unlocks-500m-holloway-prison/. “The 10-acre site, on Parkhurst Road, could provide more than 1,000 new homes…” 282 "London Square Unlocks £500M Holloway Prison". 2018. Egi. https://www.egi.co.uk/news/london-square-unlocks-500m-holloway-prison/. 283 “The 10-acrePrison site, Site on Parkhurst Road,Planning could provide more than 1,000 Holloway Supplementary Document (SPD) A Plan Fornew Thehomes…” Future Of Holloway Prison Site. 2018. Ebook. London: Islington “The 10-acre site, Site on Parkhurst Road,Planning could provide more than 1,000 283 Council. https://democracy.islington.gov.uk/documents/s13902/App%201%20Holloway Prison Supplementary Document (SPD) A Plan Fornew Thehomes…” Future Of Holloway Prison Site. 2018. Ebook. London: Islington 283 Holloway Prison Site Supplementary Planning Document (SPD) A Plan For The Future Of Holloway Prison Site. 2018. Ebook. London: Islington %20Holloway%20Prison%20Site%20SPD%20FINAL%20EXECUTIVE%20VERSION.pdf. p.3 Council. https://democracy.islington.gov.uk/documents/s13902/App%201%20283 Holloway Prison Site Supplementary Planning Document (SPD) A Plan For The Future Of Holloway Prison Site. 2018. Ebook. London: Islington Council. https://democracy.islington.gov.uk/documents/s13902/App%201%20%20Holloway%20Prison%20Site%20SPD%20FINAL%20EXECUTIVE%20VERSION.pdf. p.3 Council. https://democracy.islington.gov.uk/documents/s13902/App%201%20%20Holloway%20Prison%20Site%20SPD%20FINAL%20EXECUTIVE%20VERSION.pdf. p.3 %20Holloway%20Prison%20Site%20SPD%20FINAL%20EXECUTIVE%20VERSION.pdf. p.3 284 Dransfield, Louise. 2016. "Holloway Prison Sale Moves A Step Closer". Building. https://www.building.co.uk/news/holloway-prison-sale-moves284 Dransfield, Louise. 2016. "Holloway Prison Sale Moves A Step Closer". Building. https://www.building.co.uk/news/holloway-prison-sale-movesa-step-closer/5083342.article. 284 Dransfield, Louise. 2016. "Holloway Prison Sale Moves A Step Closer". Building. https://www.building.co.uk/news/holloway-prison-sale-movesa-step-closer/5083342.article. 284 Dransfield, Louise. 2016. "Holloway Prison Sale Moves A Step Closer". 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"Historic Holloway Prison To Close: George Osborne Announces Famous All-Female Jail Will Be Sold notorious-inmates.html. Off". Telegraph.Co.Uk. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/12017246/Holloway-Prison-The-famous-all-female-jail-and-its285 Clarke-Billings, Lucy. 2015. "Historic Holloway Prison To Close: George Osborne Announces Famous All-Female Jail Will Be Sold Off". Telegraph.Co.Uk. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/12017246/Holloway-Prison-The-famous-all-female-jail-and-itsnotorious-inmates.html. Off". Telegraph.Co.Uk. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/12017246/Holloway-Prison-The-famous-all-female-jail-and-its286 notorious-inmates.html. Clarke-Billings, Lucy. 2015. "Historic Holloway Prison To Close: George Osborne Announces Famous All-Female Jail Will Be Sold notorious-inmates.html. 286 Off". 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Kclsu.Org. https://www.kclsu.org/news/article/6015/Bush-House-fully-opens/. across the road from the Macadam provide with we bigger, and better-equipped spaces.” “After finally saying goodbye to the Building Macadamwill building lastusweek havebetter completed our move into our new Bush House Space. Our new home across the road from the Macadam Building will provide us with bigger, better and better-equipped spaces.” “After finally saying2018. goodbye to the lastOf week weCollege have completed move into King's our new BushLondon. House Space. Our new home 315 Tolley, Henry. "An Ode ToMacadam The Mostbuilding Beautiful King's Buildings:our Bush House". College across the Henry. road from the"An Macadam willBeautiful provide us bigger, better and better-equipped spaces.” 315 https://thetab.com/uk/kings/2017/10/31/an-ode-to-the-most-beautiful-of-kings-college-buildings-bush-house-17249. Tolley, 2018. Ode ToBuilding The Most Ofwith King's College Buildings: Bush House". King's College London. 315 https://thetab.com/uk/kings/2017/10/31/an-ode-to-the-most-beautiful-of-kings-college-buildings-bush-house-17249. Tolley, Henry. 2018. "An Ode To The Most Beautiful Of King's College Buildings: Bush House". King's College London. 316 "GPS Coordinates Finder | Latitude And Longitude Finder | GPS Coordinates | Lat Long". 2019. GPS Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/. https://thetab.com/uk/kings/2017/10/31/an-ode-to-the-most-beautiful-of-kings-college-buildings-bush-house-17249. WELBECK STREET 315 Henry. 2018. "An Ode To The Most Beautiful Of King's Buildings: House". College London. 316 Tolley, "GPS Coordinates Finder | Latitude And Longitude Finder | GPSCollege Coordinates | LatBush Long". 2019. King's GPS Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/. https://thetab.com/uk/kings/2017/10/31/an-ode-to-the-most-beautiful-of-kings-college-buildings-bush-house-17249. 317 Block, India. 2019. 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Dezeen. street-car-park/. 322 Wignall, Katie. 2018. "FarwellWelbeck WelbeckStreet StreetCarpark Car Park | Should It BeBe Demolished?". LookMake Up London Tours. https://lookup.london/welbeck323 https://www.dezeen.com/2019/02/11/welbeck-street-car-park-demolish-shiva-hotel/. Block, India. 2019. "Brutalist Will Definitely Demolished To Way For Luxury Hotel". Dezeen. street-car-park/. 323 https://www.dezeen.com/2019/02/11/welbeck-street-car-park-demolish-shiva-hotel/. Block, India. 2019. "Brutalist Welbeck Street Carpark Will Definitely Be Demolished To Make Way For Luxury Hotel". Dezeen. 146 324 "Diamonds Are Forever, Say Brutalist Car Park Campaigners". 2017. Twentieth Century Society. https://c20society.org.uk/news/diamonds-arehttps://www.dezeen.com/2019/02/11/welbeck-street-car-park-demolish-shiva-hotel/. 323 India.Are 2019. "Brutalist Street Carpark Will Definitely Be Demolished Make https://c20society.org.uk/news/diamonds-areWay For Luxury Hotel". 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forever-say-brutalist-car-park-campaigners/. 324 "Diamonds Are2018. Forever, Say Brutalist ParkCar Campaigners". 2017. CenturyLook Society. https://c20society.org.uk/news/diamonds-are325 Wignall, Katie. "Farwell WelbeckCar Street Park | Should It BeTwentieth Demolished?". Up London Tours. https://lookup.london/welbeckforever-say-brutalist-car-park-campaigners/. 325 Wignall, Katie. 2018. "Farwell Welbeck Street Car Park | Should It Be Demolished?". Look Up London Tours. https://lookup.london/welbeckstreet-car-park/. 325 street-car-park/. Wignall, Katie. 2018. "Farwell Welbeck Street Car Park | Should It Be Demolished?". Look Up London Tours. https://lookup.london/welbeckstreet-car-park/. 325 Wignall, Katie. 2018. "Farwell Welbeck Street Car Park | Should It Be Demolished?". Look Up London Tours. https://lookup.london/welbeck326 "4 Reasons We Forget Things". 2019. Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/explanations-for-forgetting-2795045. street-car-park/. 326 "4 Reasons We Forget Things". 2019. Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/explanations-for-forgetting-2795045. 327 2018 "Guilty Architecture - BBCVerywell Sounds". 2019. BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/b0b01rvh. 326 BBC. "4 Reasons We Forget Things". 2019. Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/explanations-for-forgetting-2795045. 327 BBC. 2018 "Guilty Architecture - BBC Sounds". 2019. BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/b0b01rvh.

"Bush House Fully Opens". 2018. Kclsu.Org. https://www.kclsu.org/news/article/6015/Bush-House-fully-opens/. Curry,House Rhiannon. 2016. "King's College London To Sell Strand Building". The Telegraph. "Bush "Bush House Fully Fully Opens". Opens". 2018. 2018. Kclsu.Org. Kclsu.Org. https://www.kclsu.org/news/article/6015/Bush-House-fully-opens/. https://www.kclsu.org/news/article/6015/Bush-House-fully-opens/. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/03/03/kings-college-london-to-sell-strand-building/. “After finally saying goodbye to the Macadam building last week we have completed our move into our new Bush House Space. Our new home “After finally saying goodbye to the Building Macadamwill building lastusweek havebetter completed our move into our new Bush House Space. Our new home across the road from the Macadam provide with we bigger, and better-equipped spaces.” 314 "Bush 313 Fully2016. Opens". 2018. Kclsu.Org. https://www.kclsu.org/news/article/6015/Bush-House-fully-opens/. Curry,House Rhiannon. "King's College London To Sell Strand Building". The Telegraph. across the road from the Macadam Building will provide us with bigger, better and better-equipped spaces.” https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/03/03/kings-college-london-to-sell-strand-building/. “After finally saying goodbye to the Macadam building last week we have completed our move into our new Bush House Space. Our new home 315 Tolley, Henry. 2018. "An Ode To The Most Beautiful Of King's College Buildings: Bush House". King's College London. 314 across theHouse road from the Macadam willhttps://www.kclsu.org/news/article/6015/Bush-House-fully-opens/. provide us bigger, better and better-equipped spaces.” Fully Opens". 2018. Kclsu.Org. 315 "Bush https://thetab.com/uk/kings/2017/10/31/an-ode-to-the-most-beautiful-of-kings-college-buildings-bush-house-17249. Tolley, Henry. 2018. "An Ode ToBuilding The Most Beautiful Ofwith King's College Buildings: Bush House". King's College London. 314 313 312 314

