Soviet ideology of preservation by fima freidine

Efim Freydin

Soviet ideology of preservation How it works today?

towards preservaction The birth and growth of contemporary russian ideology of preservation

2 M.Prishvin (http://community.livejournal.com/chtoby_pomnili/217142.html)

Efim Freydin|30.03.2011|Mid-term review

Preservation is...90 years timeline

hypothesis politics/economy culture/int.law architecture practice law society people narratives

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detected heritage objects

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1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936

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detected heritage objects

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1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936

536

listed historical cities

(1990)

Moscow general plan / Semenov

Contemporary architecture magasin: «Editor notes: rebuilding of old house was done successfully. All existing decorative details (cornises, pediments, etc) were demolished.»

Редакция отмечает: перестройка старого дома выполнена удачно. Уничтожены все существовавшие декоративные элементы (карнизы, сандрики, сухарики и проч.)//CA 1927 ARCOS building by Chernyshov

prefabricated/ industrial housing

cheremushki

eclectic/pomo

eXpo-1967/posokhin House of new mode of life/ Ostermann

late modernism/international movement

New Moscow concept plan / Tshussev, Vinogradov

Bratskaya gydro-electric station Palace of pioneers/Pokrovsky, Novikov

Hotel «Rossija»

izmailovo

retrospectivism/artdeco/stalin empire style

St1_Mohovaya housing / I.Joltovsky

st1_hotel «moskva»/ A.tshussev

478

House with tower on Smolenskaya/I.Joltovsky

housing settlements

constructivism

Co3_Bakhmetyevsky bus park/ K.Melnikov lenin mausoleum / A.tshussev co6_Arkos/ chernyshov

co1_ monument to the iii international/ V.tatlin Co2_Shabolovka tower / V.Shukhov

Co4_Narkomfin house / M.Ginsburg, I.Milinis red gate metro/ n.ladovsky co6_Arkos/ chernyshov Co5_Ogonyok printing office/L.Lissitzky M.Barsch

st1_hotel «moskva» demolition

listed historical cities

Co1_Tatlin tower model for Tretyakov gallery

Co3_Bakhmetyevsky bus park/ K.Melnikov

co3_leonidov's staircase/memorial table

St1_Hotel «Moskva» replica

Co3_Bakhmetyevsky bus park/ Cultural art Co4_Narkomfin house / M.Ginsburg, I.Milinis center «garage»/Vorontsov

Co3_Bakhmetyevsky bus park/ K.Melnikov New stage of reconstruction

(2000)

Art-Nouveau Eclectic

ro1_palace in gatchina as museum/Zubov

ro2_christ the saviour/ K.ton

Classical: Baroque, Classicism, Rococo

Cl1_«Red Gate» preservation/ V.Vinogradov

ro1_palace in gatchina as museum/Zubov

ruined heritage after the World War Two

Old russian architecture Wooden architecture

restoration in Kizhi and north russian wooden architecture

Restoration project for Kizhi/Opolovnikov

accounting and protection of monument of nature, gardens monuments of art and antiques, and parks (1921) owned by private people, groups Subject: nature reserve and and institutions (1918) national parks; untouchable Goal: for protection, study and monuments of nature and acquaintance monument of park culture Subject: Monumental sites, with academic value (under collections of art and antiques, museum and protection items. department of Narkompros)

protection of monuments of art, antiques and nature (1924) «Repair, restoration, rebuilding, demolition and use of monuments listed under Museum Department ... or Narkompors could be made ONLY by decision of department»

выставка_1937 Народное зодчество СССР

New wave of palace auctions

and restoration of architectural of protection of cultural monuments in Vladimirskaya monuments region (8/4/1945) «State protection list includes: «Prepare the design proposal of Architectural monuments; Suzdal (city) as museum city» monuments of art; monuments of archeology; monuments of history related to... revolutionary movement and... Great Patriotic War»

of the protection of cultural monuments in Russia (1960) «30 000 detected monuments for 20 years»

N 473 On state and activity of enmprouvement of protection of historical and cultural monuments in Russia (for touristic purpose)

Palaces are historically developped organisms, closelly connected with events, and monuments of the tastes of consecutive generations. To break a set of it is to make a blunder.

8000

detected heritage objects

The main stimulus of restoration is in conservation, which is a set of measures of emprouvement of conditions for monument.

?4000

ArChiteCturAl restorAtion depArtment in Comission on ACCounting And proteCtion of monuments of Art//Chief – p.baranovsky Comission on proteCtion And renewAl of monuments of Art Comission in ACAdemy of ArChiteCture design worKshop on restorAtion of monuments in AcAdemy of Architecture of ussr sCientifiC institute of history And theory of ArChiteCture of ACAdemy of ArChiteCture ussr НаучНо-МетодичеСКий СоВет По охРаНе ПаМятНиКоВ КультуРы ПРи аКадеМии НауК СССР

speCiAl sCientifiC restorAtion worKshops

tshussev's museum of ArChiteCture

museum of Architecture founded by V.Vinogradov

В предвоенные годы научные методы реставрации, основанные на строгих архитектурно-археологических исследованиях и на прогрессивных концепциях и достижениях русской дореволюционной практики, в Европе и России находились на одном уровне. В 1931 г. в Афинах состоялась первая международная конференция реставраторов, в декларации которой была провозглашена необходимость отказа от целостных реставраций и целесообразность сохранения разновременных стилистических наслоений. Главным видом работ на памятнике была позвана консервация.

Основой применявшегося метода была полнота, точность и скрупулезность предварительных исследований, обоснованность и документированность принятых решений, преобладание фрагментарной реставрации, включавшей необходимые укрепления уцелевших частей.

Цель реставрации здесь определялась как «восстановление или воссоздание памятВ 1958 г. А.В.Ополовников сформулировал цель реставрации памятников деревянного метод воссоздания памятника по аналогу (новодел) ника в его первоначальной форме или в ином виде, в каком памятник находился на зодчества Русского Севера, проводившейся им в течение многих послевоенных лет, определенную научно обоснованнуюдеятельности оптимальную«недопустимы дату» как решение двуединой задачи: укрепление разрушающихся частей и восстановление В реставрационной никакие творческие домыслы, нипрежнего архитектурного облика какое стремление к подновлению памятника, к внешней эффектности. Реставрация

Alexey I. KOMECH

Natalya tROtSKAYA, chief of Museum and heritage department of NARKOMPROS, banished in 1927

Savva YAMtSHIKOV

(1884-1969), founder of Gatchina museum, founder&director of Institute of Art History 1912-1925

Nikolai VINOGRADOV

VINOGRADOV

(1885-1990), architect, restorer, member of «Old Moscow«,founder and first director of MuAr

25 июня 2002 года N 73-ФЗ ФЕДЕРАЛЬНЫЙ ЗАКОН «ОБ ОБЪЕКТАХ КУЛЬТУРНОГО НАСЛЕДИЯ (ПАМЯТНИКАХ ИСТОРИИ И КУЛЬТУРЫ) НАРОДОВ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ»

ПОСТАНОВЛЕНИЕ от 26 ноября 2001 г. N 815 О ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЙ ЦЕЛЕВОЙ ПРОГРАММЕ «СОХРАНЕНИЕ И РАЗВИТИЕ АРХИТЕКТУРЫ ИСТОРИЧЕСКИХ ГОРОДОВ (2002 - 2010 ГОДЫ)»

program «Protection and architectural development of historical cities»

heritage (monuments of history an culture) of people of Russian Federation»

rosohrAnCulturA

2000

1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936

Quantity of listed monuments 1918-2009

1927

detected heritage objects

(1936-2007), architect, historian, restorer

(1938-2009), restorer of paintings, chief of association of restorers, publicist

prepared a list of 7000 monument in 1942

BARANOVSKY exiled for 3 years in 1933 Alexey tSCUSSEV (1873-1949), architect, academician, author of New Moscow plan, restorer, founder of MuAr

(1892-1984), architect, founder of Museum of wooden architecutre in Kolomna

1917

new list of historical settlements in Russian federation (1990)

soyuZrestAVrAtsiyA Всесоюзное специализированное реставрационное производственное объединение «Союзреставрация»

tshussev's museum of ArChiteCture // director-d.sarkissyan

VoopiK All-russiAn society for protection of historicAl And culturAl monuments//founder - p.Baranovsky, 17.5 mln members Scientific restoration workshop in VOOPiK

Nikolai N.VORONIN (1904-1976), historian, preservationist, author of books on old russian architecture

Igor GRABAR' (1871-1960), artist, deputy of director of Narkompros's Museum and protection of monuments department, chief of State restoration workshops till 1930

1907

usage of historical and cultural monuments (1978)

All-union scientific restorAtion integrAted ActiVity of ministry of culture ussr Всесоюзный производственный научно-реставрационный комбинат Министерства культуры СССР (ВПНРК)

opened

ArchnAdZor moVement// coordinators – r.rahmatullin, m.Khrustaleva... tshussev's museum of ArChiteCture // director-i.Korobyina russiAn AVAntguArd foundAtion// founder – s.gordeev

утраченных частей памятника может быть осуществлена только при наличии всех необходимых данных. Единственный метод . . . - это научный, исследовательский метод, позволяющий воссоздать художественный образ памятника с подлинной исторической достоверностью»

Дворцы - исторически сложившиеся организмы, тесно связанные с происходившими в них событиями, и памятники художественных вкусов

последовательных поколений. Разрознивать их было бы крупной ошибкой detected heritage (V.P.Zubov, 1918) objects

the list of cities and settlements with architectural monuments, urban ensembles and complexes... (1970)

During the meeting with P.Baranovsky, furtseva [minister of culture] said that on her opinion, there are too many monuments in our country, and it is impossible to manage all of them, and it's uselessly. State has more important issues than preservation of monuments. Here she repeated popular saying «We are going to communism, but there is no place of living for our people!» (from memoirs of Trophimov)

institute of history of Art in ACAdemy of sCienCe//director – i.grabar

inter-depArtment Comitee for proteCtion of monuments of revolution, Art And Culture stAte restorAtion worKshops//Chief: i.grabar CAbinet of theory And history of ArChiteCture in ACAdemy of ArChiteCture

«old moscow» society (renamed from1907)//member: V.Vinogradov (300 members) society of russiAn mAnsion studies//(100 members)

Peter BARANOVSKY

КОЛЛЕГИЯ МИНИСТЕРСТВА КУЛЬТУРЫ РСФСР 19 февраля 1990 г. N 12 КОЛЛЕГИЯ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО КОМИТЕТА РСФСР ПО ДЕЛАМ СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВА 28 февраля 1990 г. N 3 ПРЕЗИДИУМ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОГО СОВЕТА ВООПИК 16 февраля 1990 г. N 12 (162) ПОСТАНОВЛЕНИЕ ОБ УТВЕРЖДЕНИИ НОВОГО СПИСКА ИСТОРИЧЕСКИХ НАСЕЛЕННЫХ МЕСТ РСФСР

heritage 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 detected 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 RESOLUTION 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 201 On activities for preservation On activities on emprouvement On further emprouvement от 24 may 1966 On affirmation of On protection and On affirmation of Federal Federal law «On objects

«Mosrazbor trest» – official demolition firm

institute of Art history(petrogrAd)//founder and director from 1912 till 1925 - valentin p. Zubov