https://thetab.com/uk/kings/2017/10/31/an-ode-to-the-most-beautiful-of-kings-college-buildings-bush-house-17249. “After finally saying goodbye the Macadam building last week we Coordinates have completed move2019. into GPS our Coordinates. new Bush House Space. Our new home 316 "GPS Coordinates Finder to | Latitude And Longitude Finder | GPS | Latour Long". https://gps-coordinates.org/. 315 Tolley, Henry. 2018. "An Ode To The Most Beautiful Of King's College Buildings: Bush House". King's College London. across the road from the Macadam Building will provide us with bigger, better and better-equipped spaces.” 316 "GPS Coordinates Finder | Latitude And Longitude Finder | GPS Coordinates | Lat Long". 2019. GPS Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/. https://thetab.com/uk/kings/2017/10/31/an-ode-to-the-most-beautiful-of-kings-college-buildings-bush-house-17249. 317 Block, India. 2019. "Brutalist Welbeck Street Carpark Will Definitely Be Demolished To Make Way For Luxury Hotel". Dezeen. 317 https://www.dezeen.com/2019/02/11/welbeck-street-car-park-demolish-shiva-hotel/. Block, India. 2019. "Brutalist Welbeck Street Carpark Will Definitely Be Demolished To Make Way For Luxury Hotel". Dezeen. 316 Tolley, 315 "GPS Coordinates Finder | Latitude And Longitude Finder | GPSCollege Coordinates | LatBush Long". 2019. King's GPS Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/. Henry. 2018. "An Ode To The Most Beautiful Of King's Buildings: House". College London. https://www.dezeen.com/2019/02/11/welbeck-street-car-park-demolish-shiva-hotel/. https://thetab.com/uk/kings/2017/10/31/an-ode-to-the-most-beautiful-of-kings-college-buildings-bush-house-17249. 318 Block, India. 2019. "Brutalist Welbeck Street Carpark Will Definitely Be Demolished To Make Way For Luxury Hotel". Dezeen. 317 Block, India. 2019. "Brutalist Welbeck Street Carpark Will Definitely Be Demolished To Make Way For Luxury Hotel". 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Dezeen. https://www.dezeen.com/2019/02/11/welbeck-street-car-park-demolish-shiva-hotel/. https://www.dezeen.com/2019/02/11/welbeck-street-car-park-demolish-shiva-hotel/. CAR PARK 320 "Welbeck Street Car Park - Parking In London | Parkme". 2019. Parkme.Com. https://www.parkme.com/en-gb/lot/102331/welbeck-street-car319 Block, India. 2019. "Brutalist Welbeck Street Carpark Will Definitely Be Demolished To Make Way For Luxury Hotel". Dezeen. 318 320 park-london-uk. "Welbeck Street Car Park - Parking In London | Parkme". 2019. Parkme.Com. https://www.parkme.com/en-gb/lot/102331/welbeck-street-carhttps://www.dezeen.com/2019/02/11/welbeck-street-car-park-demolish-shiva-hotel/. park-london-uk. 321 Block, India. 2019. "Brutalist Welbeck Street Carpark Will Definitely Be Demolished To Make Way For Luxury Hotel". Dezeen. 320 Block, 319 "Welbeck Street Car Park - Parking In Street London | Parkme". 2019. Parkme.Com. https://www.parkme.com/en-gb/lot/102331/welbeck-street-car321 https://www.dezeen.com/2019/02/11/welbeck-street-car-park-demolish-shiva-hotel/. Block, India. India. 2019. 2019. "Brutalist "Brutalist Welbeck Welbeck Street Carpark Carpark Will Will Definitely Definitely Be Be Demolished Demolished To To Make Make Way Way For For Luxury Luxury Hotel". Hotel". Dezeen. Dezeen. park-london-uk. https://www.dezeen.com/2019/02/11/welbeck-street-car-park-demolish-shiva-hotel/. https://www.dezeen.com/2019/02/11/welbeck-street-car-park-demolish-shiva-hotel/. 322 Wignall, Katie. 2018. "Farwell Welbeck Street Car Park | Should It Be Demolished?". Look Up London Tours. https://lookup.london/welbeck321 "Welbeck 320 Block, India. 2019. "Brutalist Welbeck Will Definitely Demolished To Way For Luxury Hotel". Dezeen. Street Car Park - Parking In Street London | Parkme". 2019. Parkme.Com. https://www.parkme.com/en-gb/lot/102331/welbeck-street-car322 street-car-park/. Wignall, Katie. 2018. "Farwell Welbeck StreetCarpark Car Park | Should It BeBe Demolished?". LookMake Up London Tours. https://lookup.london/welbeckhttps://www.dezeen.com/2019/02/11/welbeck-street-car-park-demolish-shiva-hotel/. park-london-uk. street-car-park/. 323 Block, India. 2019. "Brutalist Welbeck Street Carpark Will Definitely Be Demolished To Make Way For Luxury Hotel". Dezeen. 322 Wignall, 321 Katie. 2018. "Farwell WelbeckStreet Street Car Park | Should It BeBe Demolished?". To Look Up London Tours. https://lookup.london/welbeckBlock, 323 https://www.dezeen.com/2019/02/11/welbeck-street-car-park-demolish-shiva-hotel/. Block, India. India. 2019. 2019. "Brutalist "Brutalist Welbeck Welbeck Street Carpark Carpark Will Will Definitely Definitely Be Demolished Demolished To Make Make Way Way For For Luxury Luxury Hotel". Hotel". Dezeen. 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FORGETTING 327 BBC. 2018 "Guilty Architecture - BBC Sounds". 2019. BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/b0b01rvh.

325 Wignall, Katie. 2018. "Farwell Welbeck Street Car Park | Should It Be Demolished?". Look Up London Tours. https://lookup.london/welbeck327 BBC. 2018 "Guilty Architecture - BBC Sounds". 2019. BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/b0b01rvh. 326 "4 Reasons We Forget Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/explanations-for-forgetting-2795045. street-car-park/. 328 Glancey, Jonathan. 2018.Things". "Guilty2019. Architecture". Podcast. BBC Radio 4. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0b01rvh. 328 Glancey, Jonathan. 2018. "Guilty Architecture". Podcast. BBC Radio 4. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0b01rvh. 327 BBC. 2018 "Guilty Architecture - BBC Sounds". 2019. BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/b0b01rvh. 329 Chipperfield, David. 2018. "Guilty Architecture". Podcast. BBC Radio 4. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0b01rvh. 326 "4 Reasons We Forget Things". 2019. Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/explanations-for-forgetting-2795045. 329 Chipperfield, David. 2018. "Guilty Architecture". Podcast. BBC Radio 4. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0b01rvh. 328 Glancey, Jonathan. 2018. "Guilty Architecture". Podcast. BBC Radio 4. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0b01rvh. 330 Chipperfield, David. 2018. "Guilty Architecture". Podcast. BBC Radio 4. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0b01rvh. 327 BBC. 2018 "Guilty Architecture - BBC Sounds". 2019. BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/b0b01rvh. 330 Chipperfield, David. 2018. "Guilty Architecture". Podcast. BBC Radio 4. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0b01rvh. 329 Chipperfield, David. 2018. "Guilty Architecture". Podcast. BBC Radio 4. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0b01rvh. 331 Foster, Norman. 2018. "Guilty Architecture". Podcast. BBC Radio 4. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0b01rvh. 328 Glancey, Jonathan. 2018. "Guilty Architecture". Podcast. BBC Radio 4. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0b01rvh. 331 Foster, Norman. 2018. "Guilty Architecture". Podcast. BBC Radio 4. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0b01rvh. 330 Chipperfield, David. 2018. "Guilty Architecture". Podcast. BBC Radio 4. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0b01rvh. 332 "GPS Coordinates Finder | Latitude And Longitude Finder | GPS Coordinates | Lat Long". 2019. GPS Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/. 329 Chipperfield, David. 2018. "Guilty Architecture". Podcast. BBC Radio 4. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0b01rvh. 332 "GPS Coordinates Finder | Latitude And Longitude Finder | GPS Coordinates | Lat Long". 2019. GPS Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/. 331 Foster, Norman. 2018. "Guilty Architecture". Podcast. BBC Radio 4. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0b01rvh. 333 "Planning Applications, Decision Notices And Archived Records". 2019. Westminster City Council. https://www.westminster.gov.uk/planning330 Chipperfield, David. 2018. "Guilty Architecture". Podcast. BBC Radio 4. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0b01rvh. 333 applications-decisions-archived-records. "Planning Applications, Decision Notices And Archived Records". 2019. Westminster City Council. https://www.westminster.gov.uk/planning332 "GPS Coordinates Finder | Latitude And Longitude Finder | GPS Coordinates | Lat Long". 2019. GPS Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/.