All-russiAn college of Comission on registrAtion And proteCtion of monuments of Art And Antiques museums And protection museum And heritAge proteCtion depArtment of nArKompros//Chief: n.trotskaya of monuments of Art And AntiQues in nArKompros nAtionAl museum foundAtion//Chief: m.gorky(?) //chief: natalya trotskaya open-Air museum of wooden Architecture in KolomensKoe//p.Baranovsky

Valentin P. ZUBOV, count

«ОБ ОХРАНЕ И ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИИ ПАМЯТНИКОВ ИСТОРИИ И КУЛЬТУРЫ» от 15 декабря 1978 года

30 000

«О ДОПОЛНЕНИИ И ЧАСТИЧНОМ ИЗМЕНЕНИИ ПОСТАНОВЛЕНИЯ СОВЕТА МИНИСТРОВ РСФСР ОТ 30 АВГУСТА 1960 Г. N 1327 «О ДАЛЬНЕЙШЕМ УЛУЧШЕНИИ ДЕЛА ОХРАНЫ ПАМЯТНИКОВ КУЛЬТУРЫ В РСФСР»» от 4 декабря 1974 г. N 624

Soviet state, he [bolshevik] said, is not national state, it is the centre of the world union of soviet republics. That's why it is indifferently whether certain piece of art will be in Russia, in America or anywhere else. By the money, which bourgeois are paying for these items, we'll make the world revolution, and after we take them [items] back from bourgeois. (from Zubov's memoirs)

Wave of palace/mansion/churches auctions from museum fund

Zashiversk (Opolovnikov)

Постановление Государственного комитета Совета Министров РСФСР по делам строительства и коллегии Министерства культуры РСФСР от 31 июля 1970 года № 36 «Об утверждении списка городов и других населенных мест РСФСР, имеющих архитектурные памятники, градостроительные ансамбли и комплексы, являющиеся памятниками национальной культуры, а также сохранившиеся природные ландшафты и древний культурный слой земли, и представляющие

№ 243 1932 г . авг 20. ВЦИК. — Об утверждении Положения о Междуведомственном комитете по охране памятников революции, искусства и культуры при Президиуме ВЦИК

Ремонт, реставрация, переделки, сломка и использование памятников зодчества (гражданских и крепостных сооружений, сооружений религиозного культа и т.п.), зарегистрированных в Отделе по делам музеев Главного Управления научных учреждений Академического Центра Народного Комиссариата Просвещения, должны производиться не иначе, как по предварительному разрешению названного Отдела. //ДЕКРЕТ от 7 января 1924 года ОБ УЧЕТЕ И ОХРАНЕ ПАМЯТНИКОВ ИСКУССТВА, СТАРИНЫ И ПРИРОДЫ

1) Заповедники и национальные парки. 2) Неприкосновенные памятники природы, памятники садово-парковой культуры музейно-академического значения (находятся в ведении Народного Комиссариата Просвещения по Отделу по делам музеев и охране памятников искусств и старины). Земли под заповедниками и национальными парками не могут быть обращаемы под обработку или разработку естественных богатств без разрешения Народного Комиссариата Просвещения, а равно на площади заповедников и национальных парков охота и ловля зверей и птиц, собирание яиц и гнезд и ловля рыбы не допускается без такового же разрешения. //ДЕКРЕТ от 16 сентября 1921 года ОБ ОХРАНЕ ПАМЯТНИКОВ ПРИРОДЫ, САДОВ И ПАРКОВ

В целях охранения, изучения и возможно более полного ознакомления широких масс населения с сокровищами искусства и старины, находящимися в России... 1) монументальные памятники; 2) собрания предметов искусства и старины; 3) отдельные предметы, имеющие большое научное, историческое или художественное значение Действие настоящего декрета не распространяется на предметы искусства, находящиеся у их авторов. //ДЕКРЕТ от 5 октября 1918 года О РЕГИСТРАЦИИ, ПРИЕМЕ НА УЧЕТ И ОХРАНЕНИИ ПАМЯТНИКОВ ИСКУССТВА И СТАРИНЫ, НАХОДЯЩИХСЯ ВО ВЛАДЕНИИ ЧАСТНЫХ ЛИЦ, ОБЩЕСТВ И УЧРЕЖДЕНИЙ

1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 Decree 1924on accounting 1925 and 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 Decree on registration, Decree on protection of

Open-air museums of wooden architecture: Kizhi,

RESOLUTION от 24 may 1966 N 473 About state and activity of enmprouvement of defense of historical and cultural monuments in Russia (турист.маршруты)

third restoration exhibition

first list of architectural monuments for Moscow (1924)

1. Все ...памятники культуры, имеющие научное, историческое или художественное значение, являются неприкосновенным всенародным достоянием и состоят под охраной государства. 2. Государственной охране подлежат: а) памятники архитектуры: ...здания, а также связанные с ними произведения монументальной живописи, скульптуры, прикладного и садово-паркового искусства; б) памятники искусства: произведения ..., находящиеся в государственных учреждениях и хранилищах; в) памятники археологии; г) памятники исторические: ... связанные с важнейшими историческими событиями в жизни народов СССР, революционным движением, гражданской и Великой Отечественной войнами, социалистическим строительством; памятники мемориального значения; памятники истории техники, военного дела, хозяйства и быта. //ПОСТАНОВЛЕНИЕ от 14 октября 1948 г. N 3898 О МЕРАХ УЛУЧШЕНИЯ ОХРАНЫ ПАМЯТНИКОВ КУЛЬТУРЫ

exhibition «Outgoing wooden Moscow»

second restoration

museum foundation (1918) 1921: the first All-russian exhibition 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 restoration1922 conference

В целях сохранения и реставрации памятников архитектуры ... Обязать Владимирский облисполком и Наркомгражданстрой РСФСР произвести в 1945 г. подготовительные мероприятия для осуществления в 1946 - 1947 гг. реставрации наиболее ценных памятников: Дмитриевского собора XII века, собора Княгинина монастыря (г. Владимир) и палат Суздальского кремля. ...разработать к 1 июня 1945 г. предложения по планировке и благоустройству г. Суздаля как города-музея. //ПОСТАНОВЛЕНИЕ СНК СССР от 8.4.1945 г. N 715 О МЕРОПРИЯТИЯХ ПО СОХРАНЕНИЮ И РЕСТАВРАЦИИ ПАМЯТНИКОВ АРХИТЕКТУРЫ ВО ВЛАДИМИРСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

first exhibition of national

ro2_christ the saviour/ K.ton

cl_1«red gate» demolition

Italian: Kremlin

«О ДАЛЬНЕЙШЕМ УЛУЧШЕНИИ ДЕЛА ОХРАНЫ ПАМЯТНИКОВ КУЛЬТУРЫ В РСФСР» от 30 августа 1960 г. N 1327

Romantic

Alexander V.OPOLOVNIKOV

596

Sergey Podyapolskiy

(1928-2000), restorer, theoretic

?21

115

listed historical cities

David Sarkisyan

(1947-2010), director of Museum of Architecture (MuAr), founder of ArchNadzor

listed historical

cities 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 201 (2009)

1937

(1911-1994), architect, restorer of wooden buildings

detected heritage objects

1947

1957

1967

(1970)

(1986)

Quantity of listed historical cities 1970-2011

1977

1987

1997 2007 Efim Freydin|30.03.2011|Mid-term review

Preservation is...compilation of amazing stories

hypothesis politics/economy culture/int.law architecture practice law society people narratives

1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936

uss coll r aps

Brez dea th hne v

And dea ropo th v

87000

Меж по гор охр дун одо ане аро дно в (19 ист 87 орий хар год ческтии ) их

Кон об нас охр вен Гра лед ции над ияане Сов а, еврарх ета 198 опыите 5 евр год (г. кту опы рно ) го

Olim gam pic Mos es cow in

detected heritage objects

«Ko coll ava ectistak ntgu on i gift ard of » rus.

Кон всем вен и (Па при ирн ция риж род ого об , 16 ног куль охр нояо нас туране бря лед ног 197 ия о 2 г.)

rubsky lev

A.ta And rkov rey

Buld exh (15 ibitioze .09. on r 197

rity

cha

rotc visi dem hild city ted 's ons suz valu trat dal: e ion of

A.So «on ljen the den e (Ott isovlife day itsy of in n epe ich» ivan l)

likh arti pres cle ach len erva ev's ingr abo ut ad tion

«Ne Abs exh w visi trac real n.K tedibiti t art ity» hru by on, she v

Ven ice

Ant figh idec t orat ive

con ven tion

Hag

rs afte n r

100 len in's yea

50 revo yea lutio

prag spin ue' g

wor econ crys ld omi is

Brez inna hne ugu v rati on

Нач стр Бра ало ГЭС тск-ва ой

93 000

detected heritage objects

(19 54)

stal dea in's th

Khr «pe repo ush (des rson ev's rt» talin ality cult izat ion)

's sary 800

pea

e tion

her eva itag cua

tion

New Moscow

Mos ann cow iver

Two

ivas rus ion sia

Spa civi nish l war

Mos met cow ro

20 afte revo r yea rs lutio

Kiro assa v's sina tion

Ath firs rest t ens orerinte 193 's rnat 1: con iona fere l nce esta soc blis iety hme of pala Archnt of sov itec the com ietsce of ts peti

stal

har failu vest re

5-ye plan ar

len dea in's th

Pov fam olj'e ine

Mos bec cap amecow ital a

prefabricated/ industrial housing

cheremushki

(1990)

eclectic/pomo

eXpo-1967/posokhin House of new mode of life/ Ostermann

late modernism/international movement

New Moscow concept plan / Tshussev, Vinogradov

Anti-religious

536

listed historical cities

Moscow general plan / Semenov

Contemporary architecture magasin: «Editor notes: rebuilding of old house was done successfully. All existing decorative details (cornises, pediments, etc) were demolished.»

Bratskaya gydro-electric station Palace of pioneers/Pokrovsky, Novikov

Hotel «Rossija»

izmailovo

retrospectivism/artdeco/stalin empire style

St1_Mohovaya housing / I.Joltovsky

housing settlements

constructivism

Co3_Bakhmetyevsky bus park/ K.Melnikov lenin mausoleum / A.tshussev co6_Arkos/ chernyshov

co1_ monument to the iii international/ V.tatlin Co2_Shabolovka tower / V.Shukhov

Art-Nouveau Eclectic

ro1_palace in gatchina as museum/Zubov

st1_hotel «moskva»/ A.tshussev

Cl1_«Red Gate» preservation/ V.Vinogradov

Urbanization'60

ro1_palace in gatchina as museum/Zubov

cl_1«red gate» demolition

Italian: Kremlin

Wooden architecture

restoration in Kizhi and north russian wooden architecture

Restoration project for Kizhi/Opolovnikov

New wave of palace auctions

Palaces are historically developped organisms, closelly connected with events, and monuments of the tastes of consecutive generations. To break a set of it is to make a blunder.

8000

detected heritage objects

The main stimulus of restoration is in conservation, which is a set of measures of emprouvement of conditions for monument.