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GPS GPS Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/. https://gps-coordinates.org/. 437 "GPS Finder 437 "GPS Coordinates Finder || Latitude Latitude And And Longitude Longitude Finder Finder | GPS Coordinates Coordinates || Lat Lat Long". Long". 2019. 2019. GPS Coordinates. Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/. dementia/advice-and-information/dementia-first-steps/what-is-dementia/. CRYSTAL PALACE, 437 "GPS Coordinates Coordinates Finder | Are Latitude And Longitude Finder || GPS GPS Coordinates | Lat LatUK. Long". 2019. GPS GPS Coordinates. Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/. https://gps-coordinates.org/. 436 "GPS 437 "What Is Dementia? What The Symptoms? Dementia UK". 2019. Dementia https://www.dementiauk.org/understandingFinder | Latitude And Longitude Finder Coordinates | Long". 2019. 437 Bromley, 438 "GPS Coordinates Finder"Planning | Latitude|| London And Longitude | GPS Coordinates | Lat Long". 2019. GPS Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/. London. Borough Of Bromley.Gov.Uk. https://www.bromley.gov.uk/info/200074/planning. 438 Bromley, London. 2019. 2019. "Planning London BoroughFinder Of Bromley". Bromley". Bromley.Gov.Uk. https://www.bromley.gov.uk/info/200074/planning. 437 438 437 SYDENHAM "GPS Coordinates Finder"Planning | Latitude| London And Longitude Finder | GPS Coordinates | Lat Long". 2019. GPS Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/. dementia/advice-and-information/dementia-first-steps/what-is-dementia/. Bromley, London. 2019. Borough Of Bromley". Bromley.Gov.Uk. https://www.bromley.gov.uk/info/200074/planning. 438 Bromley, London. 2019. "Planning | London Borough Of Bromley". Bromley.Gov.Uk. https://www.bromley.gov.uk/info/200074/planning. 438 Bromley, London. 2019. "Planning "Planning LondonA Borough Borough Of Bromley". Bromley.Gov.Uk. https://www.bromley.gov.uk/info/200074/planning. https://www.bromley.gov.uk/info/200074/planning. 438 "BBC 439 London. 2019. ||Palace: London Of Bromley". Bromley.Gov.Uk. -- London -- History -- Crystal History". 2014. Bbc.Co.Uk. 439 Bromley, A History". 2014. Bbc.Co.Uk. 438 437 439 438 "BBC "GPS Coordinates Finder"Planning Latitude|Palace: And Longitude Finder | GPS Coordinates | Lat Long". 2019. GPS Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/. "BBC - London London - History History -| Crystal Crystal Palace: A Borough History". 2014. Bbc.Co.Uk. Bromley, London. 2019. London Of Bromley". Bromley.Gov.Uk. https://www.bromley.gov.uk/info/200074/planning. http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2004/07/27/history_feature.shtml. 439 http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2004/07/27/history_feature.shtml. "BBC London History Crystal Palace: A History". 2014. Bbc.Co.Uk. 439 http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2004/07/27/history_feature.shtml. "BBC -- London -- History -- Crystal Palace: A History". 2014. Bbc.Co.Uk. 439 "BBC London History Crystal Palace: A History". 2014. Bbc.Co.Uk. http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2004/07/27/history_feature.shtml. 439 Bromley, London. 2019. "Planning | London Borough Of Bromley". Bromley.Gov.Uk. https://www.bromley.gov.uk/info/200074/planning. 438 439 "BBC -- London http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2004/07/27/history_feature.shtml. 440 http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2004/07/27/history_feature.shtml. "BBC London --- History History --- Crystal Crystal Palace: Palace: A A History". History". 2014. 2014. Bbc.Co.Uk. Bbc.Co.Uk. 440 "BBC 440 "BBC -- London London - History History - Crystal Crystal Palace: Palace: A A History". History". 2014. 2014. Bbc.Co.Uk. Bbc.Co.Uk. http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2004/07/27/history_feature.shtml. http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2004/07/27/history_feature.shtml. 440 http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2004/07/27/history_feature.shtml. "BBC London History Crystal Palace: A History". 2014. Bbc.Co.Uk. 439 440 "BBC London History Crystal Palace: A History". 2014. Bbc.Co.Uk. http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2004/07/27/history_feature.shtml. 440 "BBC London History Crystal Palace: A History". 2014. Bbc.Co.Uk. “August 1852 saw the rebuilding work begin and in June 1854 Crystal Palace was re-opened in its new location by Queen Victoria.” “August saw rebuilding work begin in Palace http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2004/07/27/history_feature.shtml. 440 440 "BBC 1852 - London - History - Crystal A History". 2014.Crystal Bbc.Co.Uk. http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2004/07/27/history_feature.shtml. “August 1852 saw the the rebuilding workPalace: begin and and in June June 1854 1854 Crystal Palace was was re-opened re-opened in in its its new new location location by by Queen Queen Victoria.” Victoria.” http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2004/07/27/history_feature.shtml. “August 1852 saw the rebuilding work begin and in June 1854 Crystal Palace was re-opened in its new location by Queen Victoria.” http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2004/07/27/history_feature.shtml. “August 1852 saw rebuilding work begin in 1854 Palace was in new by 441 “August 1852 saw ||the the rebuilding workUnited begin and and in June June 2019. 1854 Crystal Crystal PalaceBritannica. was re-opened re-opened in its its new location location by Queen Queen Victoria.” Victoria.” "Crystal Palace Building, London, United Kingdom". 2019. Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed February 25. 441 "Crystal Palace Building, London, Kingdom". Encyclopedia Accessed February 25. 440 441 "BBC London History Crystal Palace: A History". 2014. Bbc.Co.Uk. "Crystal Palace | Building, London, United Kingdom". 2019. Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed February 25. “August 1852 saw the rebuilding work begin and in June 1854 Crystal Palace was re-opened in its new location by Queen Victoria.” https://www.britannica.com/topic/Crystal-Palace-building-London. 441 https://www.britannica.com/topic/Crystal-Palace-building-London. "Crystal Palace Palace || Building, Building, London, London, United United Kingdom". Kingdom". 2019. 2019. Encyclopedia Encyclopedia Britannica. Britannica. Accessed Accessed February February 25. 25. 441 http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2004/07/27/history_feature.shtml. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Crystal-Palace-building-London. "Crystal 441 "Crystal Palace | Building, London, United Kingdom". 2019. Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed February 25. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Crystal-Palace-building-London. 441 441 “August 1852 saw ||the rebuilding workUnited begin and in June 2019. 1854 Crystal PalaceBritannica. was re-opened in its new location "Crystal Palace Building, London, Kingdom". Encyclopedia Accessed February 25. by Queen Victoria.” https://www.britannica.com/topic/Crystal-Palace-building-London. 442 https://www.britannica.com/topic/Crystal-Palace-building-London. "Crystal Palace Building, London, United Kingdom". 2019. Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed February 25. 442 "Crystal 442 https://www.britannica.com/topic/Crystal-Palace-building-London. "Crystal Palace Palace || Building, Building, London, London, United United Kingdom". Kingdom". 2019. 2019. Encyclopedia Encyclopedia Britannica. Britannica. Accessed Accessed February February 25. 25. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Crystal-Palace-building-London. 442 https://www.britannica.com/topic/Crystal-Palace-building-London. "Crystal Palace || Building, London, United Kingdom". 2019. Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed February 25. 441 442 February https://www.britannica.com/topic/Crystal-Palace-building-London. "Crystal Palace Building, London, United Kingdom". 2019. Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed 25.its total floor area was about 442 "Crystal Palace |the Building, London, United Kingdom". 2019. Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed February 25. “The main body of building was 1,848 feet (563 metres) long and 408 feet (124 metres) wide; … while “The main of building was feet (563 long and (124 wide; … its total floor area was about https://www.britannica.com/topic/Crystal-Palace-building-London. 442 442 https://www.britannica.com/topic/Crystal-Palace-building-London. “The main body body of |the the building was 1,848 1,848 feetKingdom". (563 metres) metres) long and 408 408 feet feet (124 metres) metres) wide; … while while "Crystal Palace Building, London, United 2019. Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed February 25.its total floor area was about https://www.britannica.com/topic/Crystal-Palace-building-London. 990,000 square feet (92,000 square metres, or about 23 acres [9 hectares])” “The main body of the building was 1,848 feet (563 metres) long and 408 feet (124 metres) wide; … while its total floor area was about 990,000 square feet (92,000 square metres, or about 23 acres [9 hectares])” https://www.britannica.com/topic/Crystal-Palace-building-London. “The main body of the building was 1,848 feet (563 metres) long and 408 feet (124 metres) wide; … while 990,000 square feet (92,000 square metres, or about 23 acres [9 hectares])” “The main body of the building was 1,848 feet (563 metres) long and 408 feet (124 metres) wide; … while its its total total floor floor area area was was about about 442 990,000 square feet (92,000 square metres, or about 23 acres [9 hectares])” "Crystal Palace | Building, London, United Kingdom". 2019. Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed February 25. “The main body of the building was 1,848 feet (563 metres) long and 408 feet (124 metres) wide; … while its total floor area was about 990,000 square square feet feet (92,000 (92,000 square square metres, metres, or or about about 23 23 acres acres [9 [9 hectares])” hectares])” 990,000 https://www.britannica.com/topic/Crystal-Palace-building-London. 990,000 square feet (92,000 square metres, or about 23 acres [9 hectares])” “The main body of the building was 1,848 feet (563 metres) long and 408 feet (124 metres) wide; … while its total floor area was about 443 Palace | Building, London, United Kingdom". 2019. Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed February 25. 443 "Crystal "Crystal Palace London, United Britannica. 443 990,000 square feet|| Building, (92,000 square metres, about 23 2019. acres Encyclopedia [9 hectares])” "Crystal Palace Building, London, UnitedorKingdom". Kingdom". 2019. Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed Accessed February February 25. 25. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Crystal-Palace-building-London 443 "Crystal Palace || Building, London, United Kingdom". 2019. Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed February 25. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Crystal-Palace-building-London 443 "Crystal Palace Building, London, United Kingdom". 2019. Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed February 25. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Crystal-Palace-building-London 443 "Crystal Palace | Building, London, United Kingdom". 2019. Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed February 25. 443 https://www.britannica.com/topic/Crystal-Palace-building-London 443 "Crystal Palace | Building, London, United Kingdom". 2019. Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed February 25. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Crystal-Palace-building-London https://www.britannica.com/topic/Crystal-Palace-building-London “For a number of years the Crystal Palace was the site of shows, exhibitions, concerts, football (soccer) matches, and other entertainments. ““ “For a number of years the Crystal Palace was the site of shows, exhibitions, concerts, football (soccer) matches, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Crystal-Palace-building-London “For a number of years the Crystal Palace was the site of shows, exhibitions, concerts, football (soccer) matches, and and other other entertainments. entertainments. “ 443 "Crystal “For a number of years the Crystal Palace was the site of shows, exhibitions, concerts, football (soccer) matches, and other entertainments. ““ Palaceyears | Building,Crystal London, United Kingdom". 2019. Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed February 25. “For “For aa number number of of years the the Crystal Palace Palace was was the the site site of of shows, shows, exhibitions, exhibitions, concerts, concerts, football football (soccer) (soccer) matches, matches, and and other other entertainments. entertainments. “ https://www.britannica.com/topic/Crystal-Palace-building-London “For a number of years the Crystal Palace was the site of shows, exhibitions, concerts, football (soccer) matches, and other entertainments. “ 444 -- London -- History -- Crystal Palace: A History". 2014. Bbc.Co.Uk. 444 "BBC London History Crystal Palace: A History". 2014. Bbc.Co.Uk. 444 "BBC "BBC London History Crystal Palace: A History". 2014. Bbc.Co.Uk. http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2004/07/27/history_feature.shtml. 444 http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2004/07/27/history_feature.shtml. "BBC -- London -- History -- Crystal Palace: A History". 2014. Bbc.Co.Uk. 444 “For asite number of years the Crystal Palace was site ofhome shows, exhibitions, concerts, football matches, and other entertainments. http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2004/07/27/history_feature.shtml. "BBC London Crystal A History". 2014. Bbc.Co.Uk. 444 "BBC London -2History History Crystal Palace: Athe History". 2014. Bbc.Co.Uk. “The attracted million visitors a Palace: year and was also to displays, festivals, music shows(soccer) and over one hundred thousand soldiers “ “The site --attracted attracted million --visitors visitors year also displays, http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2004/07/27/history_feature.shtml. 444 444 "BBC London -22History Crystalaa Palace: A was History". 2014. to Bbc.Co.Uk. “The site million year and and was also home home to displays, festivals, festivals, music music shows shows and and over over one one hundred hundred thousand thousand soldiers soldiers http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2004/07/27/history_feature.shtml. http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2004/07/27/history_feature.shtml. during the First World War.” during the First World War.” “The site 2 million a year was home to music shows and one http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2004/07/27/history_feature.shtml. during theattracted First World War.”visitors “The site attracted 2Building, million visitors year and and was also also 2019. home Encyclopedia to displays, displays, festivals, festivals, music showsFebruary and over over25. one hundred hundred thousand thousand soldiers soldiers 445 “The site attracted million visitors year and was also home to displays, festivals, music shows and over one hundred thousand soldiers "Crystal Palace |2 London,aa United United Kingdom". Britannica. Accessed 445 "Crystal Palace | Building, London, Kingdom". 2019. Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed February 25. during the First World War.” 444 445 "BBC London History Crystala United Palace: A was History". 2014.Encyclopedia Bbc.Co.Uk. "Crystal Palace |-2Building, London, Kingdom". Britannica. Accessed “The site million year and also 2019. home to displays, festivals, music showsFebruary and over25. one hundred thousand soldiers during the First World War.” during the-attracted First World War.”-visitors https://www.britannica.com/topic/Crystal-Palace-building-London. 445 https://www.britannica.com/topic/Crystal-Palace-building-London. "Crystal Palace | Building, London, United Kingdom". 2019. Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed February 25. 445 http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2004/07/27/history_feature.shtml. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Crystal-Palace-building-London. during the First World War.”London, "Crystal Palace | Building, United Kingdom". 2019. Accessed February 445 446 Palace London, "Crystal Kingdom". 2019. Encyclopedia Encyclopedia Britannica. Britannica. Accessed February 25. 25. 446 "Crystal Palace || Building, Building, London, United United Kingdom". Britannica. Accessed https://www.britannica.com/topic/Crystal-Palace-building-London. 445 446 445 “The site attracted million visitors year and was also 2019. home Encyclopedia to displays, festivals, music showsFebruary and over25. one hundred thousand soldiers "Crystal Palace | 2Building, London,a United Kingdom". 2019. Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed February 25. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Crystal-Palace-building-London. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Crystal-Palace-building-London. 446 "Crystal Palace | Building, London, United Kingdom". 2019. Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed February https://www.britannica.com/topic/Crystal-Palace-building-London. 446 during the First World War.” https://www.britannica.com/topic/Crystal-Palace-building-London. "Crystal Palace Palace || Building, Building, London, London, United United Kingdom". Kingdom". 2019. 2019. Encyclopedia Encyclopedia Britannica. Britannica. Accessed Accessed February February 25. 25. 446 "Crystal 25. 446 445 https://www.britannica.com/topic/Crystal-Palace-building-London. 446 "Crystal Palace | Building, London, United Kingdom". 2019. Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed February 25. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Crystal-Palace-building-London. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Crystal-Palace-building-London. “On the night of Nov. 30–Dec. 1, 1936, it was virtually destroyed by fire; the towers that survived were finally demolished in 1941 because they “On the https://www.britannica.com/topic/Crystal-Palace-building-London. “On the night night of of Nov. Nov. 30–Dec. 30–Dec. 1, 1, 1936, 1936, it it was was virtually virtually destroyed destroyed by by fire; fire; the the towers towers that that survived survived were were finally finally demolished demolished in in 1941 1941 because because they they https://www.britannica.com/topic/Crystal-Palace-building-London. were deemed aaofconspicuous landmark for incoming German “On the night Nov. 30–Dec. 1, 1936, it was virtually destroyed by fire; the towers that survived were finally in 1941 because they 446 "Crystal were deemed conspicuous landmark for incoming German bombers.” Palace | Building, London, United Kingdom". 2019.bombers.” Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed February 25. demolished “On the night of Nov. 30–Dec. 1, 1936, it was virtually destroyed by fire; the towers that survived were finally demolished in 1941 because were deemed a conspicuous landmark for incoming German bombers.” “On the night of Nov. 30–Dec. 1, 1936, it was virtually destroyed by fire; the towers that survived were finally demolished in 1941 because they they were deemed a conspicuous landmark for incoming German bombers.” “On the night of Nov. 30–Dec. 1, 1936, it was virtually https://www.britannica.com/topic/Crystal-Palace-building-London. destroyed by fire; the towers that survived were finally demolished in 1941 because they were were deemed deemed aa conspicuous conspicuous landmark landmark for for incoming incoming German German bombers.” bombers.” were deemed a conspicuous landmark for incoming German bombers.” 447 2012. The Architecture Of Failure. Winchester: Zero Books. 447 Murphy, Douglas. Douglas. 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152 history/.