?4000

of the protection of cultural monuments in Russia (1960) «30 000 detected monuments for 20 years»

speCiAl sCientifiC restorAtion worKshops

tshussev's museum of ArChiteCture

museum of Architecture founded by V.Vinogradov

N 473 On state and activity of enmprouvement of protection of historical and cultural monuments in Russia (for touristic purpose)

Alexey I. KOMECH

Natalya tROtSKAYA, chief of Museum and heritage department of NARKOMPROS, banished in 1927

Savva YAMtSHIKOV

Nikolai VINOGRADOV

VINOGRADOV

(1885-1990), architect, restorer, member of «Old Moscow«,founder and first director of MuAr

(1892-1984), architect, founder of Museum of wooden architecutre in Kolomna

P.Baranovsky: ascet of preservation

Quantity of listed monuments 1918-2009

2000

1927

detected heritage objects

(1936-2007), architect, historian, restorer

(1938-2009), restorer of paintings, chief of association of restorers, publicist

prepared a list of 7000 monument in 1942

BARANOVSKY exiled for 3 years in 1933 Alexey tSCUSSEV (1873-1949), architect, academician, author of New Moscow plan, restorer, founder of MuAr

1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936

1917

Co3_Bakhmetyevsky bus park/ K.Melnikov New stage of reconstruction

«ОБ ОХРАНЕ И ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИИ ПАМЯТНИКОВ ИСТОРИИ И КУЛЬТУРЫ» от 15 декабря 1978 года

new list of historical settlements in Russian federation (1990)

program «Protection and architectural development of historical cities»

Alexander V.OPOLOVNIKOV

596

Sergey Podyapolskiy

(1928-2000), restorer, theoretic

heritage (monuments of history an culture) of people of Russian Federation»

rosohrAnCulturA soyuZrestAVrAtsiyA Всесоюзное специализированное реставрационное производственное объединение «Союзреставрация»

?21

russiAn AVAntguArd foundAtion// founder – s.gordeev

Preservaction?

115

listed historical cities

ArchnAdZor moVement// coordinators – r.rahmatullin, m.Khrustaleva... tshussev's museum of ArChiteCture // director-i.Korobyina

tshussev's museum of ArChiteCture // director-d.sarkissyan

VoopiK All-russiAn society for protection of historicAl And culturAl monuments//founder - p.Baranovsky, 17.5 mln members Scientific restoration workshop in VOOPiK

Nikolai N.VORONIN (1904-1976), historian, preservationist, author of books on old russian architecture

Igor GRABAR' (1871-1960), artist, deputy of director of Narkompros's Museum and protection of monuments department, chief of State restoration workshops till 1930

usage of historical and cultural monuments (1978)

opened

(1884-1969), founder of Gatchina museum, founder&director of Institute of Art History 1912-1925

the list of cities and settlements with architectural monuments, urban ensembles and complexes... (1970)

VOOPIK During the meeting with P.Baranovsky, furtseva [minister of culture] said that on her opinion, there are too many monuments in our country, and it is impossible to manage all of them, and it's uselessly. State has more important issues than preservation of monuments. Here she repeated popular saying «We are going to communism, but there is no place of living for our people!» (from memoirs of Trophimov)

institute of history of Art in ACAdemy of sCienCe//director – i.grabar

последовательных поколений. Разрознивать их было бы крупной ошибкой detected heritage (V.P.Zubov, 1918) objects

Kizhi pogost 30 000

«Mosrazbor trest» – official demolition firm

«old moscow» society (renamed from1907)//member: V.Vinogradov (300 members) society of russiAn mAnsion studies//(100 members)

1907

Co3_Bakhmetyevsky bus park/ Cultural art Co4_Narkomfin house / M.Ginsburg, I.Milinis center «garage»/Vorontsov

1930

Wave of palace/mansion/churches auctions from museum fund

institute of Art history(petrogrAd)//founder and director from 1912 till 1925 - valentin p. Zubov

St1_Hotel «Moskva» replica

co3_leonidov's staircase/memorial table

(2000)

выставка_1937 Народное зодчество СССР

1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 Decree 1924on accounting 1925 and 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 Decree on registration, Decree on protection of

Peter BARANOVSKY

Co3_Bakhmetyevsky bus park/ K.Melnikov

ro2_christ the saviour/ K.ton

Zashiversk (Opolovnikov)

RESOLUTION от 24 may 1966 N 473 About state and activity of enmprouvement of defense of historical and cultural monuments in Russia (турист.маршруты)

threats+legislation

Open-air museums of wooden architecture: Kizhi,

1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 201 1. Все ...памятники культуры, имеющие научное, историческое или художественное значение, являются неприкосновенным всенародным достоянием и состоят под охраной государства. 2. Государственной охране подлежат: а) памятники архитектуры: ...здания, а также связанные с ними произведения монументальной живописи, скульптуры, прикладного и садово-паркового искусства; б) памятники искусства: произведения ..., находящиеся в государственных учреждениях и хранилищах; в) памятники археологии; г) памятники исторические: ... связанные с важнейшими историческими событиями в жизни народов СССР, революционным движением, гражданской и Великой Отечественной войнами, социалистическим строительством; памятники мемориального значения; памятники истории техники, военного дела, хозяйства и быта. //ПОСТАНОВЛЕНИЕ от 14 октября 1948 г. N 3898 О МЕРАХ УЛУЧШЕНИЯ ОХРАНЫ ПАМЯТНИКОВ КУЛЬТУРЫ

third restoration exhibition

first list of architectural monuments for Moscow (1924)

exhibition «Outgoing wooden Moscow»

second restoration

museum foundation (1918) 1921: the first All-russian exhibition 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 restoration1922 conference

Valentin P. ZUBOV, count

st1_hotel «moskva» demolition

listed historical cities

Co1_Tatlin tower model for Tretyakov gallery

ruined heritage after the World War Two

Old russian architecture

first exhibition of national

478

House with tower on Smolenskaya/I.Joltovsky

Co4_Narkomfin house / M.Ginsburg, I.Milinis red gate metro/ n.ladovsky co6_Arkos/ chernyshov Co5_Ogonyok printing office/L.Lissitzky M.Barsch

ro2_christ the saviour/ K.ton

Classical: Baroque, Classicism, Rococo

«О ДАЛЬНЕЙШЕМ УЛУЧШЕНИИ ДЕЛА ОХРАНЫ ПАМЯТНИКОВ КУЛЬТУРЫ В РСФСР» от 30 августа 1960 г. N 1327

Romantic

rev olut ion

1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936

listed historical cities

David Sarkisyan

(1947-2010), director of Museum of Architecture (MuAr), founder of ArchNadzor

listed historical

1937

(1911-1994), architect, restorer of wooden buildings

detected heritage objects

1947

(1970)

(1986)

A.Opolovnikov

1957

1967

Quantity of listed historical cities 1970-2011

1977

1987

1997 2007 Efim Freydin|30.03.2011|Mid-term review

Preservation is...

...Listing and legislation in the historical context

...Defense of preservation position on frontier: professionals and intellectuals

...Content of preservation: heritage and methods

Efim Freydin|30.03.2011|Mid-term review

Towards preservaction ...Listing and legislation in the historical context

Efim Freydin|30.03.2011|Mid-term review

towards preservaction |

1917

empire collapse

General [

] threats and legislation

crisis

world war II

world war I civil war

urbanization

indu

stria

1918

Gorky commission

liza

triali

tion 1948

1947

1907

1917

1927

1937

urbanization

1960 1966

1960

1947

crisis

zatio

1978

1957

1995

1974 1970

crisis

urbanization

indus

1934

1930

1991

USSR collapse

crisis

1967

2002

2010 federal laws

1995 1986-90

1977

1987

federal lists of monuments

2002 2010

federal lists of historical cities

1997 2007 Efim Freydin|30.03.2011|Mid-term review

towards preservaction |

1917

empire collapse

Federal list of monuments

crisis

world war II

world war I civil war

urbanization

indu

stria

crisis

urbanization

indus

liza

1991

USSR collapse

crisis

triali

tion

2010 >20000

urbanization

zatio

n 1995 8834

1930 8000 museum department reduction

1974 6515

anti-religious campaign

1907 8

ethnographers' case 1923 2870 1930 1947 2000 550

1917

1927

1937

1947

1960 3709

1957

1967

sources: 1) http://kulturnoe-nasledie. ru (ministry of culture' database) 2) Platonov O. 1991 3) Tschenkov «Articles on...», p. 17 4) Law №3898 14/10/1948 1977

1987

1997 2007 Efim Freydin|30.03.2011|Mid-term review

towards preservaction |

Battlefield

Destruction

Preserva c tion 1907 9

1917

1927

1937

1947

1957

1967

1977

1987

1997 2007 Efim Freydin|30.03.2011|Mid-term review

towards preservaction |

State/public protection system

Public organisation Vladimir Vinogradov, Old Moscow

Old Moscow, Old Saint-Petersburg Russian mansion amateurs etc. International support Professional society

Regional network

Ethnographers' bureau branches Gubmusei (regional museums)

Professional restorers

Central state restoration workshops

State Organisation

Museum department of Glavnauka (Science)

Laws 1907 10

Igor Grabar

1917

1927

Natalya Sedova, wife of Leon Trotsky

Anatoly Lunacharsky

Narkompros 1937

1947

1957

1967

1977

1987

1997 2007 Efim Freydin|30.03.2011|Mid-term review

towards preservaction |

Success of protectors

Public organisation

International support Professional society

Regional network

1930

8000 monuments listed

Professional restorers

State Organisation

Laws 1907 11

Narkompros 1917

1927

1937

1947

1957

1967

1977

1987

1997 2007 Efim Freydin|30.03.2011|Mid-term review

towards preservaction |

State/public protection system 1966/2010

>15000 monuments Archnadzor MAPS listed

1991 USSR collapse Public organisation

VOOPIK All-russian society for protection of historical and cultural monuments

Russian mansion amateurs etc.

Russian avantguard foundation

DO.CO.MO.MO ICOMOS UNESCO

International support Professional society Academy of Architecture

Professional restorers

Central state restoration workshops

State Organisation

Laws 1907 12

1995

8834 federal monuments listed

Regional inspections for protection of monuments

Regional network

Narkompros 1917

1927

Comission of Academy of Architecture

State inspection for protection of monuments

Ministry of construction 1937

1947

VOOPIK's restoration workshops

1957

Ministry of culture

1967

1977

1987

1997 2007 Efim Freydin|30.03.2011|Mid-term review

towards preservaction |

1917

empire collapse

Threats create the values?

crisis

world war II

world war I civil war

urbanization

indu

stria

urbanization

indus

liza

1991

USSR collapse

triali

tion

crisis

urbanization

zatio

empire/old russia revolution world war II estetics

content mediocre/ unique function plot 1907 13

1917

1927

1937

1947

1957

1967

1977

1987

1997 2007 Efim Freydin|30.03.2011|Mid-term review

towards preservaction | State Central Organisation

Narkomfin

Narkomvneshtorg

Gohran

Gostorg

Comissariat of finance

2010 >15000

Comissariat of external trade

Gosfond

RudMetallTorg>Metallom, joint-stock company

Regional network Professional antikeepers

System of destruction in 1920s

Antiquariat, joint-stock company RudMetallTorg>Metallom MosRazborTrest SoyuzVzryvProm

Professional society Public organisation

Union of ateists 1995 8834

Trade representatives Auction companies

International support

1930 8000 1974 6515

1960 3709

1923 2870 1930 2000

1907 14

1917

1927

1947 550 1937

1947

1957

1967

1977

1987

1997 2007 Efim Freydin|30.03.2011|Mid-term review

towards preservaction |

Particular threats: reduction of museum department

Leon Trotsky, revolutionist, former commissar, and his wife Natalya Sedova, head of museum department were exiled in 1929. The department was reduced till 7 people, its functions were given to state workshops. Museum network was reduced on 50% till the end of 1920s.