“…36’ x 36’ steel house of two floors…” 460 "Discovering Britain - Redsands Sea Fort". 2019. Discovering Britain. Accessed February 24. https://www.discoveringbritain.org/activities/eastof-england/aerial-2/britain-from-the-air-redsands-sea-fort.html.

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461

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Winchester: Books. p.43 456 "GPS Coordinates FinderThe | Latitude AndOf Longitude Finder | GPSZero Coordinates | Lat Long". 2019. GPS Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/. RED SANDS FORT institution.” 455 Murphy, Douglas. 2012. The Architecture Of Failure. Winchester: Zero Books. p.43 456 457 "GPS Coordinates LatitudeEstuary And Longitude Finder2019. | GPSMaunsell Coordinates | LatAccessed Long". 2019. GPS Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/. "Maunsell Sea FortsFinder – The| Thames Army Forts". Sea Forts. February 24. https://maunsellseaforts.com/. 456 "GPS Coordinates Finder | Latitude And Longitude Finder | GPS Coordinates | Lat Long". 2019. GPS Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/. 457 455 Murphy, "MaunsellDouglas. Sea Forts – The Thames Estuary Army Forts". 2019. Maunsell Sea Forts. Accessed February 24. https://maunsellseaforts.com/. 2012. The Architecture Of Failure. Winchester: Zero Books. p.43 456 457 Coordinates Finder | Thames Latitude And Longitude Finder2019. |That GPSMaunsell Coordinates | Lat Long". 2019. GPS Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/. 458 "GPS "Maunsell Sea Forts – The Army Sea Forts. Accessed February 24. https://maunsellseaforts.com/. Payne, Stewart. 2005. "£3M RescueEstuary Plans For TheForts". Towers Defied Hitler". Telegraph. 457 "Maunsell Sea Forts – The Thames Army 2019. Maunsell Sea Forts. Accessed February 24. https://maunsellseaforts.com/. 458 456 Payne,Coordinates Stewart. 2005. "£3M RescueEstuary Plans For TheForts". Towers That Defied Hitler". Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1487577/3m-rescue-plans-for-the-towers-that-defied-Hitler.html. "GPS Finder | Latitude And Longitude Finder | GPS Coordinates | Lat Long". 2019. GPS Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/. 457 458 Payne, "Maunsell Sea Forts – The Army 2019. Sea Forts. Accessed February 24. https://maunsellseaforts.com/. Stewart. 2005. "£3MThames RescueEstuary Plans For TheForts". Towers ThatMaunsell Defied Hitler". Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1487577/3m-rescue-plans-for-the-towers-that-defied-Hitler.html. 458 Payne, Stewart. 2005. "£3M Rescue Plans For The Towers That Defied Hitler". Telegraph. 459 https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1487577/3m-rescue-plans-for-the-towers-that-defied-Hitler.html. 457 "SEA FORT | Project Redsand Project-Redsand.Com. February 26. http://www.project-redsand.com/sea-fort"Maunsell SeaHISTORY Forts – The Thames EstuaryCIO". Army2019. Forts". 2019. Maunsell SeaAccessed Forts. Accessed February 24. https://maunsellseaforts.com/. 458 https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1487577/3m-rescue-plans-for-the-towers-that-defied-Hitler.html. Payne, Stewart. 2005. "£3M Rescue Plans CIO". For The Towers That Defied Hitler". Telegraph. 459 "SEA FORT HISTORY | Project Redsand 2019. Project-Redsand.Com. Accessed February 26. http://www.project-redsand.com/sea-forthistory/. 459 https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1487577/3m-rescue-plans-for-the-towers-that-defied-Hitler.html. "SEAx FORT HISTORY | two Project Redsand 2019. Project-Redsand.Com. Accessed February 26. http://www.project-redsand.com/sea-fort458 Payne, history/. “…36’ 36’ steel house floors…” Stewart. 2005. of "£3M Rescue Plans CIO". For The Towers That Defied Hitler". Telegraph. 459 "SEA FORT HISTORY | Project Redsand CIO". 2019. Project-Redsand.Com. Accessed February 26. http://www.project-redsand.com/sea-forthistory/. “…36’ x 36’ steel house of two floors…” https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1487577/3m-rescue-plans-for-the-towers-that-defied-Hitler.html. 459 history/. "SEAx FORT HISTORY Project Redsand CIO". 2019. Project-Redsand.Com. Accessed February 26. http://www.project-redsand.com/sea-fort“…36’ 36’ steel house of| two floors…” “…36’ x 36’ steelBritain house- of two floors…” history/. 460 459 "Discovering Redsands Fort".CIO". 2019.2019. Discovering Britain. Accessed FebruaryFebruary 24. https://www.discoveringbritain.org/activities/east"SEA FORT HISTORY | Project Sea Redsand Project-Redsand.Com. Accessed 26. http://www.project-redsand.com/sea-fort“…36’ x 36’ steelBritain house- of two floors…” 460 "Discovering Redsands Sea Fort". 2019. Discovering Britain. Accessed February 24. https://www.discoveringbritain.org/activities/eastof-england/aerial-2/britain-from-the-air-redsands-sea-fort.html. history/. 460 "Discovering Britain Redsands Sea Fort". 2019. Discovering Britain. Accessed February 24. https://www.discoveringbritain.org/activities/eastof-england/aerial-2/britain-from-the-air-redsands-sea-fort.html. “…36’ x 36’ steel house of two floors…” 460 "Discovering Britain - Redsands Sea Fort". 2019. 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Mail Online. of-england/aerial-2/britain-from-the-air-redsands-sea-fort.html. 460 https://www.dailymail.co.uk/travel/travel_news/article-3100633/WW2-forts-built-protect-Kent-coast-Nazi-attack-turned-luxury-resortcomplete-executive-apartments-helipad-spa-sea.html. "Discovering Britain - Redsands Sea Fort". 2019. Discovering Britain. Accessed February 24. https://www.discoveringbritain.org/activities/east461 Hutchinson, John. 2015. "WW2 Forts Offf Coats Of Kent To Be Turned Into A Luxury Resort". Mail Online. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/travel/travel_news/article-3100633/WW2-forts-built-protect-Kent-coast-Nazi-attack-turned-luxury-resortcomplete-executive-apartments-helipad-spa-sea.html. of-england/aerial-2/britain-from-the-air-redsands-sea-fort.html. 461 https://www.dailymail.co.uk/travel/travel_news/article-3100633/WW2-forts-built-protect-Kent-coast-Nazi-attack-turned-luxury-resortHutchinson, "WW2 Forts Offf Coats Of Kent2019. To Be TurnedSea IntoForts. A Luxury Resort". Mail 24. Online. 462 complete-executive-apartments-helipad-spa-sea.html. "Maunsell SeaJohn. Forts2015. – The Thames Estuary Army Forts". Maunsell Accessed February https://maunsellseaforts.com/. complete-executive-apartments-helipad-spa-sea.html. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/travel/travel_news/article-3100633/WW2-forts-built-protect-Kent-coast-Nazi-attack-turned-luxury-resort462 461 "Maunsell SeaJohn. Forts2015. – The Thames Estuary Army Forts". Maunsell Accessed February https://maunsellseaforts.com/. Hutchinson, "WW2 Forts Offf Coats Of Kent2019. To Be TurnedSea IntoForts. A Luxury Resort". Mail 24. Online. 462 complete-executive-apartments-helipad-spa-sea.html. 463 Payne, "Maunsell Sea Forts – The Army 2019. Sea Forts. Accessed February 24. https://maunsellseaforts.com/. Stewart. 2005. "£3MThames RescueEstuary Plans For TheForts". Towers ThatMaunsell Defied Hitler". Telegraph. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/travel/travel_news/article-3100633/WW2-forts-built-protect-Kent-coast-Nazi-attack-turned-luxury-resort462 "Maunsell Sea Forts – The Thames Estuary Army Forts". 2019. Maunsell Sea Forts. Accessed February 24. https://maunsellseaforts.com/. 463 Payne, Stewart. 2005. "£3M Rescue Plans For The Towers That Defied Hitler". Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1487577/3m-rescue-plans-for-the-towers-that-defied-Hitler.html. complete-executive-apartments-helipad-spa-sea.html. 462 463 Payne, "Maunsell Sea Forts – The Army 2019. Sea Forts. Accessed February 24. https://maunsellseaforts.com/. Stewart. 2005. "£3MThames RescueEstuary Plans For TheForts". Towers ThatMaunsell Defied Hitler". Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1487577/3m-rescue-plans-for-the-towers-that-defied-Hitler.html. 463 Payne, Stewart. 2005. "£3M Rescue Plans For The Towers That Defied Hitler". Telegraph. 464 "The Abandoned ‘Alien’ Forts Off Britain’S Coast". 2016. BBC. http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20160301-red-sands-the-alien-forts-offhttps://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1487577/3m-rescue-plans-for-the-towers-that-defied-Hitler.html. 462 "Maunsell Sea Forts – The Thames Estuary Army Forts". 2019. Maunsell Sea Forts. Accessed February 24. https://maunsellseaforts.com/. 463 https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1487577/3m-rescue-plans-for-the-towers-that-defied-Hitler.html. Payne, Stewart. 2005. "£3M Rescue Plans For The Towers Thathttp://www.bbc.com/future/story/20160301-red-sands-the-alien-forts-offDefied Hitler". Telegraph. 464 "The Abandoned ‘Alien’ Forts Off Britain’S Coast". 2016. BBC. britains-coast. 464 https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1487577/3m-rescue-plans-for-the-towers-that-defied-Hitler.html. "The ‘Alien’ Forts Off Britain’S Coast". 2016. from BBC. http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20160301-red-sands-the-alien-forts-off463 britains-coast. “Built in Abandoned the Thames Estuary toRescue defend the United Kingdom airDefied raids Hitler". during the World War Two” Payne, Stewart. 2005. "£3M Plans For The Towers That Telegraph. 464 "The Abandoned ‘Alien’ Forts Off Britain’S Coast". 2016. BBC. http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20160301-red-sands-the-alien-forts-offbritains-coast. “Built in the Thames Estuary to defend the United Kingdom from air raids during the World War Two” https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1487577/3m-rescue-plans-for-the-towers-that-defied-Hitler.html. 464 britains-coast. "The Off Britain’S Coast". 2016. from BBC. http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20160301-red-sands-the-alien-forts-off“Built in Abandoned the Thames ‘Alien’ EstuaryForts to defend the United Kingdom air raids during the World War Two” “Built in the Thames Estuary toRescue defend Plans the UnitedThe Kingdom from airDefied raids Hitler". during the World War Two” britains-coast. 465 464 Payne, Stewart. 2005. "£3M Thathttp://www.bbc.com/future/story/20160301-red-sands-the-alien-forts-offTelegraph. "The Abandoned ‘Alien’ Forts Off Britain’SFor Coast".Towers 2016. BBC. “Built in the Thames Estuary toRescue defend Plans the United Kingdom raids Hitler". during the World War Two” 465 Payne, Stewart. 2005. "£3M For The Towersfrom ThatairDefied Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1487577/3m-rescue-plans-for-the-towers-that-defied-Hitler.html. britains-coast. 465 Payne, Stewart. 2005. "£3M Rescue Plans For The Towers That Defied Hitler". Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1487577/3m-rescue-plans-for-the-towers-that-defied-Hitler.html. “The Ministry of Defence abandoned the forts in 1956” “Built in the Thames Estuary to defend the United Kingdom from air raids during the World War Two” 465 Payne, Stewart. 2005. "£3M Rescue Plans For The Towers That Defied Hitler". Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1487577/3m-rescue-plans-for-the-towers-that-defied-Hitler.html. “The Ministry of Defence abandoned the forts in 1956” 465 https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1487577/3m-rescue-plans-for-the-towers-that-defied-Hitler.html. Payne, Stewart. 2005. "£3M Rescue Plans For The Towers That Defied Hitler". Telegraph. 466 “The Ministry of Britain Defence abandoned forts2019. in 1956” "Discovering - Redsands Seathe Fort". Discovering Britain. Accessed February 24. https://www.discoveringbritain.org/activities/east“The Ministry of Britain Defence abandoned forts2019. in 1956” https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1487577/3m-rescue-plans-for-the-towers-that-defied-Hitler.html. 466 465 "Discovering Seathe Fort". Britain. Accessed February 24. https://www.discoveringbritain.org/activities/eastof-england/aerial-2/britain-from-the-air-redsands-sea-fort.html. Payne, Stewart. 2005.- Redsands "£3M Rescue Plans For TheDiscovering Towers That Defied Hitler". Telegraph. 466 “The Ministry of Britain Defence abandoned forts2019. in 1956” "Discovering Seathe Fort". Discovering Britain. Accessed February 24. https://www.discoveringbritain.org/activities/eastof-england/aerial-2/britain-from-the-air-redsands-sea-fort.html. “In 1964 the pirate radio- Redsands station Invicta occupied Redsands Fort” https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1487577/3m-rescue-plans-for-the-towers-that-defied-Hitler.html. 466 "Discovering Britain - Redsands Sea Fort". 2019. Discovering Britain. Accessed February 24. https://www.discoveringbritain.org/activities/eastof-england/aerial-2/britain-from-the-air-redsands-sea-fort.html. “In 1964 the pirate radio station Invicta Redsands Fort” “The Ministry of Defence abandoned theoccupied forts in 1956” 466 "Discovering Britain - Redsands Sea Fort". 2019. Discovering Britain. Accessed February 24. https://www.discoveringbritain.org/activities/eastof-england/aerial-2/britain-from-the-air-redsands-sea-fort.html. 467 “In "Pirate 1964 the pirate2019. radioProject-Redsand. station Invicta occupied Radio". AccessedRedsands February Fort” 24. http://www.project-redsand.com/pirate-radio/. “In 1964 the pirate radio station Invicta occupied Redsands Fort” of-england/aerial-2/britain-from-the-air-redsands-sea-fort.html. 467 466 "Discovering "Pirate 2019.-Project-Redsand. Accessed 24.Harry http://www.project-redsand.com/pirate-radio/. “Red SandsRadio". Fort Britain became the base for Invicta, owned by Featherbee. He began24. broadcasting in July 1964 under the pseudonym Redsands SeaRadio Fort". 2019.February Discovering Britain. Accessed February https://www.discoveringbritain.org/activities/east467 “In 1964 the pirate radio station Invicta occupied Redsands Fort” "Pirate Radio". 2019. Invicta Project-Redsand. Accessed 24.Harry http://www.project-redsand.com/pirate-radio/. “Red Sands Fort became the base for Radio Invicta,February owned by Featherbee. He began broadcasting in July 1964 under the pseudonym “Tom Pepper”… Radio ceased broadcasting in February the following year.” of-england/aerial-2/britain-from-the-air-redsands-sea-fort.html. 467 "Pirate Radio". 2019. Project-Redsand. Accessed February 24. http://www.project-redsand.com/pirate-radio/. “Red Sands became the base for Radio Invicta, owned by Harry Featherbee. He began broadcasting in July 1964 under the pseudonym “Tom Pepper”… Radio ceased broadcasting in February the following year.” “In 1964 theFort pirate radioInvicta station Invicta occupied Redsands Fort” 467 "Pirate “Red Sands Fort became the base for Radio Invicta,February owned by Featherbee. He began broadcasting in July 1964 under the pseudonym Radio". 2019. Invicta Project-Redsand. Accessed 24.Harry http://www.project-redsand.com/pirate-radio/. “Tom Pepper”… Radio ceased broadcasting in February the following year.” “Red Sands Fort the for Radio Invicta, owned by Harry Featherbee. He Accessed began broadcasting in July 1964 under the pseudonym “Tom Pepper”… Radio ceased broadcasting in February theMaunsell following 468 467 "Pirate "Maunsell Sea became Forts Thebase Thames Estuary Army Forts". 2019. Seayear.” Forts. February 24. https://maunsellseaforts.com/. Radio". 2019.–Invicta Project-Redsand. Accessed February 24. http://www.project-redsand.com/pirate-radio/. “Tom Pepper”… Radio ceased broadcasting theMaunsell following year.” 468 "Maunsell Seaisbecame Forts –Invicta The Thames Estuary Army Forts". 2019. Sea Forts. Accessed February 24. https://maunsellseaforts.com/. “This army fort the only one thatfornoRadio longer existsin asFebruary it was badly damaged during 50’sbroadcasting and was demolished by 1960.” “Red Sands Fort the base Invicta, owned by Harry Featherbee. Hethe began in July 1964 under the pseudonym 468 "Maunsell Sea Forts – The Thames Estuary Army Forts". 2019. Maunsell Sea Forts. Accessed February 24. https://maunsellseaforts.com/. “This army fort is Radio the only one ceased that nobroadcasting longer existsinasFebruary it was badly damaged during “Tom Pepper”… Invicta the following year.” the 50’s and was demolished by 1960.” 468 "Maunsell Sea Forts – The Thames Estuary Army Forts". 2019. Maunsell Sea Forts. Accessed February 24. https://maunsellseaforts.com/. “This army fort is the only one that no longer exists as it was badly damaged during the 50’s and was demolished by 1960.” 468 “This armyStewart. fort the only oneThames that noEstuary longerFor exists asTowers it was badly damaged during the 50’s and was demolished by 1960.” "Maunsell SeaisForts – The Army 2019. Sea Forts. Accessed February 24. https://maunsellseaforts.com/. 469 Payne, 2005. "£3M Rescue Plans TheForts". ThatMaunsell Defied Hitler". Telegraph. “This armyStewart. fort the only oneThames that noEstuary longerFor exists asTowers it was badly damaged during the 50’s and was demolished by 1960.” 469 468 Payne, 2005. "£3M Rescue Plans TheForts". ThatMaunsell Defied Hitler". Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1487577/3m-rescue-plans-for-the-towers-that-defied-Hitler.html. "Maunsell SeaisForts – The Army 2019. Sea Forts. Accessed February 24. https://maunsellseaforts.com/. 469 Payne, Stewart. 2005. "£3M Rescue Plans For TheasTowers That Defied Hitler". Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1487577/3m-rescue-plans-for-the-towers-that-defied-Hitler.html. “This army fort is the only one that no longer exists it was badly damaged during the 50’s and was demolished by 1960.” 469 Payne, Stewart. 2005. "£3M Rescue Plans For The Towers That Defied Hitler". Telegraph. 470 https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1487577/3m-rescue-plans-for-the-towers-that-defied-Hitler.html. "GPS Coordinates Finder | Latitude And Longitude Finder | GPS Coordinates | Lat Long". 2019. GPS Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/. 469 https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1487577/3m-rescue-plans-for-the-towers-that-defied-Hitler.html. Payne,Coordinates Stewart. 2005. "£3M Rescue Plans For The Towers Hitler".| Lat Telegraph. 470 "GPS Finder | Latitude And Longitude Finder |That GPS Defied Coordinates Long". 2019. GPS Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/. 470 https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1487577/3m-rescue-plans-for-the-towers-that-defied-Hitler.html. 471 "GPS Finder | Latitude And Longitude Finder2019. |That GPSCamden.Gov.Uk. Coordinates Long". 2019. GPS Coordinates. https://gps-coordinates.org/. 469 "Planning And Building Development - Camden Council". https://www.camden.gov.uk/planning-building-development. Payne,Coordinates Stewart. 2005. 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Enoch, Nick. 2016. "Euston Arch Set To Rise Again At Railway Station After 60 Years". Mail Online. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article475 3900478/Euston-Arch-set-rise-nearly-60-years-Government-declares-war-cult-ugliness-modern-public-buildings.html. Enoch, Nick. 2016. "Euston Arch Set To Rise Again At Railway Station After 60 Years". Mail Online. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article475 Enoch, Nick. 2016. "Euston Arch Set To Rise Again At Railway Station After 60 Years". Mail Online. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article3900478/Euston-Arch-set-rise-nearly-60-years-Government-declares-war-cult-ugliness-modern-public-buildings.html. 475 Enoch, Nick. Set To7 Rise Again At Railway Station After 60 Years". Mail Online. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article476 3900478/Euston-Arch-set-rise-nearly-60-years-Government-declares-war-cult-ugliness-modern-public-buildings.html. Arch2016. Begins"Euston To FallArch - Archive, November 1961". 2017. The Guardian. 475 "Euston Enoch, Nick. 2016. "Euston Arch Set Again Railway Station After 475 3900478/Euston-Arch-set-rise-nearly-60-years-Government-declares-war-cult-ugliness-modern-public-buildings.html. Enoch, Set To To7 Rise Rise Again At At Railway Station After 60 60 Years". Years". Mail Mail Online. Online. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/articlehttps://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article476 https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2017/nov/07/euston-arch-rail-london-demolished-1961. "EustonNick. Arch2016. Begins"Euston To FallArch - Archive, November 1961". 2017. The Guardian. 3900478/Euston-Arch-set-rise-nearly-60-years-Government-declares-war-cult-ugliness-modern-public-buildings.html. 475 Enoch, Nick. 2016. "Euston Arch Set To Rise Again At Railway Station After 60 Years". Mail Online. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article476 3900478/Euston-Arch-set-rise-nearly-60-years-Government-declares-war-cult-ugliness-modern-public-buildings.html. 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Accessedand February from 1903.” from 1903.” https://www.28dayslater.co.uk/threads/hmp-holloway-prison-london-april-2017.108535/. 494 Holloway Prison Site Supplementary Planning Document (SPD) A Plan For The Future Of Holloway Prison Site. 2018. Ebook. London: Islington “…the closure of Newgate necessitated more places for female prisoners and so Holloway was refurbished and became a purely female prison Council. https://democracy.islington.gov.uk/documents/s13902/App%201%20from 1903.” %20Holloway%20Prison%20Site%20SPD%20FINAL%20EXECUTIVE%20VERSION.pdf. p.2 475