1929

In 1929 new head of department announced about possible delisting of religious monuments if they were not used for ateistic museums or had no historical value. Igor Grabar dismissed from State restoration workshops after purges in 1930. State workshops were closed in 1934.

http://ru.wikipedia.org/ 15

Source: Jukov ÂŤStalin: operation HermitageÂť

Efim Freydin|30.03.2011|Mid-term review

towards preservaction |

Particular threats: antireligious campaign

Antireligious campaign officially was started in 1920s Public support: Union of ateists (1922–1947) Head: Yaroslavtsev Unofficially second wave was in 1960s

http://www.pbase.com/amirko/ilya_ilf_photographer 16

Source: Jukov «Stalin: operation Hermitage»

Efim Freydin|30.03.2011|Mid-term review

towards preservaction |

Particular threats: ethnographers' case

In 1929-1930 network of ethnographic bureau was considered as contra-revolutionnary organisation. The case was part of so-called ÂŤCase of AcademiciansÂť. 105 ethnographers were accused, some of them - exiled, killed. Reducing of Academy of science was enormous: 62% from supernumerary staff and 13% from permanent were dismissed. Central bureau of ethnography was closed in 1937.

http://gulagmuseum.org

G.Digness (1891-1932) - filologist, ethnographer, founder of ethnografic museum in Engels and center for research on german languages in Volga region.

Efim Freydin|30.03.2011|Mid-term review

towards preservaction |

«Antikvariat» (1922-37) – heritage for

Gostorg in Moscow

of industrialization needs or price of Tractor plant in Tchelyabinsk

mln rubles from sales from State Hermitage and other museums' collections 18

Source: Osokina «Gold for industrialization», Jukov «Stalin: operation Hermitage»

Efim Freydin|30.03.2011|Mid-term review

towards preservaction |

Rudmetalltorg: bell's recycling for sustainbility and

Rudmetalltorg – office of metall stocking and trade for industrialization needs

40%

of cost came to the budget of city

60%

of cost came back to museum

19 Ю.Б. Галай Нормативные акты об охране колоколов и их практическая реализация в Нижегородской губернии

Efim Freydin|30.03.2011|Mid-term review

towards preservaction |

List of historical cities (1970-2010) 2010 >15000

1995 8834 1930 8000

1974 6515

536 (1990) 478 (2000)

-75%

-90% 115 (1986)

1923 2870 1930 2000 1907 20

1917

1927

1947 550 1937

1947

1957

1967

1977

1987

41 (2010) 1997 2007 Efim Freydin|30.03.2011|Mid-term review

towards preservaction |

TO PRESERVACTION?

Archnadzor 6/02/2010 up to 700 participators in protest manifestation

VOOPIK: own budget/workshops

10 mln members=1/2 communist party

Efim Freydin|30.03.2011|Mid-term review

...Defense of preservation position: professionals and intellectuals

Efim Freydin|30.03.2011|Mid-term review

frontier defense |

New and sample (Lenin/Lunacharsky)

Our society is able to create the beauty, immensely more excellent than all, what could be dreamt about in the past V.Lenin, 1918

Nowhere people could learn such artistic range as that was done by nobility at its zenith A.Lunacharsky ÂŤWhy we protect Romanov' palacesÂť, 1926

A.Lunacharsky 1918

The head of 1929

Bombing of Moscow Kremlin by bolsheviks 1907 23

1917

NarKomPros Commissariat of enlightenment 1927

1933

1937

1947

1957

1967

1977

1987

1997 2007 Efim Freydin|30.03.2011|Mid-term review

frontier defense |

Idea and alternatives (Stalin/Tshussev&Co)

In my opinion the decision (demolition of tower) was right, I suppose, that soviet people could create greater and more memorable examples of architecture than Sukhareva tower J.Stalin to Joltovsky, Tshussev, 22.4.1934

1934 Blasting of Sukhareva tower by traffic reason (officially)

Demolition of tower is inappropriate, if the target is adjustment of traffic, the result can be achieved by other medias A.Tshussev and group of architects 1907 24

1917

1927

1937

1947

1957

1967

1977

1987

1997 2007 Efim Freydin|30.03.2011|Mid-term review

frontier defense |

Tschussev/Architect in architectural history

ÂŤNew MoscowÂť plan

Hotel Moscow

Art Nouveau/Neorussian

Marfo-Mariinsky obitel

Co-founder

Head

1933

Moscow architectural society

1959

Restorer

1907 1917 25 http://www.bg-gallery.ru

Stalin style/Neoclassic

Modern movement

Mausoleum of Lenin

1912

Great Novgorod post-war masterplan http://www.panoramio.com/photo/48553093

1927

1937

1947

1957

MuAr Tshussev's State scientificresearch museum of architecture 1967

1977

1987

1997 2007 Efim Freydin|30.03.2011|Mid-term review

frontier defense |

Krutikov/Avantguard>Preservation

Modern movement

1948 Prepared the list of architectural monuments for Moscow 1943 Execute documentation on different sites in Moscow: Krutitskoe podvorie, Church and palaces on Bersenevskaya embankment

Old russian style

1940 Made a critical report on Moscow reconstruction plan and preservation of historic buildings 1928 Graduated from Ladovsky studio in VKHUTEMAS with widely known diploma project on Future cities. Chief of Moscow Deputy branch of сhief

Сollaborator of 1933

1907 1917 1927 26 Khan-Magomedov S.O. «G.Krutikov»

1939

1940 1946

Comission on protection of monuments in Academy of architecture 1937

1951

State inspection for protection of monuments 1947

1958

1957

First >Moscultprog tour: Church and Palaces of Kirillov on Bersenevskaya embankment 1967