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VictoriaRoyal And Albert Albert Museum. https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/robin-hood-gardens. 536 "V&A Hood Gardens". 2019. Victoria And Museum. https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/robin-hood-gardens. demolition-robin-hood-gardens-alison-peter-smithson-brutalist-estate/. 537 Hopkins, Owen. 2017. Lost Futures. London: Royal Academy of Arts.p.115 536 "V&A · Robin Hood Gardens". 2019. Victoria And Albert Museum. https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/robin-hood-gardens. 538 537 Hopkins, Owen. 2017. Lost Futures. London: Royal Academy of Arts.p.115 537 Owen. 2017. Lost Futures. London: Royal Academy of Arts.p.115 536 Hopkins, ROBIN HOOD "V&A · Robin Hood Gardens". 2019. Victoria And Albert Museum. https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/robin-hood-gardens. 538 Hopkins, Owen. Owen. 2017. 2017. Lost Lost Futures. Futures. London: London: Royal Royal Academy Academy of of Arts.p.115 Arts.p.115 537 Hopkins, 539 538 Owen. 2017. Lost Futures. London: Royal Academy of Arts.p.115 GARDENS 538 Hopkins, Hopkins, Owen. 2017. Lost Futures. London: Royal Academy of Arts.p.115 537 Hopkins, Owen. 2017. Lost Futures. London: Royal Academy of Arts.p.115 539 Hopkins, Owen. Owen. 2017. 2017. Lost Lost Futures. Futures. London: London: Royal Royal Academy Academy of of Arts.p.115 Arts.p.115 538 Hopkins, 540 539 Owen. Royal Academy Academy of of Arts.p.115 Arts.p.115 539 Hopkins, Owen. 2017. 2017. Lost Lost Futures. Futures. London: London: Royal 538 Hopkins, Hopkins, Owen. 2017. Lost Futures. London: Royal Academy of 540 Owen. 2017. Lost Futures. London: Royal Academy Academy of of Arts.p.115 Arts.p.115 539 Hopkins, Hopkins, Owen. 2017. Lost Futures. London: Royal Arts.p.115 541 540 "V&A · Robin Hood Gardens". 2019. VictoriaRoyal And Albert Museum. https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/robin-hood-gardens. Hopkins, Owen. 2017. Lost London: Academy of 540 Owen. 2017. Lost Futures. Futures. London: Royal Academy of Arts.p.115 Arts.p.115 539 Hopkins, Hopkins, Owen. 2017. Lost Futures. London: Academy of Arts.p.115 541 · Robin Hood Gardens". 2019. VictoriaRoyal And Albert Museum. https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/robin-hood-gardens. 540 "V&A Hopkins, Owen. 2017. Lost Futures. London: Royal Academy of Arts.p.115 542 541 MoveVictoria In On And Robin Hood Gardens Estate". Dezeen. https://www.dezeen.com/2017/08/25/bulldozers"V&A ··Jessica. Robin 2017. Hood "Bulldozers Gardens". 2019. 2019. Victoria And Albert Museum. https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/robin-hood-gardens. 541 Mairs, Robin Hood Gardens". Albert Museum. https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/robin-hood-gardens. 540 "V&A Hopkins, Owen. 2017. Lost Futures. London: Royal Academy of Arts.p.115 542 demolition-robin-hood-gardens-alison-peter-smithson-brutalist-estate/. Jessica. 2017. "Bulldozers Move In On Robin Hood Gardens Estate". Dezeen. https://www.dezeen.com/2017/08/25/bulldozers541 Mairs, "V&A · Robin Hood Gardens". 2019. Victoria And Albert Museum. https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/robin-hood-gardens. 542 Mairs, Jessica. 2017. "Bulldozers Move In On Robin Hood Gardens Estate". Dezeen. https://www.dezeen.com/2017/08/25/bulldozers542 demolition-robin-hood-gardens-alison-peter-smithson-brutalist-estate/. Mairs, Jessica. 2017. "Bulldozers Move In On Robin Hood Gardens Estate". Dezeen. https://www.dezeen.com/2017/08/25/bulldozers541 "V&A · Robin Hood Gardens". 2019. Victoria And Albert Museum. https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/robin-hood-gardens. 543 Murphy, Douglas. 2012. The Architecture Zero Books.Dezeen. p. 20 https://www.dezeen.com/2017/08/25/bulldozersdemolition-robin-hood-gardens-alison-peter-smithson-brutalist-estate/. 542 demolition-robin-hood-gardens-alison-peter-smithson-brutalist-estate/. Mairs, Jessica. 2017. "Bulldozers Move InOf OnFailure. RobinWinchester: Hood Gardens Estate". 543 Murphy, Douglas. 2012. The Architecture Of Failure. Winchester: Zero Books. p. 20 demolition-robin-hood-gardens-alison-peter-smithson-brutalist-estate/. 542 Mairs, Jessica. 2017. "Bulldozers Move In OnFailure. Robin Hood Gardens Estate". Dezeen. https://www.dezeen.com/2017/08/25/bulldozers544 543 20 543 Murphy, Murphy, Douglas. Douglas. 2012. 2012. The The Architecture Architecture Of Of Failure. Winchester: Winchester: Zero Zero Books. Books. p. p. 21 20 demolition-robin-hood-gardens-alison-peter-smithson-brutalist-estate/. CONCLUSION 544 Murphy, Douglas. Douglas. 2012. 2012. The The Architecture Architecture Of Of Failure. Failure. Winchester: Winchester: Zero Zero Books. Books. p. p. 20 21 543 Murphy, 545 544 Koolhaas,Douglas. Rem, Mark Wigley, Jordan Carver, Rem Winchester: Koolhaas, and Jorge Otero-Pailos. Murphy, 2012. The Architecture Architecture Of Failure. Failure. Winchester: Zero Books. p. 21 21 2014. Preservation is overtaking us. p.11 544 Murphy, 2012. The Of Zero Books. p. 543 Murphy, Douglas. Douglas. 2012. The Architecture Of Failure. Zero Books. p. 20 2014. Preservation is overtaking us. p.11 545 Rem, Mark Wigley, Jordan Carver, Rem Winchester: Koolhaas, and Jorge Otero-Pailos. 544 Koolhaas, Murphy, Douglas. 2012. The Architecture Of Failure. Winchester: Zero Books. p. 21 546 545 Koolhaas, Rem, Mark Wigley, Jordan Carver, Rem Koolhaas, and Jorge Otero-Pailos. 2014. Preservation is overtaking us. p.11 p.10 545 Rem, Mark Wigley, Jordan Carver, Rem Koolhaas, and Jorge Otero-Pailos. 2014. Preservation is overtaking us. p.11 544 Koolhaas, Murphy, Douglas. 2012. The Architecture Of Failure. Winchester: Zero Books. p. 21 2014. Preservation is overtaking us. p.10 546 Koolhaas, Rem, Mark Wigley, Jordan Carver, Rem Koolhaas, and Jorge Otero-Pailos. 545 Koolhaas, Rem, Mark Wigley, Jordan Carver, Rem Koolhaas, and Jorge Otero-Pailos. 2014. Preservation is overtaking us. p.11 547 546 Rem, p.10 546 Koolhaas, Rem, Mark Mark Wigley, Wigley, Jordan Jordan Carver, Carver, Rem Rem Koolhaas, Koolhaas, and and Jorge Jorge Otero-Pailos. Otero-Pailos. 2014. 2014. Preservation Preservation is is overtaking overtaking us. us. p.11-12 p.10 545 Koolhaas, Koolhaas, is overtaking us. 547 Koolhaas, Rem, Rem, Mark Mark Wigley, Wigley, Jordan Jordan Carver, Carver, Rem Rem Koolhaas, Koolhaas, and and Jorge Jorge Otero-Pailos. Otero-Pailos. 2014. 2014. Preservation Preservation is is overtaking overtaking us. us. p.11 p.11-12 546 Koolhaas, Rem, Mark Wigley, Jordan Carver, Rem Koolhaas, and Jorge Otero-Pailos. 2014. Preservation p.10 548 547 p.11 Koolhaas, Rem, Mark Mark Wigley, Wigley, Jordan Jordan Carver, Carver, Rem Rem Koolhaas, Koolhaas, and and Jorge Jorge Otero-Pailos. Otero-Pailos. 2014. 2014. 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"Planning Applications, Decision Notices And Archived Records". 2019. Westminster City Council. https://www.westminster.gov.uk/planning-applications-decisions-archived-records. Withers, Iain. 2014. "Brookfield Set Archived For £350M Centre Point Building. "Planning Applications, DecisionMultiplex Notices And Records". 2019.Revamp". Westminster City Council. https://www.building.co.uk/news/brookfield-multiplex-set-for-350m-centre-pointhttps://www.westminster.gov.uk/planning-applications-decisions-archived-records. revamp/5071955.article. Withers, Iain. 2014. "Brookfield Multiplex Set For £350M Centre Point Revamp". Building. Wignall, Katie. 2016. "Crossness Pumping Station: The Cathedral Of Sewage · Look Up London Tours". Look https://www.building.co.uk/news/brookfield-multiplex-set-for-350m-centre-pointUp London Tours. https://lookup.london/crossness-pumping-station/. revamp/5071955.article. 2017. "Crossness "London Necropolis Train For The Dead". Look Wignall, Katie. 2016. Pumping Railway: Station: The Cathedral Of Sewage · LookUp UpLondon LondonTours. Tours". Look https://lookup.london/london-necropolis-railway/. Up London Tours. https://lookup.london/crossness-pumping-station/. Welch, Adrian. 2017. "London "LudgateNecropolis House & Sampson - Southwark - E-Architect". Wignall, Katie. 2017. Railway:House The Train For The Dead". Look UpE-Architect. London Tours. https://www.e-architect.co.uk/london/ludgate-sampson-houses. https://lookup.london/london-necropolis-railway/. Wignall,Adrian. Katie. 2018. Car Park | Should It Be Demolished?". Look Up London Welch, 2017. "Farwell "LudgateWelbeck House &Street Sampson House - Southwark - E-Architect". E-Architect. Tours. https://lookup.london/welbeck-street-car-park/. https://www.e-architect.co.uk/london/ludgate-sampson-houses. 2017. "Farwell "Tyburn Tree: TheStreet HiddenCar History Marble | Look Up London". Look Up Wignall, Katie. 2018. Welbeck Park |AtShould It Arch Be Demolished?". Look Up London Londonhttps://lookup.london/welbeck-street-car-park/. Tours. https://lookup.london/tyburn-tree-hidden-history-marble-arch/. Tours. Welch, Adrian. 2016."Tyburn "22 Bishopsgate The Pinnacle London - E-Architect". E-Architect. Wignall, Katie. 2017. Tree: TheSkyscraper, Hidden History At Marble Arch |Tower Look Up London". Look Up https://www.e-architect.co.uk/london/the-pinnacle. London Tours. https://lookup.london/tyburn-tree-hidden-history-marble-arch/. Wainwright, Oliver. 2015. "22 Bishopsgate – And The Steroidal Towers Set To Ruin London's Skyline". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/jun/30/22-bishopgate-skyscraper-londonskyline-development. X Y

Z "Architecture At ZSL London Zoo, Regent's Park". 2019. Zoological Society Of London (ZSL). https://www.zsl.org/about-us/architecture-at-zsl-london-zoo-regents-park. "Report - - HMP Holloway Prison – London- April 2017 | Other Sites". 2019. 28Dayslater.Co.Uk. Accessed Welch, Adrian. 2016. "22 Bishopsgate Skyscraper, The Pinnacle London Tower - E-Architect". E-Architect. February 26. https://www.28dayslater.co.uk/threads/hmp-holloway-prison-london-april-2017.108535/. https://www.e-architect.co.uk/london/the-pinnacle.

170

Z "Architecture At ZSL London Zoo, Regent's Park". 2019. Zoological Society Of London (ZSL). https://www.zsl.org/about-us/architecture-at-zsl-london-zoo-regents-park. "Report - - HMP Holloway Prison – London- April 2017 | Other Sites". 2019. 28Dayslater.Co.Uk. Accessed February 26. https://www.28dayslater.co.uk/threads/hmp-holloway-prison-london-april-2017.108535/.

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IMAGE REFERENCING INTRODUCTION FIGURE 01 Own Photography, David Adjaye, Making Memories Exhibition,, The Design Museum FIGURE 02 Crystal Palace Crystal Palace. 2019. Image. Accessed March 1. https://thecharnelhouse.org/tag/architecture-of-failure/.

FIGURE 03 From left to right 1. Crystal Palace, Hyde Park

The London Great Exhibition’s Crystal Palace. 2019. Image. Accessed February 24. https://www. classicchicagomagazine.com/they-made-no-little-plans/.

5. Balfron Tower

Detail Of Balfron Tower, St Leonard’s Road. 2018. Image. https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/5569618.

6. Brixton Recreation Centre

Brixton Rec. 2013. Image. https://www.brixtonblog.com/2013/02/brixton-recreation-centre-architectgeorge-finch-dies/10290/.

9. Holland House

Our History. 2019. Image. Accessed March 4. https://operahollandpark.com/our-history/.

10. Crossness Pumping Station

Crossness Pumping Station. 2019. Image. https://www.ianvisits.co.uk/blog/2018/12/22/crossness-pumpingstation-saved-reopens-in-2019/.

12. Casson Pavilion, London Zoo

Casson Pavilion - Hugh Casson And Neville Conder, 1962-1965. 2019. Image. https://www.timeout.com/london/ art/ten-iconic-london-designs.

13. Lots Rd Power Station

Lots Road Power Station. 2019. Image. https://planningconsult.rbkc.gov.uk/consult.ti/prop.cs.2009/ viewCompoundDoc?docid=2122356&partId=2240116&sessionid=&voteid=.

15. Pembroke House

The Illustrated London News Etching From 1854.Pembroke House,Whitehall Gardens,The Office Of The Minister At War. Crimean War. 2019. Image. Accessed February 24. https://dissolve.com/stock-photo/IllustratedLondon-News-Etching-1854-pembroke-House-rights-managed-image/102-D869-94-241.

18. Holloway Prison

Holloway Prison – Covered Walkway Leading To The Chapel. Note The High-Security Walls. 2019. Image. https:// www.bcd-urbex.com/hm-prison-holloway-london/.

19. Sainsbury’s, 55 Bugsby Way

Chetwood Associates. 2019. Sainsbury’s, Greenwich, London. Image. Accessed February 24. https:// c20society.org.uk/lost-modern/sainsburys-greenwich-london/.

22. Tyburn

Tyburn Gallows. 2019. Image. Accessed February 24. https://www.flickr.com/photos/ carverjones/4028343641.

23. Bethlem Moorfields

Hooke, Robert. 2019. The Hospital Of Bethlem [Bedlam] At Moorfields, London: Seen From The North,With People Walking In The Foreground. Engraving. Image. Accessed February 24. https://wellcomecollection.org/ works/v5y5j6sf.

24. Newgate Prison

Newgate Gaol, London. 2019. Image. Accessed February 24. http://www.noseygenealogist.com/blog/5830/

172

new-record-release-of-newgate-prison-records-reveal-thieves-and-marie-antoinettes-libeller.

25. Egyptian Hall

Bullockâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Museum, (Egyptian Hall Or London Museum), Piccadilly. Coloured Aquatint, Attributed To T. H. Shepherd, 1815. Image. Accessed February 24. https://wellcomecollection.org/works/s9apdebs.

26. 39 Hilldrop Crescent

39 Hilldrop Crescent, Islington, North London. 2019. Image. Accessed February 24. https://www.lifedeathprizes. com/real-life-crime/uks-most-notorious-addresses-houses-of-murderers-55413.

27. 10 Rillington Place

PA Photo. 2019. Image. Accessed February 24. https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/our-yorkshire/heritage/ video-on-this-day-in-1953-rillington-place-murders-1-8400068.

28. BBC Television Centre

BBC. 2019. Image. https://www.lshmedia.co.uk/beast.

29. Crystal Palace, Sydenham

The Crystal Palace Destruction By Fire. 2019. Image. Accessed February 24. https://redsearch.org/images/p/ the_crystal_palace_destruction_by_fire.

30. Red Sands Fort

Douglas, Chuck. 2014. Red Sands: Maunsell Fort. Image. https://www.flickr.com/photos/ chuckdouglas/14720986516.

31. Euston Arch

Euston Arch. 2019. Image. Accessed February 24. https://www.timeout.com/london/blog/nine-things-youprobably-didnt-know-about-euston-station-051917.

32. Holloway Prison GatewayHMP Holloway Prison. 2019. Image. Accessed February 24. https:// www.28dayslater.co.uk/threads/hmp-holloway-prison-london-april-2017.108535/.

33. The Stump

Arrested Development: Londonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Tallest Building-To-Be Slated For Demolition. 2015. Image. https://archinect.com/ news/article/134799180/arrested-development-london-s-tallest-building-to-be-slated-for-demolition.

34. Grenfell Tower

Grenfell Tower. 2019. Image. https://www.independent.co.uk/topic/grenfell-tower.

35. Robin Hood Gardens

Lousada, Sandra. 1972. The Smithson Family Collection. Image. https://municipaldreams.wordpress. com/2014/02/11/robin-hood-gardens-poplar-presence-dignity-and-a-bit-grim/.

Own Photography: 2. Kentish Town South Station 3. TV-AM Television Studios 4. Admiralty Citadel 7. Space House 8. Bethlem Hospital, Southwark 11. Horse Hospital 14. London Chancery Building 16. Necropolis Railway 17. Sampson House 20. Macadam Building 21. Welbeck Street Car Park

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RETRIEVAL FAILURE FIGURE 04 Crystal Palace, Hyde Park Map “Digimap”. 2019. Digimap.Edina.Ac.Uk. https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/os. Visitor Attraction: In The Crystal Palace 1851. 2019. Image. Accessed February 25. https://rbkclocalstudies.wordpress.com/2014/08/28/visitor-attraction-in-the-crystal-palace-1851/.

FIGURE 05 Crystal Palace, Hyde Park, The Great Exhibition, 1851 The London Great Exhibition’s Crystal Palace. 2019. Image. Accessed February 24. https://www. classicchicagomagazine.com/they-made-no-little-plans/.

FIGURE 06 Kentish Town South Station Map

“Digimap”. 2019. Digimap.Edina.Ac.Uk. https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/os. “Google Maps”. 2019. Google Maps. https://www.google.co.uk/maps/.

FIGURE 07 Kentish Town South Station Own Photography

FIGURE 08 TV-AM Television Studios Map “Digimap”. 2019. Digimap.Edina.Ac.Uk. https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/os. “Google Maps”. 2019. Google Maps. https://www.google.co.uk/maps/.

FIGURE 09 TV-AM Television Studios Own Photography

FIGURE 10 Admiralty Citadel Map “Digimap”. 2019. Digimap.Edina.Ac.Uk. https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/os. “Google Maps”. 2019. Google Maps. https://www.google.co.uk/maps/.

FIGURE 11 Admiralty Citadel Own Photography

FIGURE 12 Balfron Tower Map “Digimap”. 2019. Digimap.Edina.Ac.Uk. https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/os. “Google Maps”. 2019. Google Maps. https://www.google.co.uk/maps/.

FIGURE 13 Balfron Tower Detail Of Balfron Tower, St Leonard’s Road. 2018. Image. https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/5569618.

FIGURE 14 Brixton Recreation Centre Map “Digimap”. 2019. Digimap.Edina.Ac.Uk. https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/os. “Google Maps”. 2019. Google Maps. https://www.google.co.uk/maps/.

FIGURE 15 Brixton Recreation Centre Brixton Rec. 2013. Image. https://www.brixtonblog.com/2013/02/brixton-recreation-centre-architectgeorge-finch-dies/10290/.

174

RETRIEVAL FAILURE FIGURE 16

Space House Map “Digimap”. 2019. Digimap.Edina.Ac.Uk. https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/os. “Google Maps”. 2019. Google Maps. https://www.google.co.uk/maps/.

FIGURE 17

Space House Own Photography

INTERFERENCE RECOLLECTION FIGURE 18

Bethelm Royal Hospital, Southwark Map “Digimap”. 2019. Digimap.Edina.Ac.Uk. https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/os. Bethleham Royal Hospital. 2019. Image. Accessed February 25. http://learning.museumofthemind.org.uk/ explore-bethlem/MAP.php.

FIGURE 19

Bethelm Royal Hospital, Southwark Own Photography

FIGURE 20

Holland House Map “Digimap”. 2019. Digimap.Edina.Ac.Uk. https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/os. “Google Maps”. 2019. Google Maps. https://www.google.co.uk/maps/.

FIGURE 21

Holland House Our History. 2019. Image. Accessed March 4. https://operahollandpark.com/our-history/.

FIGURE 22

Crossness Pumping Station Map “Digimap”. 2019. Digimap.Edina.Ac.Uk. https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/os. “Google Maps”. 2019. Google Maps. https://www.google.co.uk/maps/.

FIGURE 23

Crossness Pumping Station Crossness Pumping Station. 2019. Image. https://www.ianvisits.co.uk/blog/2018/12/22/crossness-pumpingstation-saved-reopens-in-2019/.

FIGURE 24 Horse Hospital Map

“Digimap”. 2019. Digimap.Edina.Ac.Uk. https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/os. “Google Maps”. 2019. Google Maps. https://www.google.co.uk/maps/.

FIGURE 25 Horse Hospital Own Photography

175

INTERFERENCE RECOLLECTION FIGURE 26 Casson Pavilion Map “Digimap”. 2019. Digimap.Edina.Ac.Uk. https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/os. “Google Maps”. 2019. Google Maps. https://www.google.co.uk/maps/.

FIGURE 27 Casson Pavilion Casson Pavilion - Hugh Casson And Neville Conder, 1962-1965. 2019. Image. https://www.timeout.com/london/art/ten-iconic-london-designs.

FIGURE 28 Lots Road Power Station Map “Digimap”. 2019. Digimap.Edina.Ac.Uk. https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/os. “Google Maps”. 2019. Google Maps. https://www.google.co.uk/maps/.

FIGURE 29 Lots Road Power Station Lots Road Power Station. 2019. Image. https://planningconsult.rbkc.gov.uk/consult.ti/prop.cs.2009/ viewCompoundDoc?docid=2122356&partId=2240116&sessionid=&voteid=.

FIGURE 30 London Chancery Building Map “Digimap”. 2019. Digimap.Edina.Ac.Uk. https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/os. “Google Maps”. 2019. Google Maps. https://www.google.co.uk/maps/.

FIGURE 31 London Chancery Building Own Photography

FAILURE TO STORE FIGURE 32 Pembroke House Map “Digimap”. 2019. Digimap.Edina.Ac.Uk. https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/os. Pembroke House In 1723-24. 2019. Image. Accessed February 25. http://humphrysfamilytree.com/Herbert/pembroke.house.html.

FIGURE 33 Pembroke House The Illustrated London News Etching From 1854.Pembroke House,Whitehall Gardens,The Office Of The Minister At War. Crimean War. 2019. Image. Accessed February 24. https://dissolve.com/stock-photo/IllustratedLondon-News-Etching-1854-pembroke-House-rights-managed-image/102-D869-94-241.

FIGURE 34 Necropolis Railway Map “Digimap”. 2019. Digimap.Edina.Ac.Uk. https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/os. “Google Maps”. 2019. Google Maps. https://www.google.co.uk/maps/.

FIGURE 35 Necropolis Railway Own Photography

176

FAILURE TO STORE FIGURE 36

Sampson House Map “Digimap”. 2019. Digimap.Edina.Ac.Uk. https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/os. “Google Maps”. 2019. Google Maps. https://www.google.co.uk/maps/.