1977

1987

1997 2007 Efim Freydin|30.03.2011|Mid-term review

Urbanization and heritage (Koganovich'35/Krutikov'40)

frontier defense |

Planning scheme doesn't stop before demolition of one or another monument, if it's on the way of urban development

L.Kaganovich, officer for moscow metro and «Masterplan of Moscow reconstruction»

Moscow general plan curated by Kaganovich&Stalin 1935

We have enormous set of architectural and technical media to reject the threat of demolition of architectural monuments an enrich city image. Excessive sizes of squares and streets are unprofitable and threaten to heritage G.Krutikov, protection inspector, 1940

G.Krutikov Сollaborator of 1933

1907 1917 1927 27 Khan-Magomedov S.O. «G.Krutikov»

1939

1940 1946

Comission on protection of monuments in Academy of architecture 1937

Chief of Moscow branch of 1951

State inspection for protection of monuments 1947

1957

1967

1977

1987

1997 2007 Efim Freydin|30.03.2011|Mid-term review

frontier defense |

Needs and values (Furtseva/Baranovsky) There are too many monuments in our country, and it is impossible to manage all of them, and it's uselessly. We are going to communism, but there is no place of living for our people! E.Furtseva, head of Ministry of Culture

1960s Kalininsky avenue, Hotel Rossija, Palace of Congresses

Restoration of Krutitskoe podvorie starts at 1954

P.Baranovsky Restorer 1920

1907 28

1917

Prisoner

State restoration workshops 1927

1933

Founder of

1937

1966

1947

1957

1984

VOOPIK All-russian society of protection of monuments (c) >10 billions of members 1967

1977

1987

1997 2007 Efim Freydin|30.03.2011|Mid-term review

frontier defense |

Piotr Baranovsky/Ascet of preservaction

1934 Refused to make dimension before demolition of Saint-Basile church on the Red Square in Moscow by Mosrazbortrest Wrote letter to J.Stalin 1948 With I.Grabar produced legislation and Was prisoned soon. founded the Concil on restoration – basic scientific organisation in 1948-1950s

1950 Started restoration of Krutitskoe podvorie – Patriarch representation in Moscow «Second Kremlin»

1966 Founder of VOOPIK

1920

1912

Glavnauka Prisoned/Exiled 1937 Founder/Head

Founder/Member

Scientific-methodic council for restoration and protection in Academy of Architecture Museum-reserve of wooden architecture in Kolomenskoe (Moscow) Restorer Restorer Founder of

Restorer

1907 29

Architect

1917

State restoration workshops 1927

1966

1933

1937

1947

1957

1984

1977

Проездная башня Николо-Карельского монастыря. XVII век 1987 1997 2007 Efim Freydin|30.03.2011|Mid-term review

...Content of preservation: heritage and methods

Efim Freydin|30.03.2011|Mid-term review

content |

Kizhi: cross-border heritage

Finnish occupation of Karelia 1941-1944 Lars Pettersson made photofixation, dimensions and scetches of Preobrazhenskaya church in Kizhi among other 2000 wooden building.

1916

1907 1917 31 http://kizhi.karelia.ru

1927

1937

1947

1957

1967

1977

1987

1997 2007 Efim Freydin|30.03.2011|Mid-term review

content |

Kizhi: cross-border heritage

1946-1962 Restoration by A.Opolovnikov and local craftmans

Intangible heritage in museum practice

Foundation of museum and reserve 1946/1949-1959 of wooden http://kizhi.karelia.ru/library/kizhi-40/405.html architecture 1907 32

1917

1927

1937

Listed as world heritage in 1990 1947

1957

1967

1977

1987

1997 2007 Efim Freydin|30.03.2011|Mid-term review

content |

Tactics

1916 Kizhi pogost in Karelia

Restoration through renovation Fiction Restoration by analogy Total restoration on optimal epoche Originality Fragmentary restoration Enclosure Authencity Conservation Dimensions /Fixation

Physical

Informational 1907 33

1917

Creative replication

Nowdays, after restorations by A.Opolovnikov and others

1927

1937

1947

1957

1967

1977

1987

1997 2007 Efim Freydin|30.03.2011|Mid-term review

content |

Pre WWII state of the church Pyatnitsy in Chernigov (XV century state)

Church was damaged. Traces of early epoche were enclosured. State after temporal conservation.

Informational 1907

1917

Church was restorated as it was in XII century (by Baranovsky)

Creative replication

Restoration through renovation Fiction Restoration by analogy Total restoration on optimal epoche Originality Fragmentary restoration Enclosure Authencity Conservation Dimensions /Fixation

Physical

Tactics

1927

1937

1947

1957

1967

1977

1987

1997 2007 Efim Freydin|30.03.2011|Mid-term review

content |

Tactics

Gatchina palace was burnt during german occupation of Leningrad suburbs.

Restoration through renovation Fiction Restoration by analogy Total restoration on optimal epoche Originality Fragmentary restoration Enclosure Authencity Conservation Dimensions /Fixation

Physical

Informational 1907 35

1917

Creative replication

Contemporary state

1927

1937

1947

1957

1967

1977

1987

1997 2007 Efim Freydin|30.03.2011|Mid-term review

content |

Age/style as value

1947

1960

1974

XIX

XIX and XX century heritage was widely included in the list of 1960 and 1974.

XVIII

XVII

The last one included even stalinist style architecture.

XVI

>XVI

1907 36

1917

1927

1937

1947

1957

1967

1977

1987

1997 2007 Efim Freydin|30.03.2011|Mid-term review

conclusion |

Final analysis

specifics of ideology of preservation in soviet time 1 Success = central organisation + regional network + public support 2 Sustainbility = independent budget + professional restoration workshops 3 Compact group of preservationists and supporters 4 Protection through action 5 Certain examples show combination of public and preservationist' interests

Efim Freydin|30.03.2011|Mid-term review