FIGURE 37

Sampson House Own Photography

FIGURE 38

Holloway Prison Map “Digimap”. 2019. Digimap.Edina.Ac.Uk. https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/os. “Google Maps”. 2019. Google Maps. https://www.google.co.uk/maps/.

FIGURE 39

Holloway Prison

FIGURE 40

Sainsbury’s 55 Bugsby Way Map

Holloway Prison – Covered Walkway Leading To The Chapel. Note The High-Security Walls. 2019. Image. https:// www.bcd-urbex.com/hm-prison-holloway-london/.

“Digimap”. 2019. Digimap.Edina.Ac.Uk. https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/os. 13_3285_O-DRAWING_NO.3016_001_REV_F-230140. 2013. PDF. Bath: Stubbs Rich. https://planning. royalgreenwich.gov.uk/online-applications/files/EFF856015967649685C74519DDA3EDFE/pdf/13_3285_ODRAWING_NO.3016_001_REV_F-230140.pdf. Planning Ref: 13/3285/O

FIGURE 41

Sainsbury’s 55 Bugsby Way Chetwood Associates. 2019. Sainsbury’s, Greenwich, London. Image. Accessed February 24. https:// c20society.org.uk/lost-modern/sainsburys-greenwich-london/.

FIGURE 42

Macadam Building Map “Digimap”. 2019. Digimap.Edina.Ac.Uk. https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/os. “Google Maps”. 2019. Google Maps. https://www.google.co.uk/maps/.

FIGURE 43

Macadam Building Own Photography

FIGURE 44

Welbeck Street Car Park Map “Digimap”. 2019. Digimap.Edina.Ac.Uk. https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/os. “Google Maps”. 2019. Google Maps. https://www.google.co.uk/maps/.

FIGURE 45

Welbeck Street Car Park Own Photography

177

MOTIVATIONAL FORGETTING FIGURE 46 Tyburn Gallows Map “Digimap”. 2019. Digimap.Edina.Ac.Uk. https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/os. Rocque, John. 1746. John Rocque’S Map Of London, Westminster And Southwark (1746). Image. https://leifeshallcross.com/2016/05/01/beilbys-ball/.

FIGURE 47 Tyburn Gallows Tyburn Gallows. 2019. Image. Accessed February 24. https://www.flickr.com/photos/carverjones/4028343641.

FIGURE 48 Bethlem Hospital, Moorfields Map “Digimap”. 2019. Digimap.Edina.Ac.Uk. https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/os. Horwoods Map Of 1799. 1799. Image. http://studymore.org.uk/mapbed.htm.

FIGURE 49 Bethlem Hospital, Moorfields Hooke, Robert. 2019. The Hospital Of Bethlem [Bedlam] At Moorfields, London: Seen From The North,With People Walking In The Foreground. Engraving. Image. Accessed February 24. https://wellcomecollection.org/works/v5y5j6sf.

FIGURE 50 Newgate Prison Map “Digimap”. 2019. Digimap.Edina.Ac.Uk. https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/os. Stanford, Edward. 1862. Stanford’s Library Map Of London And Its Suburbs. Image. http://www.ph.ucla.edu/ epi/snow/1859map/newgate_prison_a12.html.

FIGURE 51 Newgate Prison Newgate Gaol, London. 2019. Image. Accessed February 24. http://www.noseygenealogist.com/blog/5830/ new-record-release-of-newgate-prison-records-reveal-thieves-and-marie-antoinettes-libeller.

FIGURE 52 Egyptian Hall Map “Digimap”. 2019. Digimap.Edina.Ac.Uk. https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/os. Egyptian Hall Piccadilly. 1812-1905. Image. http://www.theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/venues/uk-londonegyptian-hall-piccadilly/.

FIGURE 53 Egyptian Hall Bullock’s Museum, (Egyptian Hall Or London Museum), Piccadilly. Coloured Aquatint, Attributed To T. H. Shepherd, 1815. Image. Accessed February 24. https://wellcomecollection.org/works/s9apdebs.

FIGURE 54 39 Hilldrop Crescent Map “Digimap”. 2019. Digimap.Edina.Ac.Uk. https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/os. Ordnance Survey - 1873, No. 39 Hilldrop Crescent, Holloway.. 1873. Image. https://blog.cassinimaps. co.uk/2012/11/23/map-of-the-week-no-39-hilldrop-crescent-holloway/.

FIGURE 55 39 Hilldrop Crescent 39 Hilldrop Crescent, Islington, North London. 2019. Image. Accessed February 24. https://www.lifedeathprizes. com/real-life-crime/uks-most-notorious-addresses-houses-of-murderers-55413.

178

MOTIVATIONAL FORGETTING FIGURE 56 10 Rillington Place Map “Digimap”. 2019. Digimap.Edina.Ac.Uk. https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/os. Rillington Place Is A Small Street With An Infamous History.. 2019. Image. Accessed February 25. https:// www.theundergroundmap.com/article.html?id=33838.

FIGURE 57 10 Rillington Place PA Photo. 2019. Image. Accessed February 24. https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/our-yorkshire/heritage/ video-on-this-day-in-1953-rillington-place-murders-1-8400068.

FIGURE 58 BBC Television Centre Map “Digimap”. 2019. Digimap.Edina.Ac.Uk. https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/os. “Google Maps”. 2019. Google Maps. https://www.google.co.uk/maps/.

FIGURE 59 BBC Television Centre BBC. 2019. Image. https://www.lshmedia.co.uk/beast.

DETERIORATION OF MEMORY FORM FIGURE 60 Crystal Palace, Sydenham Map “Digimap”. 2019. Digimap.Edina.Ac.Uk. https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/os. Plan Of The Palace In 1864. 1864. Image. http://www.victorianweb.org/history/1851/sacks.html.

FIGURE 61 Crystal Palace, Sydenham The Crystal Palace Destruction By Fire. 2019. Image. Accessed February 24. https://redsearch.org/images/p/the_crystal_palace_destruction_by_fire.

FIGURE 62 Red Sands Fort Map “Digimap”. 2019. Digimap.Edina.Ac.Uk. https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/os. Fort 6 U6: Red Sands Forts In 1965. 1965. Image. http://www.bobleroi.co.uk/ScrapBook/CityReunion/FortFanatics.html.

FIGURE 63 Red Sands Fort Douglas, Chuck. 2014. Red Sands: Maunsell Fort. Image. https://www.flickr.com/photos/chuckdouglas/14720986516.

FIGURE 64 Euston Arch Map “Digimap”. 2019. Digimap.Edina.Ac.Uk. https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/os. Euston Station, London (Town Plan 1:1,056). 1837. Image. https://blog.cassinimaps.co.uk/2014/08/29/map-of-the-month-euston-station/.

FIGURE 65 Euston Arch Euston Arch. 2019. Image. Accessed February 24. https://www.timeout.com/london/blog/nine-things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-euston-station-051917.

179

DETERIORATION OF MEMORY FORM FIGURE 66 Holloway Prison Gateway Map “Digimap”. 2019. Digimap.Edina.Ac.Uk. https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/os. Old Map Of London In 1888 - Tufnell Park, Holloway. 1888. Image. http://www.oldtowns.co.uk/ London1888-new/sheet-13.htm.

FIGURE 67 Holloway Prison Gateway HMP Holloway Prison. 2019. Image. Accessed February 24. https://www.28dayslater.co.uk/threads/hmpholloway-prison-london-april-2017.108535/.

FIGURE 68 The Stump Map “Digimap”. 2019. Digimap.Edina.Ac.Uk. https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/os. 16_00849_FULEIA-EXISTING_SITE_PLAN-342335. 2016. Ebook. London: PLP Architecture. http://www.planning2.cityoflondon.gov.uk/online-applications/applicationDetails. do?activeTab=documents&keyVal=OCBLT1FH0OF00. Planning Ref: 16/00849/FULEIA

FIGURE 69 The Stump Arrested Development: London’s Tallest Building-To-Be Slated For Demolition. 2015. Image. https://archinect.com/ news/article/134799180/arrested-development-london-s-tallest-building-to-be-slated-for-demolition.

FIGURE 70 Grenfell Tower Map “Digimap”. 2019. Digimap.Edina.Ac.Uk. https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/os. “Google Maps”. 2019. Google Maps. https://www.google.co.uk/maps/.

FIGURE 71 Grenfell Tower Grenfell Tower. 2019. Image. https://www.independent.co.uk/topic/grenfell-tower.

FIGURE 72 Robin Hood Gardens Map “Digimap”. 2019. Digimap.Edina.Ac.Uk. https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/os. AD Classics: Robin Hood Gardens / Alison And Peter Smithson. 1972. Image. https://www.archdaily. com/150629/ad-classics-robin-hood-gardens-alison-and-peter-smithson.

FIGURE 73 Robin Hood Gardens Lousada, Sandra. 1972. The Smithson Family Collection. Image. https://municipaldreams.wordpress. com/2014/02/11/robin-hood-gardens-poplar-presence-dignity-and-a-bit-grim/.

180

CONCLUSION FIGURE 74

Preservation Is Overtaking Us: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Barcodeâ&#x20AC;? preservation scheme for Beijing where different preservation scenarios can be implemented in horizontal bands. Koolhaas, Rem, Mark Wigley, Jordan Carver, Rem Koolhaas, and Jorge Otero-Pailos. 2014. Preservation is overtaking us. p.12

FIGURE 75

Sampson House: Currently Under Demolition Own Photography

FIGURE 76 Yves Ubelmann, founder and CEO of Iconem Yves Ubelmann, Founder And CEO Of Iconem. 2018. Image. https://news.microsoft.com/transform/ heritage-activists-preserve-global-landmarks-ruined-in-war-threatened-by-time/.

FIGURE 77

Eternal 5D Data Storage: Future Starts Here Exhibition,V&A Parsons, Elly. 2018. Eternal 5D Data Storage, By University Of Southampton. Image. https://www.wallpaper. com/lifestyle/the-future-starts-here-exhibition-preview-at-the-vanda-museum-london.

181

INDEX

39 HILLDROP CRESCENT

10 RILLINGTON PLACE

ADMIRALTY CITADEL

BBC TELEVISION CENTRE: JIMMY SAVILLEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S DRESSING ROOM

BALFRON TOWER

BETHLEM HOSPITAL, MOORFIELDS

BETHLEM HOSPIITAL, SOUTHWARK

BRIXTON RECREATION CENTRE

CASSON PAVILLION, LONDON ZOO

CROSSNESS PUMPING STATION

CRYSTAL PALACE, HYDE PARK

CRYSTAL PALACE, SYDENHAM

105

EGYPTIAN HALL EUSTON ARCH

109

GRENFELL TOWER

115

HOLLAND HOUSE

HOLLOWAY PRISON

HOLLOWAY PRISON: GATEWAY

184

111

HORSE HOSPITAL

KENTISH TOWN SOUTH STATION

LONDON CHANCERY BUILDING

LOTS ROAD POWER STATION

MACADAM BUILDING, KINGS COLLEGE

NECROPOLIS RAILWAY & STATION

NEWGATE PRISON

PEMBROKE HOUSE

RED SANDS FORT

107

ROBIN HOOD GARDENS

117

SAINSBURYâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S, 55 BUGSBY WAY

SAMPSON HOUSE

SPACE HOUSE

THE STUMP

113

TV-AM TELEVSION STUDIOS

TYBURN GALLOWS

WELBECK CAR PARK

185

Thank you to Maurice Tooby, a grandad, an architecture enthusiast, and a deteriorating mind. Thank you for all your help and support. A special thanks to Mike Aling and Mark Garcia in helping this thesis come to life.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS